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Neo-nationalism

October 22, 2023

This article is about the global nationalist-populist wave that appeared in the mid-2010s. For the policy associated with Theodore Roosevelt, see New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt).

Neo-nationalism,[1][2][3] or new nationalism,[4][5] is an ideology and political movement built on the basic characteristics of classical nationalism.[6] It developed to its final form by applying elements with reactionary character generated as a reaction to the political, economic and socio-cultural changes that came with globalization during the second wave of globalization in the 1980s.[7][8][9]

Neo-nationalism is associated with several positions such as right-wing populism,[10] anti-globalization,[11] nativism,[10] protectionism,[12] opposition to immigration,[2] Islamophobia in non-Muslim-majority countries,[13] and Euroscepticism, where applicable. With globalisation and the idea of a single nation, neo-nationalists see the problems of identification and threatened identities.[14][15] They call for the protection of symbolic heritage, like art and folk traditions, which is also common for cultural nationalism.[16]

Particularly notable expressions of new nationalism include the vote for Brexit in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and the 2016 election of Donald Trump as the President of the United States.[17][18][19] Several neo-nationalist politicians have come to power or run strongly during the 2010s and 2020s, including Giorgia Meloni in Italy,[20] Marine Le Pen in France,[21] Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos in the Philippines,[22][23] and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil.[24]

Origins Edit

Neo-nationalism is considered as a pan-West European phenomenon. It has its origins in the post-Cold War period and the changes that the third phase of globalization brought to the West European states. The European Union integration and enlargement gave rise to a series of economic, social, and political changes causing uncertainties on an individual and collective level.[25][26] Empowerment of the European Union by extending its members and the referendums on European Constitution formed the idea of a transnational quasi-state[27] and a global nation under liberal democracy as the single political ideology that governs that transnational state. After the referendum on the Treaty to establish a Constitution for Europe was rejected, the delegation of national sovereignty to the European Union was seen by the neo-nationalists as a strategic act that aims at accumulation of power that undermines states’ national sovereignty and their right of self-determination.

External factors Edit

The dramatic events that marked the Islamic world in the 1980s such as the Iranian Revolution, the assassination of Anwar Sadat and the death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the President of Pakistan set a start of increased immigration towards Western European states.[28] The problems that immigrants encountered in relation to their arrival, accommodation, and integration within the domestic society of the hosting state motivated restructure of the political agenda and policy adjustments that integrated the diversity of immigrants. The inclusion of "foreign principles" next to the traditional elements that constitute the character of the hosting state as criteria for policy led to the feeling of the threat neo-nationalist felt. This process was framed as "Islamization" and turned into the explanatory factor for a specific defensive collective behaviour.[29]

The conflicts and the violence that followed after the political destabilization in some of the Islamic states led to the categorisation of Islam as having an anti-democratic and anti-modern character that is at odds with the Western liberal democracy. After the September 11 attacks, this image of Islam became dominant. The sense of the "Islamic threat" to de modern societies, and their culture that spread along the Western European states resulted in the rise of national awareness and pride in terms of culture and folklore and a need of protection the national cultural identity.[30][31]

Roots in nationalism Edit

Neo-nationalism is the successor to classical nationalism. Both nationalists and neo-nationalists see the nation as one family but differ in the criteria for affiliation. Nationalists see the state and the nation as a family whose members are inextricably linked based on ethnical, racial, genetic, religious or cultural homogeneity as criteria of belonging[32] In contrast, neo-nationalists take historical association as the major factor for granting membership to the national family, which makes them fundamentally different from their predecessors in terms of inclusiveness.[33]

Overview and characteristics Edit

Writing for Politico, Michael Hirsh described new nationalism as "a bitter populist rejection of the status quo that global elites have imposed on the international system since the Cold War ended, and which lower-income voters have decided—understandably—is unfair."[4][5] Michael Brendan Dougherty wrote in The Week that new nationalism is a "broad nativist revolt" against post-Cold War politics long "characterized by an orthodoxy of free trade, nurturing the service economy, neoliberal trading arrangements, and liberalized immigration policies."[34] Political science professor Eirikur Bergmann defines new-nationalism as being a specific kind of nativist populism.[3]

The Economist wrote in November 2016 that "new nationalists are riding high on promises to close borders and restore societies to a past homogeneity."[35] Clarence Page wrote in the Las Vegas Sun that "a new neo-tribal nationalism has boiled up in European politics and to a lesser degree in the United States since the global economic meltdown of 2008".[36] In The Week, Ryan Cooper and researchers with the Centre for Economic Policy Research[37] have linked 21st-century right-wing populism to the Great Recession.[38] According to Harvard political theorist Yascha Mounk, "economic stagnation among lower- and middle-class whites [has been] a main driver for nationalism's rise around the globe."[39] According to religion scholar Mark L. Movesian, new nationalism "sets the nation-state against supranational, liberal regimes like the EU or NAFTA, and local customs and traditions, including religious traditions, against alien, outside trends."[40]

David Brog and Yoram Hazony wrote in National Review that some conservatives view the new nationalism associated with Brexit, Rodrigo Duterte, and Donald Trump as a betrayal of conservative ideology, while they see it as a "return".[41] According to conservative commentator Jonah Goldberg, the nationalism associated with Trump is "really little more than a brand name for generic white identity politics."[5]

Writing for The Week, Damon Linker called the idea of neo-nationalism being racist "nonsense" and went on to say that "the tendency of progressives to describe it as nothing but 'racism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia'—is the desire to delegitimize any particularistic attachment or form of solidarity, be it national, linguistic, religious, territorial, or ethnic."[42]

Regarding new nationalism, The Economist said that "Mr Trump needs to realise that his policies will unfold in the context of other countries' jealous nationalism" and called nationalism itself a "slippery concept" that is "easy to manipulate". They also repeatedly contrasted ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism and implied new nationalism could become "angry" and difficult to control, citing Chinese nationalism as an example.[43]

Associated politicians, parties and events Edit

Brazil Edit

The President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro of the country's Liberal Party has been described as a leading new nationalist.[44] Bolsonaro's ideology and policies have been heavily influenced by his adviser, nationalist thinker Olavo de Carvalho.[45][46]

China Edit

See also: New Conservatism (China)

Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping's concept of "Chinese Dream" has been described as an expression of new nationalism.[47] His form of nationalism stresses pride in the historic Chinese civilisation, embracing the teachings of Confucius and other ancient Chinese sages, and thus rejecting the anti-Confucius campaign of Party chairman Mao Zedong.[48]

Egypt Edit

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (assumed office in 2014), and Nation's Future Party has been described as a new nationalist.[49][50]

Hungary Edit

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (assumed office in 2010), the leader of the ruling Fidesz party, has been described as a new nationalist.[51]

India Edit

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (assumed office in 2014) and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have been referred to as neo-nationalist.[49] Modi is a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing paramilitary[52] organisation aligned with the BJP, which has also been said to advocate a neo-nationalist ideology.[53] Modi's nationalist campaigns have been directed by BJP strategist Amit Shah, who currently serves as the Indian Home Minister (assumed office in 2019), and has been touted as a potential successor to Modi as Prime Minister.[54]

Yogi Adityanath, Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (assumed office in 2017), has also been identified as a neo-nationalist.[55] He has also been touted as a future Prime Minister of the country.[56]

Israel Edit

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (assumed office from 2009 to 2021), the leader of the Likud party, has been described both as promoting new nationalism,[57] and as pursuing a foreign policy of close ties with other new nationalist leaders, including Trump, Orbán, Salvini, Putin, Modi, Bolsonaro, Duterte and Sisi.[58][59][60][61][62]

In 2019, Netanyahu has forged a political alliance with the ultranationalist Union of Right-Wing Parties.[63]

Italy Edit

Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte (assumed office in 2018), head of the populist coalition Government of Change,[64] and in particular former Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister and the League's leader Matteo Salvini (2018–2019), were often described as new nationalists.[65][66][67] While in office, Salvini was described by some media outlets as the most powerful politician in the country, and a "de facto prime minister".[68][69][70] In August 2019, Salvini filed a motion of no confidence in the coalition government, asking new election to take "full powers",[71] but Conte formed a new government between Five Star Movement (M5S) and Democratic Party (PD).[72] At the head of this new cabinet, Conte toned down his neo-nationalist rhetoric.[73]

In the 2022 Italian general election, the neo-nationalist Brothers of Italy[74][75] emerged as the most voted party and its leader, Giorgia Meloni, became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022,[76] at the head of what it was described as the most right-wing government in Italy since 1945.[77]

Japan Edit

The 63rd Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (assumed office from 2012 to 2020), a member of the far-right organisation Nippon Kaigi, promoted ideas of new nationalism, as did the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, which he led.[78]

Mexico Edit

Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (assumed office in 2018) has been described as Neo-nationalist and often dubbed as "Mexican Donald Trump" by the media.[79][80]

Pakistan Edit

Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan (2018-2022), the leader of the then-ruling Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan Movement for Justice) was compared to Donald Trump and described as a neo-nationalist populist during his tenure.[81]

Philippines Edit

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte (assumed office in 2016) has been described as a new nationalist.[82] His party PDP-Laban has adopted Filipino nationalism as a platform.[82] The country has also a "far-right" reputation politically.[82] Bongbong Marcos, elected in 2022, is expected to govern in continuity with Duterte with a more far-right agenda.[83]

Poland Edit

Confederation party is a main political party in Poland that promotes New Nationalism, especially National Movement. There is also a neofascist and National Radical Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski that promotes harshly anti-globalist, anti-immigrant and anti-liberal agenda.

Russia Edit

President of Russia Vladimir Putin (second President of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and fourth President of Russia from 2012) has been labelled a new nationalist.[17] Putin has been described by Hirsh as "the harbinger of this new global nationalism".[4] Charles Clover, the Moscow bureau chief of the Financial Times from 2008 to 2013, wrote a book in 2016 titled Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism.[84] Russian nationalist thinker Aleksandr Dugin in particular has had influence over the Kremlin, serving as an adviser to key members of the ruling United Russia party, including now-SVR Director Sergey Naryshkin.[85]

Russia has been accused of supporting new nationalist movements across the Western World.[86]

Saudi Arabia Edit

The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammad bin Salman (assumed office in 2017), has been described by Kristin Diwan of The Arab Gulf States Institute as being attached to a "strong new nationalism".[87] The "new Saudi nationalism" has been used to bolster support for the Kingdom's economic and foreign policies, and represents a shift away from the Kingdom's earlier dependence on religion for legitimacy.[88] Many of the country's foreign policy actions from 2017 onwards, such as its blockade of Qatar and its diplomatic dispute with Canada have been described as motivated by this nationalism.[89] The policies of Mohammad bin Salman's administration have been heavily influenced by his adviser Saud al-Qahtani, who has been described as a "nationalist ideologue" and whose role has been compared to that formerly of Steve Bannon.[90][91]

Turkey Edit

In 2014, Mustafa Akyol wrote of a new "brand of Turkish neonationalism" promoted by Justice and Development Party (AKP), the country's ruling party, whose leader is President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (assumed office in 2014).[92][17] The Turkish "new nationalism" replaces the secular character of traditional forms of Turkish nationalism with an "assertively Muslim" identity.[93]

Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), has been described as creating a "new nationalist front" by forming the People's Alliance with Erdoğan's AKP in 2018.[94] The MHP is affiliated with the Grey Wolves paramilitary organisation, which Erdoğan has also expressed support for.[95]

United Arab Emirates Edit

The United Arab Emirates, under the leadership of Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Zayed (assumed office in 2004), has been described as propagating a "new Arab nationalism", which replaces the older, leftist form of the Arab nationalist ideology with a more conservative form, through its strong support for the rise of the respective new leaders of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Prince Mohammad bin Salman, as a means of countering Iranian and Turkish influence in the Arab states.[citation needed]

United Kingdom Edit

The 23 June 2016 referendum in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union ("Brexit") has been described as a milestone of neo-nationalism.[96][97] Owen Matthews noted similarities in motives for support of the Brexit movement and Donald Trump in the United States. He wrote in Newsweek that supporters of both are motivated by "a yearning to control immigration, reverse globalization and restore national greatness by disengaging from the wide, threatening world".[98]

Matt O'Brien wrote of the Brexit as "the most shocking success for the new nationalism sweeping the Western world".[99] Leaders of the Brexit campaign, such as Nigel Farage, the former leader of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party (now of Reform UK); London Mayor (now former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader) Boris Johnson; Vote Leave Co-Convenor Michael Gove; former Brexit Secretary David Davis; and European Research Group chairman Jacob Rees-Mogg, have been called "new nationalists".[4][100][101]

United States Edit

Main articles: American nationalism in the Donald Trump presidency and Trumpism

Donald Trump's rise to the Republican candidacy was widely described as a sign of growing new nationalism in the United States.[4][5] A Chicago Sun-Times editorial on the day of the inauguration of Donald Trump called him "our new nationalist president".[102] The appointment of Steve Bannon, the executive of Breitbart News (later cofounding The Movement), as White House Chief Strategist, was described by one analyst as arousal of a "new world order, driven by patriotism and a fierce urge to look after your own, a neo-nationalism that endlessly smears Muslims and strives to turn back the clock on free trade and globalization, a world where military might counts for far more than diplomacy and compromise".[103]

In the wake of Trump's election, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio has called for the Republican Party to embrace a "new nationalism" to oppose "economic elitism that has replaced a commitment to the dignity of work with a blind faith in financial markets and that views America simply as an economy instead of a nation."[104]

People Edit

The following politicians have all been described in some way as being neo-nationalists:

Africa Edit

Americas Edit

Main article: conservative wave

Asia-Pacific Edit

Europe Edit

Middle East Edit

Parties Edit

The following parties have all been described in some way as being neo-nationalist parties:

Africa Edit

Americas Edit

Asia-Pacific Edit

Europe Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

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October 22, 2023
nationalism, this, article, about, global, nationalist, populist, wave, that, appeared, 2010s, policy, associated, with, theodore, roosevelt, nationalism, theodore, roosevelt, nationalism, ideology, political, movement, built, basic, characteristics, classical. This article is about the global nationalist populist wave that appeared in the mid 2010s For the policy associated with Theodore Roosevelt see New Nationalism Theodore Roosevelt Neo nationalism 1 2 3 or new nationalism 4 5 is an ideology and political movement built on the basic characteristics of classical nationalism 6 It developed to its final form by applying elements with reactionary character generated as a reaction to the political economic and socio cultural changes that came with globalization during the second wave of globalization in the 1980s 7 8 9 Neo nationalism is associated with several positions such as right wing populism 10 anti globalization 11 nativism 10 protectionism 12 opposition to immigration 2 Islamophobia in non Muslim majority countries 13 and Euroscepticism where applicable With globalisation and the idea of a single nation neo nationalists see the problems of identification and threatened identities 14 15 They call for the protection of symbolic heritage like art and folk traditions which is also common for cultural nationalism 16 Particularly notable expressions of new nationalism include the vote for Brexit in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and the 2016 election of Donald Trump as the President of the United States 17 18 19 Several neo nationalist politicians have come to power or run strongly during the 2010s and 2020s including Giorgia Meloni in Italy 20 Marine Le Pen in France 21 Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos in the Philippines 22 23 and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil 24 Contents 1 Origins 2 External factors 3 Roots in nationalism 4 Overview and characteristics 5 Associated politicians parties and events 5 1 Brazil 5 2 China 5 3 Egypt 5 4 Hungary 5 5 India 5 6 Israel 5 7 Italy 5 8 Japan 5 9 Mexico 5 10 Pakistan 5 11 Philippines 5 12 Poland 5 13 Russia 5 14 Saudi Arabia 5 15 Turkey 5 16 United Arab Emirates 5 17 United Kingdom 5 18 United States 5 19 People 5 19 1 Africa 5 19 2 Americas 5 19 3 Asia Pacific 5 19 4 Europe 5 19 5 Middle East 5 20 Parties 5 20 1 Africa 5 20 2 Americas 5 20 3 Asia Pacific 5 20 4 Europe 6 See also 7 ReferencesOrigins EditNeo nationalism is considered as a pan West European phenomenon It has its origins in the post Cold War period and the changes that the third phase of globalization brought to the West European states The European Union integration and enlargement gave rise to a series of economic social and political changes causing uncertainties on an individual and collective level 25 26 Empowerment of the European Union by extending its members and the referendums on European Constitution formed the idea of a transnational quasi state 27 and a global nation under liberal democracy as the single political ideology that governs that transnational state After the referendum on the Treaty to establish a Constitution for Europe was rejected the delegation of national sovereignty to the European Union was seen by the neo nationalists as a strategic act that aims at accumulation of power that undermines states national sovereignty and their right of self determination External factors EditThe dramatic events that marked the Islamic world in the 1980s such as the Iranian Revolution the assassination of Anwar Sadat and the death of Muhammad Zia ul Haq the President of Pakistan set a start of increased immigration towards Western European states 28 The problems that immigrants encountered in relation to their arrival accommodation and integration within the domestic society of the hosting state motivated restructure of the political agenda and policy adjustments that integrated the diversity of immigrants The inclusion of foreign principles next to the traditional elements that constitute the character of the hosting state as criteria for policy led to the feeling of the threat neo nationalist felt This process was framed as Islamization and turned into the explanatory factor for a specific defensive collective behaviour 29 The conflicts and the violence that followed after the political destabilization in some of the Islamic states led to the categorisation of Islam as having an anti democratic and anti modern character that is at odds with the Western liberal democracy After the September 11 attacks this image of Islam became dominant The sense of the Islamic threat to de modern societies and their culture that spread along the Western European states resulted in the rise of national awareness and pride in terms of culture and folklore and a need of protection the national cultural identity 30 31 Roots in nationalism EditNeo nationalism is the successor to classical nationalism Both nationalists and neo nationalists see the nation as one family but differ in the criteria for affiliation Nationalists see the state and the nation as a family whose members are inextricably linked based on ethnical racial genetic religious or cultural homogeneity as criteria of belonging 32 In contrast neo nationalists take historical association as the major factor for granting membership to the national family which makes them fundamentally different from their predecessors in terms of inclusiveness 33 Overview and characteristics EditWriting for Politico Michael Hirsh described new nationalism as a bitter populist rejection of the status quo that global elites have imposed on the international system since the Cold War ended and which lower income voters have decided understandably is unfair 4 5 Michael Brendan Dougherty wrote in The Week that new nationalism is a broad nativist revolt against post Cold War politics long characterized by an orthodoxy of free trade nurturing the service economy neoliberal trading arrangements and liberalized immigration policies 34 Political science professor Eirikur Bergmann defines new nationalism as being a specific kind of nativist populism 3 The Economist wrote in November 2016 that new nationalists are riding high on promises to close borders and restore societies to a past homogeneity 35 Clarence Page wrote in the Las Vegas Sun that a new neo tribal nationalism has boiled up in European politics and to a lesser degree in the United States since the global economic meltdown of 2008 36 In The Week Ryan Cooper and researchers with the Centre for Economic Policy Research 37 have linked 21st century right wing populism to the Great Recession 38 According to Harvard political theorist Yascha Mounk economic stagnation among lower and middle class whites has been a main driver for nationalism s rise around the globe 39 According to religion scholar Mark L Movesian new nationalism sets the nation state against supranational liberal regimes like the EU or NAFTA and local customs and traditions including religious traditions against alien outside trends 40 David Brog and Yoram Hazony wrote in National Review that some conservatives view the new nationalism associated with Brexit Rodrigo Duterte and Donald Trump as a betrayal of conservative ideology while they see it as a return 41 According to conservative commentator Jonah Goldberg the nationalism associated with Trump is really little more than a brand name for generic white identity politics 5 Writing for The Week Damon Linker called the idea of neo nationalism being racist nonsense and went on to say that the tendency of progressives to describe it as nothing but racism Islamophobia and xenophobia is the desire to delegitimize any particularistic attachment or form of solidarity be it national linguistic religious territorial or ethnic 42 Regarding new nationalism The Economist said that Mr Trump needs to realise that his policies will unfold in the context of other countries jealous nationalism and called nationalism itself a slippery concept that is easy to manipulate They also repeatedly contrasted ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism and implied new nationalism could become angry and difficult to control citing Chinese nationalism as an example 43 Associated politicians parties and events EditBrazil Edit The President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro of the country s Liberal Party has been described as a leading new nationalist 44 Bolsonaro s ideology and policies have been heavily influenced by his adviser nationalist thinker Olavo de Carvalho 45 46 China Edit See also New Conservatism China Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping s concept of Chinese Dream has been described as an expression of new nationalism 47 His form of nationalism stresses pride in the historic Chinese civilisation embracing the teachings of Confucius and other ancient Chinese sages and thus rejecting the anti Confucius campaign of Party chairman Mao Zedong 48 Egypt Edit Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi assumed office in 2014 and Nation s Future Party has been described as a new nationalist 49 50 Hungary Edit Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban assumed office in 2010 the leader of the ruling Fidesz party has been described as a new nationalist 51 India Edit Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi assumed office in 2014 and his Bharatiya Janata Party BJP have been referred to as neo nationalist 49 Modi is a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS a right wing paramilitary 52 organisation aligned with the BJP which has also been said to advocate a neo nationalist ideology 53 Modi s nationalist campaigns have been directed by BJP strategist Amit Shah who currently serves as the Indian Home Minister assumed office in 2019 and has been touted as a potential successor to Modi as Prime Minister 54 Yogi Adityanath Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh assumed office in 2017 has also been identified as a neo nationalist 55 He has also been touted as a future Prime Minister of the country 56 Israel Edit Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu assumed office from 2009 to 2021 the leader of the Likud party has been described both as promoting new nationalism 57 and as pursuing a foreign policy of close ties with other new nationalist leaders including Trump Orban Salvini Putin Modi Bolsonaro Duterte and Sisi 58 59 60 61 62 In 2019 Netanyahu has forged a political alliance with the ultranationalist Union of Right Wing Parties 63 Italy Edit Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte assumed office in 2018 head of the populist coalition Government of Change 64 and in particular former Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister and the League s leader Matteo Salvini 2018 2019 were often described as new nationalists 65 66 67 While in office Salvini was described by some media outlets as the most powerful politician in the country and a de facto prime minister 68 69 70 In August 2019 Salvini filed a motion of no confidence in the coalition government asking new election to take full powers 71 but Conte formed a new government between Five Star Movement M5S and Democratic Party PD 72 At the head of this new cabinet Conte toned down his neo nationalist rhetoric 73 In the 2022 Italian general election the neo nationalist Brothers of Italy 74 75 emerged as the most voted party and its leader Giorgia Meloni became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022 76 at the head of what it was described as the most right wing government in Italy since 1945 77 Japan Edit The 63rd Prime Minister Shinzō Abe assumed office from 2012 to 2020 a member of the far right organisation Nippon Kaigi promoted ideas of new nationalism as did the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan which he led 78 Mexico Edit Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador assumed office in 2018 has been described as Neo nationalist and often dubbed as Mexican Donald Trump by the media 79 80 Pakistan Edit Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan 2018 2022 the leader of the then ruling Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf Pakistan Movement for Justice was compared to Donald Trump and described as a neo nationalist populist during his tenure 81 Philippines Edit Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte assumed office in 2016 has been described as a new nationalist 82 His party PDP Laban has adopted Filipino nationalism as a platform 82 The country has also a far right reputation politically 82 Bongbong Marcos elected in 2022 is expected to govern in continuity with Duterte with a more far right agenda 83 Poland Edit Confederation party is a main political party in Poland that promotes New Nationalism especially National Movement There is also a neofascist and National Radical Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski that promotes harshly anti globalist anti immigrant and anti liberal agenda Russia Edit President of Russia Vladimir Putin second President of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and fourth President of Russia from 2012 has been labelled a new nationalist 17 Putin has been described by Hirsh as the harbinger of this new global nationalism 4 Charles Clover the Moscow bureau chief of the Financial Times from 2008 to 2013 wrote a book in 2016 titled Black Wind White Snow The Rise of Russia s New Nationalism 84 Russian nationalist thinker Aleksandr Dugin in particular has had influence over the Kremlin serving as an adviser to key members of the ruling United Russia party including now SVR Director Sergey Naryshkin 85 Russia has been accused of supporting new nationalist movements across the Western World 86 Saudi Arabia Edit The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Mohammad bin Salman assumed office in 2017 has been described by Kristin Diwan of The Arab Gulf States Institute as being attached to a strong new nationalism 87 The new Saudi nationalism has been used to bolster support for the Kingdom s economic and foreign policies and represents a shift away from the Kingdom s earlier dependence on religion for legitimacy 88 Many of the country s foreign policy actions from 2017 onwards such as its blockade of Qatar and its diplomatic dispute with Canada have been described as motivated by this nationalism 89 The policies of Mohammad bin Salman s administration have been heavily influenced by his adviser Saud al Qahtani who has been described as a nationalist ideologue and whose role has been compared to that formerly of Steve Bannon 90 91 Turkey Edit In 2014 Mustafa Akyol wrote of a new brand of Turkish neonationalism promoted by Justice and Development Party AKP the country s ruling party whose leader is President Recep Tayyip Erdogan assumed office in 2014 92 17 The Turkish new nationalism replaces the secular character of traditional forms of Turkish nationalism with an assertively Muslim identity 93 Devlet Bahceli the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party MHP has been described as creating a new nationalist front by forming the People s Alliance with Erdogan s AKP in 2018 94 The MHP is affiliated with the Grey Wolves paramilitary organisation which Erdogan has also expressed support for 95 United Arab Emirates Edit The United Arab Emirates under the leadership of Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Zayed assumed office in 2004 has been described as propagating a new Arab nationalism which replaces the older leftist form of the Arab nationalist ideology with a more conservative form through its strong support for the rise of the respective new leaders of Egypt and Saudi Arabia Abdel Fattah el Sisi and Prince Mohammad bin Salman as a means of countering Iranian and Turkish influence in the Arab states citation needed United Kingdom Edit The 23 June 2016 referendum in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union Brexit has been described as a milestone of neo nationalism 96 97 Owen Matthews noted similarities in motives for support of the Brexit movement and Donald Trump in the United States He wrote in Newsweek that supporters of both are motivated by a yearning to control immigration reverse globalization and restore national greatness by disengaging from the wide threatening world 98 Matt O Brien wrote of the Brexit as the most shocking success for the new nationalism sweeping the Western world 99 Leaders of the Brexit campaign such as Nigel Farage the former leader of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party now of Reform UK London Mayor now former Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader Boris Johnson Vote Leave Co Convenor Michael Gove former Brexit Secretary David Davis and European Research Group chairman Jacob Rees Mogg have been called new nationalists 4 100 101 United States Edit Main articles American nationalism in the Donald Trump presidency and Trumpism Donald Trump s rise to the Republican candidacy was widely described as a sign of growing new nationalism in the United States 4 5 A Chicago Sun Times editorial on the day of the inauguration of Donald Trump called him our new nationalist president 102 The appointment of Steve Bannon the executive of Breitbart News later cofounding The Movement as White House Chief Strategist was described by one analyst as arousal of a new world order driven by patriotism and a fierce urge to look after your own a neo nationalism that endlessly smears Muslims and strives to turn back the clock on free trade and globalization a world where military might counts for far more than diplomacy and compromise 103 In the wake of Trump s election U S Senator Marco Rubio has called for the Republican Party to embrace a new nationalism to oppose economic elitism that has replaced a commitment to the dignity of work with a blind faith in financial markets and that views America simply as an economy instead of a nation 104 People Edit The following politicians have all been described in some way as being neo nationalists Africa Edit Muhammadu Buhari President of Nigeria 2015 105 Hamid Chabat former Mayor of Fez 2003 2015 and leader of the Moroccan Istiqlal Party 106 Uhuru Kenyatta President of Kenya assumed office in 2013 and leader of the Jubilee Party of Kenya 107 Pieter Groenewald Leader of the Freedom Front Plus and member of South African National Assembly 108 Julius Malema President of the Economic Freedom Fighters and member of South African National Assembly 109 110 Herman Mashaba former Mayor of Johannesburg 2016 and ex member of the Democratic Alliance 111 John Magufuli President of Tanzania 2015 2021 112 Isaias Afwerki President of Eritrea 1993 113 Americas Edit Main article conservative wave Jair Bolsonaro President of Brazil 2019 2023 and former member of the Social Liberal Party 114 Olavo de Carvalho Brazilian political pundit and journalist 45 Mario Abdo Benitez President of Paraguay 2018 and candidate from the Colorado Party 115 Chi Hyun Chung Presidential candidate of 2019 Bolivian general election 116 Luis Fernando Camacho Governor of Santa Cruz 2021 117 118 Maxime Bernier MP 2017 candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada and leader of the People s Party of Canada 119 Nayib Bukele former Mayor of San Salvador 2015 2018 and President of El Salvador 2019 120 Horacio Cartes former President of Paraguay 2013 2018 and candidate from the Colorado Party 121 Andres Chadwick Interior Minister of Chile 2012 2014 2018 2019 and member of the Independent Democratic Union 122 Juan Orlando Hernandez President of Honduras 2014 2022 and candidate from the National Party of Honduras 123 Jose Antonio Kast Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile 2002 2018 independent presidential candidate in the 2017 presidential election right wing presidential candidate in the 2021 presidential election and leader of Republican Party 124 Francois Legault Premier of Quebec 2018 and leader of the Canadian Coalition Avenir Quebec 125 Kellie Leitch MP and 2017 candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada 126 Ivan Duque Marquez President of Colombia 2018 2022 and candidate from the Democratic Center 127 Jimmy Morales President of Guatemala 2016 2020 and candidate from the National Convergence Front 128 Alejandro Giammattei President of Guatemala 2020 129 Fabricio Alvarado Munoz 2018 and 2022 presidential candidate 130 Juan Diego Castro Fernandez 2018 Costa Rican presidential candidate 131 132 133 134 135 Rodrigo Chaves Robles President of Costa Rica 136 Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador President of Mexico 2018 and founder of the National Regeneration Movement 79 Kevin O Leary businessman and 2017 candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada 126 Donald Trump businessman television personality politician former President of the United States 2017 2021 and member the Republican Party 137 Marco Rubio U S Senator from Florida and member of the Republican Party 138 Steve Bannon American political figure former White House Chief Strategist and former executive chairman of Breitbart News 139 Tucker Carlson American political commentator and host for Fox News 140 Josh Hawley U S Senator from Missouri and member of the Republican Party 141 Nicolas Maduro President of Venezuela and leader of the PSUV 142 Daniel Ortega President of Nicaragua 143 Elise Stefanik U S representative from New York and member of the Republican Party 144 Marjorie Taylor Greene U S representative from Georgia and member of the Republican Party 145 146 Lauren Boebert U S representative from Colorado and member of the Republican Party 147 148 Mary Miller U S representative from Illinois and member of the Republican Party 149 150 Matt Gaetz U S representative from Florida and member of the Republican Party 151 Keiko Fujimori former First Lady of Peru presidential candidate in 2011 2016 and 2021 152 Asia Pacific Edit Tony Abbott former Prime Minister of Australia 2013 2015 and former leader of the Liberal Party of Australia 153 Xi Jinping Paramount leader of China 2012 and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 154 Kim Jong un Supreme Leader of North Korea 2011 and general secretary of the Workers Party of Korea 155 Khaltmaagiin Battulga President of Mongolia 2017 and candidate of the Mongolian Democratic Party Prayut Chan o cha Prime Minister of Thailand 2014 and prime ministerial candidate of the Phalang Pracharat Party in the 2019 general election citation needed Peter Dutton Minister for Defence 2021 Minister for Home Affairs 2018 2021 and member of the Liberal Party of Australia 156 Park Geun hye former President of South Korea 2013 2017 and former leader of the Saenuri Party 157 Hong Jun pyo former leader of the Liberty Korea Party and candidate in the 2017 presidential election 158 Bongbong Marcos President of the Philippines 2022 159 Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India 2014 and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party 160 Shinzō Abe former Prime Minister of Japan 2006 2007 2012 2020 and former leader of the Liberal Democratic Party 2006 2007 2012 2020 161 Tarō Asō Deputy Prime Minister of Japan 2012 2021 and Minister of Finance 2012 2021 Imran Khan Prime Minister of Pakistan 2018 and leader of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf 162 Rodrigo Duterte President of the Philippines 2016 2022 and leader of PDP Laban 163 Winston Peters former Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand 2017 2020 and leader of New Zealand First 164 Najib Razak former Prime Minister of Malaysia 2009 2018 and former leader of Barisan Nasional and the United Malays National Organisation 165 Hun Sen Prime Minister of Cambodia 1985 and leader of the Cambodian People s Party 166 Prabowo Subianto Defense Minister of Indonesia 2019 leader of the Great Indonesia Movement Party and candidate in the 2019 presidential election 167 Abdulla Yameen former President of the Maldives 2013 2018 and leader of the Progressive Party of Maldives 168 Pauline Hanson leader of One Nation Min Aung Hlaing leader of the Tatmadaw and Chairman of the State Administration Council 169 Lukar Jam Atsok Sikyong candidate for the Central Tibetan Administration 170 171 Europe Edit Sebastian Kurz former Chancellor of Austria 2017 2019 2020 2021 and former leader of the Austrian People s Party 172 Heinz Christian Strache former Vice Chancellor of Austria 2017 2019 and former leader of the Freedom Party of Austria 173 Norbert Hofer former Transport Innovation and Technology Minister of Austria 2017 2019 leader of the Freedom Party of Austria and candidate in the 2016 presidential election 4 Tom Van Grieken leader of the Belgian Vlaams Belang 174 Theo Francken member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives and former Secretary of State for Asylum member of N VA 175 Mischael Modrikamen Belgian politician and lawyer former leader of the People s Party and former executive director of The Movement 176 Tomislav Karamarko Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia 2016 and former leader of the Croatian Democratic Union 177 Boyko Borisov Prime Minister of Bulgaria 2009 2013 2014 2021 and leader of GERB 178 Krasimir Karakachanov Defence Minister of Bulgaria leader of IMRO Bulgarian National Movement and spokesperson for United Patriots 179 Veselin Mareshki Bulgarian businessman and leader of Volya 180 Milos Zeman President of the Czech Republic 2013 former Prime Minister of the Czech Republic 1998 2002 and leader of the Party of Civic Rights 181 Andrej Babis Prime Minister of the Czech Republic 2017 2021 and leader of ANO 2011 182 Tomio Okamura leader of the Czech Freedom and Direct Democracy 183 Kristian Thulesen Dahl Member of the Folketing and leader of the Danish People s Party 184 Mart Helme Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister of Estonia assumed office in 2019 and leader of the Conservative People s Party of Estonia 185 Jussi Halla aho Member of the Finnish Parliament and leader of the Finns Party 186 Marine Le Pen leader of the French National Rally and candidate in the 2017 presidential election 40 Eric Zemmour leader or Reconquete and candidate in the 2022 French presidential election 187 Alexander Gauland Member of the German Bundestag and co leader of Alternative for Germany 188 Jorg Meuthen Member of the German Bundestag and co leader of Alternative for Germany 189 Alice Weidel Member of the German Bundestag and parliamentary leader of Alternative for Germany 190 Adonis Georgiadis Minister for Development and Investment of Greece and member of New Democracy 191 Panos Kammenos former Defence Minister of Greece 2015 2019 and leader of the Independent Greeks 192 Georgios Karatzaferis leader of Popular Orthodox Rally citation needed Ilias Kasidiaris Greek agronomist and former member of the Greek Parliament 193 Ioannis Lagos Greek MEP and leader of the National People s Conscience 194 Nikos Michaloliakos Greek mathematician and leader of the Golden Dawn 195 Kyriakos Velopoulos Greek television personality politician and leader of the Greek Solution party 196 Makis Voridis Agricultural Development Minister of Greece assumed office in 2019 and member of New Democracy 197 Failos Kranidiotis Greek lawyer and leader of New Right 198 Viktor Orban Prime Minister of Hungary 1998 2002 2010 and leader of Fidesz 199 Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson former Prime Minister of Iceland 2013 2016 and leader of the Centre Party 200 Giorgia Meloni Prime Minister of Italy 2022 present and leader of Brothers of Italy 201 Matteo Salvini Deputy Prime Minister of Italy 2018 2019 2022 present and current leader of League 202 Raivis Zeltits Latvian politician and Secretary General of National Alliance 203 Rolandas Paksas former Prime Minister and President of Lithuania former leader of Order and Justice 204 Nebojsa Medojevic candidate in the 2008 Montenegrin presidential election and leader of Movement for Changes 205 Geert Wilders leader of the Dutch Party for Freedom citation needed Thierry Baudet member of the House of Representatives and leader of Forum for Democracy 206 Janusz Korwin Mikke Polish politician philosopher writer former member of the European Parliament and leader of Confederation 207 Victor Ponta former Prime Minister of Romania 2012 2015 and former leader of the Social Democratic Party 208 Vladimir Putin President of Russia former Prime Minister of Russia and leader of United Russia 209 Robert Fico former Prime Minister of Slovakia and leader of Direction Social Democracy 181 Andrej Danko Speaker of the Slovak National Council and leader of the Slovak National Party 210 Janez Jansa Prime Minister of Slovenia and leader of the Slovenian Democratic Party 211 Santiago Abascal former member of Basque Parliament and leader of VOX 212 Pablo Casado Spanish opposition leader and President of People s Party 213 Jimmie Akesson Member of the Swedish Riksdag and leader of the Sweden Democrats 214 Christoph Blocher former member of the Swiss Federal Council and former vice president of the Swiss People s Party 215 Gerard Batten Deputy leader of the UK Independence Party former Member of the European Parliament and former leader of the UK Independence Party 216 Christian Tybring Gjedde Progress Party Member of Norwegian Parliament 217 Middle East Edit Abdel Fattah el Sisi President of Egypt 2014 and former Minister of Defence 2012 2014 160 Muqtada al Sadr leader of the Iraqi Sadrist Movement 218 Benjamin Netanyahu former Prime Minister of Israel 1996 1999 2009 2021 and leader of Likud 219 Naftali Bennett Prime Minister of Israel 2021 former Israeli Minister of Education former leader of The Jewish Home and current member of New Right 220 Khalifa Haftar commander of the Libyan National Army assumed office in 2015 221 Tamim bin Hamad Emir of Qatar 2013 222 Recep Tayyip Erdogan President of Turkey 2014 former Prime Minister of Turkey 2003 2014 and leader of the Justice and Development Party 223 Mohammad bin Salman Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 2017 and Deputy Prime Minister 224 Saud al Qahtani Saudi Arabian consultant and former Royal Court Advisor 225 Devlet Bahceli former Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and leader of the Nationalist Movement Party 226 Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Crown Prince of the United Arab Emirates citation needed Bashar al Assad President of Syria 2000 227 Mohammed Dahlan Palestinian politician and advisor of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 228 229 Parties Edit The following parties have all been described in some way as being neo nationalist parties Africa Edit Economic Freedom Fighters Freedom Front Plus National Council for the Defense of Democracy Forces for the Defense of Democracy Burundi ZANU PF 230 Americas Edit Communist Party of Cuba 231 Liberal Party Brazil 2006 Republican Party Chile 2019 United Socialist Party of VenezuelaAsia Pacific Edit Chinese Communist Party Communist Party of Vietnam 231 Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino 232 Kuomintang Lao People s Revolutionary Party Liberal Democratic Party Japan One Nation in Australia 233 Europe Edit Alternative for Germany 234 The Danish People s Party which provided parliamentary support for the centre right governing coalition led by Venstre Party 2001 2011 2015 2019 235 The Dutch Forum for Democracy 236 The National Alliance a member of the governing coalition in Latvia since 2016 237 The Slovak National Party a member of the governing coalition in Slovakia 2016 2020 181 We Are Family a member of the governing coalition in Slovakia assumed office in 2020 238 The Sweden Democrats 239 The Swiss People s Party a member of the governing coalition in Switzerland since 1929 240 The United Patriots a member of the governing coalition in Bulgaria since 2014 241 The Flemish Vlaams Belang 235 The Portuguese Enough 242 See also EditAlt right Anti globalization movement Christian right Conservative wave Ethnic nationalism Japanese nationalism European Alliance of People and Nations Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America Evangelical political parties in Latin America Far right politics Illiberal democracy National conservatism Neoconservatism Nippon Kaigi Paleoconservatism Pasokification Radical right disambiguation Right wing populism The Movement Traditional conservatism Trumpism UltranationalismReferences Edit Stephens Bret 21 November 2016 Trump s Neo Nationalists The Wall Street Journal a b Eger Maureen A Valdez Sarah 2014 Neo nationalism in Western Europe European Sociological Review 31 1 115 130 doi 10 1093 esr jcu087 Based on our combined analyses we conclude that contemporary anti immigrant parties constitute a new and distinct party family which we term neo nationalist a b Bergmann Eirikur 2020 Neo Nationalism The Rise of Nativist Populism Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 3 030 41772 7 a b c d e f Hirsh Michael 27 June 2016 Why the New Nationalists Are Taking Over Politico a b c d Goldberg Jonah 16 August 2016 New nationalism amounts to generic white identity politics Newsday To listen to both his defenders and critics Donald Trump represents the U S version of a new nationalism popping up around the world Banks Marcus 1996 Ethnicity anthropological constructions London Routledge ISBN 978 0 203 41793 5 OCLC 229923551 Holston J Appadurai A 1 January 1996 Cities and Citizenship Public Culture 8 2 187 204 doi 10 1215 08992363 8 2 187 ISSN 0899 2363 Beck Ulrich Sopp Peter 1997 Individualisierung und Integration Neue Konfliktlinien und neuer Integrationsmodus Leske Budrich ISBN 978 3 8100 1848 9 OCLC 472507579 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Hannerz U 1996 Transactional connections culture people places Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 14309 7 OCLC 849306953 a b Barber Tony 11 July 2016 A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe Financial Times the rise of rightwing populist nativism Stokes Bruce 19 December 2016 Analysis Europe s far right anger is moving mainstream Chicago Tribune Retrieved 7 March 2018 Crouch Colin Sakalis Alex Bechler Rosemary 2 October 2016 Educating for democracy openDemocracy Some protagonists of the new nationalism such as Donald Trump and Marine Le Pen also advocate a retreat from the global economy into individual protectionist nation states Bangstad Sindre 2018 The New Nationalism and its Relationship to Islam Diversity and Contestations over Nationalism in Europe and Canada London Palgrave Macmillan UK pp 285 311 doi 10 1057 978 1 137 58987 3 11 ISBN 978 1 137 58986 6 Jenkins Richard 1952 Social Identity Abingdon UK Taylor amp Francis doi 10 4324 9780203292990 ISBN 978 0 203 29299 0 Macdonald Sharon 1993 Inside European identities ethnography in Western Europe Berg ISBN 978 0 85496 723 0 OCLC 25831986 Hutchinson John 1 March 2013 Cultural Nationalism Oxford Handbooks Online doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199209194 013 0005 a b c Trump s world The new nationalism The Economist 19 November 2016 Persaud Avinash 20 September 2016 Brexit Trump and the new nationalism are harbingers of a return to the 1930s blogs lse ac uk London School of Economics Rushkoff Douglas 7 July 2016 The New Nationalism Of Brexit And Trump Is A Product Of The Digital Age Fast Company Kirby Paul 26 September 2022 Giorgia Meloni Italy s far right wins election and vows to govern for all BBC News Retrieved 26 September 2022 Zreik Mohamad 14 August 2019 Marine Le Pen s Nationalist Ideology and the Rise of Right Wing Parties in Europe Modern Diplomacy Retrieved 24 May 2021 Donald Kirk 9 May 2022 The Filipino Trump Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr Heading for Presidential Landslide Thedailybeast com Retrieved 1 August 2022 President Trump and Philippine President Duterte Why they re alike Usatoday com 13 November 2017 Retrieved 1 August 2022 Stevenson Chris 1 January 2019 Some cheer some feel fear in Brazil as far right president Jair Bolsonaro is sworn in The Independent Archived from the original on 18 June 2022 Retrieved 24 May 2021 McDonald Maryon 1989 We are not French language culture and identity in Brittany Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 00632 3 OCLC 19922545 Seiser Gertraud On the importance of being the last one iheritance and marriage in an Austrian peasant community OCLC 610993126 DeBardeleben Joan 1950 Hurrelmann Achim 1974 2011 Transnational Europe promise paradox limits Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 30637 0 OCLC 903291338 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Indra de Soysa and Ragnhild Nordas December 2007 Replication data for Islam s Bloody Innards Indra de Soysa and Ragnhild Nordas OCLC 729701975 Rath Jan Sunier Thijl Meyer Astrid 1999 Der Islam in den Niederlanden Zur Bedeutung islamischer Institutionen in einer entsaulten Gesellschaft Fundamentalismusverdacht VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften pp 74 84 doi 10 1007 978 3 663 10116 1 5 ISBN 978 3 8100 2500 5 Praag Carlo van 2000 Multicultureel drama voor uitverkochte zaal op zoek naar de genzen van multicultureel Nederland OCLC 775376190 Huinder Chris M C 1950 Schnabel Paul 1948 Gowricharn Ruben S Ruben Sewpersad 1952 Mok Ineke Regina Johanna Maria 1959 2000 De multiculturele illusie FORUM ISBN 978 90 5714 069 3 OCLC 67730422 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Walzer Michael 1993 Spheres of justice a defence of pluralism and equality Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 14063 4 OCLC 439795521 Warmenbol Lien 2008 Gingrich Andre and Marcus Banks eds Neo Nationalism in Europe and Beyond Anthropos 103 2 593 594 doi 10 5771 0257 9774 2008 2 593 ISSN 0257 9774 Dougherty Michael Brendan 26 July 2016 A new nationalism is rising Don t let Donald Trump destroy it The Week League of nationalists The Economist 19 November 2016 Page Clarence 2 July 2016 Could Brexit foreshadow a victory by Trump Las Vegas Sun Manuel Funke Moritz Schularick Christoph Trebesch 21 November 2015 The political aftermath of financial crises Going to extremes Voxeu org Ryan Cooper 15 March 2017 The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right wing populism The Week Detrow Scott 25 June 2016 From Brexit To Trump Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World NPR a b Movesian Mark L 8 December 2016 The New Nationalism libertylawsite org Online Library of Law and Liberty cited in Veith Gene 9 December 2016 The triumphs of nationalism Patheos Brog David Hazony Yoram 7 December 2016 The Nationalist Spirit of 2016 A Conservative Spring National Review Liberals keep denigrating the new nationalism as racist This is nonsense Theweek com 21 September 2016 Retrieved 28 January 2018 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nationalism for 2019 www dailyo in Retrieved 21 July 2018 The Man Stoking Nationalism in India Could Succeed Modi One Day Bloomberg 28 November 2019 Guha Ramachandra 5 February 2018 Patriotism Vs Jingoism Outlook Retrieved 21 July 2018 Barry Ellen Raj Suhasini 12 July 2017 Firebrand Hindu Cleric Ascends India s Political Ladder The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 27 August 2021 The unraveling of Israeli democracy Times of Israel 21 December 2015 Nationalists of the World Unite Foreign Policy 8 January 2018 Is Netanyahu making deals with the devil Jewish News Syndicate 7 February 2019 New world disorder Trump s nationalist axis has upended global politics Middle East Eye 27 July 2018 Netanyahu s Negotiating With Neo Fascists for a Consensus View of the Holocaust The Daily Beast 12 December 2018 Bibi Was Right The Atlantic 18 December 2018 Top Posts for Merging With Kahanists Netanyahu Far right Party Reach Deal Haaretz 20 February 2018 Market turmoil hits Conte s road to Rome Financial Times 25 May 2018 Salvini tra Russia nazionalismo e fascismo padano Huff Post 28 October 2014 Retrieved 28 January 2018 Blog Salvini con Casapound ma la nuova Lega nazionalista aspira davvero a governare Il Fatto Quotidiano Ilfattoquotidiano it 9 March 2015 Retrieved 28 January 2018 La svolta a destra di Salvini Errori e contraddizioni del programma economico della nuova Lega Ilfoglio it Retrieved 28 January 2018 Politi James 19 June 2018 Combative Salvini Seizes Control of Italy s Political Agenda Financial Times Retrieved 21 June 2018 How Matteo Salvini is Dominating Italian Politics The Economist 21 June 2018 Retrieved 25 June 2018 Tondo Lorenzo Kirchgaessner Stephanie 3 July 2018 Matteo Salvini backed by politician with links to mafia The Guardian Retrieved 21 July 2018 Borrelli Silvia Sciorilli 9 August 2019 Matteo Salvini calls confidence vote in Italian PM POLITICO Retrieved 5 September 2019 Consultazioni Mattarella convoca Conte per giovedi mattina il premier al Colle alle 09 30 Tgcom24 Archived from the original on 28 August 2019 Retrieved 29 August 2019 Juncker loda la metamorfosi di Conte e la rivendica E come con Tsipras lastampa it 30 August 2019 Wolfram Nordsieck 2013 Parties and Elections in Europe Italy Retrieved 24 January 2014 Binnie Isla 31 January 2018 Leading lady of Italy s right campaigns for a baby boom Reuters Retrieved 21 July 2018 Far right Meloni set to become Italy s first woman PM France 24 Agence France Presse 21 October 2022 Archived from the original on 21 October 2022 Retrieved 21 October 2022 Italy elects most far right government since WWII CNN YouTube Tisdall Simon 27 November 2013 Is Shinzo Abe s new nationalism a throwback to Japanese imperialism The Guardian Retrieved 28 January 2018 a b Andres Martinez 29 November 2018 Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador and Trump Make an Odd Pair The Atlantic Jones James R 2 July 2018 Mexico s new president is a nationalist but he s not anti American The Washington Post Robertson Nic 29 July 2018 Imran Khan Pakistan s Trump CNN a b c How Neo Nationalism Went Global U S News amp World Report 15 March 2018 Wee Sui Lee 9 May 2022 After 36 years a Marcos is again on the path to power The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 9 May 2022 Clover Charles 2016 Black Wind White Snow The Rise of Russia s New Nationalism Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 12070 7 Aleksandr Dugin Wants to See a Return to Russian Imperialism Vice Media 28 April 2018 Kirchick James 17 March 2017 Russia s plot against the West Politico Lebanon the next battlefield as Saudis escalate bitter struggle with Iran Sydney Morning Herald 12 November 2017 Saudi Royals Turn to Flag Waving and Fireworks to Marshal Support Wall Street Journal 24 September 2018 Saudi Arabia picks a pointless fight with Canada The Economist 9 August 2018 Spotlight Inside the stricken court of crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman GQ 27 December 2018 Saudi Mr Hashtag becomes fall guy in Khashoggi case but is he really down France 24 25 October 2018 Akyol Mustafa 23 June 2014 AKP pushes its own brand of Turkish neonationalism Al Monitor Is Turkey Experiencing a New Nationalism Center for American Progress 11 February 2018 Turkey Toward a third Nationalist Front government Hurriyet Daily News Retrieved 21 July 2018 Stevenson Tom 21 July 2018 Our bodies are Turkish our souls Islamic The rise of Turkey s ultra nationalists Middle East Eye Toubeau Simon 24 June 2016 Brexit Europe s new nationalism is here to stay The Sydney Morning Herald Khatun Fahmida 27 June 2016 Brexit Rise of neo nationalism and protectionism The Daily Star Matthews Owen 28 June 2016 Beyond Brexit Europe s Populist Backlash Against Immigration and Globalization Newsweek O Brien Matt 27 June 2016 The world s losers are revolting and Brexit is only the beginning The Washington Post Ahmad Naveed 27 June 2016 Brexit a call for xenophobia and neo nationalism The Express Tribune Collins Philip 14 September 2017 Britain s new Gaullists Prospect Editorial Our new nationalist president Chicago Sun Times 20 January 2017 Law Bill 18 November 2016 First we take the White House The rise and rise of Steve Bannon Middle East Eye Rubio Goes Nationalist The Weekly Standard 10 August 2018 Liberal democracy has failed in Nigeria africasacountry com Retrieved 12 June 2020 Hamid Chabat from union activist to leader of Morocco s Istiqlal The North Africa Post 3 October 2012 NIGERIA Buhari returns from sick leave to raging battles on economic policy Blog Post Africa Confidential Africa confidential com Retrieved 28 January 2018 White Nationalism Moves into South African Mainstream Politics Voice of America English The Turn of the Fascist Archived 12 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Jane Duncan SACSIS 2011 Imraan Baccus Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine City Press 2013 Herman Mashaba is South Africa s Donald Trump Nehanda Radio 2 November 2017 Retrieved 21 July 2018 John Magufuli Tanzania s Bulldozer president in profile BBC News 30 October 2019 Tesfagiorgis Paulos 15 June 2020 The Cruel Fate of Nationalism and Nationalists in Eritrea La nouvelle Internationale planetaire des nationalistes Slate fr 2 March 2017 Blair Laurence 24 April 2018 Paraguay election Mario Abdo Benitez victory recalls brutal dictatorship The Guardian Retrieved 21 July 2018 Elecciones en Bolivia Chi Hyun Chung el Bolsonaro boliviano que busca destronar a Evo Morales 10 October 2019 Retrieved 21 October 2019 Miranda Boris 11 November 2019 Evo Morales renuncia a la presidencia de Bolivia Luis Fernando Camacho el Bolsonaro boliviano que protagonizo las protestas que forzaron la dimision del lider indigena Evo Morales resigns from the presidency of Bolivia Luis Fernando Camacho the Bolivian Bolsonaro who starred in the protests that forced the resignation of the indigenous leader in Spanish BBC News Retrieved 21 October 2020 Kovarik Jacquelyn 13 November 2019 Bolivia s Anti Indigenous Backlash Is Growing The Nation The Nation Retrieved 13 November 2019 A Mad Max Candidate Offers a Far Right Jolt to the Canadian Election New York Times 15 October 2019 Melissa Vida 16 June 2019 El Salvador s Trump Takes Office Foreignpolicy com Paraguay elects controversial president Horacio Cartes www irishtimes com Retrieved 21 July 2018 Chile president elect reveals hardline cabinet with ties to Pinochet The Guardian Honduran President Begins Second Term amid Scandal Unrest Geopolitical Monitor 1 February 2018 Jose Antonio Kast lanza su movimiento Accion Republicana para despertar a la gran mayoria silenciosa La Tercera 20 April 2018 Midway through their mandate embattled Quebec Liberals ride an airplane high Montreal Gazette 1 May 2016 a b Did France put an end to the new nationalism Troy Media 9 May 2017 Turley Steve 20 June 2018 Ivan Duque Wins Colombia Turns to the Populist Right Turley Talks Retrieved 21 July 2018 In Guatemala anti establishment presidential candidate benefits from corruption scandals The Tico Times 10 June 2015 Alejandro Giammattei La educacion es el mejor anticonceptivo Prensa Libre in Spanish 9 August 2015 Retrieved 21 August 2019 Fabricio Alvarado evangelical Christian Costa Rica s presidential front runner The Washington Times Retrieved 21 July 2018 A Trump in the Tropics Why a Demagogue became the Leading Contender in Costa Rica s Upcoming Election OxPol OxPol 9 January 2018 Retrieved 8 March 2018 Umana Carlos 29 March 2017 Juan Diego Castro y la oleada post Trump en Costa Rica Semanario Universidad Retrieved 1 December 2017 Moleiro Alonso 2018 El Donald Trump de Costa Rica es un profeta de la antipolitica en Twitter Al Navio Retrieved 31 July 2019 Madrigal Luis El populismo como arma el caso de Juan Diego Castro MundoCR Retrieved 1 December 2017 Fuchs Gustavo 1 February 2018 Costa Rica is the far right poised for victory Lab Retrieved 30 October 2018 Murillo Alvaro Figueres contra Chaves el heredero del poder frente al candidato que reta al sistema para presidir Costa Rica El Pais Retrieved 15 February 2022 Hirsh Michael 27 June 2016 Why the New Nationalists Are Taking Over Politico com Brexit Europe s new nationalism is here to stay Smh com au 24 June 2016 First we take the White House The rise and rise of Steve Bannon Middle East Eye 20 November 2016 Ruse Austin 19 July 2019 Social Conservatism and the New Nationalism Crisis Magazine The Nationalists Take Washington The Atlantic 17 July 2019 The Problem With Nationalism North Korea Syria Venezuela and England The New York Observer 14 July 2016 Emanuel Louis 13 August 2018 How Daniel Ortega squeezed the life out of his socialist dream and left Nicaragua on the brink of civil war The Daily Telegraph via www telegraph co uk Churchill Elise Stefanik stumps for Trump 24 August 2020 Joyner Chris Marjorie Taylor Greene the Washington outsider spent donations on insider expenses The Atlanta Journal Constitution How the QAnon Candidate Marjorie Taylor Greene Reached the Doorstep of Congress The New Yorker 9 October 2020 Why Won t Some Western Slope Republicans Talk About Lauren Boebert 16 February 2021 The QAnon supporters winning congressional primaries explained 3 July 2020 What do Right Leaning Populists Actually Want The Atlantic 30 March 2017 Freedom Caucus Contorno Steve 25 August 2020 It s a horror film Matt Gaetz warns of Democratic rule at Republican convention Tampa Bay Times https www etd ceu edu 2021 braga cezar pdf Team Australia a nationalism framed in terms of external threats Sbs com au Retrieved 28 January 2018 Wang Zheng 10 May 2016 The New Nationalism Make My Country Great Again The Diplomat Kim Jong Un s New Year s Day Speech Understanding Sovereignty Is the Key The National Interest 8 January 2019 Ndhlovu Finex 2018 Language Vernacular Discourse and Nationalisms Springer p 330 New Leader Promises Reforms at Korean Film Council Variety 18 February 2018 Meet the South Korean Presidential Candidate Who Wants Trump to Give Him Nukes Weekly 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s embrace Financial Times 14 January 2018 Borissov appoints nationalist deputies to his third cabinet Euractiv 4 May 2017 Rick Lyman 24 February 2017 In Bulgaria a Businessman Who Talks and Acts Like Trump The New York Times a b c The new nationalism Eastern Europe turns right Prospect 18 February 2016 Czech Republic elects billionaire nationalist skeptical of the EU immigration Theweek com 23 October 2017 Retrieved 28 January 2018 Rapoza Kenneth Europe s New Political Equation Anti Open Borders Plus Tax Cuts Equals Winning Forbes com Retrieved 28 January 2018 Simon Tisdall Danish rightwinger Kristian Thulesen Dahl rides high on populist tide The Guardian Estonia joins the far right club Politico 30 April 2019 Jussi Halla aho quiet hardliner behind Finland s populist uproar Euractiv com 15 April 2019 La Croix La Croix 26 July 2021 Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Alex Pearson 13 November 2019 The AfD s Alexander Gauland From conservative to nationalist DW AfD Meet the far right bosses DW Dagmar Breitenbach 14 November 2018 AfD s Alice Weidel The pride of the populists a mystery to everyone else DW In Greece the line between conservative journalism and political campaigns blurs Columbia Journalism Review Retrieved 24 May 2020 For Trump adviser at center of Russia probe a rapid rise and dramatic fall in his ancestral land Washington Post 10 December 2017 8ESEIS ELLHNES net Retrieved 24 May 2020 8ESEIS ELASYN ELASYN in Greek Retrieved 24 May 2020 Andy Dabilis 28 September 2013 Profile Of A Greek Extremist Nikolaos Michaloliakos GreekReporter com Greekreporter com Retrieved 24 May 2020 Small Euroskeptic far right Greek Solution party may squeeze into Euro Parliament ekathimerini com Retrieved 19 November 2019 Greek minister denies dark anti Semitic past Arutz Sheva 13 July 2019 Ex aide to former PM forms far right party ekathimerini com Retrieved 19 November 2019 Merkel And Former Communists Versus Orban And The New Nationalists Forbes com Retrieved 19 November 2019 Panama Papers Iceland s prime minister had offshore holdings in collapsed banks Irish Times 6 April 2019 Binnie Isla 31 January 2018 Leading lady of Italy s right campaigns for a baby boom Reuters via www reuters com Salvini tra Russia nazionalismo e fascismo padano Huffingtonpost it 18 October 2014 Post Gimene Tauta Valsts Defiant impeached former Lithuanian President launches campaign to restore litas Bnn news com November 2018 Montenegro Opposition Leader to Join Steve Bannon Movement 4 February 2019 How the Suave New Dutch Far Right Nearly Won an Election Bloomberg 25 May 2019 Retrieved 19 November 2019 The Kremlin s Influence Reaches Warsaw Visegradinsight eu 28 May 2019 Romania Bucks Nationalist Wave With Election Shock Bloomberg 19 November 2014 The new nationalism Trump s world Economist com 19 November 2016 Pirro Andrea L P 5 June 2015 The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Ideology impact and electoral performance Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 55711 1 Slovenia s President Wins Second Term in Runoff Election New York Times 12 November 2017 Leader of Spanish populist party aims to become new Trump Voice of Europe 9 November 2018 Retrieved 10 November 2018 Amirola Rodrigo Spain s Right Wing Populist Jacobin Magazine Jacobin Retrieved 8 September 2018 Who is Jimmie Akesson the architect of Sweden s rising far right Thelocal se 5 September 2018 The Trump Before Trump The American Interest 17 December 2018 UKIP aiming to be radical populist party Gerard Batten BBC News 21 September 2018 Vil ikke vaere medlem av Tybring Gjeddes nye Frp TV2 20 September 2019 Moqtada al Sadr In Iraq a fiery cleric redefines himself as nationalist patriot Christian Science Monitor 3 May 2017 The unraveling of Israeli democracy Blogs timesofisrael com 21 December 2015 Israel s Bennett and Shaked announce New Right political party Al Jazeera 30 December 2018 Khalifa Haftar Libya s military strongman Deutsche Welle 5 April 2019 A Renewed Sense of Nationalism Takes Root in Qatar Stratfor 29 December 2017 Mustafa Akyol 23 June 2014 AKP pushes its own brand of Turkish neonationalism Al monitor com Lebanon the next battlefield as Saudis escalate bitter struggle with Iran Smh com au 11 November 2017 Crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman Inside the stricken court Gq magazine co uk 27 December 2018 Turkey Toward a third Nationalist Front government Hurriyetdailynews com 8 November 2016 Elba Miriam 8 September 2017 Why White Nationalists Love Bashar Al Assad The Intercept Retrieved 25 August 2020 Teller Neville 13 October 2020 Is Mohammed Dahlan the next Palestinian president in waiting The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 30 November 2020 Balousha Hazem 3 January 2016 Dismissed Fatah leader Dahlan says Abbas Hamas lack serious nationalism Al Monitor Retrieved 30 November 2020 ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE African Nationalist Leaders Rhodesia to Zimbabwe Retrieved 24 April 2023 a b Cuban Communists Warped Sense of Nationalism 6 September 2015 Partido para sa kinabukasan Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino 11 November 2021 Keddie Amanda 2017 Supporting and Educating Young Muslim Women Taylor amp Francis p 6 Meaney Thomas 3 October 2016 The New Star of Germany s Far Right The New Yorker This article appears in other versions of the October 3 2016 issue with the headline Germany s New Nationalists a b Kosmin Barry A 2007 Secularism amp Secularity Contemporary International Perspectives ISSSC p 134 Europe s populists are waltzing into the mainstream The Economist 3 February 2018 Flamm Lazlo 2012 The Crisis and Eurosceptism in Central and Eastern Europe International Centre for European Studies p 312 Pakulski Jan 2016 The Visegrad Countries in Crisis PDF Collegium Civitas p 71 Archived from the original PDF on 19 September 2018 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Teitelbaum Benjamin 2017 Lions of the North Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism OUP All federal councils Swiss confederation 15 September 2017 Retrieved 8 October 2020 Nationalism the big winner in Bulgarian election Reuters com 23 March 2017 Retrieved 28 January 2018 Portugal election result cements modest gains for Europe s centre left The Guardian 7 October 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Neo nationalism amp oldid 1177108908, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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