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Silifke

May 04, 2023

Silifke (Greek: Σελεύκεια, Seleukeia, Latin: Seleucia ad Calycadnum) is a town and district in south-central Mersin Province, Turkey, 80 km (50 mi) west of the city of Mersin, on the west end of Çukurova.

Silifke
Göksu river in Silifke
Silifke
Coordinates: 36°22′34″N 33°55′56″E / 36.37611°N 33.93222°E / 36.37611; 33.93222Coordinates: 36°22′34″N 33°55′56″E / 36.37611°N 33.93222°E / 36.37611; 33.93222
Country Turkey
ProvinceMersin
Government
 • MayorSadık Altunok (MHP)
 • KaymakamNamık Kemal Nazlı
Area
[1]
 • District2,571.84 km2 (992.99 sq mi)
Population
 (2012)[2]
 • Urban
55,501
 • District
114,238
 • District density44/km2 (120/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Websitesilifke.bel.tr/ www.silifke.gov.tr/

Silifke is near the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the Göksu River, which flows from the nearby Taurus Mountains, surrounded by attractive countryside along the river banks.

Etymology

Silifke was formerly called Seleucia on the Calycadnus — variously cited over the centuries as Seleucia [in] Cilicia, Seleucia [in, of] Isauria, Seleucia Trachea, and Seleucia Tracheotis —. The city took its name from its founder, King Seleucus I Nicator.[3] The ancient city of Olba (Turkish: Oura) was also within the boundaries of modern-day Silifke. The modern name is derived from the Greek Σελεύκεια, which is pronounced Selefkia in Greek.

History

Antiquity

Located a few miles from the mouth of the Göksu River, Seleucia was founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the early 3rd century BC, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called Olbia (or Olba) and Hyria and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name. The city grew to include the nearby settlement of Holmi (in modern-day Taşucu) which had been established earlier as an Ionian colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates.[4] The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of Cilicia (later named Isauria), and was even a rival of Tarsus.[3]

Cilicia thrived as a province of the Romans, and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century Temple of Jupiter. It was also the site of a noted school of philosophy and literature, the birthplace of peripatetics Athenaeus and Xenarchus.[5] The stone bridge was built by the governor L. Octavius Memor in 77 AD. Around 300 AD Isauria was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital.

Christianity

Early Christian bishops held a Council of Seleucia in[6] 325, 359, and 410. Seleucia was famous for the tomb of the virgin Saint Thecla of Iconium, converted by Saint Paul, who died at Seleucia,[7] the tomb was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world and was restored several times, among others by the Emperor Zeno in the 5th century, and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are called Meriamlik.[8] In the 5th century the imperial governor (comes Isauriae) in residence at Seleucia had two legions at his disposal, the Legio II Isaura and the Legio III Isaura. From this period, and perhaps later, dates the Christian necropolis, west of the town, which contains many tombs of Christian soldiers.[9] According to the Notitia Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Antioch, in the 6th century, the Metropolitan of Seleucia had twenty-four suffragan sees.[10]

 
Lead seal of Paul, Metropolitan of Seleucia (8th/9th century)

In 705 Seleucia was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and was recovered by the Byzantines. Thus by 732 nearly all the ecclesiastical province of Isauria was incorporated into the Patriarchate of Constantinople; henceforth the province figures in the Notitiae of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but under the name of Pamphylia.

In the Notitiae of Leo VI the Wise (ca. 900) Seleucia had 22 suffragan bishoprics;[11] in that of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca 940) it had 23.[12] In 968 Antioch again fell into the power of the Byzantines, and with the Province of Isauria, Seleucia was allocated to the Patriarchate of Antioch.[13] We know of several metropolitans of this see, the first of whom, Agapetus, attended the Council of Nicaea in 325; Neonas was at the Council of Seleucia in 359; Symposius at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Dexianus at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Basil, a celebrated orator and writer, whose conduct was rather ambiguous at the Second Council of Ephesus and at the beginning of the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Theodore was at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553; Macrobius at the Sixth Ecumenical Council and the Council in Trullo in 692.

No longer a residential see, Seleucia in Isauria has been included in the list of titular sees of the Catholic Church, which has made no new appointments of a titular bishop to this eastern see since the Second Vatican Council.[14]

Turkish period

In the 11th century, the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks; they met with resistance and in 1137, Seleucia was besieged by Leon of Cilician Armenia. During this period of struggle between Armenians, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Turks, a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city. On June 10, 1190, the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus,[3] near Seleucia during the Third Crusade.

In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the Hospitallers, who lost it to the Karamanid Principality in the second half of the 13th century, and then it ended up in the hands of the Ottomans under general Gedik Ahmet Pasha in 1471.

Until 1933, Silifke was the capital of İçel Province, but then, İçel and Mersin provinces were merged. The merged province took the name of İçel but with its administrative centre at Mersin. Finally in 2002 the name of İçel was replaced with that of Mersin.

Economy

The economy of the district depends on agriculture, tourism and raising livestock. The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain, which produces beans, peanuts, sesame, banana, orange, lemon, cotton, grapes, lentils, olives, tobacco, and canned fruits and vegetables. An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile Göksu delta. In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season.

Silifke is also an industrial town, well-connected with other urban areas and producing beverages, chemicals, clothes, footwear, glass, plastics, pottery, and textiles.

Climate

Silifke has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters.

Climate data for Silifke
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 14
(57) 		15
(59) 		18
(64) 		23
(73) 		26
(79) 		30
(86) 		32
(90) 		33
(91) 		31
(88) 		27
(81) 		23
(73) 		16
(61) 		24
(75)
Average low °C (°F) 6
(43) 		7
(45) 		8
(46) 		12
(54) 		15
(59) 		19
(66) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		20
(68) 		16
(61) 		13
(55) 		8
(46) 		14
(57)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 170
(6.7) 		70
(2.8) 		50
(2.0) 		60
(2.4) 		30
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		10
(0.4) 		70
(2.8) 		170
(6.7) 		630
(25)
Average rainy days 9 5 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 38
Average relative humidity (%) 62 65 62 62 67 65 67 66 58 55 61 65 63
Source: Weatherbase[15]

Administrative structure

Towns

Villages

Main sights

  • The caves of "Heaven and Hell" ('Cennet ve Cehennem'), which have collapsed in two places revealing deep holes in the ground.
  • Narlıkuyu is an attractive village, where people from Mersin come to eat fish and enjoy the seaside.
  • The town of Silifke has many well preserved ancient ruins including:
    • The prominent remains of the castle high on a rock above the town,
    • The city walls,
    • A large water tank (Tekir ambarı) cut into the rock,
    • An extensive necropolis of rock-cut tombs with inscriptions.
  •  

    Outer walls of the castle of Silifke

  •  

    Silifke castle

  •  

    Bar next to the castle of Silifke

  •  

    Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke

  •  

    Tekir ambarı cistern

Life and culture

The Turkmen community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as The Yogurt of Silifke (where the dancers imitate the actions of making yogurt) and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance.

The cuisine includes breakfast of leaves of unleavened bread (bazlama) with a dry sour cottage cheese (çökelek) or fried meats. Many other dishes feature bulgur wheat. The annual Silifke Yoghurt Festival takes place in May.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
  2. ^ "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  3. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seleucia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 603.
  4. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium; Strabo, XIV, 670)
  5. ^ "Classical Gazetteer, page 312". Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2006-02-26.
  6. ^ (variously cited)
  7. ^ Acta Pauli et Theclae, an apocryphal work of the 2nd century
  8. ^ (Denkschriften der k. Akadem. der Wissenschaft. philos.-histor. Klasse, Vienna, XLIV, 6, 105-08)
  9. ^ Edwards, Robert W., "Seleukeia (Cilicia)" (2016). The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8028-9017-7.
  10. ^ (Echoes d'Orient, X, 145)
  11. ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 557.
  12. ^ (Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, ed. Gelzer, 76)
  13. ^ (Gelzer, op. cit., 573)
  14. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 968
  15. ^ "Silifke, Turkey Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)".
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Seleucia Trachea". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silifke.
  • District governor's official website (in Turkish)
  • District municipality's official website (in Turkish)
  • Silifke Guide and Photo Album
  • Extensive photo site of Silifke, the temple and nearby sights
  • Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Silifke Castle

May 04, 2023
silifke, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, december, 2021, le. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Silifke news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Silifke Greek Seleykeia Seleukeia Latin Seleucia ad Calycadnum is a town and district in south central Mersin Province Turkey 80 km 50 mi west of the city of Mersin on the west end of Cukurova SilifkeGoksu river in SilifkeSilifkeCoordinates 36 22 34 N 33 55 56 E 36 37611 N 33 93222 E 36 37611 33 93222 Coordinates 36 22 34 N 33 55 56 E 36 37611 N 33 93222 E 36 37611 33 93222Country TurkeyProvinceMersinGovernment MayorSadik Altunok MHP KaymakamNamik Kemal NazliArea 1 District2 571 84 km2 992 99 sq mi Population 2012 2 Urban55 501 District114 238 District density44 km2 120 sq mi Time zoneUTC 3 TRT Websitesilifke bel tr www silifke gov tr Silifke is near the Mediterranean coast on the banks of the Goksu River which flows from the nearby Taurus Mountains surrounded by attractive countryside along the river banks Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Antiquity 2 2 Christianity 2 3 Turkish period 3 Economy 4 Climate 5 Administrative structure 5 1 Towns 5 2 Villages 6 Main sights 7 Life and culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksEtymology EditSilifke was formerly called Seleucia on the Calycadnus variously cited over the centuries as Seleucia in Cilicia Seleucia in of Isauria Seleucia Trachea and Seleucia Tracheotis The city took its name from its founder King Seleucus I Nicator 3 The ancient city of Olba Turkish Oura was also within the boundaries of modern day Silifke The modern name is derived from the Greek Seleykeia which is pronounced Selefkia in Greek History EditAntiquity Edit Located a few miles from the mouth of the Goksu River Seleucia was founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the early 3rd century BC one of several cities he named after himself It is probable that there were already towns called Olbia or Olba and Hyria and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name The city grew to include the nearby settlement of Holmi in modern day Tasucu which had been established earlier as an Ionian colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates 4 The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of Cilicia later named Isauria and was even a rival of Tarsus 3 Cilicia thrived as a province of the Romans and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century Temple of Jupiter It was also the site of a noted school of philosophy and literature the birthplace of peripatetics Athenaeus and Xenarchus 5 The stone bridge was built by the governor L Octavius Memor in 77 AD Around 300 AD Isauria was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital Christianity Edit Early Christian bishops held a Council of Seleucia in 6 325 359 and 410 Seleucia was famous for the tomb of the virgin Saint Thecla of Iconium converted by Saint Paul who died at Seleucia 7 the tomb was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world and was restored several times among others by the Emperor Zeno in the 5th century and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are called Meriamlik 8 In the 5th century the imperial governor comes Isauriae in residence at Seleucia had two legions at his disposal the Legio II Isaura and the Legio III Isaura From this period and perhaps later dates the Christian necropolis west of the town which contains many tombs of Christian soldiers 9 According to the Notitia Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Antioch in the 6th century the Metropolitan of Seleucia had twenty four suffragan sees 10 Lead seal of Paul Metropolitan of Seleucia 8th 9th century In 705 Seleucia was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and was recovered by the Byzantines Thus by 732 nearly all the ecclesiastical province of Isauria was incorporated into the Patriarchate of Constantinople henceforth the province figures in the Notitiae of the Patriarchate of Constantinople but under the name of Pamphylia In the Notitiae of Leo VI the Wise ca 900 Seleucia had 22 suffragan bishoprics 11 in that of Constantine Porphyrogenitus ca 940 it had 23 12 In 968 Antioch again fell into the power of the Byzantines and with the Province of Isauria Seleucia was allocated to the Patriarchate of Antioch 13 We know of several metropolitans of this see the first of whom Agapetus attended the Council of Nicaea in 325 Neonas was at the Council of Seleucia in 359 Symposius at the Council of Constantinople in 381 Dexianus at the Council of Ephesus in 431 Basil a celebrated orator and writer whose conduct was rather ambiguous at the Second Council of Ephesus and at the beginning of the Council of Chalcedon in 451 Theodore was at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553 Macrobius at the Sixth Ecumenical Council and the Council in Trullo in 692 No longer a residential see Seleucia in Isauria has been included in the list of titular sees of the Catholic Church which has made no new appointments of a titular bishop to this eastern see since the Second Vatican Council 14 Turkish period Edit In the 11th century the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks they met with resistance and in 1137 Seleucia was besieged by Leon of Cilician Armenia During this period of struggle between Armenians Byzantines Crusaders and Turks a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city On June 10 1190 the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus 3 near Seleucia during the Third Crusade In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the Hospitallers who lost it to the Karamanid Principality in the second half of the 13th century and then it ended up in the hands of the Ottomans under general Gedik Ahmet Pasha in 1471 Until 1933 Silifke was the capital of Icel Province but then Icel and Mersin provinces were merged The merged province took the name of Icel but with its administrative centre at Mersin Finally in 2002 the name of Icel was replaced with that of Mersin Economy EditThe economy of the district depends on agriculture tourism and raising livestock The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain which produces beans peanuts sesame banana orange lemon cotton grapes lentils olives tobacco and canned fruits and vegetables An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile Goksu delta In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season Silifke is also an industrial town well connected with other urban areas and producing beverages chemicals clothes footwear glass plastics pottery and textiles Climate EditSilifke has a hot summer Mediterranean climate Koppen climate classification Csa with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters Climate data for SilifkeMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 14 57 15 59 18 64 23 73 26 79 30 86 32 90 33 91 31 88 27 81 23 73 16 61 24 75 Average low C F 6 43 7 45 8 46 12 54 15 59 19 66 21 70 22 72 20 68 16 61 13 55 8 46 14 57 Average precipitation mm inches 170 6 7 70 2 8 50 2 0 60 2 4 30 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 70 2 8 170 6 7 630 25 Average rainy days 9 5 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 38Average relative humidity 62 65 62 62 67 65 67 66 58 55 61 65 63Source Weatherbase 15 Administrative structure EditTowns Edit Akdere Arkum Atakent Atayurt Narlikuyu Silifke Tasucu Uzuncaburc YesilovacikVillages Edit Ayasturkmenli Bahce Bahcederesi Balandiz Bayindir Bolacalikoyuncu Burunucu Bukdegirmeni Cambazli Cilbayir Demircili Eksiler Evkafciftligi Gedikpinari Gokbelen Gulumpasali Gunduzler Huseyinler Hirmanli Isikli Karahacili Karakaya Kargicak Kavak Keben Kepez Kesliturkmenli Kocaoluk Kocapinar Kurtulus Kica Kirtil Kizilgecit Magara Nasrullah Nuru Ortaoren Ovacik Pelitpinari Sabak Sariaydin Senir Seydili Seyranlik Sokun Somek Tosmurlu Turkmenusagi Ulugoz Usakpinari Yenibahce Yenisu Yegenli Cadirli Caltibozkir Camlibel Camlica Catak Celtikci Oren Ozboynuinceli Ozturkmenli Imambekirli Imamli Imamusagi SahmurluMain sights EditThe caves of Heaven and Hell Cennet ve Cehennem which have collapsed in two places revealing deep holes in the ground Narlikuyu is an attractive village where people from Mersin come to eat fish and enjoy the seaside The town of Silifke has many well preserved ancient ruins including The prominent remains of the castle high on a rock above the town The city walls A large water tank Tekir ambari cut into the rock An extensive necropolis of rock cut tombs with inscriptions Outer walls of the castle of Silifke Silifke castle Bar next to the castle of Silifke Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke Aya Tekla Church Tekir ambari cisternLife and culture EditThe Turkmen community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as The Yogurt of Silifke where the dancers imitate the actions of making yogurt and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance The cuisine includes breakfast of leaves of unleavened bread bazlama with a dry sour cottage cheese cokelek or fried meats Many other dishes feature bulgur wheat The annual Silifke Yoghurt Festival takes place in May See also EditOther Seleucias Acacius of Caesarea Assyrian Church of the East Aya Tekla Church Council of Rimini Cyprus Memorial Cemetery in Silifke Cukurova Dana Adasi Eudoxius of Antioch Isikkale Karakabakli Gokkale Meydankale Narlikuyu Seleucid Empire Silifke Museum Sinekkale Uzuncaburc Silifke Castle Silifke Goksu Anadolu LisesiReferences Edit Area of regions including lakes km Regional Statistics Database Turkish Statistical Institute 2002 Retrieved 2013 03 05 Population of province district centers and towns villages by districts 2012 Address Based Population Registration System ABPRS Database Turkish Statistical Institute Retrieved 2013 02 27 a b c Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Seleucia Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 24 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 603 Stephanus of Byzantium Strabo XIV 670 Classical Gazetteer page 312 Archived from the original on 2012 12 04 Retrieved 2006 02 26 variously cited Acta Pauli et Theclae an apocryphal work of the 2nd century Denkschriften der k Akadem der Wissenschaft philos histor Klasse Vienna XLIV 6 105 08 Edwards Robert W Seleukeia Cilicia 2016 The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology ed Paul Corby Finney Grand Rapids Michigan William B Eerdmans Publishing p 491 ISBN 978 0 8028 9017 7 Echoes d Orient X 145 Heinrich Gelzer Ungedruckte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum 557 Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani ed Gelzer 76 Gelzer op cit 573 Annuario Pontificio 2013 Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978 88 209 9070 1 p 968 Silifke Turkey Travel Weather Averages Weatherbase This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Seleucia Trachea Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silifke District governor s official website in Turkish District municipality s official website in Turkish Silifke Guide and Photo Album susanoglu Extensive photo site of Silifke the temple and nearby sights Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Silifke Castle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Silifke amp oldid 1143942141, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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