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Timurid conquests and invasions

The Timurid conquests and invasions started in the seventh decade of the 14th century with Timur's control over Chagatai Khanate and ended at the start of the 15th century with the death of Timur. Due to the sheer scale of Timur's wars, and the fact that he was generally undefeated in battle, he has been regarded as one of the most successful military commanders of all time. These wars resulted in the supremacy of Timur over Central Asia, Persia, the Caucasus, the Levant, and parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe, and also the formation of the short-lived Timurid Empire.[16] Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.[17][18]

Timur Invasions

Timurid Empire at its greatest extent (without vassals) – dark green is territories and light green is areas subjugated to Timur's raids.
Date1370–1507
Location
Result
Casualties and losses
Total Dead: 17 million[14][15]

Timur gained power over the Western Chagatai Khanate (Transoxiana) after defeating Amir Husayn, the regent of the Chagatai Khanate, at the Battle of Balkh but the laws laid down by Genghis Khan prevented him from becoming Khagan in his own right because he was not directly descendant of Genghis Khan by birth.[19] Instead, he installed a puppet Khan descended from Ögedei, Suurgatmish. After that, he launched massive military campaigns in all directions and established his suzerainty over most of Middle East and Central Asia.[19] He never adopted the title of Emperor or Caliph, maintaining the title of Amir.[20]

To legitimize his rule and military campaigns Timur married Husayn's widow Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess descended from Genghis Khan.[21] In this way he called himself Temur Gurgan (son-in-law of the Great Khan, Genghis Khan).[22][23] Timurid territorial gains in Transoxiana and Central Asia as well as Timur's suzerainty over the Mamluk Sultanate, the Ottoman Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death, due to a war of succession between his son and grandson Shahrukh Mirza and Khalil Sultan .[19] However, in the Indian subcontinent a Timurid state survived until the mid 19th century in the form of the Mughal Empire which was founded by his great-great-grandson Babur.[24]

Central Asia edit

Timur became head of the Barlas tribe (a Central Asian tribe) and its vast lands by helping Amir Husayn, a Qara'unas prince and de facto ruler of Western Chagatai Khanate.[24] Timur's period as a Moghul vassal came to an end when Tughlugh Timur appointed his son Ilyas Khoja as governor of Mawarannahr. Both Timur and Amir Husayn rebelled against Ilyas Khoja but were defeated by Khoja's army at Tashkent.[25] Ilyas Khoja advanced towards Samarkand but here he was defeated by Timurid forces and forced to retreat back into Eastern Chagatai Khanate. In this way, Timur became ruler of Samarkand.[25]

South Asia edit

 
Timur the Great commanding the Siege of Balkh
 
Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq in the winter of 1397–1398, painting dated 1595–1600

My principal object in coming to Hindustan…has been to accomplish two things. The first was to war with the infidels, the enemies of the Mohammadan religion; and by this religious warfare to acquire some claim to reward in the life to come. The other was…that the army of Islam might gain something by plundering the wealth and valuables of the infidels: plunder in war is as lawful as their mothers’ milk to Musalmans who war for their faith, and the consuming of that which is lawful is a means of grace.”

— Timur[26]

In 1370 Timur decided to attack Amir Husayn at Balkh. After crossing the Amu Darya at Termez his army surrounded the city.[19] Husayn's army came out of the city to attack Timur's men, perhaps suggesting that they were unhappy to find themselves being besieged. The same occurred on the second day of the battle, but this time Timur's men managed to get into the city. Husayn shut himself up inside the citadel, leaving Timur's men to sack the city.[16]

After capturing the city, Timur executed Khabul Shah, the Husayn's puppet Khan of Western Chagatai and installed Suurgatmish on the throne of Khan as his puppet. This made Timur the main power in Mawarannahr and Western Chagatai Khanate with supremacy over Central Asia.[19]

In 1398, Timur started his campaign towards Indian subcontinent (Hindustan). At that time the dominant power of subcontinent was Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi Sultanate but it had already been weakened by the formation of regional sultanates and struggle of succession within imperial family. Timur started his journey from Samarkand. He invaded the north Indian subcontinent (present day Pakistan and North India) by crossing the Indus River on September 30, 1398.

Timurid forces firstly sacked Tulamba[27] and then Multan by October 1398.[28] Prior to Timur's invasion on Delhi, his grandson Pir Muhammad had already started his expedition. He had captured Uch. Pir Muhammad then joined Timur. The governor of the Bhatner fort was defeated, and Timur destroyed the fort and the city In the Siege of Bhatner also known as Sack of Bhatner Fort (1398).[29] He also faced resistance by Khap militias in Meerut but he was still able to approach Delhi, arrived in 1398. In this way, he already defeated all-important administrative centres of Delhi Sultanate before his arrival to Delhi.[29]

The battle between Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Tughlaq allied with Mallu Iqbal[30] and Timur took place on 17 December 1398. Indian forces had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks which gave difficult time to Timurid forces as Tatars experienced this first time.[19] But within a passage of time Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. He capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Sultan of Delhi fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins.[31] After the battle, Timur installed Khizr Khan, the Governor of Multan as the new Sultan of Delhi Sultanate under his suzerainty.

 
Bayezid I at the hands of Timur. After defeating Bayezid at Ankara, Timur became the preeminent ruler in the Muslim world and Eurasia.

Delhi's conquest was one of the greatest victories of Timur, arguably surpassing Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan because of the harsh conditions of the journey and the achievement of taking down the richest city of the world at the time. Delhi suffered a great loss due to this and took a century to recover.[19]

Western Asia edit

 
Timur besieges the historic city of Urganj.

Caucasus edit

 
Georgian Kingdom during the invasions of Timur.

The Kingdom of Georgia, a Christian kingdom dominated on the most of Caucasus,[32][33] was subjected many times by Timur between 1386 and 1403.[34] These conflicts were intimately linked with the wars between Timur and Tokhtamysh, the last Khan of Golden Horde.[6] He officially proclaimed his invasions to be jihad against non-Muslims. Although Timur invaded the Georgia many times but he never made attempt to make Georgia a Muslim country.[19] Timur personally led most of these raids to subdue the recalcitrant Georgian monarch. Kingdom of Georgia suffered a great loss due to these invasions and never recovered again. By the time George VII was forced to accept Timur's terms of peace and agree to pay tribute, he was a master of little more than gutted towns, ravaged countryside and a shattered monarchy.[35]

Timur's first appearance in the Caucasus was a response to Tokhtamysh’s marauding inroad into Northern Iran through the Caucasian lands in 1385.[9] After having overrun Azerbaijan and Kars, Timur marched into Georgia. Firstly he assailed Samtskhe atabegate, the principality of Kingdom of Georgia. From there, he marched against Tbilisi which the Georgian king Bagrat V had fortified.[36] The city fell on November 21, 1386, and King Bagrat V was captured. However Bagrat V was given some 12,000 troops to reestablish himself in Georgia under Timur's suzerainty.[7]

In the following years Timur invaded Georgia many times and remained victorious in most of conflicts. In spring of 1387, he returned to Georgia to take revenge for the ambush and escape.Timur captured and destroyed Erevan in the end this disaster resulted in 500 people were killed [37][38].In 1394, he again captured eastern provinces which were taken by Georgians during Tokhtamysh–Timur wars.[39]

In 1395 the desperate Georgians allied themselves with Sidi Ali of Shekki and captured the Jalayirid prince, Tahir. This event prompted Timur to return, later in 1399. He took Shekki and devastated the neighboring region of Kakheti.[40] In the spring of 1400, Timur moved back to destroy the Georgian state once and for all. He demanded that George VII should hand over the Jalayirid Tahir but George VII refused and met Timur at the Sagim River in Lower Kartli, but suffered a defeat.[41] After the war, of those who survived the fighting and reprisals, many thousands died of hunger and disease, and 60,000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur's troops.[7]

In late 1401, Timur invaded the Caucasus once again.[25] George VII had to sue for peace, and sent his brother with the contributions. Timur made peace with George VII on condition that the King of Georgia supplied him troops during his campaign against Ottoman Empire and granted the Muslims special privileges.[42] Once the Ottomans were defeated, Timur, back to Erzurum in 1402, decided to punish the king of Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory. Historians reported that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred by Timurid forces.[36][7]

George VII had to pay a huge tribute in the name of Timur. After the tribute, Timur made peace with George VII and then finally he left Caucasus permanently. All the territories from Beylagan to Trebizond were officially given by Timur as an appanage to his grandson Khalil Sultan.[7]

Eastern Europe edit

 
Timur and his troops launching a war against Tokhtamysh of Golden Horde.

Golden Horde was a division of Mongol Empire which was mainly located in Eastern Europe.[43][44] After the death of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan and emperor of Golden Horde, the Golden Horde itself divided into many wings with mainly White and Blue wings among Jochi's descendants.[45][46] In the late 1370s and early 1380s, Timur firstly helped Tokhtamysh against his uncle Urus Khan to assume supreme power in the White wing and then in the unification of Golden Horde.[39] Timur also supported him to attack Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1382 and get tribute from the Muscovy.[39]

After being established, Tokhtamysh invaded Azerbaijan and Northwest Iran in 1385 when Timur was busy in his conquest of Persia.[47] Tokhtamysh plundered Tabriz. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the major-scale war between them. The initial battle was fought between them at Volga River in 1391 which became victorious for Timur and allowed Tokhtamysh with his remaining army to escape.[9] Despite the defeat, Tokhtamysh recovered his position and in the spring of 1395 raided the Timurid territory of Shirvan.[47]

At that time Timur then counter-attacked by not only reconquering his own territories but also the realm of enemy via the crossing Caucasus region.[9] In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River and concluding the struggle between them. In the same year, Timur also plundered Sarai, the capital of Golden Horde[48] and other important cities including Ukek, Majar, Azaq and Astrakhan.[39][49] After the battle of Terek River, Tokhtamysh was deposed and fleeing to the Ukrainian steppes where he asked for help from Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania but he was never restored again.[50]

Timur installed Edigu on the throne under his suzerainty in place of Tokhtamysh, Golden Horde became tributary of Timur and the boundaries of Timurid Empire were secured.[19] The Golden Horde never recovered again from this and in the middle of the 15th century, it fragmented into smaller khanates: the Kazan Khanate, Nogai Horde, Qasim Khanate, Crimean Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate. This led to the decline of Tatar-Mongol rule over Russian lands and thus in 1480, the Grand duchy of Moscow became free to pay tribute to Tatar-Mongols.[51]

Gallery edit

References edit

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  46. ^ Вывод сформулирован в 1840 году австрийским ориенталистом Й. Хаммер-Пургшталем, написавшим (по заказу Российской Академии) первую в мире обобщающую работу по истории Золотой Орды. К этому выводу присоединились авторы первой советской монографии Греков Б. Д., Якубовский А. Ю. Золотая Орда и её падение. М.-Л., 1950.
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Further reading edit

  • Beatrice Forbes Manz, "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1998)
  • Abazov, Rafis. "Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia." The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57.
  • YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. "Timur’un Yükselişi ve Batı’nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405." Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243.
  • Shterenshis, Michael V. "Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation." Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000).
  • Knobler, Adam (1995). "The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 5 (3): 341–349. doi:10.1017/S135618630000660X. S2CID 162421202.
  • Marozzi, Justin, Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004
  • Marlowe, Christopher: Tamburlaine the Great. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981.
  • Novosel'tsev, A. P. "On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane." Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70.
  • Sykes, P. M. "Tamerlane." Journal of the Central Asian Society 2.1 (1915): 17–33.
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Timūr". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Marozzi, Justin, "Tamerlane", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84724-259-4
  • Knobler, Adam (2001). "Timur the (Terrible/Tartar) Trope: a Case of Repositioning in Popular Literature and History". Medieval Encounters. 7 (1): 101–112. doi:10.1163/157006701X00102.
  • May, Timothy. "Timur ("the Lame")(1336–1405)". The Encyclopedia of War.

timurid, conquests, invasions, started, seventh, decade, 14th, century, with, timur, control, over, chagatai, khanate, ended, start, 15th, century, with, death, timur, sheer, scale, timur, wars, fact, that, generally, undefeated, battle, been, regarded, most, . The Timurid conquests and invasions started in the seventh decade of the 14th century with Timur s control over Chagatai Khanate and ended at the start of the 15th century with the death of Timur Due to the sheer scale of Timur s wars and the fact that he was generally undefeated in battle he has been regarded as one of the most successful military commanders of all time These wars resulted in the supremacy of Timur over Central Asia Persia the Caucasus the Levant and parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe and also the formation of the short lived Timurid Empire 16 Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people amounting to about 5 of the world population at the time 17 18 Timur InvasionsTimurid Empire at its greatest extent without vassals dark green is territories and light green is areas subjugated to Timur s raids Date1370 1507LocationEurasiaResultEstablishment of the Timurid Empire 1 Destruction of Muzaffarid Sultanate Kurt Sultanate Eretnid Sultanate Chobanid Sultanate Injuid Sultanate and Jalayirid Sultanate Devastation of Ottoman state Delhi Sultanate of South Asia and Mamluk Sultanate of Levant and Egypt 2 3 4 5 Devastation of Golden Horde Kingdom of Georgia Simsim Armenia Knights Hospitaller of Smyrna and The Genoese colonies of Crimea and the Caucasus 6 7 8 Vassalization of Mihrabanid Sultanate Sarbadar Sultanate Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Armenia Kingdom of Georgia Ottoman Empire Mamluk Sultanate of Levant and Egypt Delhi Sultanate of South Asia 9 10 11 12 Emergence of Timurid Renaissance Rise of Gunpowder empires 13 Ottoman Turkey Mughal India and Safavid Iran Casualties and lossesTotal Dead 17 million 14 15 Timur gained power over the Western Chagatai Khanate Transoxiana after defeating Amir Husayn the regent of the Chagatai Khanate at the Battle of Balkh but the laws laid down by Genghis Khan prevented him from becoming Khagan in his own right because he was not directly descendant of Genghis Khan by birth 19 Instead he installed a puppet Khan descended from Ogedei Suurgatmish After that he launched massive military campaigns in all directions and established his suzerainty over most of Middle East and Central Asia 19 He never adopted the title of Emperor or Caliph maintaining the title of Amir 20 To legitimize his rule and military campaigns Timur married Husayn s widow Saray Mulk Khanum a princess descended from Genghis Khan 21 In this way he called himself Temur Gurgan son in law of the Great Khan Genghis Khan 22 23 Timurid territorial gains in Transoxiana and Central Asia as well as Timur s suzerainty over the Mamluk Sultanate the Ottoman Empire the Delhi Sultanate and the Golden Horde were weakened after his death due to a war of succession between his son and grandson Shahrukh Mirza and Khalil Sultan 19 However in the Indian subcontinent a Timurid state survived until the mid 19th century in the form of the Mughal Empire which was founded by his great great grandson Babur 24 Contents 1 Central Asia 2 South Asia 3 Western Asia 4 Caucasus 5 Eastern Europe 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further readingCentral Asia editTimur became head of the Barlas tribe a Central Asian tribe and its vast lands by helping Amir Husayn a Qara unas prince and de facto ruler of Western Chagatai Khanate 24 Timur s period as a Moghul vassal came to an end when Tughlugh Timur appointed his son Ilyas Khoja as governor of Mawarannahr Both Timur and Amir Husayn rebelled against Ilyas Khoja but were defeated by Khoja s army at Tashkent 25 Ilyas Khoja advanced towards Samarkand but here he was defeated by Timurid forces and forced to retreat back into Eastern Chagatai Khanate In this way Timur became ruler of Samarkand 25 South Asia editMain articles Siege of Balkh 1370 and The Sack of Delhi nbsp Timur the Great commanding the Siege of Balkh nbsp Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi Nasir ud Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq in the winter of 1397 1398 painting dated 1595 1600 My principal object in coming to Hindustan has been to accomplish two things The first was to war with the infidels the enemies of the Mohammadan religion and by this religious warfare to acquire some claim to reward in the life to come The other was that the army of Islam might gain something by plundering the wealth and valuables of the infidels plunder in war is as lawful as their mothers milk to Musalmans who war for their faith and the consuming of that which is lawful is a means of grace Timur 26 In 1370 Timur decided to attack Amir Husayn at Balkh After crossing the Amu Darya at Termez his army surrounded the city 19 Husayn s army came out of the city to attack Timur s men perhaps suggesting that they were unhappy to find themselves being besieged The same occurred on the second day of the battle but this time Timur s men managed to get into the city Husayn shut himself up inside the citadel leaving Timur s men to sack the city 16 After capturing the city Timur executed Khabul Shah the Husayn s puppet Khan of Western Chagatai and installed Suurgatmish on the throne of Khan as his puppet This made Timur the main power in Mawarannahr and Western Chagatai Khanate with supremacy over Central Asia 19 In 1398 Timur started his campaign towards Indian subcontinent Hindustan At that time the dominant power of subcontinent was Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi Sultanate but it had already been weakened by the formation of regional sultanates and struggle of succession within imperial family Timur started his journey from Samarkand He invaded the north Indian subcontinent present day Pakistan and North India by crossing the Indus River on September 30 1398 Timurid forces firstly sacked Tulamba 27 and then Multan by October 1398 28 Prior to Timur s invasion on Delhi his grandson Pir Muhammad had already started his expedition He had captured Uch Pir Muhammad then joined Timur The governor of the Bhatner fort was defeated and Timur destroyed the fort and the city In the Siege of Bhatner also known as Sack of Bhatner Fort 1398 29 He also faced resistance by Khap militias in Meerut but he was still able to approach Delhi arrived in 1398 In this way he already defeated all important administrative centres of Delhi Sultanate before his arrival to Delhi 29 The battle between Sultan Nasir ud Din Tughlaq allied with Mallu Iqbal 30 and Timur took place on 17 December 1398 Indian forces had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks which gave difficult time to Timurid forces as Tatars experienced this first time 19 But within a passage of time Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked He capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir ud Din Tughluq securing an easy victory Sultan of Delhi fled with remnants of his forces Delhi was sacked and left in ruins 31 After the battle Timur installed Khizr Khan the Governor of Multan as the new Sultan of Delhi Sultanate under his suzerainty nbsp Bayezid I at the hands of Timur After defeating Bayezid at Ankara Timur became the preeminent ruler in the Muslim world and Eurasia Delhi s conquest was one of the greatest victories of Timur arguably surpassing Cyrus the Great Darius the Great Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan because of the harsh conditions of the journey and the achievement of taking down the richest city of the world at the time Delhi suffered a great loss due to this and took a century to recover 19 Western Asia edit nbsp Timur besieges the historic city of Urganj Main articles Timur Conquest of Persia Siege of Isfahan 1387 Sack of Aleppo 1400 Siege of Damascus 1400 and Battle of Ankara This section is empty You can help by adding to it December 2021 Caucasus editMain article Timurid campaign of Caucasus nbsp Georgian Kingdom during the invasions of Timur The Kingdom of Georgia a Christian kingdom dominated on the most of Caucasus 32 33 was subjected many times by Timur between 1386 and 1403 34 These conflicts were intimately linked with the wars between Timur and Tokhtamysh the last Khan of Golden Horde 6 He officially proclaimed his invasions to be jihad against non Muslims Although Timur invaded the Georgia many times but he never made attempt to make Georgia a Muslim country 19 Timur personally led most of these raids to subdue the recalcitrant Georgian monarch Kingdom of Georgia suffered a great loss due to these invasions and never recovered again By the time George VII was forced to accept Timur s terms of peace and agree to pay tribute he was a master of little more than gutted towns ravaged countryside and a shattered monarchy 35 Timur s first appearance in the Caucasus was a response to Tokhtamysh s marauding inroad into Northern Iran through the Caucasian lands in 1385 9 After having overrun Azerbaijan and Kars Timur marched into Georgia Firstly he assailed Samtskhe atabegate the principality of Kingdom of Georgia From there he marched against Tbilisi which the Georgian king Bagrat V had fortified 36 The city fell on November 21 1386 and King Bagrat V was captured However Bagrat V was given some 12 000 troops to reestablish himself in Georgia under Timur s suzerainty 7 In the following years Timur invaded Georgia many times and remained victorious in most of conflicts In spring of 1387 he returned to Georgia to take revenge for the ambush and escape Timur captured and destroyed Erevan in the end this disaster resulted in 500 people were killed 37 38 In 1394 he again captured eastern provinces which were taken by Georgians during Tokhtamysh Timur wars 39 In 1395 the desperate Georgians allied themselves with Sidi Ali of Shekki and captured the Jalayirid prince Tahir This event prompted Timur to return later in 1399 He took Shekki and devastated the neighboring region of Kakheti 40 In the spring of 1400 Timur moved back to destroy the Georgian state once and for all He demanded that George VII should hand over the Jalayirid Tahir but George VII refused and met Timur at the Sagim River in Lower Kartli but suffered a defeat 41 After the war of those who survived the fighting and reprisals many thousands died of hunger and disease and 60 000 survivors were enslaved and carried away by Timur s troops 7 In late 1401 Timur invaded the Caucasus once again 25 George VII had to sue for peace and sent his brother with the contributions Timur made peace with George VII on condition that the King of Georgia supplied him troops during his campaign against Ottoman Empire and granted the Muslims special privileges 42 Once the Ottomans were defeated Timur back to Erzurum in 1402 decided to punish the king of Georgia for not having come to present his congratulations on his victory Historians reported that 700 towns were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred by Timurid forces 36 7 George VII had to pay a huge tribute in the name of Timur After the tribute Timur made peace with George VII and then finally he left Caucasus permanently All the territories from Beylagan to Trebizond were officially given by Timur as an appanage to his grandson Khalil Sultan 7 Eastern Europe editMain articles Tokhtamysh Timur war and Siege of Moscow 1382 nbsp Timur and his troops launching a war against Tokhtamysh of Golden Horde Golden Horde was a division of Mongol Empire which was mainly located in Eastern Europe 43 44 After the death of Jochi the eldest son of Genghis Khan and emperor of Golden Horde the Golden Horde itself divided into many wings with mainly White and Blue wings among Jochi s descendants 45 46 In the late 1370s and early 1380s Timur firstly helped Tokhtamysh against his uncle Urus Khan to assume supreme power in the White wing and then in the unification of Golden Horde 39 Timur also supported him to attack Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1382 and get tribute from the Muscovy 39 After being established Tokhtamysh invaded Azerbaijan and Northwest Iran in 1385 when Timur was busy in his conquest of Persia 47 Tokhtamysh plundered Tabriz The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the major scale war between them The initial battle was fought between them at Volga River in 1391 which became victorious for Timur and allowed Tokhtamysh with his remaining army to escape 9 Despite the defeat Tokhtamysh recovered his position and in the spring of 1395 raided the Timurid territory of Shirvan 47 At that time Timur then counter attacked by not only reconquering his own territories but also the realm of enemy via the crossing Caucasus region 9 In 1395 Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River and concluding the struggle between them In the same year Timur also plundered Sarai the capital of Golden Horde 48 and other important cities including Ukek Majar Azaq and Astrakhan 39 49 After the battle of Terek River Tokhtamysh was deposed and fleeing to the Ukrainian steppes where he asked for help from Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania but he was never restored again 50 Timur installed Edigu on the throne under his suzerainty in place of Tokhtamysh Golden Horde became tributary of Timur and the boundaries of Timurid Empire were secured 19 The Golden Horde never recovered again from this and in the middle of the 15th century it fragmented into smaller khanates the Kazan Khanate Nogai Horde Qasim Khanate Crimean Khanate and Astrakhan Khanate This led to the decline of Tatar Mongol rule over Russian lands and thus in 1480 the Grand duchy of Moscow became free to pay tribute to Tatar Mongols 51 Gallery edit nbsp The Mongol dominions 1300 1405 the Timurid Empire is shaded Timur is also protector of Mongol dominions nbsp Timur s movements 1391 1392 nbsp Timur s movements 1392 1396 nbsp Timur defeats Mamluk Sultan An Nasir Faraj nbsp Timur defeats the Golden Horde and its Kipchak warriors led by Tokhtamysh References edit Josef W Meri 2005 Medieval Islamic Civilization Routledge p 812 ISBN 9780415966900 Grousset Rene 1970 The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asia Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 1304 1 Kumara Mahendra Sarma Paramesa Siṃha Rajapala 1991 Jaṭa balavana Jaṭa itihasa in Hindi Madhura Prakasana Mallu who later received the title of Iqbal Khan was a noble in Siri and an ally of Muqarrab Khan but later on betrayed him and Nusrat Khan and allied with Nasir ud din Mahmud Shah History Of Medieval India V D Mahajan p 205 Rafis Abazov Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia Palgrave Macmillan 2008 56 a b Marozzi Justin 2004 Tamerlane Sword of Islam Conqueror of the World HarperCollins ISBN 0 00 711611 X a b c d e Minorsky Vladimir Tiflis in M Th Houtsma E van Donzel 1993 E J Brill s First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 p 757 Brill ISBN 90 04 08265 4 Kevin Reilly 2012 The Human Journey A Concise Introduction to World History Rowman amp Littlefield pp 164 ISBN 978 1 4422 1384 5 a b c d Hookham Hilda 1962 Tamburlaine the Conqueror Hodder and Stoughton Dahmus Joseph Henry 1983 Angora Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages Burnham Incorporated Pub Europe in the Late Middle Ages ed John Rigby Hale John Roger Loxdale Highfield Beryl Smalley Northwestern University Press 1965 150 Timur after defeating the Mamluks in 1400 won a decisive victory over the Ottomans near Ankara in 1402 Mahajan V D 1991 reprint 2007 History of Medieval India Part I New Delhi S Chand ISBN 81 219 0364 5 p 237 Darwin John 2008 After Tamerlane the rise and fall of global empires 1400 2000 Bloomsbury Press pp 29 92 ISBN 978 1 59691 760 6 The Rehabilitation Of Tamerlane Chicago Tribune 17 January 1999 J J Saunders The history of the Mongol conquests page 174 Routledge amp Kegan Paul Ltd 1971 ISBN 0812217667 a b Manz Beatrice Forbes 1999 03 25 The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521633840 The Rehabilitation Of Tamerlane Chicago Tribune 17 January 1999 J J Saunders The history of the Mongol conquests page 174 Routledge amp Kegan Paul Ltd 1971 ISBN 0812217667 a b c d e f g h i Marozzi Justin 2004 Tamerlane Sword of Islam conqueror of the world HarperCollins InpaperMagazine From 2011 01 01 Past present Emperor s new names DAWN COM Retrieved 2019 04 13 Shterenshis Michael 2013 Tamerlane and the Jews Hoboken Taylor and Francis p 28 ISBN 978 1136873669 Sonbol Amira El Azhary 2005 Beyond the Exotic Women s Histories in Islamic Societies 1 ed Syracuse Univ Press p 340 ISBN 978 0 8156 3055 5 Shterenshis Michael 2002 Tamerlane and the Jews RoutledgeCurzon p 28 ISBN 978 0 7007 1696 8 a b Mirza Muhammad Haidar Silk Road Seattle University of Washington Retrieved 2019 02 12 On the occasion of the birth of Babar Padishah the son of Omar Shaikh a b c Beatrice Forbes Manz The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1989 ISBN 0 521 63384 2 Elliot Henry Miers 21 March 2013 The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians Cambridge University Press p 461 ISBN 9781108055857 http www cultureincontext org cyclopedia of india volume 3 Timur html dead link Hunter Sir William Wilson 1909 The Indian Empire Timur s invasion 1398 The Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol 2 p 366 a b Timur invades India Venue Year Reasons Winner Loser www mapsofindia com Retrieved 2019 04 13 Mallu who later received the title of Iqbal Khan an ally of Muqarrab Khan but later on betrayed him and Nusrat Khan and allied with Nasir ud din Mahmud Shah History Of Medieval India V D Mahajan p 205 Beatrice F Manz 2000 Timur Lang Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol 10 2nd ed Brill Retrieved 13 February 2019 Chufrin Gennadiĭ Illarionovich 2019 The Security of the Caspian Sea Region Stockholm Sweden Oxford University Press p 282 ISBN 978 0199250202 Waters Christopher P M 2013 Counsel in the Caucasus Professionalization and Law in Georgia New York City USA Springer p 24 ISBN 978 9401756204 Rene Grousset L empire des Steppes versio francesa 1938 reedicio 4ª 1965 i versio anglesa 1970 ISBN 0 8135 1304 9 Suny Ronald Grigor 1994 The Making of the Georgian Nation p 45 Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 20915 3 a b The Empire of the Steppes A History of Central Asi Erevan Encyclopaedia Iranica Erich Kettenhofen George A Bournoutian and Robert H Hewsen https www digilib am book 1101 1176 C2 AB D5 85 D5 AB D5 B7 D5 A1 D5 BF D5 A1 D5 AF D5 A1 D6 80 D5 A1 D5 B6 20 D5 A1 D5 B2 D5 A7 D5 BF D5 AB D6 81 C2 BB 20 D4 B3 D6 80 D5 AB D5 A3 D5 B8 D6 80 D5 AB 20 D4 BD D5 AC D5 A1 D5 A9 D5 A5 D6 81 D6 82 D5 B8 D5 B5 pageNum 20 a b c d Kondyrcha buendagy sugysh Tatar Encyclopaedia in Tatar Kazan The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia 2002 Hodong Kim The Early History of the Moghul Nomads The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy Ed Reuven Amitai Preiss i David Morgan Leiden Brill 1998 Mirza Muhammad Haidar The Tarikh i Rashidi A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia Traduit per Edward Denison Ross editat per N Elias Londres 1895 Sicker Martin 2000 The Islamic World in Ascendancy From the Arab Conquests to Siege of Vienna p 155 Praeger ISBN 0 275 96892 8 Perrie Maureen ed 2006 The Cambridge History of Russia Volume 1 From Early Rus to 1689 Cambridge University Press p 130 ISBN 978 0 521 81227 6 Golden Horde Encyclopaedia Britannica 2007 Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi s Ulus the western part of the Mongol Empire which flourished from the mid 13th century to the end of the 14th century The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians amp Scythians and to a lesser extent Mongols with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway before its conquest by the Mongols Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century Volume 2 p 180 220 Vyvod sformulirovan v 1840 godu avstrijskim orientalistom J Hammer Purgshtalem napisavshim po zakazu Rossijskoj Akademii pervuyu v mire obobshayushuyu rabotu po istorii Zolotoj Ordy K etomu vyvodu prisoedinilis avtory pervoj sovetskoj monografii Grekov B D Yakubovskij A Yu Zolotaya Orda i eyo padenie M L 1950 a b Nicholas V Raisanovsky Mark D Steinberg A History of Russia Seventh Edition pg 94 Mongolia The Golden Horde countrystudies us Retrieved 2019 04 13 Martin Janet 2007 12 06 Medieval Russia 980 1584 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521859165 Kolodziejczyk Dariusz 2011 The Crimean Khanate and Poland Lithuania International Diplomacy on the European Periphery 15th 18th Century A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents Leiden Brill ISBN 9789004191907 Michael Khodarkovsky Russia s Steppe Frontier The Making of a Colonial Empire 1500 1800 Indiana University Press 2002 80 Further reading editBeatrice Forbes Manz Temur and the Problem of a Conqueror s Legacy Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Third Series Vol 8 No 1 Apr 1998 Abazov Rafis Timur Tamerlane and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia Palgrave Macmillan US 2008 56 57 YUKSEL Musa Samil Timur un Yukselisi ve Bati nin Diplomatik Cevabi 1390 1405 Selcuk Universitesi Turkiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi 1 18 2005 231 243 Shterenshis Michael V Approach to Tamerlane Tradition and Innovation Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 2000 Knobler Adam 1995 The Rise of Timur and Western Diplomatic Response 1390 1405 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Third Series 5 3 341 349 doi 10 1017 S135618630000660X S2CID 162421202 Marozzi Justin Tamerlane sword of Islam conqueror of the world London HarperCollins 2004 Marlowe Christopher Tamburlaine the Great Ed J S Cunningham Manchester University Press Manchester 1981 Novosel tsev A P On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane Soviet studies in history 12 3 1973 37 70 Sykes P M Tamerlane Journal of the Central Asian Society 2 1 1915 17 33 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Timur Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed Cambridge University Press Marozzi Justin Tamerlane in The Art of War great commanders of the ancient and medieval world Andrew Roberts editor London Quercus Military History 2008 ISBN 978 1 84724 259 4 Knobler Adam 2001 Timur the Terrible Tartar Trope a Case of Repositioning in Popular Literature and History Medieval Encounters 7 1 101 112 doi 10 1163 157006701X00102 May Timothy Timur the Lame 1336 1405 The Encyclopedia of War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Timurid conquests and invasions amp oldid 1216353190, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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