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Yakuts

January 22, 2023

Not to be confused with Yokuts, Yupiks, Yakult, or Yakutsk.
"Sakhas" redirects here. Not to be confused with Sakas.

Yakuts or Sakha (саха, saxa; plural: сахалар, saxalar) are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts of the Krasnoyarsk region. The Yakut language belongs to the Siberian branch of the Turkic languages.

Yakuts
Саха
Flag of Yakutia
A Yakut family
Total population
c. 500,000
Regions with significant populations
 Russia478,085 (2010 census)[1]
 Kazakhstan415 (2009 census)[2][3][4]
 Ukraine304 (2001 census)[5]
 Latvia37 (2021 statistics)[6]
Languages
Yakut, Russian
Religion
Shamanism, Eastern Orthodoxy
Related ethnic groups
Dolgans, Tuvans, Khakas, Altay, Mongols and Buryats (partially, possibly through Kurykans), Tungusic people, other Turkic people
Percentages of Yakuts in the districts of Yakutia according to the 2010 census
An indigenous Sakha speaker

Etymology

According to Kulakovskiĭ, the Russian word yakut was taken from Evenk екэ yekə̄, but the Russian word is actually a corruption from the Tungusic form.[7] The Yakuts call themselves Sakha, or Urangai Sakha (Yakut: Уран Саха, Uran Sakha) in some old chronicles.[8] All of these are derived from a word related to Turkish yaka (geographical edge, collar) referring to the Yakuts' remote position in Siberia.

Origin

Early scholarship

An early work on the Yakut ethnogenesis was drafted by the Russian Collegiate Assessors I. Evers and S. Gornovsky in the late 18th century. At an unspecified time in the past certain tribes resided around the western shore of the Aral Sea. These peoples later migrated eastward and settled near the Tunka Goltsy mountains of modern Buryatia. Pressure from the expansionist Mongolian Empire later made many of those around the Tunka Goltsy relocate to the Lena River. Several additional Altai-Sayan region tribes later arrived on the Lena to flee from the Mongols. The subsequent cultural melding that occurred between these incoming migrants eventually created the Yakuts. The Sagay Khakas of Abakan River were presented as the origin of the ethnonym Sakha by Evers and Gornovsky.[9][10]

In the mid-19th century Nikolai S. Schukin wrote "A Trip to Yakutsk” based on his experiences visiting the area. He presented a somewhat different origin of the Yakuts based upon local oral histories. Groups of Khakas inhabiting the southern Yenisey watershed migrated north to the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River to the Lena Plateau and finally onward to the Lena River.[11] Schukin is credited as introducing the concept of Yenisey Khakas as the ancestors of the Yakut into Russian historiography.[12] The most authoritative account in support of the Yenisey origin hypothesis was written by Nikolai N. Kozmin in 1928.[13] He concluded that some Khakas moved from the Yenisey to the Angara River due to difficulties in the regional economy. In the 12th century Buryats arrived at Lake Baikal and through military force pushed the Khakas to the Lena.[14][15]

Lake Baikal

In 1893 Turkologist scholar Vasily Radlov connected the Kurykans or Gǔlìgān (Chinese: 骨利干) Tiele people from Chinese historical accounts with the Yakuts. They are mentioned as 7th century tributaries of the Tang Dynasty, reportedly living on the Angara and around Lake Baikal. Radlov hypothesized they were a mixture of Tungusic and Uyghur peoples and the forebears of the Yakut.[16]

Khoro

The Khoro (Khorin, Khorolors) Yakut maintain their progenitor was Uluu Khoro, rather than Omogoy or Ellei. Scholarship has not definitively established their ancestral ethnic affiliations. Their homeland was somewhere in the south and called Khoro sire. When the Khorolors arrived in the Middle Lena remains uncertain, with scholars estimating from the first millennium to the 16th century CE.[17]

Among scholars a commonly accepted hypothesis is that the Khoro Yakut originate from the Khori Buryat of Lake Baikal,[18][19] and therefore spoke a Turko-Mongolic language.[20] This is largely based on their similar ethnonyms. Proponents see the word Khoro as arising from the Tibetan word hor (Standard Tibetan: ཧོར).[21][22] For example, according to G. N. Runyanstev, during the 6th through 10th centuries CE the inhabitants of Lake Baikal were called Chor.[23] Okladnikov guessed that Khoro sire was near China and adjacent to the X[vague].

This premise is not universally accepted and has been challenged by some researchers.[24] George de Roerich has argued that the word is based on the Chinese word hu (Chinese: 胡), a term used as general reference by the Chinese to refer to various Iranian or Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Central Asia. In contemporary Tibetan hor is used to describe any pastoralist "nomad of mixed origin" regardless of their ethnonym.[25] After researching their origins, Ksenofontov concluded that while the Khorolors were "formed from parts of some alien tribe that mixed with the Yakuts", there was no compelling evidence connecting them with the Khori Buryat.[26]

A more recent argument by Zoriktuev proposes that the Khorolors were originally Paleo-Asians from the Lower Amur River.[17] In contrast to their Yakut relatives, Khoro folklore focuses largely on the Raven, with some tales about the Eagle as well. In the mid 18th century Lindenau noted the Khorolors focused their religious devotion on the Raven,[27] who was alternatively referred to as “Our ancestor”, "Our deity", and “Our grandfather" by the Khorolors. This reverence arises from the Raven enabling a struggling human (either the first Khoro man or his mother) to survive by giving a flint and tinder box. Their mythos is similar to cultures from both sides of the Bering Sea;[28] the Haida, Tlingit, Tshisham of the North American Pacific Northwest Coast and the Paleoasians of the Siberian Coast like the Chukchi, Itelmen, and Koryaks all share reverence for the Raven.[29]

Autochthonous ancestry

Many researchers have concluded that the Yakut ethnogenesis was an admixture of Turko-Mongols migrating from Lake-Baikal and native Yukaghir and Tungusitic peoples residing around the Lena River.[30][31][32][33] Okladnikov detailed this conceived admixture process as the following:

"...the Turkic-speaking ancestors of the Yakuts not only pushed out the aborigines but also subjected them to their influence by peaceful means; they assimilated and absorbed them into their mass... With this, the local tribes lost the former ethnic name and a proper ethnic consciousness, no longer separating themselves from the mass of Yakuts, and [were] not opposed to them... Consequently, as a result of the mixing with Northern aborigines, the southern ancestors of the Yakuts supplemented their culture and language with new features distinguishing them from other steppe tribes."[34]

In 1996 Aleksei N. Alekseev and S. I. Nikolaeva-Somogotto alternatively proposed that Paleo-Asian and Samoyedic peoples populations instead intermarried with the incoming Turko-Mongols, for which there is some evidence.[35][36][37][38]

Traditional Yakut histories contain stories of the aboriginal peoples of Yakutia. From the subarctic Bulunsky and Verkhoyansky Districts accounts state that the Black Yukaghir (Yakut: хара дъукаагырдар) descended from migrants pushed north from the Lena River.[39] Related stories recorded in Ust'-Aldanskiy Ulus and Megino-Kangalassky District mention certain tribes leaving the region due to rising pressure from the incoming Yakuts. While some remained and intermarried with the newcomer, most went to the northern tundra.[40]

Ymyyakhtakh

The Ymyyakhtakh are an ancient people of the Lena River. A burial ground was excavated and anthropologists I.I. Gokhman and L.F. Tomtosova studied the human remains and published their results in 1992. They concluded that some of the Late Neolithic population took part in the formation of the modern Yakuts.[36] The consistency of related artistic embellishments on the traditional clothing of the Buryat, Samoyed, and Yakut led one scholar to conclude they are related.[37] Toponymic data of Yakutia indicates there was once a presence of Paleoasian and Samoyed habitation in the region.[38] Vilyui Tumats reportedly practiced anthropophagy and seen as an "ethnocultural marker" of the Samoyedic peoples.[41]

Tumats

The Tumat stand out in Yakut tradition as a numerous and powerful society, with constant conflict once happening with them on the Vilyuy River.[42] Their households were semi-subterranean with sod roofing and are comparable to traditional Samoyed dwellings.[43] The term Doubo (Chinese: 都播) was used in medieval Chinese historical works in reference to the Sayano-Altai forest peoples. Vasily Radlov concluded that Doubo referred to the Samoyedic peoples.[44] Doubo is additionally seen as the origin of the ethnonym "Tumat" by L. P. Potapov.[45]

The Yakuts called the Tumat people "Dyirikinei" or "chipmunk people" (Yakut: Sдьирикинэй), arising from the Tumatian "tail-coat." Bundles of deer fur were dyed with red ocher and sewn into Tumatian jackets as adornments. Tumat hats were likewise dyed red.[46] This style was likely spread by the Tumatians to some Tungusic peoples. Similar clothing has been reported during the 17th century for the Evenks on the upper Angara and for Evens residing on the lower Kolyma in the early 19th century.[47] Additionally there are many similarities between the clothing of the Tumats and Altaic cultures. Archeological work on Pazyryk culture sites have turned up both hats dyed red and tail-coats made of sables. While the "tails" were not dyed red, they were sewn with red dyed thread. Stylistic and design choices are also comparable to traditional Khakas and Kumandin clothing.[48]

Some peaceable interactions including intermarriage did occur with the Tumats. One such example is the life of Džaardaakh (Russian: Джаардаах), a Tumatian woman. She was renowned for her physical strength and martial repute as an archer. However Džaardaakh eventually married a Yakut man and is considered a notable ancestor of the local Vilyuy Yakut.[49] The origin of her name has been linked to a Yukaghir word for ice (Yukaghir: йархан).[50]

The ancestors of Yakuts were Kurykans who migrated from Yenisey river to Lake Baikal and were subject to a certain Mongolian admixture prior to migration in the 7th century.[51] The Yakuts originally lived around Olkhon and the region of Lake Baikal. Beginning in the 13th century they migrated to the basins of the Middle Lena, the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers under the pressure of the rising Mongols. The northern Yakuts were largely hunters, fishermen and reindeer herders, while the southern Yakuts raised cattle and horses.[52][53]

History

Imperial Russia

In the 1620s the Tsardom of Muscovy began to move into their territory and annexed or settled down on it, imposed a fur tax and managed to suppress several Yakut rebellions between 1634 and 1642. The tsarist brutality in collection of the pelt tax (yasak) sparked a rebellion and aggression among the Yakuts and also Tungusic-speaking tribes along the River Lena in 1642. The voivode Peter Golovin, leader of the tsarist forces, responded with a reign of terror: native settlements were torched and hundreds of people were killed. The Yakut population alone is estimated to have fallen by 70 percent between 1642 and 1682, mainly because of smallpox and other infectious diseases.[54][55]

 
Yakut fire worship

In the 18th century the Russians reduced the pressure, gave Yakut chiefs some privileges, granted freedom for all habitats, gave them all their lands, sent Eastern Orthodox missions, and educated the Yakut people regarding agriculture. The discovery of gold and, later, the building of the Trans-Siberian Railway, brought ever-increasing numbers of Russians into the region. By the 1820s almost all the Yakuts claimed to have converted to the Russian Orthodox church, but they retained (and still retain) a number of shamanist practices. Yakut literature began to rise in the late 19th century, and a national revival occurred in the early 20th century.

 
Yakuts Sakha, early 20th c.

Russian Civil War

The last conflict of the Russian Civil War, known as the Yakut Revolt, occurred here when Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov, a White Russian officer, led an uprising and a last stand against the Red Army.

Soviet Union

In 1922, the new Soviet government named the area the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the late 1920s through the late 1930s, Yakut people were systematically persecuted, when Joseph Stalin launched his collectivization campaign.[56] It is possible that hunger and malnutrition during this period resulted in a decline in the Yakut total population from 240,500 in 1926 to 236,700 in 1959. By 1972, the population began to recover.[57]

Russian Federation

 
Russian President Medvedev in the Sakha Republic in 2011

Currently, Yakuts form a large plurality of the total population within the vast Sakha Republic. According to the 2010 Russian census, there were a total of 466,492 Yakuts residing in the Sakha Republic during that year, or 49.9% of the total population of the Republic.

Culture

See also: Yakutian knife and Olonkho
 
A Yakut woman in traditional dress

The Yakuts engage in animal husbandry, traditionally having focused on rearing horses, mainly the Yakutian horse, reindeer and the Sakha Ynagha ('Yakutian cow'), a hardy kind of cattle known as Yakutian cattle which is well adapted to the harsh local weather.[58][59]

 
Yakut hunter, early 20th c.

Certain rock formations named Kigilyakh, as well as places such as Ynnakh Mountain, are held in high esteem by Yakuts.[60]

Cuisine

Main article: Sakha cuisine

The cuisine of Sakha prominently features the traditional drink kumis, dairy products of cow, mare, and reindeer milk, sliced frozen salted fish stroganina (строганина), loaf meat dishes (oyogos), venison, frozen fish, thick pancakes, and salamat—a millet porridge with butter and horse fat. Kuerchekh (Куэрчэх) or kierchekh, a popular dessert, is made of cow milk or cream with various berries. Indigirka is a traditional fish salad. This cuisine is only used in Yakutia.[citation needed]

Language

Main article: Sakha language

According to the 2010 census, some 87% of the Yakuts in the Sakha Republic are fluent in the Yakut (or Sakha) language, while 90% are fluent in Russian.[61] The Sakha/Yakut language belongs to the Northern branch of the Siberian Turkic languages. It is most closely related to the Dolgan language, and also to a lesser extent related to Tuvan and Shor.

DNA and genetics analysis

The primary Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup for the Yakut is N-M231. While found in around 89% of the general population,[51] in northern Yakutia it is closer to 71%. N-M231 is shared with various other Eastern Siberian populations.[62] The remaining haplogroups are approximately: 4% C-M217 (including subclades C-M48 and C-M407), 3.5% R1a-M17 (including subclade R1a-M458), and 2.1% N-P43, with sporadic instances of I-M253, R1b-M269, J2, and Q.[63][62]

According to Adamov, haplogroup N1c1 makes up 94% of the Sakha population. This genetic bottleneck has been dated approximately to 1300 CE ± 200 ybp and speculated to have caused by high mortality rates in warfare and later relocation to the Middle Lena River.[64]

The primary mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are various East Asian lineages, making up 92% of the total: haplogroup C at 36% to 45.7% and haplogroup D at 25.7% to 32.9% of the Yakut.[62] Minor Eastern Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups include: 5.2% G, 4.49% F, 3.55% M13a1b, 1.89% A, 1.18% Y1a, 1.18% B, 0.95% Z3, and 0.71% M7.[62] According to Fedorova, besides East Asian maternal lineages, "the mtDNA pool of the native populations of Sakha contains a small (8%), but diverse set of western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups, mostly present among Yakuts and Evenks", the most common being H and J.[62]

Notable people

Further information: Category:Yakut people

Academia

Arts

Cinema and Television

Military

Models

Musicians

Politicians

Rulers

Sports

See also

References

  1. ^ Russia 2010a.
  2. ^ Kazakhstan 2009a.
  3. ^ Kazakhstan 2009b.
  4. ^ Kazakhstan 2009c.
  5. ^ Ukraine 2001.
  6. ^ E.U. 2021.
  7. ^ Balzer, Marjorie (1995). Culture incarnate : native anthropology from Russia. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 25. ISBN 1563245353.
  8. ^ ITNR 2018.
  9. ^ Ivanov 1974, pp. 168–170.
  10. ^ Ushnitskiy 2016a, p. 150.
  11. ^ Schukin 1844, pp. 273–274.
  12. ^ Ksenofontov 1992, p. 72.
  13. ^ Ksenofontov 1992, p. 108.
  14. ^ Kozmin 1928, p. 273.
  15. ^ Ushnitskiy 2016a, p. 152.
  16. ^ Radlov 1893, p. 134.
  17. ^ a b Zoriktuev 2011.
  18. ^ Rumyantsev 1962, p. 144.
  19. ^ Ovchinnikov 1897.
  20. ^ Nimaev 1988, p. 108.
  21. ^ Karmay 1993, p. 244.
  22. ^ de Roerich 1999, p. 42.
  23. ^ Rumyantsev 1962, pp. 127–128.
  24. ^ Dashieva 2020, pp. 943–944.
  25. ^ de Roerich 1999, p. 89.
  26. ^ Zoriktuev 2011, p. 120.
  27. ^ Lindenau 1983, p. 18.
  28. ^ Zoriktuev 2011, p. 121.
  29. ^ Krasheninnikov 1949, p. 406.
  30. ^ Tokarev 1949.
  31. ^ Okladnikov 1955.
  32. ^ Konstantinov 1978.
  33. ^ Gogolev 1993.
  34. ^ Okladnikov 1970, pp. 302–303.
  35. ^ Bravina & Petrov 2018.
  36. ^ a b Gokhman & Tomtosova 1992, p. 117.
  37. ^ a b Pavlinskaya 2001, p. 231.
  38. ^ a b Stepanov 2005.
  39. ^ Ergis 1960, p. 282.
  40. ^ Ergis 1960, pp. 92–93.
  41. ^ Bravina & Petrov 2018, pp. 121–122.
  42. ^ Ergis 1960, p. 103.
  43. ^ Bravina & Petrov 2018, p. 120.
  44. ^ Radlov 1893, p. 191.
  45. ^ Potapov 1969, p. 182.
  46. ^ Okladnikov 1955, p. 339.
  47. ^ Tugolukov 1985, pp. 216, 235.
  48. ^ Bravina & Petrov 2018, p. 121.
  49. ^ Ksenofontov 1977, p. 206.
  50. ^ Ivanov 2000, p. 19.
  51. ^ a b Khar'kov et al. 2008.
  52. ^ Levin & Potapov 1956.
  53. ^ Antipin 1963.
  54. ^ Richards 2003, p. 238.
  55. ^ Levene & Roberts 1999, p. 155.
  56. ^ Davis, Harrison & Howell 2007, p. 141.
  57. ^ Lewis 2012.
  58. ^ Kantanen 2012.
  59. ^ Meerson.
  60. ^ Andreyevich 2020.
  61. ^ Russia 2010b.
  62. ^ a b c d e Fedorova et al. 2013.
  63. ^ Duggan et al. 2013.
  64. ^ Adamov 2008, p. 652.

Bibliography

Books

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  • Ergis, G. U., ed. (1960). Исторические предания и рассказы якутов [Historical legends and stories of the Yakuts] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow; Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House.
  • Gogolev, A. I. (1993). Проблемы этногенеза и формирования культуры [The Yakuts: Problems of ethnic genesis and cultural formation] (in Russian). Yakutsk: Yakutsk State University.
  • Gokhman, I. I.; Tomtosova, L. F. (1992). "Антропологические исследования неолитических могильников Диринг-Юрях и Родинка" [Anthropological researches of the Neolithic burial grounds of Diring-Yuryakh and Rodinka]. Археологические исследования в Якутии: Сб. трудов Приленской археол. экспедиции [TEST] (in Russian). Novosibirsk: Nauka. pp. 105–124.
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  • Ksenofontov, G. V. (1992). Ураанхай сахалар: Очерки по древней истории якутов [Uraankhay-sakhalar: Essays on the ancient history of the Yakuts] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Yakutsk: Бичик.
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  • Ovchinnikov, Mikhail Pavlovich (1897). Из материалов по этнографии якутов [From the materials on the ethnography of the Yakuts]. Этнографическое обозрение (in Russian).
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  • Potapov, L. P. (1969). Этнический состав и происхождение алтайцев: Историко-этнографический [Ethnic structure and origin of Altai people: A historical and ethnographic essay] (in Russian). Leningrad: Nauka.
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Articles

  • Adamov, D. (2008). [Calculation of age for Yakut population belonging to haplogroup N1c1] (PDF). Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA Genealogy (in Russian). 1 (4): 646–656. ISSN 1942-7484. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-30.
  • Bravina, R.I.; Petrov, D.M. (2018). "TRIBES «WHICH BECAME WIND»: AUTOCHTHONOUS SUBSTRATE IN ETHNOCULTURAL GENESIS OF THE YAKUTS REVISITED" (PDF). Vestnik Arheologii, Antropologii I Etnografii (in Russian). Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North. 2 (41): 119–127. doi:10.20874/2071-0437-2018-41-2-119-127.
  • Dashieva, Nadezhda B. (2020-12-25). "Образ оленя-солнца и этноним бурятского племени Хори" [Image of the Deer-Sun and Ethnonym of the Khori Buryats]. Oriental Studies (in Russian). East Siberian State Institute of Culture. 13 (4): 941–950. doi:10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-941-950. S2CID 243027767. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
  • Duggan, Ana T.; et al. (2013-12-12). "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83570. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...883570D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3861515. PMID 24349531.
  • Fedorova, Sardana A.; et al. (2013-06-19). "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 127. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-127. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3695835. PMID 23782551.
  • Ivanov, M. S. (2000). "Замыслившие побег в Пегую орду...: (О топониме Яркан-Жархан)" [Those who planned to flee to the Skewbald Horde…: (About the toponym Zharhan)]. Илин (in Russian) (1): 17–20.
  • Karmay, Samten G. (1993). "The theoretical basis of the Tibetan epic, with reference to a 'chronological order' of the various episodes in the Gesar epic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 56 (2): 234–246. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00005498. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 162562519.
  • Khar'kov, V. N.; et al. (2008). "[The origin of Yakuts: analysis of Y-chromosome haplotypes]". Molekuliarnaia Biologiia. 42 (2): 226–237. ISSN 0026-8984. PMID 18610830.
  • Petri, B. E. (1922). "М.П. Овчинников как археолог" [M.P. Ovchinnikov as an archaeologist]. Сибирские огни (4).
  • Petri, B. E. (1923). "Доисторические кузнецы в Прибайкалье. К вопросу о доисторическом прошлом якутов" [Prehistoric blacksmiths in the Baikal region. On the prehistoric past of the Yakuts.]. Известия Института народного образования. Chita. 1: 62–64.
  • Strelov, E. D. (1936). "Одежда и украшения якутки в половине XVIII в. (по археологическим материалам)" [Clothing and jewelry of the Yakut in the middle of the 18th century. (based on archaeological materials)]. Soviet Ethnography. 2–3: 75–99. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
  • Tokarev, S. A. (1949). "К постановке проблем этногенеза" [Problems of ethnic genesis revisited]. Советская Этнография (3): 12–36.
  • Ushnitskiy, Vasiliy V. (2016a). "Researchers of Tsarist Russia on the study of the origin of the Sakha people". Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta (in Russian). Yakutsk: Institute of the Humanities and the Indigenous Peoples (407): 150–155. doi:10.17223/15617793/407/23.
  • Ushnitskiy, Vasiliy. V. (2016b). "The Problem of the Sakha People's Ethnogenesis: A New Approach". Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities and Social Sciences. 8: 1822–1840. doi:10.17516/1997-1370-2016-9-8-1822-1840.
  • Zoriktuev, B.R. (2011). "Who are the Yakut Khorolors? (a contribution to the issue of ethnic identification)". Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia. 39 (2): 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2011.08.012.

Census information

  • E.U. (2021). "data.europa.eu" (in Latvian). data.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Kazakhstan (2009a). (in Kazakh). Bureau of National Statistics. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Kazakhstan (2009b). (in Kazakh). Bureau of National Statistics. Archived from the original on 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Kazakhstan (2009c). (in Kazakh). Bureau of National Statistics. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Latvia (2021). "Latvia population estimate" (PDF) (in Latvian). Office of Citizenship and Immigration Affairs. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Russia (2010a). (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Russia (2010b). (PDF) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Ukraine (2001). (in Ukrainian). State Statistics of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2022-01-04.

Websites

  • Andreyevich, Murzin Y. (2020). (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  • Kantanen, Juha (2012). (PDF). pp. 3–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
  • Lewis, Martin (2012-05-14). "The Yakut Under Soviet Rule". GeoCurrents. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  • Meerson, F. "Survival". UNESCO. Retrieved 2022-01-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  • ITNR (2018). "Yakuts". Inside the New Russia. Retrieved 2022-01-04.

Further reading

  • Conolly, Violet. "The Yakuts," Problems of Communism, vol. 16, no. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1967), pp. 81–91.
  • Tomskaya, Maria. 2018. "Verbalization of Nomadic Culture in Yakut Fairytales". In: Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9 (2): 253–62. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.3210.
  • Tomskaya, Maria. 2020. "Fairy Tale Images As a Component of Cultural Programming: Gender Aspect" [Сказочные образы как составляющая культурного программирования: гендерный аспект]. In: Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11 (2): 145–53. https://doi.org/10.31648/pw.6497.

External links

 
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January 22, 2023
yakuts, confused, with, yokuts, yupiks, yakult, sakhas, redirects, here, confused, with, sakas, sakha, саха, saxa, plural, сахалар, saxalar, turkic, ethnic, group, mainly, live, republic, sakha, russian, federation, with, some, extending, amur, magadan, sakhal. Not to be confused with Yokuts Yupiks Yakult or Yakutsk Sakhas redirects here Not to be confused with Sakas Yakuts or Sakha saha saxa plural sahalar saxalar are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly live in the Republic of Sakha in the Russian Federation with some extending to the Amur Magadan Sakhalin regions and the Taymyr and Evenk Districts of the Krasnoyarsk region The Yakut language belongs to the Siberian branch of the Turkic languages YakutsSahaFlag of YakutiaA Yakut familyTotal populationc 500 000Regions with significant populations Russia478 085 2010 census 1 Kazakhstan415 2009 census 2 3 4 Ukraine304 2001 census 5 Latvia37 2021 statistics 6 LanguagesYakut RussianReligionShamanism Eastern OrthodoxyRelated ethnic groupsDolgans Tuvans Khakas Altay Mongols and Buryats partially possibly through Kurykans Tungusic people other Turkic peoplePercentages of Yakuts in the districts of Yakutia according to the 2010 census source source source source source source source source source source source source An indigenous Sakha speaker Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin 2 1 Early scholarship 2 2 Lake Baikal 2 3 Khoro 2 4 Autochthonous ancestry 2 4 1 Ymyyakhtakh 2 4 2 Tumats 3 History 3 1 Imperial Russia 3 2 Russian Civil War 3 3 Soviet Union 3 4 Russian Federation 4 Culture 5 Cuisine 6 Language 7 DNA and genetics analysis 8 Notable people 8 1 Academia 8 2 Arts 8 3 Cinema and Television 8 4 Military 8 5 Models 8 6 Musicians 8 7 Politicians 8 8 Rulers 8 9 Sports 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11 1 Books 11 2 Articles 11 3 Census information 11 4 Websites 12 Further reading 13 External linksEtymology EditAccording to Kulakovskiĭ the Russian word yakut was taken from Evenk eke yeke but the Russian word is actually a corruption from the Tungusic form 7 The Yakuts call themselves Sakha or Urangai Sakha Yakut Uran Saha Uran Sakha in some old chronicles 8 All of these are derived from a word related to Turkish yaka geographical edge collar referring to the Yakuts remote position in Siberia Origin EditEarly scholarship Edit An early work on the Yakut ethnogenesis was drafted by the Russian Collegiate Assessors I Evers and S Gornovsky in the late 18th century At an unspecified time in the past certain tribes resided around the western shore of the Aral Sea These peoples later migrated eastward and settled near the Tunka Goltsy mountains of modern Buryatia Pressure from the expansionist Mongolian Empire later made many of those around the Tunka Goltsy relocate to the Lena River Several additional Altai Sayan region tribes later arrived on the Lena to flee from the Mongols The subsequent cultural melding that occurred between these incoming migrants eventually created the Yakuts The Sagay Khakas of Abakan River were presented as the origin of the ethnonym Sakha by Evers and Gornovsky 9 10 In the mid 19th century Nikolai S Schukin wrote A Trip to Yakutsk based on his experiences visiting the area He presented a somewhat different origin of the Yakuts based upon local oral histories Groups of Khakas inhabiting the southern Yenisey watershed migrated north to the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River to the Lena Plateau and finally onward to the Lena River 11 Schukin is credited as introducing the concept of Yenisey Khakas as the ancestors of the Yakut into Russian historiography 12 The most authoritative account in support of the Yenisey origin hypothesis was written by Nikolai N Kozmin in 1928 13 He concluded that some Khakas moved from the Yenisey to the Angara River due to difficulties in the regional economy In the 12th century Buryats arrived at Lake Baikal and through military force pushed the Khakas to the Lena 14 15 Lake Baikal Edit In 1893 Turkologist scholar Vasily Radlov connected the Kurykans or Gǔligan Chinese 骨利干 Tiele people from Chinese historical accounts with the Yakuts They are mentioned as 7th century tributaries of the Tang Dynasty reportedly living on the Angara and around Lake Baikal Radlov hypothesized they were a mixture of Tungusic and Uyghur peoples and the forebears of the Yakut 16 Khoro Edit The Khoro Khorin Khorolors Yakut maintain their progenitor was Uluu Khoro rather than Omogoy or Ellei Scholarship has not definitively established their ancestral ethnic affiliations Their homeland was somewhere in the south and called Khoro sire When the Khorolors arrived in the Middle Lena remains uncertain with scholars estimating from the first millennium to the 16th century CE 17 Among scholars a commonly accepted hypothesis is that the Khoro Yakut originate from the Khori Buryat of Lake Baikal 18 19 and therefore spoke a Turko Mongolic language 20 This is largely based on their similar ethnonyms Proponents see the word Khoro as arising from the Tibetan word hor Standard Tibetan ཧ ར 21 22 For example according to G N Runyanstev during the 6th through 10th centuries CE the inhabitants of Lake Baikal were called Chor 23 Okladnikov guessed that Khoro sire was near China and adjacent to the X vague This premise is not universally accepted and has been challenged by some researchers 24 George de Roerich has argued that the word is based on the Chinese word hu Chinese 胡 a term used as general reference by the Chinese to refer to various Iranian or Turkic Mongolian peoples of Central Asia In contemporary Tibetan hor is used to describe any pastoralist nomad of mixed origin regardless of their ethnonym 25 After researching their origins Ksenofontov concluded that while the Khorolors were formed from parts of some alien tribe that mixed with the Yakuts there was no compelling evidence connecting them with the Khori Buryat 26 A more recent argument by Zoriktuev proposes that the Khorolors were originally Paleo Asians from the Lower Amur River 17 In contrast to their Yakut relatives Khoro folklore focuses largely on the Raven with some tales about the Eagle as well In the mid 18th century Lindenau noted the Khorolors focused their religious devotion on the Raven 27 who was alternatively referred to as Our ancestor Our deity and Our grandfather by the Khorolors This reverence arises from the Raven enabling a struggling human either the first Khoro man or his mother to survive by giving a flint and tinder box Their mythos is similar to cultures from both sides of the Bering Sea 28 the Haida Tlingit Tshisham of the North American Pacific Northwest Coast and the Paleoasians of the Siberian Coast like the Chukchi Itelmen and Koryaks all share reverence for the Raven 29 Autochthonous ancestry EditMany researchers have concluded that the Yakut ethnogenesis was an admixture of Turko Mongols migrating from Lake Baikal and native Yukaghir and Tungusitic peoples residing around the Lena River 30 31 32 33 Okladnikov detailed this conceived admixture process as the following the Turkic speaking ancestors of the Yakuts not only pushed out the aborigines but also subjected them to their influence by peaceful means they assimilated and absorbed them into their mass With this the local tribes lost the former ethnic name and a proper ethnic consciousness no longer separating themselves from the mass of Yakuts and were not opposed to them Consequently as a result of the mixing with Northern aborigines the southern ancestors of the Yakuts supplemented their culture and language with new features distinguishing them from other steppe tribes 34 In 1996 Aleksei N Alekseev and S I Nikolaeva Somogotto alternatively proposed that Paleo Asian and Samoyedic peoples populations instead intermarried with the incoming Turko Mongols for which there is some evidence 35 36 37 38 Traditional Yakut histories contain stories of the aboriginal peoples of Yakutia From the subarctic Bulunsky and Verkhoyansky Districts accounts state that the Black Yukaghir Yakut hara dukaagyrdar descended from migrants pushed north from the Lena River 39 Related stories recorded in Ust Aldanskiy Ulus and Megino Kangalassky District mention certain tribes leaving the region due to rising pressure from the incoming Yakuts While some remained and intermarried with the newcomer most went to the northern tundra 40 Ymyyakhtakh Edit The Ymyyakhtakh are an ancient people of the Lena River A burial ground was excavated and anthropologists I I Gokhman and L F Tomtosova studied the human remains and published their results in 1992 They concluded that some of the Late Neolithic population took part in the formation of the modern Yakuts 36 The consistency of related artistic embellishments on the traditional clothing of the Buryat Samoyed and Yakut led one scholar to conclude they are related 37 Toponymic data of Yakutia indicates there was once a presence of Paleoasian and Samoyed habitation in the region 38 Vilyui Tumats reportedly practiced anthropophagy and seen as an ethnocultural marker of the Samoyedic peoples 41 Tumats Edit The Tumat stand out in Yakut tradition as a numerous and powerful society with constant conflict once happening with them on the Vilyuy River 42 Their households were semi subterranean with sod roofing and are comparable to traditional Samoyed dwellings 43 The term Doubo Chinese 都播 was used in medieval Chinese historical works in reference to the Sayano Altai forest peoples Vasily Radlov concluded that Doubo referred to the Samoyedic peoples 44 Doubo is additionally seen as the origin of the ethnonym Tumat by L P Potapov 45 The Yakuts called the Tumat people Dyirikinei or chipmunk people Yakut Sdirikinej arising from the Tumatian tail coat Bundles of deer fur were dyed with red ocher and sewn into Tumatian jackets as adornments Tumat hats were likewise dyed red 46 This style was likely spread by the Tumatians to some Tungusic peoples Similar clothing has been reported during the 17th century for the Evenks on the upper Angara and for Evens residing on the lower Kolyma in the early 19th century 47 Additionally there are many similarities between the clothing of the Tumats and Altaic cultures Archeological work on Pazyryk culture sites have turned up both hats dyed red and tail coats made of sables While the tails were not dyed red they were sewn with red dyed thread Stylistic and design choices are also comparable to traditional Khakas and Kumandin clothing 48 Some peaceable interactions including intermarriage did occur with the Tumats One such example is the life of Dzaardaakh Russian Dzhaardaah a Tumatian woman She was renowned for her physical strength and martial repute as an archer However Dzaardaakh eventually married a Yakut man and is considered a notable ancestor of the local Vilyuy Yakut 49 The origin of her name has been linked to a Yukaghir word for ice Yukaghir jarhan 50 The ancestors of Yakuts were Kurykans who migrated from Yenisey river to Lake Baikal and were subject to a certain Mongolian admixture prior to migration in the 7th century 51 The Yakuts originally lived around Olkhon and the region of Lake Baikal Beginning in the 13th century they migrated to the basins of the Middle Lena the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers under the pressure of the rising Mongols The northern Yakuts were largely hunters fishermen and reindeer herders while the southern Yakuts raised cattle and horses 52 53 History EditImperial Russia Edit In the 1620s the Tsardom of Muscovy began to move into their territory and annexed or settled down on it imposed a fur tax and managed to suppress several Yakut rebellions between 1634 and 1642 The tsarist brutality in collection of the pelt tax yasak sparked a rebellion and aggression among the Yakuts and also Tungusic speaking tribes along the River Lena in 1642 The voivode Peter Golovin leader of the tsarist forces responded with a reign of terror native settlements were torched and hundreds of people were killed The Yakut population alone is estimated to have fallen by 70 percent between 1642 and 1682 mainly because of smallpox and other infectious diseases 54 55 Yakut fire worship In the 18th century the Russians reduced the pressure gave Yakut chiefs some privileges granted freedom for all habitats gave them all their lands sent Eastern Orthodox missions and educated the Yakut people regarding agriculture The discovery of gold and later the building of the Trans Siberian Railway brought ever increasing numbers of Russians into the region By the 1820s almost all the Yakuts claimed to have converted to the Russian Orthodox church but they retained and still retain a number of shamanist practices Yakut literature began to rise in the late 19th century and a national revival occurred in the early 20th century Yakuts Sakha early 20th c Russian Civil War Edit The last conflict of the Russian Civil War known as the Yakut Revolt occurred here when Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov a White Russian officer led an uprising and a last stand against the Red Army Soviet Union Edit In 1922 the new Soviet government named the area the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic In the late 1920s through the late 1930s Yakut people were systematically persecuted when Joseph Stalin launched his collectivization campaign 56 It is possible that hunger and malnutrition during this period resulted in a decline in the Yakut total population from 240 500 in 1926 to 236 700 in 1959 By 1972 the population began to recover 57 Russian Federation Edit Russian President Medvedev in the Sakha Republic in 2011 Currently Yakuts form a large plurality of the total population within the vast Sakha Republic According to the 2010 Russian census there were a total of 466 492 Yakuts residing in the Sakha Republic during that year or 49 9 of the total population of the Republic Culture EditSee also Yakutian knife and Olonkho A Yakut woman in traditional dress The Yakuts engage in animal husbandry traditionally having focused on rearing horses mainly the Yakutian horse reindeer and the Sakha Ynagha Yakutian cow a hardy kind of cattle known as Yakutian cattle which is well adapted to the harsh local weather 58 59 Yakut hunter early 20th c Certain rock formations named Kigilyakh as well as places such as Ynnakh Mountain are held in high esteem by Yakuts 60 Cuisine EditMain article Sakha cuisineThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The cuisine of Sakha prominently features the traditional drink kumis dairy products of cow mare and reindeer milk sliced frozen salted fish stroganina stroganina loaf meat dishes oyogos venison frozen fish thick pancakes and salamat a millet porridge with butter and horse fat Kuerchekh Kuercheh or kierchekh a popular dessert is made of cow milk or cream with various berries Indigirka is a traditional fish salad This cuisine is only used in Yakutia citation needed Language EditMain article Sakha languageThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message According to the 2010 census some 87 of the Yakuts in the Sakha Republic are fluent in the Yakut or Sakha language while 90 are fluent in Russian 61 The Sakha Yakut language belongs to the Northern branch of the Siberian Turkic languages It is most closely related to the Dolgan language and also to a lesser extent related to Tuvan and Shor DNA and genetics analysis EditThe primary Y chromosome DNA haplogroup for the Yakut is N M231 While found in around 89 of the general population 51 in northern Yakutia it is closer to 71 N M231 is shared with various other Eastern Siberian populations 62 The remaining haplogroups are approximately 4 C M217 including subclades C M48 and C M407 3 5 R1a M17 including subclade R1a M458 and 2 1 N P43 with sporadic instances of I M253 R1b M269 J2 and Q 63 62 According to Adamov haplogroup N1c1 makes up 94 of the Sakha population This genetic bottleneck has been dated approximately to 1300 CE 200 ybp and speculated to have caused by high mortality rates in warfare and later relocation to the Middle Lena River 64 The primary mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are various East Asian lineages making up 92 of the total haplogroup C at 36 to 45 7 and haplogroup D at 25 7 to 32 9 of the Yakut 62 Minor Eastern Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups include 5 2 G 4 49 F 3 55 M13a1b 1 89 A 1 18 Y1a 1 18 B 0 95 Z3 and 0 71 M7 62 According to Fedorova besides East Asian maternal lineages the mtDNA pool of the native populations of Sakha contains a small 8 but diverse set of western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups mostly present among Yakuts and Evenks the most common being H and J 62 Notable people EditFurther information Category Yakut people Academia Edit Georgiy Basharin Professor at the Yakutsk State University Zoya Basharina professor at Yakutsk State UniversityArts Edit Evgenia Arbugaeva photographerCinema and Television Edit Anna Kuzmina actressMilitary Edit Vera Zakharova was a Po 2 air ambulance pilot in the Soviet Air Force during World War II Valery Kuzmin Soviet pilot Fyodor Okhlopkov was a Soviet sniperModels Edit Natalya Stroeva Miss Russia 2018Musicians Edit Kjuregej painter actor musician Sarantuya mezzo soprano singerPoliticians Edit Yegor Borisov Aysen Nikolayev Mikhail NikolayevRulers Edit Tygyn Darkhan king of the YakutsSports Edit Georgy Balakshin boxer Vasilii Egorov boxer Pavel Pinigin former Soviet wrestler and Olympic champion Roman Dmitriyev former Soviet wrestler and Olympic championSee also EditAisyt Ajysyt Ajyhyt the name of the mythic mother goddess of the Sakha people Kurumchi culture Music in the Sakha Republic Turkic people Yakutia Yakut language Yakutian cattleReferences Edit Russia 2010a Kazakhstan 2009a Kazakhstan 2009b Kazakhstan 2009c Ukraine 2001 E U 2021 Balzer Marjorie 1995 Culture incarnate native anthropology from Russia Armonk N Y M E Sharpe p 25 ISBN 1563245353 ITNR 2018 Ivanov 1974 pp 168 170 Ushnitskiy 2016a p 150 Schukin 1844 pp 273 274 Ksenofontov 1992 p 72 Ksenofontov 1992 p 108 Kozmin 1928 p 273 Ushnitskiy 2016a p 152 Radlov 1893 p 134 a b Zoriktuev 2011 Rumyantsev 1962 p 144 Ovchinnikov 1897 Nimaev 1988 p 108 Karmay 1993 p 244 de Roerich 1999 p 42 Rumyantsev 1962 pp 127 128 Dashieva 2020 pp 943 944 de Roerich 1999 p 89 Zoriktuev 2011 p 120 Lindenau 1983 p 18 Zoriktuev 2011 p 121 Krasheninnikov 1949 p 406 Tokarev 1949 Okladnikov 1955 Konstantinov 1978 Gogolev 1993 Okladnikov 1970 pp 302 303 Bravina amp Petrov 2018 a b Gokhman amp Tomtosova 1992 p 117 a b Pavlinskaya 2001 p 231 a b Stepanov 2005 Ergis 1960 p 282 Ergis 1960 pp 92 93 Bravina amp Petrov 2018 pp 121 122 Ergis 1960 p 103 Bravina amp Petrov 2018 p 120 Radlov 1893 p 191 Potapov 1969 p 182 Okladnikov 1955 p 339 Tugolukov 1985 pp 216 235 Bravina amp Petrov 2018 p 121 Ksenofontov 1977 p 206 Ivanov 2000 p 19 a b Khar kov et al 2008 Levin amp Potapov 1956 Antipin 1963 Richards 2003 p 238 Levene amp Roberts 1999 p 155 Davis Harrison amp Howell 2007 p 141 Lewis 2012 Kantanen 2012 Meerson Andreyevich 2020 Russia 2010b a b c d e Fedorova et al 2013 Duggan et al 2013 Adamov 2008 p 652 Bibliography EditBooks Edit Alekseev N A Emelyanov N V Petrov V T eds 2005 V etom razdele publikuyutsya materialy po knige Predaniya legendy i mify saha yakutov Traditions legends and myths of Sakha in Russian Novosibirsk Nauka pp 12 16 ISBN 5 02 030901 X Retrieved 2022 01 25 Antipin V N ed 1963 Sovetskaya Yakutiya Soviet Yakutia Istoriya Yakutskoj ASSR in Russian Moscow USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House Arutyunov S A Sergeyev D A 1975 Problemy etnicheskoj istorii Beringomorya Ekvenskij mogilnik Problems of the Ethnic History of the Bering Sea Ekvensky Burial Ground in Russian Moscow Nauka Davis Wade Harrison K David Howell Catherine Herbert 2007 Book of Peoples of the World A Guide to Cultures National Geographic Books ISBN 978 1 4262 0238 4 Dzharylgasinova R 1972 Drevnie koguryoscy k etnicheskoj istorii korejcev Ancient Koguryeo people on the ethnic history of the Koreans in Russian Moscow Nauka Ergis G U ed 1960 Istoricheskie predaniya i rasskazy yakutov Historical legends and stories of the Yakuts in Russian Vol 1 Moscow Leningrad USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House Gogolev A I 1993 Problemy etnogeneza i formirovaniya kultury The Yakuts Problems of ethnic genesis and cultural formation in Russian Yakutsk Yakutsk State University Gokhman I I Tomtosova L F 1992 Antropologicheskie issledovaniya neoliticheskih mogilnikov Diring Yuryah i Rodinka Anthropological researches of the Neolithic burial grounds of Diring Yuryakh and Rodinka Arheologicheskie issledovaniya v Yakutii Sb trudov Prilenskoj arheol ekspedicii TEST in Russian Novosibirsk Nauka pp 105 124 Ivanov V F 1974 Istoriko etnograficheskoe izuchenie Yakutii XVII XVIII vv Historical and ethnographic study of Yakutia of the 17th and 18th centuries in Russian Moscow Nauka Kochnev D A 1899 Ocherki yuridicheskogo byta yakutov Essays on the legal life of the Yakuts Proceedings of the Society of Archeology History Ethnography at the Imperial Kazan University Imperial Kazan University 15 2 Konstantinov I V 1978 Rannij zheleznyj vek Yakutii Early Iron Age in Yakutia in Russian Novosibirsk Nauka Kozmin Nikolai Nikolaevich 1928 K voprosu o proishozhdenii yakutov sahalar On the origin of the Yakut sakhalar in Russian Irkutsk a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Krasheninnikov S P 1949 Opisanie Zemli Kamchatki in Russian Moscow Leningrad Glavsevmorput Retrieved 2022 01 27 Ksenofontov G V 1977 Ellejada Materialy po mifologii i legendarnoj istorii yakutov Elleiada fables about Ellei Materials on Yakuts mythology and legendary history in Russian Moscow Nauka Ksenofontov G V 1992 Uraanhaj sahalar Ocherki po drevnej istorii yakutov Uraankhay sakhalar Essays on the ancient history of the Yakuts in Russian Vol 1 Yakutsk Bichik Levene Mark Roberts Penny 1999 The Massacre of History Berghahn Books ISBN 978 1 57181 934 5 Lindenau Jacob Johan 1983 Opisanie narodov Sibiri pervaya polovina XVIII veka Istoriko etnograficheskie materialy o narodah Sibiri i Severo Vostoka Description of the Peoples of Siberia First Half of the Eighteenth Century Historical and Ethnographical Materials on the Peoples of Siberia and North East Dalnevostochnaya istoricheskaya biblioteka in Russian Translated by Titova Z D Magadan Magadan Levin M G Potapov L P eds 1956 Narody Sibiri Peoples of Siberia in Russian Moscow USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House Nimaev D D 1988 Problemy etnogeneza buryat Problems of the ethnogenesis of the Buryats in Russian Novosibirsk Nauka Okladnikov A P 1955 Yakutiya do prisoedineniya k russkomu gosudarstvu Yakutia before joining Russia in Russian Vol 1 Moscow Leningrad yes Okladnikov Alexey Pavlovich 1970 Michael Henry N ed Yakutia Before its incorporation into the Russian State Anthropology of the North Translations from Russian Sources Montreal amp London McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 978 0 7735 9068 7 Ovchinnikov Mikhail Pavlovich 1897 Iz materialov po etnografii yakutov From the materials on the ethnography of the Yakuts Etnograficheskoe obozrenie in Russian Pavlinskaya L R 2001 Nekotorye aspekty kulturogeneza narodov Sibiri po materialam shamanskogo kostyuma Some aspects of the cultural genesis of Siberian peoples materials of shaman s costume in Russian St Petersburg Evraziya skvoz veka pp 229 232 Popov Gavriil V 1986 Slova neizvestnogo proishozhdeniya yakutskogo yazyka sravnitelno istoricheskoe issledovanie Words of unknown origin of the Yakut language comparative historical study in Russian Yakutsk Yakut Book Publishing House Potapov L P 1969 Etnicheskij sostav i proishozhdenie altajcev Istoriko etnograficheskij Ethnic structure and origin of Altai people A historical and ethnographic essay in Russian Leningrad Nauka Radlov Vasily Vasilievich 1893 Aus Sibirien Lose Blatter aus meinem Tagebuche From Siberia Loose Leaves from my Diary in German Leipzig T O Weigel Nachfolger Richards John F 2003 The Unending Frontier An Environmental History of the Early Modern World University of California Press ISBN 0520939352 de Roerich George 1999 test Tibet and Central Asia Articles Lectures Translations in Russian Samara Publishing House Agni Rumyantsev G N 1962 Proishozhdenie horinskih buryat Origin of the Khori Buryats in Russian Ulan Ude Buryat Book Publishing House Schukin Nikolai Semyonovich 1844 Poezdka v Yakutsk A Trip to Yakutsk in Russian 2nd ed St Petersburg Tipografiya Vremennogo Departamenta Voennyh Poselenij Stepanov A D 2005 Samodijskaya i yukagirskaya toponimika na karte Yakutii K problemam genezisa drev nih kultur Severa Samoyedic and Yukaghir toponymics on the map of Yakutia genesis of ancient cultures of the North revisited Sociogenez v Severnoj Azii in Russian Irkutsk Izdatelstvo IRNITU pp 223 227 Tugolukov V A 1985 Tungusy evenki i 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950 S2CID 243027767 Retrieved 2022 01 27 Duggan Ana T et al 2013 12 12 Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y chromosomal Markers PLOS ONE 8 12 e83570 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 883570D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0083570 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3861515 PMID 24349531 Fedorova Sardana A et al 2013 06 19 Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha Yakutia implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 1 127 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 127 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 3695835 PMID 23782551 Ivanov M S 2000 Zamyslivshie pobeg v Peguyu ordu O toponime Yarkan Zharhan Those who planned to flee to the Skewbald Horde About the toponym Zharhan Ilin in Russian 1 17 20 Karmay Samten G 1993 The theoretical basis of the Tibetan epic with reference to a chronological order of the various episodes in the Gesar epic Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56 2 234 246 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00005498 ISSN 0041 977X S2CID 162562519 Khar kov V N et al 2008 The origin of Yakuts analysis of Y chromosome haplotypes Molekuliarnaia Biologiia 42 2 226 237 ISSN 0026 8984 PMID 18610830 Petri B E 1922 M P Ovchinnikov kak arheolog M P Ovchinnikov as an archaeologist Sibirskie ogni 4 Petri B E 1923 Doistoricheskie kuznecy v Pribajkale K voprosu o doistoricheskom proshlom yakutov Prehistoric blacksmiths in the Baikal region On the prehistoric past of the Yakuts Izvestiya Instituta narodnogo obrazovaniya Chita 1 62 64 Strelov E D 1936 Odezhda i ukrasheniya yakutki v polovine XVIII v po arheologicheskim materialam Clothing and jewelry of the Yakut in the middle of the 18th century based on archaeological materials Soviet Ethnography 2 3 75 99 Retrieved 2022 01 27 Tokarev S A 1949 K postanovke problem etnogeneza Problems of ethnic genesis revisited Sovetskaya Etnografiya 3 12 36 Ushnitskiy Vasiliy V 2016a Researchers of Tsarist Russia on the study of the origin of the Sakha people Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta in Russian Yakutsk Institute of the Humanities and the Indigenous Peoples 407 150 155 doi 10 17223 15617793 407 23 Ushnitskiy Vasiliy V 2016b The Problem of the Sakha People s Ethnogenesis A New Approach Journal of Siberian Federal University Humanities and Social Sciences 8 1822 1840 doi 10 17516 1997 1370 2016 9 8 1822 1840 Zoriktuev B R 2011 Who are the Yakut Khorolors a contribution to the issue of ethnic identification Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39 2 119 127 doi 10 1016 j aeae 2011 08 012 Census information Edit E U 2021 data europa eu in Latvian data europa eu Retrieved 2022 01 04 Kazakhstan 2009a Kazakhstan in 2009 in Kazakh Bureau of National Statistics Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Kazakhstan 2009b Official website of the 2009 Kazakh census in Kazakh Bureau of National Statistics Archived from the original on 2013 08 10 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Kazakhstan 2009c Nationality composition of population in Kazakh Bureau of National Statistics Archived from the original on 2011 07 23 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Latvia 2021 Latvia population estimate PDF in Latvian Office of Citizenship and Immigration Affairs Retrieved 2022 01 04 Russia 2010a Official website of the 2010 Russian census in Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived from the original on 2016 03 25 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Russia 2010b Languages spoken by subjects of the Russian Federation PDF in Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived from the original PDF on 2020 05 09 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Ukraine 2001 Official website of the 2001 Ukrainian census in Ukrainian State Statistics of Ukraine Archived from the original on 2010 07 01 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Websites Edit Andreyevich Murzin Y 2020 Kigilyakhi of Yakutia in Russian Archived from the original on 2020 05 08 Retrieved 2021 01 04 Kantanen Juha 2012 The Yakutian cattle A cow of the permafrost PDF pp 3 6 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 03 10 Retrieved 2022 01 04 Lewis Martin 2012 05 14 The Yakut Under Soviet Rule GeoCurrents Retrieved 2021 01 04 Meerson F Survival UNESCO Retrieved 2022 01 04 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link ITNR 2018 Yakuts Inside the New Russia Retrieved 2022 01 04 Further reading EditConolly Violet The Yakuts Problems of Communism vol 16 no 5 Sept Oct 1967 pp 81 91 Tomskaya Maria 2018 Verbalization of Nomadic Culture in Yakut Fairytales In Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski 9 2 253 62 https doi org 10 31648 pw 3210 Tomskaya Maria 2020 Fairy Tale Images As a Component of Cultural Programming Gender Aspect Skazochnye obrazy kak sostavlyayushaya kulturnogo programmirovaniya gendernyj aspekt In Przeglad Wschodnioeuropejski 11 2 145 53 https doi org 10 31648 pw 6497 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sakha people Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yakuts amp oldid 1134076519, wikipedia, 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