fbpx
Wikipedia

Samarra

Samarra (Arabic: سَامَرَّاء, Sāmarrāʾ) is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Saladin Governorate, 125 kilometers (78 mi) north of Baghdad. The modern city of Samarra was founded in 836 by the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim as a new administrative capital and military base.[1] In 2003 the city had an estimated population of 348,700.[citation needed] During the Iraqi Civil War, Samarra was in the "Sunni Triangle" of resistance.

Samarra
سَامَرَّاء
City
The spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra (2016)
Samarra
Location of Samarra within Iraq
Coordinates: 34°11′54″N 43°52′27″E / 34.19833°N 43.87417°E / 34.19833; 43.87417
Country Iraq
GovernorateSaladin Governorate
Population
 (2003 est)
 • Total348,700
Official nameSamarra Archaeological City
CriteriaCultural: ii, iii, iv
Reference276
Inscription2007 (31st Session)
Endangered2007-
Area15,058 ha
Buffer zone31,414 ha

The archeological site of Samarra still retains much of the historic city's original plan, architecture and artistic relics.[2] In 2007, UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site.[3]

History edit

Prehistoric Samarra edit

The remains of prehistoric Samarra were first excavated between 1911 and 1914 by the German archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld. Samarra became the type site for the Samarra culture. Since 1946, the notebooks, letters, unpublished excavation reports and photographs have been in the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

The civilization flourished alongside the Ubaid period, as one of the first town states in the Near East. It lasted from 5,500 BCE and eventually collapsed in 3,900 BCE.

Neo-Assyrian period edit

A city of Sur-marrati (refounded by Sennacherib in 690 BC according to a stele in the Walters Art Museum) is insecurely identified with a fortified Assyrian site at al-Huwaysh on the Tigris opposite modern Samarra. The State Archives of Assyria Online identifies Surimarrat as the modern site of Samarra.[4]

Ancient place names for Samarra noted by the Samarra Archaeological Survey are Greek Souma (Ptolemy V.19, Zosimus III, 30), Latin Sumere, a fort mentioned during the retreat of the army of Julian in 363 AD (Ammianus Marcellinus XXV, 6, 4), and Syriac Sumra (Hoffmann, Auszüge, 188; Michael the Syrian, III, 88), described as a village.

The possibility of a larger population was offered by the opening of the Qatul al-Kisrawi, the northern extension of the Nahrawan Canal which drew water from the Tigris in the region of Samarra, attributed by Yaqut al-Hamawi (Muʿjam, see under "Qatul") to Khosrau I (531–578). To celebrate the completion of this project, a commemorative tower (modern Burj al-Qa'im) was built at the southern inlet south of Samarra, and a palace with a "paradise" or walled hunting park was constructed at the northern inlet (modern Nahr ar-Rasasi) near ad-Dawr. A supplementary canal, the Qatul Abi al-Jund, excavated by the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid, was commemorated by a planned city laid out in the form of a regular octagon (modern Husn al-Qadisiyya), called al-Mubarak and abandoned unfinished in 796.

Abbasid capital edit

 
Dirham of Al-Muntasir minted in Samarra, 861/862 AD

In 836 CE, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim founded a new capital at the banks of the Tigris. Here he built extensive palace complexes surrounded by garrison settlements for his guards, mostly drawn from Central Asia and Iran (most famously the Turks, as well as the Khurasani Ishtakhaniyya, Faraghina and Ushrusaniyya regiments) or North Africa (like the Maghariba). Although quite often called Mamluk slave soldiers, their status was quite elevated; some of their commanders bore Sogdian titles of nobility.[6]

 
Remains of a circular pool surrounded by reception halls in the Dar al-Khilafa palace, built by Al-Mu῾tasim (r. 833–842)[7]

The city was further developed under Caliph al-Mutawakkil, who sponsored the construction of lavish palace complexes, such as al-Mutawakkiliyya, and the Great Mosque of Samarra with its famous spiral minaret or Malwiya, built in 847. For his son al-Mu'tazz he built the large palace Bulkuwara.

 
Qasr al-'Ashiq, an Abbasid-era palace near Samarra

The Nestorian patriarch Sargis (860–72) moved the patriarchal seat of the Church of the East from Baghdad to Samarra, and one or two of his immediate successors may also have sat in Samarra so as to be close to the seat of power.[8]

Samarra remained the residence of the caliph until 892, when al-Mu'tadid returned the capital to Baghdad.[9] Historical sources report that the city was looted around this time. Its population probably decreased and the city declined, but it remained an important market center.[9]

From the tenth century onward it turned into an important pilgrimage site. During the 12th and 13th centuries, the river's course to the south of the city shifted further east. As a result, the main road between Baghdad and Mosul was moved to the west bank and Samarra lost its importance as a trading town.[9]

Modern era edit

In the eighteenth century, one of the most violent battles of the 1730–1735 Ottoman–Persian War, the Battle of Samarra, took place, where over 50,000 Turks and Persians became casualties. The engagement decided the fate of Ottoman Iraq and kept it under Istanbul's suzerainty until the First World War.

During the 1950s, Samarra gained new importance when a permanent lake, Lake Tharthar, was created through the construction of the Samarra Barrage, which was built in order to prevent the frequent flooding of Baghdad. Many local people were displaced by the dam, resulting in an increase in Samarra's population.[10]

 
Al-Askari Shrine

Samarra is a key city in Saladin Governorate, a major part of the so-called Sunni Triangle where insurgents were active during the Iraq War.[11] Though Samarra is famous for its Shi'i holy sites, including the tombs of several Shi'i Imams, the town was traditionally and until very recently, dominated by Sunni Arabs. Tensions arose between Sunnis and the Shi'a during the Iraq War. On February 22, 2006, the golden dome of the al-Askari Mosque was bombed, setting off a period of rioting and reprisal attacks across the country which claimed hundreds of lives. No organization claimed responsibility for the bombing. On June 13, 2007, insurgents attacked the mosque again and destroyed the two minarets that flanked the dome's ruins.[12] On July 12, 2007, the clock tower was blown up. No fatalities were reported. Shiʿi cleric Muqtada al-Sadr called for peaceful demonstrations and three days of mourning.[13] He stated that he believed no Sunni Arab could have been behind the attack, though according to the New York Times the attackers were likely Sunnis linked to Al-Qaeda.[14] The mosque compound was closed after the 2006 bombing and a indefinite curfew was placed on the city by the Iraqi police at the time.[15][16] In 2009, the mosque reopened while restoration was ongoing.[17]

Ever since the end of Iraqi civil war in 2007, the Shia population of the holy city has increased exponentially. However, violence has continued, with bombings taking place in 2011 and 2013. In June 2014, the city was attacked by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as part of the Northern Iraq offensive. ISIL forces captured the municipality building and university, but were later repulsed by the Iraqi army and SWAT forces.[18] The nearby Imam Dur Mausoleum, a historic mausoleum dedicated to Muslim ibn Quraysh, a Shi'i ruler, was destroyed by ISIL in 2014.[19]

Geography edit

Climate edit

Samarra has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Samarra is 22.7 °C (72.9 °F). About 171 mm (6.73 in) of precipitation falls annually.

Climate data for Samarra
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.3
(59.5)
18.0
(64.4)
22.1
(71.8)
28.3
(82.9)
35.7
(96.3)
41.1
(106.0)
43.9
(111.0)
43.6
(110.5)
39.7
(103.5)
33.2
(91.8)
24.4
(75.9)
17.4
(63.3)
30.2
(86.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9)
5.9
(42.6)
9.3
(48.7)
14.2
(57.6)
19.6
(67.3)
23.5
(74.3)
25.9
(78.6)
25.4
(77.7)
21.4
(70.5)
16.4
(61.5)
10.6
(51.1)
5.8
(42.4)
15.2
(59.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(1.0)
30
(1.2)
29
(1.1)
21
(0.8)
8
(0.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
4
(0.2)
20
(0.8)
34
(1.3)
127
(5.0)
Source: climate-data.org

Religious significance edit

The city is also home to al-Askari Shrine, containing the mausolea of the Imams Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh Shiʿi Imams, respectively, as well as the place from where Muhammad al-Mahdi, known as the "Hidden Imam", reportedly went into The Occultation in the belief of the Twelver or Shias. This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for the Imami Shias.[20] In addition, Hakimah and Narjis, female relatives of the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams, held in high esteem by Muslims, are buried there, making this mosque one of the most significant sites of worship.[20]

In popular culture edit

The metaphor of "Having an appointment in Samarra", signifying death, is a literary reference to an ancient Babylonian myth recorded in the Babylonian Talmud and transcribed by W. Somerset Maugham,[21] in which Death narrates a man's futile attempt to escape him by fleeing from Baghdad to Samarra. The story "The Appointment in Samarra" subsequently formed the germ of a novel of the same name by John O'Hara.[22]

In the 1968 film Targets, Byron Orlok, an aging horror film star played by Boris Karloff, tells Maugham's version of the story to his younger colleagues.[23]

The story is told in "The Six Thatchers", a 2017 episode of Sherlock.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Northedge, Alastair E. (2012). "ʿAbbāsid art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISBN 9789004161658.
  2. ^ "Samarra Archaeological City". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  3. ^ "Unesco names World Heritage sites". BBC News. 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  4. ^ SAAO
  5. ^ Stanley A. Freed, "Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 376, The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections, pages 229–245, December 1981. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb28170.x.
  6. ^ Babaie, Sussan (2004). Slaves of the Shah. New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd. pp. 4–5. ISBN 1-86064-721-9.
  7. ^ Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). "Samarra". The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300064650.
  8. ^ Mari, 80–1 (Arabic), 71–2 (Latin)
  9. ^ a b c Northedge, Alastair (1995). "Sāmarrā'". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1039–1041. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
  10. ^ Hann, Geoff; Dabrowska, Karen; Townsend-Greaves, Tina (2015-08-07). Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-488-4.
  11. ^ Bazzaz, Sahar (2013). "The Discursive Mapping of Sectarianism in Iraq: The "Sunni Triangle" in the Pages of The New York Times". In Bazzaz, Sahar; Batsaki, Yota; Angelov, Dimiter (eds.). Imperial Geographies in Byzantine and Ottoman Space. Hellenic Studies Series. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.
  12. ^ Thomas E. Ricks (6 January 2010). The Gamble: General Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-101-19206-1.
  13. ^ "Explosion Topples Minarets At Iraqi Shi'ite Shrine". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  14. ^ John F. Burns; Jon Elsen (2007-06-14). "Several Mosques Attacked, but Iraq Is Mostly Calm - New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  15. ^ Qassim Abdul-Zahra (June 13, 2007). "Iraqi police say famous shrine attacked". Associated Press.
  16. ^ "Blast hits key Iraq Shia shrine". BBC. 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
  17. ^ Chulov, Martin (2009-04-16). "Bombed Iraq shrine reopens to visitors". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  18. ^ Hassan, Ghazwan (5 June 2014). "Iraq dislodges insurgents from city of Samarra with airstrikes". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  19. ^ "Archnet > Site > Qubba Imam al-Dur". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
  20. ^ a b Panjwani, Imranali, ed. (2012). The Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78672-982-8.
  21. ^ "The Appointment in Samarra" (as retold by W. Somerset Maugham [1933]).
  22. ^ John O'Hara, Appointment in Samarra, Harcourt, Brace & Co., . L., "The Destined Hour" in From Many Times and Lands (London, 1953); reprinted in Every Poem Tells a Story: A Collection of Stories in Verse, ed. Raymond Wilson (London, 1988; ISBN 0-670-82086-5 / 0-670-82086-5).
  23. ^ Bogdanovich, Peter (director) (1968). Targets (DVD). United States of America: Criterion.

Selected bibliography edit

  • De la Vaissière, Étienne (2007): Samarcande et Samarra. Élites d’Asie central dans l’empire abbaside (Studia Iranica, Cahier 35), Paris.
  • Gordon, Matthew S. (2001). The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-4795-2.
  • Northedge, Alastair (2005): The historical topography of Samarra, London.
  • Robinson, Chase (ed.) (2001): A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 14). Oxford.

External links edit

  • Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 7: Records of Samarra Expeditions, 1906–1945 Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Washington, D.C.
  • Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 7: Records of Samarra Expeditions, 1906–1945 Collections Search Center, S.I.R.I.S., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  • Iraq Image - Samarra Satellite Observation
  • Samarra Archaeological Survey
  • "The Appointment in Samarra"
  • Destruction of Askari Mosque
  • Samarra on Google Earth

samarra, this, article, about, city, iraq, places, with, similar, names, samara, russia, smara, western, sahara, semera, ethiopia, samaria, palestine, arabic, ام, اء, sāmarrāʾ, city, iraq, stands, east, bank, tigris, saladin, governorate, kilometers, north, ba. This article is about the city in Iraq For places with similar names see Samara Russia Smara Western Sahara Semera Ethiopia Samaria Palestine Samarra Arabic س ام ر اء Samarraʾ is a city in Iraq It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Saladin Governorate 125 kilometers 78 mi north of Baghdad The modern city of Samarra was founded in 836 by the Abbasid caliph al Mu tasim as a new administrative capital and military base 1 In 2003 the city had an estimated population of 348 700 citation needed During the Iraqi Civil War Samarra was in the Sunni Triangle of resistance Samarra س ام ر اءCityThe spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra 2016 SamarraLocation of Samarra within IraqCoordinates 34 11 54 N 43 52 27 E 34 19833 N 43 87417 E 34 19833 43 87417Country IraqGovernorateSaladin GovernoratePopulation 2003 est Total348 700UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameSamarra Archaeological CityCriteriaCultural ii iii ivReference276Inscription2007 31st Session Endangered2007 Area15 058 haBuffer zone31 414 haThe archeological site of Samarra still retains much of the historic city s original plan architecture and artistic relics 2 In 2007 UNESCO designated it a World Heritage Site 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Prehistoric Samarra 1 2 Neo Assyrian period 1 3 Abbasid capital 1 4 Modern era 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Religious significance 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Selected bibliography 8 External linksHistory editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Timeline of Samarra Prehistoric Samarra edit Main article Samarra culture The remains of prehistoric Samarra were first excavated between 1911 and 1914 by the German archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld Samarra became the type site for the Samarra culture Since 1946 the notebooks letters unpublished excavation reports and photographs have been in the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington D C The civilization flourished alongside the Ubaid period as one of the first town states in the Near East It lasted from 5 500 BCE and eventually collapsed in 3 900 BCE Neo Assyrian period edit A city of Sur marrati refounded by Sennacherib in 690 BC according to a stele in the Walters Art Museum is insecurely identified with a fortified Assyrian site at al Huwaysh on the Tigris opposite modern Samarra The State Archives of Assyria Online identifies Surimarrat as the modern site of Samarra 4 Ancient place names for Samarra noted by the Samarra Archaeological Survey are Greek Souma Ptolemy V 19 Zosimus III 30 Latin Sumere a fort mentioned during the retreat of the army of Julian in 363 AD Ammianus Marcellinus XXV 6 4 and Syriac Sumra Hoffmann Auszuge 188 Michael the Syrian III 88 described as a village The possibility of a larger population was offered by the opening of the Qatul al Kisrawi the northern extension of the Nahrawan Canal which drew water from the Tigris in the region of Samarra attributed by Yaqut al Hamawi Muʿjam see under Qatul to Khosrau I 531 578 To celebrate the completion of this project a commemorative tower modern Burj al Qa im was built at the southern inlet south of Samarra and a palace with a paradise or walled hunting park was constructed at the northern inlet modern Nahr ar Rasasi near ad Dawr A supplementary canal the Qatul Abi al Jund excavated by the Abbasid Caliph Harun al Rashid was commemorated by a planned city laid out in the form of a regular octagon modern Husn al Qadisiyya called al Mubarak and abandoned unfinished in 796 nbsp Female statuette Samarra 6000 BC nbsp The Samarra bowl at the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin The swastika in the center of the design is a reconstruction 5 nbsp Chinese made sancai pottery shard 9th 10th century found in Samarra an example of Chinese influences on Islamic pottery British Museum Abbasid capital edit Main article Abbasid Samarra nbsp Dirham of Al Muntasir minted in Samarra 861 862 ADIn 836 CE the Abbasid Caliph Al Mu tasim founded a new capital at the banks of the Tigris Here he built extensive palace complexes surrounded by garrison settlements for his guards mostly drawn from Central Asia and Iran most famously the Turks as well as the Khurasani Ishtakhaniyya Faraghina and Ushrusaniyya regiments or North Africa like the Maghariba Although quite often called Mamluk slave soldiers their status was quite elevated some of their commanders bore Sogdian titles of nobility 6 nbsp Remains of a circular pool surrounded by reception halls in the Dar al Khilafa palace built by Al Mu tasim r 833 842 7 The city was further developed under Caliph al Mutawakkil who sponsored the construction of lavish palace complexes such as al Mutawakkiliyya and the Great Mosque of Samarra with its famous spiral minaret or Malwiya built in 847 For his son al Mu tazz he built the large palace Bulkuwara nbsp Qasr al Ashiq an Abbasid era palace near SamarraThe Nestorian patriarch Sargis 860 72 moved the patriarchal seat of the Church of the East from Baghdad to Samarra and one or two of his immediate successors may also have sat in Samarra so as to be close to the seat of power 8 Samarra remained the residence of the caliph until 892 when al Mu tadid returned the capital to Baghdad 9 Historical sources report that the city was looted around this time Its population probably decreased and the city declined but it remained an important market center 9 From the tenth century onward it turned into an important pilgrimage site During the 12th and 13th centuries the river s course to the south of the city shifted further east As a result the main road between Baghdad and Mosul was moved to the west bank and Samarra lost its importance as a trading town 9 Modern era edit In the eighteenth century one of the most violent battles of the 1730 1735 Ottoman Persian War the Battle of Samarra took place where over 50 000 Turks and Persians became casualties The engagement decided the fate of Ottoman Iraq and kept it under Istanbul s suzerainty until the First World War During the 1950s Samarra gained new importance when a permanent lake Lake Tharthar was created through the construction of the Samarra Barrage which was built in order to prevent the frequent flooding of Baghdad Many local people were displaced by the dam resulting in an increase in Samarra s population 10 nbsp Al Askari ShrineSamarra is a key city in Saladin Governorate a major part of the so called Sunni Triangle where insurgents were active during the Iraq War 11 Though Samarra is famous for its Shi i holy sites including the tombs of several Shi i Imams the town was traditionally and until very recently dominated by Sunni Arabs Tensions arose between Sunnis and the Shi a during the Iraq War On February 22 2006 the golden dome of the al Askari Mosque was bombed setting off a period of rioting and reprisal attacks across the country which claimed hundreds of lives No organization claimed responsibility for the bombing On June 13 2007 insurgents attacked the mosque again and destroyed the two minarets that flanked the dome s ruins 12 On July 12 2007 the clock tower was blown up No fatalities were reported Shiʿi cleric Muqtada al Sadr called for peaceful demonstrations and three days of mourning 13 He stated that he believed no Sunni Arab could have been behind the attack though according to the New York Times the attackers were likely Sunnis linked to Al Qaeda 14 The mosque compound was closed after the 2006 bombing and a indefinite curfew was placed on the city by the Iraqi police at the time 15 16 In 2009 the mosque reopened while restoration was ongoing 17 Ever since the end of Iraqi civil war in 2007 the Shia population of the holy city has increased exponentially However violence has continued with bombings taking place in 2011 and 2013 In June 2014 the city was attacked by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL as part of the Northern Iraq offensive ISIL forces captured the municipality building and university but were later repulsed by the Iraqi army and SWAT forces 18 The nearby Imam Dur Mausoleum a historic mausoleum dedicated to Muslim ibn Quraysh a Shi i ruler was destroyed by ISIL in 2014 19 Geography editClimate edit Samarra has a hot desert climate Koppen climate classification BWh Most rain falls in the winter The average annual temperature in Samarra is 22 7 C 72 9 F About 171 mm 6 73 in of precipitation falls annually Climate data for SamarraMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMean daily maximum C F 15 3 59 5 18 0 64 4 22 1 71 8 28 3 82 9 35 7 96 3 41 1 106 0 43 9 111 0 43 6 110 5 39 7 103 5 33 2 91 8 24 4 75 9 17 4 63 3 30 2 86 4 Mean daily minimum C F 4 4 39 9 5 9 42 6 9 3 48 7 14 2 57 6 19 6 67 3 23 5 74 3 25 9 78 6 25 4 77 7 21 4 70 5 16 4 61 5 10 6 51 1 5 8 42 4 15 2 59 4 Average precipitation mm inches 25 1 0 30 1 2 29 1 1 21 0 8 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 2 20 0 8 34 1 3 127 5 0 Source climate data wbr orgReligious significance editSee also Iraq in the Quran The city is also home to al Askari Shrine containing the mausolea of the Imams Ali al Hadi and Hasan al Askari the tenth and eleventh Shiʿi Imams respectively as well as the place from where Muhammad al Mahdi known as the Hidden Imam reportedly went into The Occultation in the belief of the Twelver or Shias This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for the Imami Shias 20 In addition Hakimah and Narjis female relatives of the Prophet Muhammad and the Imams held in high esteem by Muslims are buried there making this mosque one of the most significant sites of worship 20 In popular culture editThe metaphor of Having an appointment in Samarra signifying death is a literary reference to an ancient Babylonian myth recorded in the Babylonian Talmud and transcribed by W Somerset Maugham 21 in which Death narrates a man s futile attempt to escape him by fleeing from Baghdad to Samarra The story The Appointment in Samarra subsequently formed the germ of a novel of the same name by John O Hara 22 In the 1968 film Targets Byron Orlok an aging horror film star played by Boris Karloff tells Maugham s version of the story to his younger colleagues 23 The story is told in The Six Thatchers a 2017 episode of Sherlock See also edit nbsp Iraq portalList of places in IraqReferences edit Northedge Alastair E 2012 ʿAbbasid art and architecture In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Brill ISBN 9789004161658 Samarra Archaeological City UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2023 04 24 Unesco names World Heritage sites BBC News 2007 06 28 Retrieved 2010 05 23 SAAO Stanley A Freed Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 376 The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pages 229 245 December 1981 doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 1981 tb28170 x Babaie Sussan 2004 Slaves of the Shah New York I B Tauris amp Co Ltd pp 4 5 ISBN 1 86064 721 9 Blair Sheila S Bloom Jonathan M 1995 Samarra The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250 1800 Yale University Press ISBN 9780300064650 Mari 80 1 Arabic 71 2 Latin a b c Northedge Alastair 1995 Samarra In Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P amp Lecomte G eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume VIII Ned Sam Leiden E J Brill pp 1039 1041 ISBN 978 90 04 09834 3 Hann Geoff Dabrowska Karen Townsend Greaves Tina 2015 08 07 Iraq The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan Bradt Travel Guides ISBN 978 1 84162 488 4 Bazzaz Sahar 2013 The Discursive Mapping of Sectarianism in Iraq The Sunni Triangle in the Pages of The New York Times In Bazzaz Sahar Batsaki Yota Angelov Dimiter eds Imperial Geographies in Byzantine and Ottoman Space Hellenic Studies Series Washington DC Center for Hellenic Studies Thomas E Ricks 6 January 2010 The Gamble General Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq Penguin Publishing Group p 228 ISBN 978 1 101 19206 1 Explosion Topples Minarets At Iraqi Shi ite Shrine RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty 2007 06 13 Retrieved 2015 08 22 John F Burns Jon Elsen 2007 06 14 Several Mosques Attacked but Iraq Is Mostly Calm New York Times The New York Times Retrieved 2015 08 22 Qassim Abdul Zahra June 13 2007 Iraqi police say famous shrine attacked Associated Press Blast hits key Iraq Shia shrine BBC 2007 06 13 Retrieved 2012 04 21 Chulov Martin 2009 04 16 Bombed Iraq shrine reopens to visitors The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2023 09 26 Hassan Ghazwan 5 June 2014 Iraq dislodges insurgents from city of Samarra with airstrikes Reuters Retrieved 27 June 2014 Archnet gt Site gt Qubba Imam al Dur www archnet org Retrieved 2023 04 14 a b Panjwani Imranali ed 2012 The Shi a of Samarra The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1 78672 982 8 The Appointment in Samarra as retold by W Somerset Maugham 1933 John O Hara Appointment in Samarra Harcourt Brace amp Co L The Destined Hour in From Many Times and Lands London 1953 reprinted in Every Poem Tells a Story A Collection of Stories in Verse ed Raymond Wilson London 1988 ISBN 0 670 82086 5 0 670 82086 5 Bogdanovich Peter director 1968 Targets DVD United States of America Criterion Selected bibliography editDe la Vaissiere Etienne 2007 Samarcande et Samarra Elites d Asie central dans l empire abbaside Studia Iranica Cahier 35 Paris Gordon Matthew S 2001 The Breaking of a Thousand Swords A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra A H 200 275 815 889 C E Albany New York State University of New York Press ISBN 0 7914 4795 2 Northedge Alastair 2005 The historical topography of Samarra London Robinson Chase ed 2001 A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 14 Oxford External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samarra nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Samarra Ernst Herzfeld Papers Series 7 Records of Samarra Expeditions 1906 1945 Smithsonian Institution Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M Sackler Gallery Archives Washington D C Ernst Herzfeld Papers Series 7 Records of Samarra Expeditions 1906 1945 Collections Search Center S I R I S Smithsonian Institution Washington D C Iraq Image Samarra Satellite Observation Samarra Archaeological Survey The Appointment in Samarra Destruction of Askari Mosque Samarra on Google Earth Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Samarra amp oldid 1207768773, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.