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Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline

March 12, 2023

The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long crude oil pipeline from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It connects Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan and Ceyhan, a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, via Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. It is the second-longest oil pipeline in the former Soviet Union, after the Druzhba pipeline. The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.[1]

Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
Location of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
Location
CountryAzerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey
General directioneast–south-west
FromBaku (Sangachal Terminal), Azerbaijan
Passes throughTbilisi Georgia
Erzurum Turkey
Sarız Turkey
ToCeyhan, Turkey
Runs alongsideSouth Caucasus Pipeline
General information
Typeoil
PartnersBP
SOCAR
Chevron
Statoil
GIOC
TPAO
Eni
TotalEnergies
Itochu
Inpex
ConocoPhillips
Hess Corporation
OperatorBP
Commissioned2006
Technical information
Length1,768 km (1,099 mi)
Maximum discharge1 million barrels (160,000 m3) of oil per day

History

Planning

The Caspian Sea lies above one of the world's largest collections of oil and gas fields. As the sea is landlocked, transporting oil to Western markets is complicated. During Soviet times, all transportation routes from the Caspian region were through Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union inspired a search for new routes. Russia first insisted that the new pipeline should pass through its territory, then declined to participate.[2][3]

In the spring of 1992, the Turkish Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel proposed to Central Asian countries including Azerbaijan that the pipeline run through Turkey. The first document on the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 in Ankara.[4] The Turkish route meant a pipeline from Azerbaijan would run through Georgia or Armenia, but the route through Armenia was politically impossible due to the unresolved war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the status of Nagorno-Karabakh. This left the circuitous Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey route, longer and more expensive to build than the other option.[5]

The project gained momentum following the Ankara Declaration, adopted on 29 October 1998 by President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Turkey Süleyman Demirel, and President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov. The declaration was witnessed by the United States Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson, who expressed strong support for the pipeline. The intergovernmental agreement in support of the pipeline was signed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey on 18 November 1999, during a meeting of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Istanbul, Turkey.[5]

Construction

The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company (BTC Co.) was established in London on 1 August 2002.[6] The ceremony launching construction of the pipeline was held on 18 September 2002.[7] Construction began in April 2003 and was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section was constructed by Consolidated Contractors International of Greece, and Georgia's section was constructed by a joint venture of France's Spie Capag and UK Petrofac International. The Turkish section was constructed by BOTAŞ Petroleum Pipeline Corporation. Bechtel was the main contractor for engineering, procurement and construction.[6] Detailed design and engineering contractor was ILF Consulting Engineers for the Turkish section of pipeline, which is approximately over 1000km [8]

Inauguration

On 25 May 2005, the pipeline was inaugurated at the Sangachal Terminal by President Ilham Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Republic, President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia and President Ahmet Sezer of Turkey, joined by President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan and United States Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman.[9][10] The inauguration of the Georgian section was hosted by President Mikheil Saakashvili at the pumping station near Gardabani on 12 October 2005.[11] The inauguration ceremony at Ceyhan terminal was held on 13 July 2006.[1][12]

The pipeline was gradually filled with 10 million barrels of oil flowing from Baku and reaching Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.[1] The first oil was loaded at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) onto a tanker named British Hawthorn.[13] The tanker sailed on 4 June 2006 with about 600,000 barrels (95,000 m3) of crude oil.[1][14]

Description

 
Petroleum pipelines to Europe

Route

The 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long pipeline starts at the Sangachal Terminal near Baku in Azerbaijan, crosses Georgia and terminates at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. 443 kilometres (275 mi) of the pipeline lie in Azerbaijan, 249 kilometres (155 mi) in Georgia and 1,076 kilometres (669 mi) in Turkey. It crosses several mountain ranges at altitudes to 2,830 metres (9,300 ft).[15] It also traverses 3,000 roads, railways, and utility lines—both overground and underground—and 1,500 watercourses up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) wide (in the case of the Ceyhan River in Turkey).[16] The pipeline occupies a corridor eight meters wide, and is buried to a depth of at least one meter.[17] The pipeline runs parallel to the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline, which transports natural gas from the Sangachal Terminal to Erzurum in Turkey.[15]

Technical features

The pipeline has a projected lifespan of 40 years, and at normal capacity it transports 1 million barrels per day (160×10^3 m3/d). It needs 10 million barrels (1.6×10^6 m3) of oil to fill the pipeline.[18] Oil flows at 2 metres (6.6 ft) per second.[16] There are eight pump stations, two in Azerbaijan, two in Georgia, four in Turkey. The project includes also the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (officially the Haydar Aliyev Terminal, named after the Azerbaijani late president Heydar Aliyev), three intermediate pigging stations, one pressure reduction station, and 101 small block valves.[15] It was constructed from 150,000 individual joints of line pipe, each measuring 12 metres (39 ft) in length.[16] This corresponds to a total weight of 655,000 short tons (594,000 t).[16] The pipeline is 1,070 millimetres (42 in) diameter for most of its length, narrowing to 865 millimetres (34.1 in) diameter as it nears Ceyhan.[19]

Cost and financing

The pipeline cost US$3.9 billion.[20] The construction created 10,000 short-term jobs and the operation of the pipeline requires 1,000 long-term employees across a 40-year period.[17] 70% of the costs are funded by third parties, including the World Bank's International Finance Corporation, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, export credit agencies of seven countries and a syndicate of 15 commercial banks.[15]

Source of supply

The pipeline is supplied by oil from Azerbaijan's Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli oil field in the Caspian Sea via the Sangachal Terminal. This pipeline may also transport oil from Kazakhstan's Kashagan oil field and other oil fields in Central Asia.[2] The government of Kazakhstan announced that it would build a trans-Caspian oil pipeline from the Kazakhstani port of Aktau to Baku, but because of the opposition from both Russia and Iran it started to transport oil to the BTC pipeline by tankers across the Caspian Sea.[21] Not only Kazakh, but also Turkmen oil have transported via Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. Thus, in 2015, 5,2 million Kazakh and Turkmen oil were transported via this pipeline to the world markets.[22]

Possible transhipment via Israel

It has been proposed that oil from the pipeline be transported to eastern Asia via the Israeli oil terminals at Ashkelon and Eilat, the overland trans-Israel sector being bridged by the Trans-Israel pipeline owned by the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company (EAPC).[23][24]

Ownership

The pipeline is owned and operated by BTC Co, a consortium of 11 energy companies. The consortium is managed by BP. Shareholders are:

Archaeology

Azerbaijani, Georgian, Turkish, British, and American archaeologists began archaeological surveys 2000, sponsored by BP. Several cultural artifacts were uncovered during the construction, resulting in a coordinated research of the archaeological sites such as Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai in Azerbaijan; Klde, Orchosani, and Saphar-Kharaba in Georgia; and Güllüdere, Yüceören, and Ziyaretsuyu in Turkey.[25]

Controversial aspects

Politics

Even before its completion, the pipeline was having an effect on the world's petroleum politics. The South Caucasus, previously seen as Russia's backyard, is now a region of great strategic significance. The U.S. and other Western nations have become much more involved in the affairs of the three nations through which oil will flow. The countries have been trying to use the involvement as a counterbalance to Russian and Iranian economic and military dominance in the region.[17][26] Russian specialists claim that the pipeline will weaken the Russian influence in the Caucasus. The Russian Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Konstantin Kosachev [ru] stated that the United States and other Western countries are planning to station soldiers in the Caucasus on the pretext of instability in regions through which the pipeline passes.[27]

The project has been criticised due to bypassing and regional isolation of Armenia,[28][29] as well as for human rights and safety concerns.[30] Ilham Aliev, the president of Azerbaijan, which is in conflict with Armenia, was cited as saying, "If we succeed with this project, the Armenians will end in complete isolation, which would create an additional problem for their future, their already bleak future".[29]

The project also constitutes an important leg of the East–West energy corridor, gaining Turkey greater geopolitical importance. The pipeline supports Georgia's independence from Russian influence. Former President Eduard Shevardnadze, one of the architects and initiators of the project, saw construction through Georgia as a guarantee for the country's future economic and political security and stability. President Mikhail Saakashvili shares this view. "All strategic contracts in Georgia, especially the contract for the Caspian pipeline are a matter of survival for the Georgian state," he told reporters on 26 November 2003.[31]

Economics

Although some have touted the pipeline as easing the dependence of the US and other Western nations on oil from the Middle East, it supplies only 1% of global demand during its first stage.[citation needed]

The pipeline diversifies the global oil supply and so insures, to an extent, against a failure in supply elsewhere. Critics of the pipeline—particularly Russia—are skeptical about its economic prospects.[citation needed]

Construction of the pipeline has contributed to the economies of the host countries. In the first half of 2007, a year after the launch of the pipeline as the main export route for Azerbaijani oil, the real GDP growth of Azerbaijan hit a record of 35%.[32] Substantial transit fees accrue to Georgia and Turkey. For Georgia, the transit fees are expected to produce an average of US$62.5 million per year.[26] Turkey is expected to receive approximately US$200 million in transit fees per year in the initial years of operation, with the possibility that the fees increase to US$290 million per year from year 17 to year 40. Turkey also benefits from an increase of commerce in the port of Ceyhan and other parts of eastern Anatolia, the region which had experienced significant decrease in economic activities since the Gulf War in 1991.[33] The reduction of oil tanker traffic on the Bosphorus will contribute to greater security for Istanbul.[34]

To counter concerns that oil money would be siphoned off by corrupt officials, Azerbaijan set up a state oil fund (SOFAZ), mandated with using revenue from natural resources to benefit future generations, bolster support from key international lenders, and improve transparency and accountability. Azerbaijan became the first oil-producing country to join EITI, the British-led Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative.[17]

Security

Concerns have been addressed about the security of the pipeline.[35][36][37] It bypasses Armenia, which has an unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan over the status of Nagorno-Karabakh, crosses through Georgia, which has two unresolved separatist conflicts, and goes through the edges of the Kurdish region of Turkey, which has seen a prolonged and bitter conflict with Kurdish separatists.[38] It will require constant guarding to prevent sabotage, though the fact that almost all of the pipeline is buried will make it harder to attack.[17] Georgia formed a special purpose battalion that would guard the pipeline while the US watched over the area with Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs).

On 5 August 2008, a major explosion and fire in Refahiye (eastern Turkey Erzincan Province) closed the pipeline. The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) claimed responsibility.[39] The pipeline was restarted on 25 August 2008.[40]

There is circumstantial evidence that it was instead a sophisticated cyber attack on the line's control and safety systems that led to increased pressure and an explosion. The attack might have been related to the Russo-Georgian War, which started two days later.[41] However, the cyber attack theory has been largely criticized due to a lack of evidence, and was publicly debunked by ICS cyber security expert Robert M. Lee.[42]

In September 2015, unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh's defense minister, Levon Mnatsakanyan, was cited as saying: "This is a very serious financial resource for Azerbaijan and we need to deprive them of these means".[43] In October 2020, Azerbaijan claimed that pipeline was targeted during the Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan.[44][45] Armenia rejected the accusations.[46]

Environment

Critics of the pipeline have pointed out it should be properly earthquake engineered because it travels through three active faults in Azerbaijan, four in Georgia and seven in Turkey. Environmental activists fiercely opposed the crossing of the watershed of the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park in Georgia, an area known for mineral water springs and natural beauty, although the pipeline itself does not enter the park.[47] The construction of the pipeline left a highly visible scar across the landscape. The Oxford-based "Baku Ceyhan Campaign" stated that "public money should not be used to subsidize social and environmental problems, purely in the interests of the private sector, but must be conditional on a positive contribution to the economic and social development of people in the region."[48] As Borjomi mineral water is a major export commodity of Georgia, any oil spills there would have a catastrophic effect on the economy.

The field joint coating of the pipeline has been controversial over the claim that SPC 2888, the sealant used, was not properly tested.[49][50][51] BP and its contractors interrupted work until the problem was eliminated.[33]

The pipeline eliminates 350 tanker cargoes per year through the sensitive congested Bosphorus and Dardanelles.[52]

Human rights

Human rights activists criticized Western governments for the pipeline, due to reported human and civil rights abuses by the Aliyev regime in Azerbaijan.[53] A Czech documentary film Zdroj (Source) underscores these human rights abuses, such as eminent domain violations in appropriating land for the pipeline's route, and criticism of the government leading to arrest.[54]

In fiction

The pipeline was a central plot point in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough (1999). One of the central characters, Elektra King, is responsible for the construction of an oil pipeline through the Caucasus, from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Named the "King pipeline" in the film, it is a thinly disguised version of the BTC.[38]

See also

 
Wikinews has related news:
  • First pipeline opens from Caspian Sea

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Bayatli, Tamam (Autumn 2006). "Tankers Finally Leave Ceyhan Port for World Markets". Azerbaijan International. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
  2. ^ a b "Revolutions in the Pipeline". Kommersant. 2005-05-25. from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  3. ^ "Moscow Negative About Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline". Pravda. 2004-01-13. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  4. ^ "Timeline of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 July 2006. from the original on 2016-10-24. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  5. ^ a b Baran, Zeyno (2005). "The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Turkey" (PDF). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West: 103–118. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  6. ^ a b "Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company founded". Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections. 2002-08-30. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  7. ^ "Caspian pipeline dream becomes reality". BBC News. 2002-09-17. from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  8. ^ Pfnür, Maximilian (20 May 2022). "PIPELINES. - ILF Consulting Engineers".
  9. ^ Socor, Vladimir (2005-05-31). "Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline Inaugurated". Eurasia Daily Monitor. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
  10. ^ "Giant Caspian oil pipeline opens". BBC News. 2005-05-25. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  11. ^ Jean-Christophe Peuch (2005-10-12). "Georgia: Regional Leaders Inaugurate Oil Pipeline Amid Environmental Concerns". RFERL. from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  12. ^ (Press release). BP. 13 July 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  13. ^ "Caspian Oil Reaches Turkey's Mediterranean Port Ceyhan". Turkish Weekly. 2006-05-29. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  14. ^ "BP: First Ship Loads Oil from New Caspian Pipeline". Downstream Today. 2006-06-05. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  15. ^ a b c d . BP. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
  16. ^ a b c d (PDF). Frontiers Magazine: 18–26. August 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  17. ^ a b c d e Svante E. Cornell, Fariz Ismailzade (2005). "The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Azerbaijan" (PDF). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West: 61–84. (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  18. ^ . BP. Archived from the original on 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  19. ^ "Dillinger plates for the BTC pipeline, the world's longest oil export pipeline". Dillinger Hütte GTS. Archived from the original on 2006-05-08. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  20. ^ "BTC costs hit $3.9bn". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
  21. ^ "Kazakhstan starts transporting oil by Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline". Itar-Tass. 2008-11-03. Retrieved 2008-11-11.[permanent dead link]
  22. ^ Rovshan, Ibrahimov, The Development of the Transport Sector in Azerbaijan:The Implementation and Challenges, in: Caucasus International, Volume 6, No 1, Summer 2016, SAM,http://www.elibrary.az/docs/JURNAL/jrn2016_539.pdf,p.3[permanent dead link].
  23. ^ Avi Bar-Eli (2008-01-17). "Israel proposes crude pipeline from Georgia to Eastern Asia". Haaretz.com. from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
  24. ^ Rovshan Ibrahimov (2007-04-09). "Israeli Pipeline: Ashelon-Eilat-The Second Breath". Turkish Weekly. from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
  25. ^ Taylor, Paul Michael, Christopher R. Polglase, Najaf Museyibli, Jared M. Koller, and Troy A. Johnson (2010), AGT – Ancient Heritage in the BTC-SCP Pipelines Corridor: Azerbaijan – Georgia – Turkey 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Accessed July 22, 2012.
  26. ^ a b Vladimer Papava (2005). "The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Georgia" (PDF). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West: 85–102. (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  27. ^ Can Karpat (2005-09-15). "Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan: Pipeline of Friendship or War?". Axis Information and Analysis. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  28. ^ Boland, Vincent (2005-05-26). "BTC pipeline the 'new Silk Road'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  29. ^ a b . Bradsherman.house.gov. 14 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
  30. ^ . Gnn.tv. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  31. ^ "Georgia's Saakashvili backs oil-pipeline plan". Seattle Times. 2003-11-27. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  32. ^ "Republic of Azerbaijan — Concluding Statement of the IMF Mission". International Monetary Fund. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  33. ^ a b Jonathan Elkind (2005). "Economic Implications of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline" (PDF). The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West: 39–60. (PDF) from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  34. ^ . Today's Zaman. 3 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
  35. ^ "Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict poses threat to regional energy corridor". Eurasianet. 9 October 2020.
  36. ^ "BP 'deeply concerned' as pipeline attack raises stakes in Azerbaijan conflict". S&P Global. 7 October 2020.
  37. ^ Gal Luft (2004-11-04). "Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline: not yet finished and already threatened". Institute for the Analysis of Global Security. from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ a b The pipeline also gets a mention in "Aggressor", a novel by Andy Mcnab. Mark Tran (2005-05-26). "Q&A: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline". The Guardian. London. from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  39. ^ . APA. 6 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  40. ^ . Bloomberg. 2008-08-25. Archived from the original on 2008-08-14. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  41. ^ Jordan Robertson, Michael Riley (2014-12-10). "Mysterious '08 Turkey Pipeline Blast Opened New Cyberwar Era". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
  42. ^ Robert M. Lee (2015-06-19). "Closing the Case on the Reported 2008 Russian Cyber Attack on the BTC Pipeline". SANS. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
  43. ^ "Frozen War Thaws in Russian Backyard as Karabakh Flares". Bloomberg. October 23, 2015.
  44. ^ "Armenia reportedly attacks Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline". Anadolu Agency. 6 October 2020.
  45. ^ "Azerbaijan warns over pipelines as Nagorno-Karabakh tensions rise". EURACTIV. 15 October 2020.
  46. ^ "Azerbaijan Says Pipeline Targeted In Fighting; Armenia Rejects Accusation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 7 October 2020.
  47. ^ Michael Meacher (2005-06-15). "Casualties of the oil stampede". The Guardian. London. from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  48. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  49. ^ Michael Gillard; David Connett (2005-04-17). "BP 'covered up' pipeline flaw". Times Online. London. Retrieved 2007-12-29.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ . Baku Ceyhan Campaign. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  51. ^ . Baku Ceyhan Campaign. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
  52. ^ "BTC pipeline a welcome relief for Turkish straits". Hürriyet Daily News. 2006-07-10. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  53. ^ "Human Rights Overview – Azerbaijan". Human Right Watch. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  54. ^ Eddie Cockrell (2005-07-18). "Source. A review". Variety. from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-29.

‘ The Encyclopaedia of the successful land acquisition processes of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines projects in Azerbaijan’.

References

  • Turab Gurbanov (2007). Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan : tome 1- Questions économiques et juridiques. l’Harmattan. p. 304. ISBN 978-2-296-04019-9.
  • Turab Gurbanov (2007). Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan : tome 2- Questions géopolitiques. l’Harmattan. p. 297. ISBN 978-2-296-04020-5.
  • S. Frederick Starr, Svante E. Cornell (2005). (PDF). The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program. p. 150. ISBN 978-91-85031-06-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  • Rasizade, Alec. The mythology of munificent Caspian bonanza and its concomitant pipeline geopolitics. = Central Asia and the Caucasus (Eastview Press, Sweden), number 4 (10) 2001, pages 16–28. 2017-08-07 at the Wayback Machine

External links

  • Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BP website)
  • BTC project (IFC website)
  • Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Caspian Pipeline, HydrocarbonsTechnology.com
  • Soner Cagaptay, Nazli Gencsoy (2005-05-27). "Startup of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Turkey's Energy Role. Policy Watch #998". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  • , the former head of BP, Lord Browne FREng, reflects on the engineering challenges of constructing the BTC pipeline, Ingenia magazine, June 2008
  • P.M. Taylor and D. Maynard 2011 'Archaeological Excavations on the BTC Pipeline, Azerbaijan', Internet Archaeology 29.
  • Applying Advanced Technology for Threat Assessment: A Case Study of the BTC Pipeline

March 12, 2023
baku, tbilisi, ceyhan, pipeline, baku, tbilisi, ceyhan, pipeline, kilometres, long, crude, pipeline, from, azeri, chirag, gunashli, field, caspian, mediterranean, connects, baku, capital, azerbaijan, ceyhan, port, south, eastern, mediterranean, coast, turkey, . The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan BTC pipeline is a 1 768 kilometres 1 099 mi long crude oil pipeline from the Azeri Chirag Gunashli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea It connects Baku the capital of Azerbaijan and Ceyhan a port on the south eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey via Tbilisi the capital of Georgia It is the second longest oil pipeline in the former Soviet Union after the Druzhba pipeline The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006 1 Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipelineLocation of Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipelineLocationCountryAzerbaijan Georgia TurkeyGeneral directioneast south westFromBaku Sangachal Terminal AzerbaijanPasses throughTbilisi GeorgiaErzurum TurkeySariz TurkeyToCeyhan TurkeyRuns alongsideSouth Caucasus PipelineGeneral informationTypeoilPartnersBPSOCARChevronStatoilGIOCTPAOEniTotalEnergiesItochuInpexConocoPhillipsHess CorporationOperatorBPCommissioned2006Technical informationLength1 768 km 1 099 mi Maximum discharge1 million barrels 160 000 m3 of oil per day Contents 1 History 1 1 Planning 1 2 Construction 1 3 Inauguration 2 Description 2 1 Route 2 2 Technical features 2 3 Cost and financing 2 4 Source of supply 2 5 Possible transhipment via Israel 3 Ownership 4 Archaeology 5 Controversial aspects 5 1 Politics 5 2 Economics 5 3 Security 5 4 Environment 5 5 Human rights 6 In fiction 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHistory EditPlanning Edit The Caspian Sea lies above one of the world s largest collections of oil and gas fields As the sea is landlocked transporting oil to Western markets is complicated During Soviet times all transportation routes from the Caspian region were through Russia The collapse of the Soviet Union inspired a search for new routes Russia first insisted that the new pipeline should pass through its territory then declined to participate 2 3 In the spring of 1992 the Turkish Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel proposed to Central Asian countries including Azerbaijan that the pipeline run through Turkey The first document on the construction of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 in Ankara 4 The Turkish route meant a pipeline from Azerbaijan would run through Georgia or Armenia but the route through Armenia was politically impossible due to the unresolved war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the status of Nagorno Karabakh This left the circuitous Azerbaijan Georgia Turkey route longer and more expensive to build than the other option 5 The project gained momentum following the Ankara Declaration adopted on 29 October 1998 by President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev President of Turkey Suleyman Demirel and President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov The declaration was witnessed by the United States Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson who expressed strong support for the pipeline The intergovernmental agreement in support of the pipeline was signed by Azerbaijan Georgia and Turkey on 18 November 1999 during a meeting of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSCE in Istanbul Turkey 5 Construction Edit The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Company BTC Co was established in London on 1 August 2002 6 The ceremony launching construction of the pipeline was held on 18 September 2002 7 Construction began in April 2003 and was completed in 2005 The Azerbaijan section was constructed by Consolidated Contractors International of Greece and Georgia s section was constructed by a joint venture of France s Spie Capag and UK Petrofac International The Turkish section was constructed by BOTAS Petroleum Pipeline Corporation Bechtel was the main contractor for engineering procurement and construction 6 Detailed design and engineering contractor was ILF Consulting Engineers for the Turkish section of pipeline which is approximately over 1000km 8 Inauguration Edit On 25 May 2005 the pipeline was inaugurated at the Sangachal Terminal by President Ilham Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Republic President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia and President Ahmet Sezer of Turkey joined by President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan and United States Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman 9 10 The inauguration of the Georgian section was hosted by President Mikheil Saakashvili at the pumping station near Gardabani on 12 October 2005 11 The inauguration ceremony at Ceyhan terminal was held on 13 July 2006 1 12 The pipeline was gradually filled with 10 million barrels of oil flowing from Baku and reaching Ceyhan on 28 May 2006 1 The first oil was loaded at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal Haydar Aliyev Terminal onto a tanker named British Hawthorn 13 The tanker sailed on 4 June 2006 with about 600 000 barrels 95 000 m3 of crude oil 1 14 Description Edit Petroleum pipelines to Europe Route Edit The 1 768 kilometres 1 099 mi long pipeline starts at the Sangachal Terminal near Baku in Azerbaijan crosses Georgia and terminates at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal Haydar Aliyev Terminal on the south eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey 443 kilometres 275 mi of the pipeline lie in Azerbaijan 249 kilometres 155 mi in Georgia and 1 076 kilometres 669 mi in Turkey It crosses several mountain ranges at altitudes to 2 830 metres 9 300 ft 15 It also traverses 3 000 roads railways and utility lines both overground and underground and 1 500 watercourses up to 500 metres 1 600 ft wide in the case of the Ceyhan River in Turkey 16 The pipeline occupies a corridor eight meters wide and is buried to a depth of at least one meter 17 The pipeline runs parallel to the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline which transports natural gas from the Sangachal Terminal to Erzurum in Turkey 15 Technical features Edit The pipeline has a projected lifespan of 40 years and at normal capacity it transports 1 million barrels per day 160 10 3 m3 d It needs 10 million barrels 1 6 10 6 m3 of oil to fill the pipeline 18 Oil flows at 2 metres 6 6 ft per second 16 There are eight pump stations two in Azerbaijan two in Georgia four in Turkey The project includes also the Ceyhan Marine Terminal officially the Haydar Aliyev Terminal named after the Azerbaijani late president Heydar Aliyev three intermediate pigging stations one pressure reduction station and 101 small block valves 15 It was constructed from 150 000 individual joints of line pipe each measuring 12 metres 39 ft in length 16 This corresponds to a total weight of 655 000 short tons 594 000 t 16 The pipeline is 1 070 millimetres 42 in diameter for most of its length narrowing to 865 millimetres 34 1 in diameter as it nears Ceyhan 19 Cost and financing Edit The pipeline cost US 3 9 billion 20 The construction created 10 000 short term jobs and the operation of the pipeline requires 1 000 long term employees across a 40 year period 17 70 of the costs are funded by third parties including the World Bank s International Finance Corporation the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development export credit agencies of seven countries and a syndicate of 15 commercial banks 15 Source of supply Edit The pipeline is supplied by oil from Azerbaijan s Azeri Chirag Guneshli oil field in the Caspian Sea via the Sangachal Terminal This pipeline may also transport oil from Kazakhstan s Kashagan oil field and other oil fields in Central Asia 2 The government of Kazakhstan announced that it would build a trans Caspian oil pipeline from the Kazakhstani port of Aktau to Baku but because of the opposition from both Russia and Iran it started to transport oil to the BTC pipeline by tankers across the Caspian Sea 21 Not only Kazakh but also Turkmen oil have transported via Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline Thus in 2015 5 2 million Kazakh and Turkmen oil were transported via this pipeline to the world markets 22 Possible transhipment via Israel Edit It has been proposed that oil from the pipeline be transported to eastern Asia via the Israeli oil terminals at Ashkelon and Eilat the overland trans Israel sector being bridged by the Trans Israel pipeline owned by the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company EAPC 23 24 Ownership EditThe pipeline is owned and operated by BTC Co a consortium of 11 energy companies The consortium is managed by BP Shareholders are BP United Kingdom 30 1 State Oil Company of Azerbaijan SOCAR Azerbaijan 25 00 MOL Group Hungary 8 90 Equinor Norway 8 71 Turkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakligi TPAO Turkey 6 53 Eni Italy 5 00 TotalEnergies France 5 00 Itochu Japan 3 40 Inpex Japan 2 50 ExxonMobil USA 2 50 ONGC Videsh India 2 36 Archaeology EditAzerbaijani Georgian Turkish British and American archaeologists began archaeological surveys 2000 sponsored by BP Several cultural artifacts were uncovered during the construction resulting in a coordinated research of the archaeological sites such as Dashbulaq Hasansu Zayamchai and Tovuzchai in Azerbaijan Klde Orchosani and Saphar Kharaba in Georgia and Gulludere Yuceoren and Ziyaretsuyu in Turkey 25 Controversial aspects EditPolitics Edit Even before its completion the pipeline was having an effect on the world s petroleum politics The South Caucasus previously seen as Russia s backyard is now a region of great strategic significance The U S and other Western nations have become much more involved in the affairs of the three nations through which oil will flow The countries have been trying to use the involvement as a counterbalance to Russian and Iranian economic and military dominance in the region 17 26 Russian specialists claim that the pipeline will weaken the Russian influence in the Caucasus The Russian Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Konstantin Kosachev ru stated that the United States and other Western countries are planning to station soldiers in the Caucasus on the pretext of instability in regions through which the pipeline passes 27 The project has been criticised due to bypassing and regional isolation of Armenia 28 29 as well as for human rights and safety concerns 30 Ilham Aliev the president of Azerbaijan which is in conflict with Armenia was cited as saying If we succeed with this project the Armenians will end in complete isolation which would create an additional problem for their future their already bleak future 29 The project also constitutes an important leg of the East West energy corridor gaining Turkey greater geopolitical importance The pipeline supports Georgia s independence from Russian influence Former President Eduard Shevardnadze one of the architects and initiators of the project saw construction through Georgia as a guarantee for the country s future economic and political security and stability President Mikhail Saakashvili shares this view All strategic contracts in Georgia especially the contract for the Caspian pipeline are a matter of survival for the Georgian state he told reporters on 26 November 2003 31 Economics Edit Although some have touted the pipeline as easing the dependence of the US and other Western nations on oil from the Middle East it supplies only 1 of global demand during its first stage citation needed The pipeline diversifies the global oil supply and so insures to an extent against a failure in supply elsewhere Critics of the pipeline particularly Russia are skeptical about its economic prospects citation needed Construction of the pipeline has contributed to the economies of the host countries In the first half of 2007 a year after the launch of the pipeline as the main export route for Azerbaijani oil the real GDP growth of Azerbaijan hit a record of 35 32 Substantial transit fees accrue to Georgia and Turkey For Georgia the transit fees are expected to produce an average of US 62 5 million per year 26 Turkey is expected to receive approximately US 200 million in transit fees per year in the initial years of operation with the possibility that the fees increase to US 290 million per year from year 17 to year 40 Turkey also benefits from an increase of commerce in the port of Ceyhan and other parts of eastern Anatolia the region which had experienced significant decrease in economic activities since the Gulf War in 1991 33 The reduction of oil tanker traffic on the Bosphorus will contribute to greater security for Istanbul 34 To counter concerns that oil money would be siphoned off by corrupt officials Azerbaijan set up a state oil fund SOFAZ mandated with using revenue from natural resources to benefit future generations bolster support from key international lenders and improve transparency and accountability Azerbaijan became the first oil producing country to join EITI the British led Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 17 Security Edit Concerns have been addressed about the security of the pipeline 35 36 37 It bypasses Armenia which has an unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan over the status of Nagorno Karabakh crosses through Georgia which has two unresolved separatist conflicts and goes through the edges of the Kurdish region of Turkey which has seen a prolonged and bitter conflict with Kurdish separatists 38 It will require constant guarding to prevent sabotage though the fact that almost all of the pipeline is buried will make it harder to attack 17 Georgia formed a special purpose battalion that would guard the pipeline while the US watched over the area with Unmanned Arial Vehicles UAVs On 5 August 2008 a major explosion and fire in Refahiye eastern Turkey Erzincan Province closed the pipeline The Kurdistan Workers Party PKK claimed responsibility 39 The pipeline was restarted on 25 August 2008 40 There is circumstantial evidence that it was instead a sophisticated cyber attack on the line s control and safety systems that led to increased pressure and an explosion The attack might have been related to the Russo Georgian War which started two days later 41 However the cyber attack theory has been largely criticized due to a lack of evidence and was publicly debunked by ICS cyber security expert Robert M Lee 42 In September 2015 unrecognized Nagorno Karabakh s defense minister Levon Mnatsakanyan was cited as saying This is a very serious financial resource for Azerbaijan and we need to deprive them of these means 43 In October 2020 Azerbaijan claimed that pipeline was targeted during the Nagorno Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan 44 45 Armenia rejected the accusations 46 Environment Edit Critics of the pipeline have pointed out it should be properly earthquake engineered because it travels through three active faults in Azerbaijan four in Georgia and seven in Turkey Environmental activists fiercely opposed the crossing of the watershed of the Borjomi Kharagauli National Park in Georgia an area known for mineral water springs and natural beauty although the pipeline itself does not enter the park 47 The construction of the pipeline left a highly visible scar across the landscape The Oxford based Baku Ceyhan Campaign stated that public money should not be used to subsidize social and environmental problems purely in the interests of the private sector but must be conditional on a positive contribution to the economic and social development of people in the region 48 As Borjomi mineral water is a major export commodity of Georgia any oil spills there would have a catastrophic effect on the economy The field joint coating of the pipeline has been controversial over the claim that SPC 2888 the sealant used was not properly tested 49 50 51 BP and its contractors interrupted work until the problem was eliminated 33 The pipeline eliminates 350 tanker cargoes per year through the sensitive congested Bosphorus and Dardanelles 52 Human rights Edit Human rights activists criticized Western governments for the pipeline due to reported human and civil rights abuses by the Aliyev regime in Azerbaijan 53 A Czech documentary film Zdroj Source underscores these human rights abuses such as eminent domain violations in appropriating land for the pipeline s route and criticism of the government leading to arrest 54 In fiction EditThe pipeline was a central plot point in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough 1999 One of the central characters Elektra King is responsible for the construction of an oil pipeline through the Caucasus from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey Named the King pipeline in the film it is a thinly disguised version of the BTC 38 See also Edit Azerbaijan portal Turkey portal Georgia country portal Energy portal Wikinews has related news First pipeline opens from Caspian Sea Baku Novorossiysk pipeline Baku Supsa Pipeline Dutch disease Economy of Azerbaijan Foreign relations of Azerbaijan Foreign relations of Georgia country Foreign relations of Turkey Geostrategy in Central Asia Nabucco pipeline Energy in Georgia country South Caucasus Pipeline Trans Anatolian gas pipelineNotes Edit a b c d Bayatli Tamam Autumn 2006 Tankers Finally Leave Ceyhan Port for World Markets Azerbaijan International Retrieved 2014 09 01 a b Revolutions in the Pipeline Kommersant 2005 05 25 Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Moscow Negative About Baku Ceyhan Pipeline Pravda 2004 01 13 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Timeline of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline Hurriyet Daily News 13 July 2006 Archived from the original on 2016 10 24 Retrieved 2016 10 24 a b Baran Zeyno 2005 The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Implications for Turkey PDF The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Oil Window to the West 103 118 Retrieved 2007 12 30 a b Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Company founded Alexander s Gas amp Oil Connections 2002 08 30 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Caspian pipeline dream becomes reality BBC News 2002 09 17 Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Pfnur Maximilian 20 May 2022 PIPELINES ILF Consulting Engineers Socor Vladimir 2005 05 31 Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline Inaugurated Eurasia Daily Monitor The Jamestown Foundation Retrieved 2014 09 01 Giant Caspian oil pipeline opens BBC News 2005 05 25 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Jean Christophe Peuch 2005 10 12 Georgia Regional Leaders Inaugurate Oil Pipeline Amid Environmental Concerns RFERL Archived from the original on 10 January 2008 Retrieved 2007 12 30 BTC Celebrates Full Commissioning Press release BP 13 July 2006 Archived from the original on 2007 10 30 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Caspian Oil Reaches Turkey s Mediterranean Port Ceyhan Turkish Weekly 2006 05 29 Retrieved 2007 03 01 BP First Ship Loads Oil from New Caspian Pipeline Downstream Today 2006 06 05 Retrieved 2008 11 02 a b c d Overview of the BTC pipeline BP Archived from the original on 25 January 2008 Retrieved 2007 12 29 a b c d Caspian Connection PDF Frontiers Magazine 18 26 August 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 12 19 Retrieved 2008 11 02 a b c d e Svante E Cornell Fariz Ismailzade 2005 The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Implications for Azerbaijan PDF The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Oil Window to the West 61 84 Archived PDF from the original on 2008 02 27 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Operations BP Archived from the original on 2006 10 14 Retrieved 2007 03 01 Dillinger plates for the BTC pipeline the world s longest oil export pipeline Dillinger Hutte GTS Archived from the original on 2006 05 08 Retrieved 2007 12 30 BTC costs hit 3 9bn Upstream Online NHST Media Group 2006 04 19 Retrieved 2008 03 07 Kazakhstan starts transporting oil by Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline Itar Tass 2008 11 03 Retrieved 2008 11 11 permanent dead link Rovshan Ibrahimov The Development of the Transport Sector in Azerbaijan The Implementation and Challenges in Caucasus International Volume 6 No 1 Summer 2016 SAM http www elibrary az docs JURNAL jrn2016 539 pdf p 3 permanent dead link Avi Bar Eli 2008 01 17 Israel proposes crude pipeline from Georgia to Eastern Asia Haaretz com Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 Retrieved 2008 01 19 Rovshan Ibrahimov 2007 04 09 Israeli Pipeline Ashelon Eilat The Second Breath Turkish Weekly Archived from the original on 25 January 2008 Retrieved 2008 01 19 Taylor Paul Michael Christopher R Polglase Najaf Museyibli Jared M Koller and Troy A Johnson 2010 AGT Ancient Heritage in the BTC SCP Pipelines Corridor Azerbaijan Georgia Turkey Archived 2012 11 05 at the Wayback Machine Smithsonian Institution Washington D C Accessed July 22 2012 a b Vladimer Papava 2005 The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Implications for Georgia PDF The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Oil Window to the West 85 102 Archived PDF from the original on 2008 02 27 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Can Karpat 2005 09 15 Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline of Friendship or War Axis Information and Analysis Retrieved 2007 12 30 Boland Vincent 2005 05 26 BTC pipeline the new Silk Road Financial Times Archived from the original on 2022 12 10 Retrieved 2012 11 06 a b Sherman Joins Amendment to Block Funds For Railroad Route Bypassing Armenia Bradsherman house gov 14 June 2006 Archived from the original on 2012 10 17 Retrieved 2012 11 06 The Baku Ceyhan Pipeline BP s Time Bomb Gnn tv Archived from the original on 2008 12 16 Retrieved 5 June 2010 Georgia s Saakashvili backs oil pipeline plan Seattle Times 2003 11 27 Retrieved 2008 08 12 Republic of Azerbaijan Concluding Statement of the IMF Mission International Monetary Fund 2007 09 06 Retrieved 2007 12 30 a b Jonathan Elkind 2005 Economic Implications of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline PDF The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Oil Window to the West 39 60 Archived PDF from the original on 2008 02 27 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Loading of Azeri Crude Oil from BTC Pipeline Begins Today s Zaman 3 June 2006 Archived from the original on 2011 06 05 Retrieved 2007 03 01 Azerbaijan Armenia conflict poses threat to regional energy corridor Eurasianet 9 October 2020 BP deeply concerned as pipeline attack raises stakes in Azerbaijan conflict S amp P Global 7 October 2020 Gal Luft 2004 11 04 Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline not yet finished and already threatened Institute for the Analysis of Global Security Archived from the original on 11 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b The pipeline also gets a mention in Aggressor a novel by Andy Mcnab Mark Tran 2005 05 26 Q amp A The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline The Guardian London Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 Retrieved 2007 12 30 PKK assumes responsibility for explosion of BTC APA 6 August 2008 Archived from the original on 2011 07 21 Retrieved 2008 08 06 Oil Falls for a Second Day as BP Restarts Caspian Sea Pipeline Bloomberg 2008 08 25 Archived from the original on 2008 08 14 Retrieved 2008 08 25 Jordan Robertson Michael Riley 2014 12 10 Mysterious 08 Turkey Pipeline Blast Opened New Cyberwar Era Bloomberg Retrieved 2014 12 15 Robert M Lee 2015 06 19 Closing the Case on the Reported 2008 Russian Cyber Attack on the BTC Pipeline SANS Retrieved 2016 09 05 Frozen War Thaws in Russian Backyard as Karabakh Flares Bloomberg October 23 2015 Armenia reportedly attacks Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline Anadolu Agency 6 October 2020 Azerbaijan warns over pipelines as Nagorno Karabakh tensions rise EURACTIV 15 October 2020 Azerbaijan Says Pipeline Targeted In Fighting Armenia Rejects Accusation Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 7 October 2020 Michael Meacher 2005 06 15 Casualties of the oil stampede The Guardian London Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 30 About the Baku Ceyhan Campaign Archived from the original on 2008 12 11 Retrieved 2008 10 23 Michael Gillard David Connett 2005 04 17 BP covered up pipeline flaw Times Online London Retrieved 2007 12 29 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The full story Pipeline corrosion threat covered up by BP Baku Ceyhan Campaign Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 Retrieved 2008 10 28 What s the problem Field joint coatings The basics Baku Ceyhan Campaign Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 Retrieved 2008 10 28 BTC pipeline a welcome relief for Turkish straits Hurriyet Daily News 2006 07 10 Retrieved 2016 10 24 Human Rights Overview Azerbaijan Human Right Watch Retrieved 2007 12 30 Eddie Cockrell 2005 07 18 Source A review Variety Archived from the original on 3 December 2007 Retrieved 2007 12 29 The Encyclopaedia of the successful land acquisition processes of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines projects in Azerbaijan References EditTurab Gurbanov 2007 Le petrole de la Caspienne et la politique exterieure de l Azerbaidjan tome 1 Questions economiques et juridiques l Harmattan p 304 ISBN 978 2 296 04019 9 Turab Gurbanov 2007 Le petrole de la Caspienne et la politique exterieure de l Azerbaidjan tome 2 Questions geopolitiques l Harmattan p 297 ISBN 978 2 296 04020 5 S Frederick Starr Svante E Cornell 2005 The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Oil Window to the West PDF The Central Asia Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program p 150 ISBN 978 91 85031 06 1 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 02 27 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Rasizade Alec The mythology of munificent Caspian bonanza and its concomitant pipeline geopolitics Central Asia and the Caucasus Eastview Press Sweden number 4 10 2001 pages 16 28 Archived 2017 08 07 at the Wayback MachineExternal links EditBaku Tbilisi Ceyhan South Caucasus pipelines environmental and community investments website Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline BP website BTC project IFC website BTC project EBRD website Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan BTC Caspian Pipeline HydrocarbonsTechnology com Soner Cagaptay Nazli Gencsoy 2005 05 27 Startup of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Pipeline Turkey s Energy Role Policy Watch 998 The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 Retrieved 2007 12 30 Engineering the BTC Pipeline the former head of BP Lord Browne FREng reflects on the engineering challenges of constructing the BTC pipeline Ingenia magazine June 2008 P M Taylor and D Maynard 2011 Archaeological Excavations on the BTC Pipeline Azerbaijan Internet Archaeology 29 Applying Advanced Technology for Threat Assessment A Case Study of the BTC Pipeline Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline amp oldid 1143926608, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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