A zhuz (Kazakh: ٴجۇز , Жүз, romanized: Jüz, pronounced [ʑʏz], also translated as "horde") is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs.
The Senior zhuz (Kazakh: ۇلى ٴجۇز, Ұлы Жүз, romanized: Ūly Jüz) covers territories of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China (Xinjiang) and parts of Uzbekistan.
The Middle zhuz (Kazakh: ورتا ٴجۇز, Орта жүз, romanized: Orta Jüz) consists of six tribes, covering northern, central and eastern Kazakhstan.
The Junior zhuz (Kazakh: كىشى ٴجۇز, Кіші жүз, romanized: Kışı Jüz)) consists of three tribes, covering western Kazakhstan and western Russia (Orenburg Oblast).
The earliest mention of the Kazakh zhuz or hordes dates to the 17th century. Velyaminov-Zernov (1919) believed that the division arose as a result of the capture of the important cities of Tashkent, Yasi, and Sayram in 1598.[1]
Some researchers argued that the zhuz in origin corresponded to tribal, military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around the mid-16th century after the disintegration of the Kazakh Khanate. Yuri Zuev[year needed] argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones, the Senior zhuz of the southern and southeastern steppe being set apart from the two other zones by Lake Balkhash.
According to some researchers, Kazakhs was separated in the first civil war in the Kazakh Khanate. Tribes that recognized Buidash Khan formed Senior zhuz. Tribes that recognized Togim Khan formed Middle zhuz. Tribes that recognized Akhmed Khan formed Junior zhuz.
According to Kazakh legends,[citation needed] the three zhuz were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the legendary founder-ancestor of the Kazakhs. In Kazakh language, jüz means either "union" or "hundred".[citation needed]
Senior zhuz
Ethnographic map of the Senior zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, following M. S. Mukanov (1991).[2]
The first record of the Senior zhuz dates to 1748, due to a Tatar emissary of the Tsaritsa who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of Abul Khair Khan in 1732. According to Nikolai Aristov,[citation needed] the estimated population of the Senior zhuz was about 550,000 people in the second half of the 19th century. The territory was conquered by the Kokand Khanate in the 1820s, and by the Russian Empire during the 1850s to 1860s.
There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top-level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans. Generally accepted names of the first order Senior zhuz tribes or clans are:[citation needed]
Ethnographic map of the Middle or Orta zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century, following M. S. Mukanov (1991).[2]
The Middle zhuz (Kazakh: Орта Жүз, romanized: Orta Jüz, ورتا ٴجۇز, also known as Arğın Jüz [Арғын Жүз]), occupies the eastern lands of the former Golden Horde, in central, northern and eastern Kazakhstan.
The Junior or Lesser zhuz (Kazakh: Кіші Жүз, romanized: Kişi Jüz, كىشى ٴجۇز, also known as Alşın Jüz) occupied the lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan.
They originate from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde, which once was placed in Western Kazakhstan, but in the 16th century it was defeated by the Kazakhs and the Russians and Nogais retreated to the Western part of their khanate, to the Kuban River steppes. In the 18th century, they endangered inner Russian cities, so the Russian Empire allied the Mongolic Kalmyks to supplant Alshyns back to the Urals. There they formed the Lesser zhuz. During Kazakh-Kalymk struggles, Khiva Khanate annexed Mangyshlak Peninsula for repelling Kalmyk raids and managed it for two centuries before Russian conquest. At the beginning of the 19th century, Kazakhs shifted some to the west, to Astrakhan Governorate, forming Bukey Horde there. As the Kazakh SSR was formed with Bukey Horde as the most remoted its western part,[clarification needed] situated geographically in Europe.
Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior zhuz include Isatay Taymanuly (Kazakh: Isatai Taimanūly, 1791–1838) and Makhambet Otemisuly (Kazakh: Mahambet Ötemisuly, 1803/4–1846).
The Junior zhuz consisted of three groups, subdivided into clans:
In zhuzes, a clear purpose of each son in the family is determined. According to the customs and traditions of the Kazakhs, different people were engaged in the upbringing of each son.
The eldest son went to be raised by his grandparents.
The youngest son stayed with his parents and subsequently pledged to help the whole family.
The middle son became a warrior. He was trained in swordsmanship, archery, etc.
Knowledge of one's genealogical tree is the duty of each member of the zhuz. Any relative who comes for help (even the most distant one) will definitely receive it.
^Velyaminov-Zernov, "Russia, Mongolia, China in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries". Vol II. Baddeley (1919, MacMillan, London). Reprint – Burt Franklin, New York. 1963 p. 59.
^ ab Муканов М. С., Этническая территория казахов в 18 – нач. 20 вв ("Ethnic territory of Kazakhs from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century"), Almaty, 1991.
Literature
Svat Soucek, "A History of Inner Asia". Cambridge University Press (2000). ISBN0-521-65704-0.
W. W. Bartold, Four studies in history of Central Asia, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962.
Ilkhamov Alisher et al., "Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan", Uzbekistan, "Open Society Foundation", 2002, p. 176, ISBN978-5-86280-010-4(in Russian)
Isin A., "Kazakh khanate and Nogai Horde in the second half of the 15th - 16th centuries", Semipalatinsk, Tengri, 2002, p. 22, ISBN978-9965-492-29-7(in Russian)
S. Qudayberdiuli. "Family tree of Turks, Kirgizes, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties", Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990 (in Russian)
S. Kudayberdy-Uly, Family tree of Türks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties, Alma-Ata, Dastan, 1990 (in Russian)
M. Tynyshbaev, 'The Uysyn', in Materials on the history of the Kazakh people, Tashkent 1925 (in Russian)
Yu.A. Zuev, "Ethnic History of the Usuns", Works of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, History, Archeology And Ethnography Institute, Alma-Ata, Vol. 8, 1960. (in Russian)
А. Т. Толеубаев, Ж. К. Касымбаев, М. К. Койгелдиниев, Е. Т. Калиева, Т. Т. Далаева, перевод с казахского языка С. Бакенова, Ф. Сугирбаева. — История Казахстана. Изд-во «Мектеп», 2006 г. — 240 с ISBN9965-33-628-8
External links
Genealogy of the Kazakhs (in Kazakh and Russian)
January 06, 2023
zhuz, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, june, 2015, learn, wh. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Zhuz news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message A zhuz Kazakh ٴجۇز Zhүz romanized Juz pronounced ʑʏz also translated as horde is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs The Senior zhuz Kazakh ۇلى ٴجۇز Ұly Zhүz romanized uly Juz covers territories of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan northwestern China Xinjiang and parts of Uzbekistan The Middle zhuz Kazakh ورتا ٴجۇز Orta zhүz romanized Orta Juz consists of six tribes covering northern central and eastern Kazakhstan The Junior zhuz Kazakh كىشى ٴجۇز Kishi zhүz romanized Kisi Juz consists of three tribes covering western Kazakhstan and western Russia Orenburg Oblast Contents 1 History 2 Senior zhuz 2 1 Khans 3 Middle zhuz 4 Junior zhuz 5 Family in zhuzes 6 See also 7 References 8 Literature 9 External linksHistory EditThe earliest mention of the Kazakh zhuz or hordes dates to the 17th century Velyaminov Zernov 1919 believed that the division arose as a result of the capture of the important cities of Tashkent Yasi and Sayram in 1598 1 Some researchers argued that the zhuz in origin corresponded to tribal military alliances of steppe nomads that emerged around the mid 16th century after the disintegration of the Kazakh Khanate Yuri Zuev year needed argued their territorial division comprises three ecological or topographic zones the Senior zhuz of the southern and southeastern steppe being set apart from the two other zones by Lake Balkhash According to some researchers Kazakhs was separated in the first civil war in the Kazakh Khanate Tribes that recognized Buidash Khan formed Senior zhuz Tribes that recognized Togim Khan formed Middle zhuz Tribes that recognized Akhmed Khan formed Junior zhuz According to Kazakh legends citation needed the three zhuz were the territorial inheritances of the three sons of the legendary founder ancestor of the Kazakhs In Kazakh language juz means either union or hundred citation needed Senior zhuz Edit Ethnographic map of the Senior zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century following M S Mukanov 1991 2 Historically the Senior zhuz Kazakh Ұly zhүz romanized Uly juz ۇلى ٴجۇز inhabited the northern lands of the former Chagatai Ulus of the Mongol Empire in the Ili River and Chu River basins in today s South Eastern Kazakhstan and China s Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture northern Xinjiang It was also called Uysin juz The first record of the Senior zhuz dates to 1748 due to a Tatar emissary of the Tsaritsa who had been sent to the steppe to negotiate the submission of Abul Khair Khan in 1732 According to Nikolai Aristov citation needed the estimated population of the Senior zhuz was about 550 000 people in the second half of the 19th century The territory was conquered by the Kokand Khanate in the 1820s and by the Russian Empire during the 1850s to 1860s Kazakhstan s ruling elite including former president Nursultan Nazarbayev former First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmukhamed Konayev as well as famous poet Jambyl Jabayev are representatives of the Senior zhuz There have been several attempts to determine the exact names and nature of top level clans throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries However different studies created vastly different names and population numbers for the steppe clans Generally accepted names of the first order Senior zhuz tribes or clans are citation needed Dulat Kazakh Dulat romanized Dulat دۋلات Janys Kazakh Zhanys romanized Janis جانىس Siyqym Kazakh Sikym romanized Siqim سىيقىم Botbay Kazakh Botbaj romanized Botbay بوتباي Shymyr Kazakh Shymyr romanized Symyr شىمىر Jalayir Kazakh Zhalajyr romanized Jalayir جالايىر Qangly Kazakh Қanly romanized Qaŋly قاڭلى Alban Kazakh Alban romanized Alban البان Suwan Kazakh Suan romanized Suwan سۋان Sary Uysin Kazakh Sary Үjsin romanized Sary Uysin سارى ۇيسىن Shapyrashty Kazakh Shapyrashty romanized Sapirasti شاپىراشتى Sirgeli Kazakh Sirgeli romanized Sirgeli سىرگەلى Oshaqty Kazakh Oshakty romanized Osaqti وشاقتى Ysty Kazakh Ysty romanized Isti ىستى Shanyshqyly Kazakh Shanyshkyly romanized Sanisqili شانىشقىلى Khans Edit Kart Abulkhayr Khan 1718 1730 Zholbarys Khan 1730 1740 Abulfeyz Khan 1740 1750 Tole Biy 1750 1756 Abylai Khan 1756 1771 Abilpeyiz Khan 1771 1774 Adil Khan 1774 1781 Kasym Khan II 1806 1809 Tokay Khan 1809 1826 Middle zhuz Edit Ethnographic map of the Middle or Orta zhuz in Kazakhstan in the early 20th century following M S Mukanov 1991 2 The Middle zhuz Kazakh Orta Zhүz romanized Orta Juz ورتا ٴجۇز also known as Argin Juz Argyn Zhүz occupies the eastern lands of the former Golden Horde in central northern and eastern Kazakhstan Some of Kazakhstan s famous poets and intellectuals were born in the Middle zhuz territories including Abay Qunanbayuli Akhmet Baytursinuli Shokan Walikhanuli and Alikhan Bokeikhanov The Middle zhuz consists of the following tribes Argyn Kazakh Argyn romanized Argin ارعىن Kerei Kazakh Kerej romanized Kerey كەرەي Naiman Kazakh Najman romanized Nayman نايمان Khongirad Kazakh Қonyrat romanized Qoŋirat قوڭىرات Qypchak Kazakh Қypshak romanized Qipsaq قىپشاق Taraqty Kazakh Tarakty romanized Taraqti تاراقتى Uwaq Kazakh Uak romanized Uwaq ۋاق Junior zhuz EditThe Junior or Lesser zhuz Kazakh Kishi Zhүz romanized Kisi Juz كىشى ٴجۇز also known as Alsin Juz occupied the lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan They originate from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde which once was placed in Western Kazakhstan but in the 16th century it was defeated by the Kazakhs and the Russians and Nogais retreated to the Western part of their khanate to the Kuban River steppes In the 18th century they endangered inner Russian cities so the Russian Empire allied the Mongolic Kalmyks to supplant Alshyns back to the Urals There they formed the Lesser zhuz During Kazakh Kalymk struggles Khiva Khanate annexed Mangyshlak Peninsula for repelling Kalmyk raids and managed it for two centuries before Russian conquest At the beginning of the 19th century Kazakhs shifted some to the west to Astrakhan Governorate forming Bukey Horde there As the Kazakh SSR was formed with Bukey Horde as the most remoted its western part clarification needed situated geographically in Europe Historical leaders of Kazakh resistance against the Russian Empire associated with the Junior zhuz include Isatay Taymanuly Kazakh Isatai Taimanuly 1791 1838 and Makhambet Otemisuly Kazakh Mahambet Otemisuly 1803 4 1846 The Junior zhuz consisted of three groups subdivided into clans Baiuly Kazakh Bajuly romanized Bayuli بايۇلى Adai Kazakh Adaj romanized Aday اداي Alasha Kazakh Alasha romanized Alasa الاشا Baibaqty Kazakh Bajbakty romanized Baybaqti بايباقتى Berish Kazakh Berish romanized Beris ء بەرىش Jappas Kazakh Zhappas romanized Jappas جاپپاس Masqar Kazakh Maskar romanized Masqar ماسقار Taz Kazakh Taz romanized Taz تاز Tana Kazakh Tana romanized Tana تانا Esentemir Kazakh Esentemir romanized Esentemir ء ەسەنتەمىر Ysyq Kazakh Ysyk romanized Isiq ىسىق Qyzylqurt Kazakh Қyzylkurt romanized Qyzylqurt قىزىلقۇرت Sherkesh Kazakh Sherkesh romanized Serkes شەركەش Alimuly Kazakh Әlimuly romanized Alimuly ء الىمۇلى Qarakesek Kazakh Қarakesek romanized Qarakesek قاراكەسەك Qarasaqal Kazakh Қarasakal romanized Qarasaqal قاراساقال Tortqara Kazakh Tortkara romanized Tortqara ء تورتقارا Kete Kazakh Kete romanized Kete كەتە Shomekei Kazakh Shomekej romanized Somekey ء شومەكەي Shekti Kazakh Shekti romanized Sekti ء شەكتى Jetyru Kazakh Zhetiru romanized Jetiru ء جەتىرۋ Tabyn Kazakh Tabyn romanized Tabin تابىن Tama Kazakh Tama romanized Tama تاما Kerderi Kazakh Kerderi romanized Kerderi ء كەردەرى Kerey Kazakh Kerejit romanized Kereit كەرەيت Zhagalbaily Kazakh Zhagalbajly romanized Jagalbayli جاعالبايلى Telew Kazakh Teleu romanized Telew تەلەۋ Ramadan Kazakh Ramadan romanized Ramadan رامادان Family in zhuzes EditIn zhuzes a clear purpose of each son in the family is determined According to the customs and traditions of the Kazakhs different people were engaged in the upbringing of each son The eldest son went to be raised by his grandparents The youngest son stayed with his parents and subsequently pledged to help the whole family The middle son became a warrior He was trained in swordsmanship archery etc Knowledge of one s genealogical tree is the duty of each member of the zhuz Any relative who comes for help even the most distant one will definitely receive it See also EditKazakh Khanate Zhetysu Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans Orda structure References Edit Velyaminov Zernov Russia Mongolia China in the 16th 17th and early 18th centuries Vol II Baddeley 1919 MacMillan London Reprint Burt Franklin New York 1963 p 59 a b Mukanov M S Etnicheskaya territoriya kazahov v 18 nach 20 vv Ethnic territory of Kazakhs from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century Almaty 1991 Literature EditSvat Soucek A History of Inner Asia Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 0 521 65704 0 W W Bartold Four studies in history of Central Asia Leiden E J Brill 1962 Ilkhamov Alisher et al Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Open Society Foundation 2002 p 176 ISBN 978 5 86280 010 4 in Russian Isin A Kazakh khanate and Nogai Horde in the second half of the 15th 16th centuries Semipalatinsk Tengri 2002 p 22 ISBN 978 9965 492 29 7 in Russian S Qudayberdiuli Family tree of Turks Kirgizes Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties Alma Ata Dastan 1990 in Russian S Kudayberdy Uly Family tree of Turks Kyrgyz Kazakhs and their Khan dynasties Alma Ata Dastan 1990 in Russian M Tynyshbaev The Uysyn in Materials on the history of the Kazakh people Tashkent 1925 in Russian Yu A Zuev Ethnic History of the Usuns Works of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR History Archeology And Ethnography Institute Alma Ata Vol 8 1960 in Russian A T Toleubaev Zh K Kasymbaev M K Kojgeldiniev E T Kalieva T T Dalaeva perevod s kazahskogo yazyka S Bakenova F Sugirbaeva Istoriya Kazahstana Izd vo Mektep 2006 g 240 s ISBN 9965 33 628 8External links EditGenealogy of the Kazakhs in Kazakh and Russian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zhuz amp oldid 1122745430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
