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Ongud

January 05, 2023

The Ongud (also spelled Ongut or Öngüt; Mongolian: Онгуд, Онход; Chinese: 汪古, Wanggu; from Old Turkic öng "desolate, uninhabited; desert" plus güt "class marker"[1]) were a Turkic tribe that later became Mongolized[2][3] active in what is now Inner Mongolia in northern China around the time of Genghis Khan (1162–1227).[4] Many Ongud were members of the Church of the East.[5] They lived in an area lining the Great Wall in the northern part of the Ordos Plateau and territories to the northeast of it.[4] They appear to have had two capitals, a northern one at the ruin known as Olon Süme and another a bit to the south at a place called Koshang or Dongsheng.[6] They acted as wardens of the marches for the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) to the north of Shanxi.[7]

Mongol Empire c.1207, Ongud and their neighbours

History and origin

The ancestors of the Ongud were the Shatuo Turks,[8][9] who, in turn, descended mainly from the two remnant tribes of Western Turkic Khaganate: namely, the Chuyue, the Türgesh-associated Suoge, and the Anqing of Sogdian origins. In the seventh century they moved to east of modern Dzungaria, then under the rule of the Tang dynasty. By the ninth century, the Shatuo were scattered over North China and modern Inner Mongolia. A Shatuo warlord, Li Keyong, mobilized 10,000 Shatuo cavalrymen and served the Tang dynasty as an ally. In 923, his son Li Cunxu defeated the Later Liang dynasty and became emperor of the Later Tang dynasty.[10][11][12][13]

After the overthrow of the Li family, Shatuo commanders established the Later Jin, the Later Han and the Northern Han.

In the 13th century, a part of Shatuo probably included in the Mongol Empire as an Ongud tribe, another part as White Tatars.[14][15] According to a number of authors, the Onguds were already Mongolized tribe in the 13th century (Nikolai Aristov,[2] Ochir[3]). Academicians Boris Vladimirtsov[16] and Vasily Bartold[17] believed that ethnically the Onguds were already the southern Mongols. According to the Mongolian chronicler Sanan-Setsen, the Onguds at the time of Genghis Khan were part of the Su Mongols.[18]

The Ongud chief Ala Kush Tegin revealed the Naimans plan to attack Genghis Khan in 1205 and allied with the Mongols. When Genghis Khan invaded the Jin Dynasty in 1211, Ala Kush Tegin supported him. Genghis married his daughter Alakhai Bekhi to one of Ala Kush's sons. However, political opponents killed Ala Kush Tegin. Genghis put down the rebellion and took the family under his protection, with his daughter the de facto ruler.[19] Alakhai Bekhi ruled the Ongud as regent for several underage princes until the reign of Güyük Khan (1246–48).

Many famous post-Genghis Mongols are of Ongud descent, including the well-known traveler, diplomat, and monk of the Church of the East, Rabban Bar Sauma (1220–1294). The Ongud proved good allies to Kublai.[20] For example, the Ongud ruler George married Kublai's two granddaughters and fought against Kaidu, whose protégé Duwa captured and killed him later in 1298. A number of Öngüd were said to have been converted to Catholicism by John of Montecorvino (1246–1328).

After 1221 many Onguds were resettled in Khwarezm, where they served as governors for the Golden Horde. They formed part of the Argyns and the Mughal tribe. The Onguds in Mongolia became an otog of the Tumed in the 15th century. The Onguds gradually vanish from records and likely assimilated into other Turkic and Mongol tribes beginning in the post-Yuan period. The Mongols of Inner Mongolia, Mongolia and western China eventually converted to Tibetan Buddhism from the 16th century onwards.[21]

Art and architecture

The University of Hong Kong possesses a collection of around a thousand 13th- and 14th-century bronze Nestorian crosses from the Ongud region collected during the 1920s by F. A. Nixon, a British postal official working in northern China. Although their designs vary, Maltese crosses with a square central panel displaying a swastika, the Buddhist good luck symbol, predominate.[22]

The Ongud Monument Ensemble was constructed by the Turkic tribes during the 6th-8th centuries for their noblemen. This consists of over 30 man-like figures, a lion and a sheep, and about 550 standing stones in alignments reminiscent of Carnac or Avebury. There is also a large tomb made of 4 sculptured slabs. Each slab has the front face decorated with a trellis-pattern like the walls of a yurt, and a simple frieze on top.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Rybatzki, Volker. (2004) "Nestorian Personal Names from Central Asia" in Verbum et Calamus. Semitic and related studies in honour of Professor Tapani Harviainen. Studia Orientalia 99. p. 271
  2. ^ a b Аристов Н. А. (2003). Труды по истории и этническому составу тюркских племен (PDF). Бишкек: Илим. В. М. Плоских. p. 103. ISBN 5-8355-1297-X.
  3. ^ a b Очир А. (2016). Монгольские этнонимы: вопросы происхождения и этнического состава монгольских народов (PDF). Элиста: КИГИ РАН. Э. П. Бакаева, К. В. Орлова. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-5-903833-93-1.
  4. ^ a b Roux, p.40
  5. ^ Phillips, p. 123
  6. ^ Halbertsma, Tjalling H. F. (2008). Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia: Discovery, Reconstruction and Appropriation. Brill. pp. 150–157. ISBN 978-90-04-16708-7.
  7. ^ Saunders, John Joseph (2001). The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7.
  8. ^ Song Lian et al., History of Yuan, "Vol. 118" "阿剌兀思剔吉忽里，汪古部人，係出沙陀雁門之後。" Alawusi Tijihuli, a man of the Ongud tribe, descendant(s) of the Wild Goose Pass's Shatuo
  9. ^ Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
  10. ^ C. P. Atwood, Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.424
  11. ^ Theobald, Ulrich (2013). "Shatuo Türks 沙陀突厥"
  12. ^ Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East". Turcologica. 9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2. p. 165
  13. ^ Atwood, Christopher P. (2010). "The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth". Miscellanea Asiatica: 593–621.
  14. ^ Wang Kuo-wei, "Wang Kuo-wei researches", Taipei, 1968: 4985
  15. ^ Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"//The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 99
  16. ^ Владимирцов Б. Я. (2020). Чингис-хан. Litres. p. 58. ISBN 978-5-04-137262-0.
  17. ^ Бартольд В. В. (1968). Сочинения. Том V. Работы по истории и филологии тюркских и монгольских народов. Москва: Наука. p. 210.
  18. ^ Проблемы этногенеза и этнической культуры тюрко-монгольских народов: сборник научных трудов. Калмыцкий гос. университет. 2007. p. 52.
  19. ^ Weatherford, Jack. (2010). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens. Broadway Paperbacks, New York.
  20. ^ John Man Kublai khan, p.319
  21. ^ Tang, Li (2011). East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 148. ISBN 978-3-447-06580-1.
  22. ^ F. S. Drake, 'Nestorian Crosses and Nestorian Christians in China under the Mongols', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1962

References

January 05, 2023
ongud, also, spelled, ongut, öngüt, mongolian, Онгуд, Онход, chinese, 汪古, wanggu, from, turkic, öng, desolate, uninhabited, desert, plus, güt, class, marker, were, turkic, tribe, that, later, became, mongolized, active, what, inner, mongolia, northern, china, . The Ongud also spelled Ongut or Ongut Mongolian Ongud Onhod Chinese 汪古 Wanggu from Old Turkic ong desolate uninhabited desert plus gut class marker 1 were a Turkic tribe that later became Mongolized 2 3 active in what is now Inner Mongolia in northern China around the time of Genghis Khan 1162 1227 4 Many Ongud were members of the Church of the East 5 They lived in an area lining the Great Wall in the northern part of the Ordos Plateau and territories to the northeast of it 4 They appear to have had two capitals a northern one at the ruin known as Olon Sume and another a bit to the south at a place called Koshang or Dongsheng 6 They acted as wardens of the marches for the Jin dynasty 1115 1234 to the north of Shanxi 7 Mongol Empire c 1207 Ongud and their neighbours Contents 1 History and origin 2 Art and architecture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesHistory and origin EditThe ancestors of the Ongud were the Shatuo Turks 8 9 who in turn descended mainly from the two remnant tribes of Western Turkic Khaganate namely the Chuyue the Turgesh associated Suoge and the Anqing of Sogdian origins In the seventh century they moved to east of modern Dzungaria then under the rule of the Tang dynasty By the ninth century the Shatuo were scattered over North China and modern Inner Mongolia A Shatuo warlord Li Keyong mobilized 10 000 Shatuo cavalrymen and served the Tang dynasty as an ally In 923 his son Li Cunxu defeated the Later Liang dynasty and became emperor of the Later Tang dynasty 10 11 12 13 After the overthrow of the Li family Shatuo commanders established the Later Jin the Later Han and the Northern Han In the 13th century a part of Shatuo probably included in the Mongol Empire as an Ongud tribe another part as White Tatars 14 15 According to a number of authors the Onguds were already Mongolized tribe in the 13th century Nikolai Aristov 2 Ochir 3 Academicians Boris Vladimirtsov 16 and Vasily Bartold 17 believed that ethnically the Onguds were already the southern Mongols According to the Mongolian chronicler Sanan Setsen the Onguds at the time of Genghis Khan were part of the Su Mongols 18 The Ongud chief Ala Kush Tegin revealed the Naimans plan to attack Genghis Khan in 1205 and allied with the Mongols When Genghis Khan invaded the Jin Dynasty in 1211 Ala Kush Tegin supported him Genghis married his daughter Alakhai Bekhi to one of Ala Kush s sons However political opponents killed Ala Kush Tegin Genghis put down the rebellion and took the family under his protection with his daughter the de facto ruler 19 Alakhai Bekhi ruled the Ongud as regent for several underage princes until the reign of Guyuk Khan 1246 48 Many famous post Genghis Mongols are of Ongud descent including the well known traveler diplomat and monk of the Church of the East Rabban Bar Sauma 1220 1294 The Ongud proved good allies to Kublai 20 For example the Ongud ruler George married Kublai s two granddaughters and fought against Kaidu whose protege Duwa captured and killed him later in 1298 A number of Ongud were said to have been converted to Catholicism by John of Montecorvino 1246 1328 After 1221 many Onguds were resettled in Khwarezm where they served as governors for the Golden Horde They formed part of the Argyns and the Mughal tribe The Onguds in Mongolia became an otog of the Tumed in the 15th century The Onguds gradually vanish from records and likely assimilated into other Turkic and Mongol tribes beginning in the post Yuan period The Mongols of Inner Mongolia Mongolia and western China eventually converted to Tibetan Buddhism from the 16th century onwards 21 Art and architecture EditThe University of Hong Kong possesses a collection of around a thousand 13th and 14th century bronze Nestorian crosses from the Ongud region collected during the 1920s by F A Nixon a British postal official working in northern China Although their designs vary Maltese crosses with a square central panel displaying a swastika the Buddhist good luck symbol predominate 22 The Ongud Monument Ensemble was constructed by the Turkic tribes during the 6th 8th centuries for their noblemen This consists of over 30 man like figures a lion and a sheep and about 550 standing stones in alignments reminiscent of Carnac or Avebury There is also a large tomb made of 4 sculptured slabs Each slab has the front face decorated with a trellis pattern like the walls of a yurt and a simple frieze on top See also EditList of medieval Mongol tribes and clans Christianity among the MongolsNotes Edit Rybatzki Volker 2004 Nestorian Personal Names from Central Asia in Verbum et Calamus Semitic and related studies in honour of Professor Tapani Harviainen Studia Orientalia 99 p 271 a b Aristov N A 2003 Trudy po istorii i etnicheskomu sostavu tyurkskih plemen PDF Bishkek Ilim V M Ploskih p 103 ISBN 5 8355 1297 X a b Ochir A 2016 Mongolskie etnonimy voprosy proishozhdeniya i etnicheskogo sostava mongolskih narodov PDF Elista KIGI RAN E P Bakaeva K V Orlova pp 133 135 ISBN 978 5 903833 93 1 a b Roux p 40 Phillips p 123 Halbertsma Tjalling H F 2008 Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia Discovery Reconstruction and Appropriation Brill pp 150 157 ISBN 978 90 04 16708 7 Saunders John Joseph 2001 The History of the Mongol Conquests University of Pennsylvania Press p 52 ISBN 0 8122 1766 7 Song Lian et al History of Yuan Vol 118 阿剌兀思剔吉忽里 汪古部人 係出沙陀雁門之後 Alawusi Tijihuli a man of the Ongud tribe descendant s of the Wild Goose Pass s Shatuo Paulillo Mauricio White Tatars The Problem of the Ongũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia orientalia patristica oecumenica Ed Tang Winkler 2013 pp 237 252 C P Atwood Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire p 424 Theobald Ulrich 2013 Shatuo Turks 沙陀突厥 Golden Peter Benjamin 1992 An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East Turcologica 9 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz ISBN 978 3 447 03274 2 p 165 Atwood Christopher P 2010 The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth Miscellanea Asiatica 593 621 Wang Kuo wei Wang Kuo wei researches Taipei 1968 4985 Ozkan Izgi The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization The Turks Ankara 2002 p 99 Vladimircov B Ya 2020 Chingis han Litres p 58 ISBN 978 5 04 137262 0 Bartold V V 1968 Sochineniya Tom V Raboty po istorii i filologii tyurkskih i mongolskih narodov Moskva Nauka p 210 Problemy etnogeneza i etnicheskoj kultury tyurko mongolskih narodov sbornik nauchnyh trudov Kalmyckij gos universitet 2007 p 52 Weatherford Jack 2010 The Secret History of the Mongol Queens Broadway Paperbacks New York John Man Kublai khan p 319 Tang Li 2011 East Syriac Christianity in Mongol Yuan China Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag p 148 ISBN 978 3 447 06580 1 F S Drake Nestorian Crosses and Nestorian Christians in China under the Mongols Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1962References EditPhillips J R S 1998 The Medieval Expansion of Europe second ed Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 820740 9 Roux Jean Paul Histoire de l Empire Mongol Fayard ISBN 2 213 03164 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ongud amp oldid 1109536328, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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