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Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

May 04, 2023

Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi[a] (born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian military in 2014, Sisi served as Egypt’s deputy prime minister from 2013 to 2014, as its minister of defense from 2012 to 2013, and as its director of military intelligence from 2010 to 2012.[1] He was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in January 2014.

His Excellency
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
عبد الفتاح السیسی
Official portrait, 2017
6th President of Egypt
Assumed office
8 June 2014
Prime MinisterIbrahim Mahlab
Sherif Ismail
Moustafa Madbouly
Preceded byMohamed Morsi
Adly Mansour (interim)
Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt
In office
16 July 2013 – 26 March 2014
Prime MinisterHazem al-Beblawi
Ibrahim Mahlab
17th Chairperson of the African Union
In office
10 February 2019 – 10 February 2020
Preceded byPaul Kagame
Succeeded byCyril Ramaphosa[1]
Minister of Defence
In office
12 August 2012 – 26 March 2014
Prime MinisterHesham Qandil
Hazem al-Beblawi
Ibrahim Mahlab
Preceded byMohamed Hussein Tantawi
Succeeded bySedki Sobhy
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
In office
12 August 2012 – 26 March 2014
Preceded byMohamed Hussein Tantawi
Succeeded bySedki Sobhy
Director of Military Intelligence
In office
3 January 2010 – 12 August 2012
Preceded byMurad Muwafi
Succeeded byMahmoud Hegazy
Personal details
Born
Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi

(1954-11-19) 19 November 1954 (age 68)
Cairo, Cairo Governorate, Republic of Egypt
Political partyIndependent
Spouse
​
(m. 1977)​
Children4, including Mahmoud
Parent(s)Said Hussein Khalili al-Sisi
Soad Mohamed
Alma materEgyptian Military Academy
Signature
Military service
AllegianceEgypt
Branch/serviceEgyptian Army
Years of service1977–2014
RankField Marshal
UnitInfantry
Battles/wars

Sisi was born in Cairo in 1954. As a young man, he joined the Egyptian Army and held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. Sisi received additional training at the Joint Services Command and Staff College in the United Kingdom in 1992, and at the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 2006. Before becoming director of military intelligence in 2010, he served as a mechanized infantry commander. He never saw active combat throughout his military service.[2][3]

After the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and election of Mohamed Morsi to the Egyptian presidency, Sisi was appointed Minister of Defense by Morsi on 12 August 2012, replacing the Hosni Mubarak-era Hussein Tantawi. As the minister of defense, and ultimately commander in chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Sisi was involved in the military coup that removed then-president Morsi from office on 3 July 2013, in response to the June 2013 Egyptian protests. Morsi was replaced by an interim president, Adly Mansour, who appointed a new cabinet. Demonstrations, sit-ins, and violent clashes between supporters of Morsi and security forces followed, culminating in the Rabaa massacre which killed at least several hundreds of civilians.

On 26 March 2014, in response to calls from supporters to run for the presidency, Field Marshal el-Sisi retired from his military career and announced that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election.[4] The election, held between 26 and 28 May, featured one opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi,[5] saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in a landslide victory with 97% of the vote.[5][6][7] Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014.

Sisi rules an authoritarian regime in Egypt,[8][9][10][11] and some elements of his rule have been described as even more strict than that of prior authoritarian leader Mubarak.[12][13] In the 2018 presidential election, Sisi faced only nominal opposition (a pro-government supporter, Moussa Mostafa Moussa) after the military arrest of Sami Anan,[14][15][16][17] threats made to Ahmed Shafik with old corruption charges and an alleged sex tape,[18][19][20] and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles presented, and violations committed, by the elections committee.[21][22][23]

Early life and military education

Sisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954[24] to Said Hussein Khalili al-Sisi and Soad Mohamed, both from Monufia Governorate.[25][26] He grew up in Gamaleya, near al-Azhar Mosque, in a quarter where Muslims, Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how, during his childhood, he had heard church bells and watched Jews flock to synagogue unhindered.[citation needed]

He later enrolled in the Egyptian Military Academy, and upon graduating he held various command positions in the Egyptian Armed Forces and served as Egypt's military attaché in Riyadh. In 1987, he attended the Egyptian Command and Staff College. In 1992, he continued his military career by enrolling in the British Command and Staff College, and, in 2006, enrolled in the United States Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.[27] Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, serving as the director of military intelligence and reconnaissance department. He was later chosen to replace Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and serve as the commander-in-chief and Minister of Defense and Military Production on 12 August 2012.[citation needed]

Sisi's family origins were in the Monufia Governorate. He is the second eldest of eight siblings. His father, a conservative but not radical Muslim, who later had six additional children with a second wife,[28] owned an antiques shop for tourists in the historic bazaar of Khan el-Khalili.[29]

Sisi and his siblings studied at the nearby library at al-Azhar University. Unlike his brothers – one of whom is a senior judge, another a civil servant – el-Sisi went to a local army-run secondary school, where he developed a relationship with his maternal cousin, Entissar Amer. They were married upon Sisi's graduation from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] He attended the following courses:

Military career, 1977–2014

El-Sisi received his commission as a military officer in 1977 serving in the mechanised infantry, specialising in anti-tank warfare and mortar warfare. He became Commander of the Northern Military Region-Alexandria in 2008 and then Director of Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance. El-Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt. While a member of the Supreme Council, he made controversial statements regarding allegations that Egyptian soldiers had subjected detained female demonstrators to forced virginity tests. He is reported to have told Egypt's state-owned newspaper that "the virginity-test procedure was done to protect the girls from rape as well as to protect the soldiers and officers from rape accusations."[24] He was the first member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to admit that the invasive tests had been carried out.[38]

 
US-Egypt Bright Star exercise in 2009. Sisi was sitting on the left back seat.

Main command positions

  • Commander, 509th Mechanized Infantry Battalion[37]
  • Chief of Staff, 134th Mechanized Infantry Brigade[37]
  • Commander, 16th Mechanized Infantry Brigade[37]
  • Chief of Staff, 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division[37]
  • Chief of Staff, Northern Military Zone[37]
  • Deputy Director, Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department[37]
  • Director, Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department[37]

Also reported is commander of the 23rd Mechanized Division, Third Field Army.

Minister of Defense

 
Field Marshal Sisi as Minister of Defense, 2013

On 12 August 2012, Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi made a decision to replace the Mubarak-era Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, with then little-known el-Sisi. He also promoted him to the rank of colonel general.[39] Sisi was then described by the official website of FJP as a "Defense minister with revolutionary taste".[40] El-Sisi also took the post of Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet.

 
US Secretary of State John Kerry meets with Egyptian Defense Minister el-Sisi in Cairo, 3 March 2013

El-Sisi was appointed as Minister of Defense on 12 August 2012. He remained in office under the new government formed after the deposition of Morsi, and led by Hazem al-Beblawi. He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt. On 27 January 2014, he was promoted to the rank of field marshal.[41]

Civil uprising, coup d'état and transition

 
Demonstrations against President Morsi, June 2013
Main articles: June 2013 Egyptian protests, 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, and August 2013 Rabaa massacre

Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as Egyptians took to the streets to denounce Mohamed Morsi. Clashes took place around Egypt. Soon afterwards, the Egyptian Army issued a 48-hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the anti-Morsi demonstrators. The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then.[42] On 3 July 2013, the Egyptian Armed Forces declared that as the political parties had failed to meet the deadline and Morsi had failed to build a national consensus for his leadership, the army had to overthrow Morsi in a coup d'état. The army then installed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim head of state in his place until a new president could be elected, and ordered the arrest of many members of the Muslim Brotherhood on charges of "inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace."[43] El-Sisi announced on television that the president had "failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people" and declared that the constitution would be temporarily suspended, which was met by acceptance from anti-Morsi demonstrations and condemnation from pro-Morsi supporters in Rabaa al-Adawiya.

On 24 July 2013, during a speech at a military parade, el-Sisi called for mass demonstrations to grant the Egyptian military and police a "mandate" to crack down on terrorism.[44] While supporters interpreted this to mean that el-Sisi felt the need of the people to prove to the world that it was not a coup but the popular will, the statement was seen by opponents as contradicting the military's pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Morsi and as indicating an imminent crackdown against Islamists.[45][46]

The reactions to el-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support from the Egyptian presidency[47] and the Tamarod movement[48] to rejection, not only by the Muslim Brotherhood,[45] but also by the Salafi Nour Party,[49] the Islamist Strong Egypt Party,[50] the liberal April 6 Youth Movement[51] and some western-backed human rights groups.[52] During the August 2013 Cairo sit-ins dispersal, the Egyptian military under el-Sisi's command was involved in assisting the national police in dispersing two sit-ins held by Muslim Brotherhood/Morsi supporters from sit-ins in Rabaa el-Adaweya and Nahda squares. This action resulted in rapidly escalating violence that eventually led to deaths of 638 people, of whom 595 were protestors and 43 were security forces, with at least 3,994 injured from both sides (according to the Ministry of Health). In addition to several violent incidents in various cities including Menya and Kerdasa against security forces which resulted in the Kerdasa massacre.[53][54] Writing for British newspaper The Independent in August 2013, Robert Fisk described then-General el-Sisi as being at a loss, but that a massacre - as Fisk called the sit-in dispersal - would go down in history as an infamy.[55] Writing for the American magazine Time, Lee Smith concluded that "Egypt's new leader is unfit to rule", referring not to the actual head of government at the time, interim president Adly Mansour, but to Sisi.[56] In a file published by the State Information Services, the government explained the raids by stating that "police went on to use force dispersing the sit-in on 14 August 2013 with the least possible damage, causing hundreds of civilians and police to fall as victims, while Muslim Brotherhood supporters imposed a blockade for 46 days against the people in al-Nahda and Rabaa al-Adawiya squares under the name of sit-in where tens of protesters took to the street daily hindered the lives of the Egyptians, causing unrest and the death or injury of many victims as well as damage to public and private properties".[57]

On 3 August 2013, el-Sisi gave his first interview since the overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi. Speaking to The Washington Post, he criticised the US response and accused the Obama administration of disregarding the Egyptian popular will and of providing insufficient support amid threats of a civil war, saying, "You left the Egyptians. You turned your back on the Egyptians and they won't forget that."[58]

On 6 October war anniversary in 2013, el-Sisi announced that the army was committed to the popular mandate of 26 July 2013: "We are committed, in front of God, to the Egyptian and Arab people that we will protect Egypt, the Egyptians and their free will."[59]

 
Egyptian protesters carry Anti-Coup Alliance signs referencing Sisi in Cardiff, UK on 21 Sept 2013

During the anniversary celebration that year, General el-Sisi invited the Emirati, Iraqi, Bahraini, Moroccan and Jordanian defense ministers to celebrate with him. During his speech he said in a warning way that the Egyptian people "will never forget who stood with them or against them". El-Sisi described 6 October as "a day to celebrate for all Arabs", hoping for the "unification of Arabs". He also thanked "Egypt's Arab brothers, who stood by its side." El-Sisi commented on the relationship between the Egyptian army and Egyptian people, saying that it is hard to break. El-Sisi said: "We would die before you [the Egyptian people] would feel pain". He also compared the Egyptian army to the Pyramid, saying that "it cannot be broken".[59]

Civil liberties

After Sisi had ousted president Morsi and disbanded the Shura Council, in September 2013 interim president Adly Mansour temporarily decreed that ministers could award contracts without a request for tender. In the next month, the government awarded building contracts worth approximately one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army.[60] In April 2014, the interim government's Investment Law banned appeals against government contracts.

Also in September 2013, the interim government removed pre-trial detention limits for certain crimes, allowing unconvicted political dissidents to remain in detention indefinitely. In November 2013, el-Sisi's government banned protests in an attempt to combat the growing pro-Brotherhood unrest; the police arrested thousands of Egyptians using the new law.[60]

On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death,[61] following an attack on a police station in 2013, an act described by Amnesty International as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've seen in recent years […] anywhere in the world".[62] The BBC reported that by May 2016, approximately 40,000 people, mostly Brotherhood members or loyalists, had been imprisoned since Morsi's overthrow.[63]

Cult of personality

The anti-Morsi demonstrators on the streets welcomed el-Sisi's announcement of the overthrow of Morsi with celebrations and carried posters of el-Sisi, chanting "The Army and the People are one hand" and supporting General el-Sisi. On social networks, thousands of Egyptians changed their profile pictures to pictures of el-Sisi, while others started campaigns requesting that El-Sisi be promoted to the rank of field marshal, while others hoped he would be nominated in the next presidential elections.[64]

Cupcakes, chocolate and necklaces bearing the "CC" initials were created, restaurants in Egypt named sandwiches after him, blogs shared his pictures, and columns, op-eds, television shows and interviews discussed the "new idol of the Nile valley" in the Egyptian mainstream media.[65][66][67][68] On 6 December 2013, el-Sisi was named "Time Person of the Year" in Time magazine's annual reader poll.[69] The accompanying article noted "Sisi's success reflected the genuine popularity of a man who led what was essentially a military coup in July against the democratically elected government of then President Mohammed Morsi."[70]

The "Kamel Gemilak" (Finish Your Favor) and "El-Sisi for President" campaigns were started to gather signatures to press el-Sisi, who had said he had no desire to govern, to run for presidency.[71] Many politicians and parties including Egyptians and non-Egyptians had announced their support for el-Sisi in the event of his running for president, including the National Salvation Front,[72] Tamarod,[73] Amr Moussa, a previous candidate for the presidency,[74] Abdel-Hakim Abdel-Nasser son of late President Gamal Abdel Nasser,[71] unsuccessful presidential candidate Ahmed Shafik,[75] Prime Minister Hazem Al Beblawi,[76] Naguib Sawiris,[77] the Free Egyptians Party, the Revolutionary Forces Bloc,[78] and the Russian president Vladimir Putin.[79] However, Hamdeen Sabahi ran against him in the presidential race.[80] Subsequently, Sabahi issued criticisms of Sisi and his candidacy by expressing doubt about Sisi's commitment to democracy, arguing that the general bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government. He also denounced what he deemed to be the transitional government's hostility toward the goals of the revolution.[81][82][83]

Kamel Gemilak claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking Sisi to run for president.[84] On 21 January 2014, Kamel Gemilak organised a mass conference call in Cairo International Stadium to call on el-Sisi to run for president.[85] On 6 February 2014, the Kuwaiti newspaper al-Seyassah claimed that el-Sisi would run for president, saying that he had to meet the wishes of the Egyptian people for him to run.[86][87] El-Sisi confirmed on 26 March 2014 that he would run for president in the presidential election.[4] Shortly after his announcement, popular hashtags were started for and against el-Sisi's presidential bid.[88][89] The presidential election, which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014, saw el-Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted;[6] it was held without the participation of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom & Justice Party, which had won every prior post-Mubarak electoral contest.

Presidency (2014–present)

President Sisi was sworn into office on 8 June 2014. The event was marked by an impromptu public holiday in Egypt in conjunction with festivals held nationwide.[90] Tahrir Square was prepared to receive millions of Egyptians celebrating Sisi's win; police and soldiers shut down the square outlets with barbed wires and barricades, as well as electronic portals for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivities.[91] Sisi's oath of office was administered in the morning in Egypt's Supreme constitutional court in front of the deputy head of the constitutional court, Maher Sami, who described el-Sisi as a "rebel soldier" and a "revolutionary hero"; ex-president Adly Mansour; other constitutional court members; and a group of Egypt's top politicians. Sisi later moved to the Heliopolis Palace, where a 21-gun salute welcomed the new president, before the ex-president received Sisi near the palace's stairway. Sisi then presided over a reception for the foreign presidents, emirs, kings, and official delegations who had been invited. No representatives of Turkey, Tunisia or Qatar were invited, reportedly because of their governments' critical stances regarding then-recent events in Egypt;[92] representatives of Israel were also not invited. In a ceremony at Heliopolis Palace, Sisi gave a speech to the attendees. He and the previous president, Adly Mansour, also signed a document officially transferring power to Sisi, which was the first time in Egyptian history that power had been transferred in this way. Sisi then went on to Koubbeh Palace, where the final ceremony was held. There, he gave the final speech of the day to 1,200 attendees representing a spectrum of the Egyptian people—from various walks of life and from each of the provinces of Egypt. He described the problems that he said Egypt was facing, and his plan for addressing them, and declared, "In its next phase, Egypt will witness a total rise on both internal and external fronts, to compensate for what we have missed and correct the mistakes of the past". Sisi then issued his first presidential decree, conferring the Order of the Nile upon the previous president, Adly Mansour.[93]

Domestic policy

Further information: Human rights in Egypt

According to Freedom House, President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has governed Egypt in an increasingly authoritarian manner. They claim that meaningful political opposition is virtually nonexistent and that security forces engage in human rights abuses with impunity.[94]

Sisi has expressed his personal concerns about the issue of sexual assault in the country. He was photographed during a hospital visit to a woman receiving treatment after an assault during celebrations in Cairo's Tahrir Square, ordering the army, the police, and the media to counter the issue.[95]

El-Sisi has called for the reform and modernisation of Islam;[96] to that end, he has taken measures within Egypt such as regulating mosque sermons and changing school textbooks (including the removal of some content on Saladin and Uqba ibn Nafi inciting or glorifying hatred and violence).[97][98] He has also called for an end to the Islamic verbal divorce; however, this was rejected by a council of scholars from Al-Azhar University.[99]

El-Sisi also became the first Egyptian president in the country's history to attend Christmas Mass[100] and gave a speech at the Coptic Orthodox Christmas service in Cairo in January 2015 calling for unity and wishing the Christians a merry Christmas.[100][101]

Human rights policy

 
Protesters outside 10 Downing Street against UK visit of President Sisi in November 2015

According to Human Rights Watch, Sisi's government used torture and enforced disappearances against his political opponents and criminal suspects. Extrajudicial killings were committed by the military in its campaign against Wilayah Sayna, an ISIS affiliate in North Sinai. In addition to prosecutions, travel bans and asset freezes against human rights defenders, and repressive new legislations that threaten to kill the independent civil society.[102] The government is also responsible for arbitrary arrests and torture of children as young as twelve.[103]

Mass demonstrations against his government broke out on 20 September 2019, protesting perceived corruption, repression and lack of freedom.[104][105] Sisi blamed political Islam for protests and instability. According to him, "As long as we have political Islam movements that aspire for power, our region will remain in a state of instability." Sisi stated that public opinion in Egypt would not accept political Islam to return to government, referring to 30 June 2013 uprising and coup d'état against the Muslim Brotherhood rule.[106]

Economic reforms

 
El-Sisi listens as US Secretary of State Kerry addresses audience of several thousand attending the EEDC

Sisi, who is reportedly facing a severe economic ordeal in Egypt, has decided to raise fuel prices by 78 percent as an introduction to cut the subsidies on basic food stuffs and energy, which eat up nearly a quarter of the state budget. The Egyptian government has always provided these subsidies as a crucial aid to millions of people who live in poverty, fearing people's anger in five years time.[107] Egypt has spent $96 billion on energy subsidies in a decade which made petrol in Egypt among the world's cheapest.[107] Cutting the energy subsidies will save £E51 billion. The government hopes the decision will benefit services such as health and education. Sisi also raised taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, applying a flat tax on local and imported cigarettes to between 25 and 40 cents per pack, as well as new property taxes, and plans to introduce a new scheme for value-added taxes.[108] Chicken prices would reportedly rise by 25 percent days after the decision because of added transportation costs. Mini-bus and taxi fares were raised by about 13 percent.[107] Slashing subsidies was recommended by international financial institutions, but no Egyptian leader had managed to broach the issue, fearing unrest in a country where nearly 30 percent of the population live in poverty and rely on government aid.[109] President Sisi defended the decision to raise fuel prices, saying it was "bitter medicine" that should have been taken before and was "50 years late" but was not taken, as governments feared a backlash like the Bread Riots of 1977.[110] Sisi, who had previously accepted only half of his own pay, called on Egyptians to make sacrifices, vowing to repair an economy growing at the slowest pace in two decades. Sisi warned Egyptians of more pain over the next two years from economic problems that he said had accumulated over the last four decades and needed to be fixed.[111] Egypt also paid more than $6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies within two months.[112] By March 2015 after 8 months of Sisi's rule, Egypt's external debt fell to $39.9 billion, a drop of 13.5 percent.[113]

As a result of the economic reforms, Moody's raised Egypt's credit ratings outlook to stable from negative[114] and Fitch Ratings upgraded Egypt's credit rating one step to "B" from "B−".[115] Standard & Poor's rated Egypt B-minus with a stable outlook and upgraded Egypt's credit rating in November 2013. On 7 April 2015, Moody's upgraded Egypt's outlook from Caa1 to B3 with stable outlook expecting real GDP growth in Egypt to recover to 4.5% year-on-year for the fiscal year 2015, which ends in June, and then to rise to around 5%–6% over the coming four years[116] compared to 2.5% in 2014.

In May 2015, Egypt chose the banks to handle its return to the international bond market after a gap of five years marking a return of economic and political stability in the country after the revolution of 2011.[117] However, in early 2016 the Egyptian pound suffered from devaluation: in February when the pound was allowed to float briefly, its value reduced rapidly from £E7.83 per US dollar to £E8.95 per dollar, resulting in increased prices for everyday goods.[118]

Energy policy

Considered its worst in decades, Egypt's energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi[119] continued to grow in Sisi's first months in office, challenging the new government. Due to shortage in energy production, growing consumption, terrorist attacks on Egypt's energy infrastructure, debts to foreign oil companies and the absence of the needed periodic maintenance of the power plants, the energy blackout rates in Egypt rose to unprecedented levels, with some parts of the country facing around six power cuts a day for up to two hours each.[120] In August 2014, daily electricity consumption hit a record high of 27.7 gigawatts, 20% more power than stations could provide. The next month Egypt suffered a massive power outage that halted parts of the Cairo Metro, took television stations off the air, and ground much of the country to a halt for several hours because of the sudden loss of 50 percent of the country's power generation.[121] Sisi, on his part, said that the idler would be held accountable and promised to partially solve the economic crisis by August 2015, and that, beginning with December that year, the crisis will be dealt with entirely. Both long-term and short-term plans were introduced. In the short-term, Egypt signed a contract with General Electric (GE) to provide the country with 2.6 gigawatts by the summer of 2015. The first phase entered service in June and the final phase was expected to be completed by the end of August, making it one of the fastest energy transferring operations in the world according to GE.[122] In June, Sisi's administration stated that for the first time in years, Egypt achieved a surplus in power generating capacity estimated at 2.9 gigawatts. In the long-term, Egypt paid more than $6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies between January and March.[112] Energy contracts were placed as a top priority in the Egypt Economic Development Conference in March 2015, resulting in a $9 billion contract with Siemens to supply gas and wind power plants to boost the country's electricity generation by 50 percent,[123] in addition to an energy deal worth $12 billion (£E91.5 billion) with BP to provide the country with an extra quarter of local energy production.[124] Sisi also stated that Egypt is not just solving its energy crisis, but rather seeking to become a "global hub for energy trading."[125] In Nicosia on 21 November 2017 he met President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades and the Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras.[126][127][128] They encouraged and welcomed private sector initiatives of energy infrastructure projects, important for energy security of all three countries such as the EuroAfrica Interconnector, interconnector between Greek, Cypriot, and Egypt power grids via submarine power cable of length around 1,619-kilometre (1,006 mi).[127][128]

National projects

In August 2014, President Sisi initiated a new Suez Canal, a parallel channel running about one-third the length of the existing waterway,[129] which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. The new canal is expected to increase the Suez Canal's revenues by 259% from current annual revenues of $5 billion. The project cost around 60 billion Egyptian-pounds ($8.4 billion) and was fast-tracked over a year. Sisi insisted funding come from Egyptian sources only.[130] The new canal was inaugurated on schedule on 6 August 2015.[131]

Sisi also introduced the Suez Canal Area Development Project[132] which would involve development of five new seaports in the three provinces surrounding the canal, a new industrial zone west of the Gulf of Suez, economic zones around the waterway, seven new tunnels between Sinai and the Egyptian home land, building a new Ismailia city, huge fish farms, and a technology valley within Ismailia.[133]

Sisi also started the National Roads Project, which involves building a road network of more than 4,400 kilometres and uses 104 acres of land, promising that there are many development and reconstruction campaigns for Egypt to reduce the unemployment rate and increase the poor's income.[134]

An ambitious plan to build a new city near Cairo to serve as the country's new capital was announced during the Egypt Economic Development Conference. Located east of Cairo approximately midway between Cairo and Suez, this proposed new capital of Egypt is yet to be formally named and is intended to relieve population pressures from the greater Cairo area[135]

In 2016, President Sisi set a national goal of eliminating all unsafe slums in two years.[136] The first stage of the project was inaugurated on 30 May 2016 containing 11,000 housing units built at a cost of £E1.56 billion (US$177.8 Million). Funding was provided by the "Long Live Egypt" economic development fund in collaboration with civilian charitable organizations. The ultimate goal is the construction of 850,000 housing units with additional stages in processes funded in the same manner.[137]

An agricultural plan, under the name "New Delta Project", aims to expand the Egyptian Delta and construct housing and farmlands westwards to increase Egypt's food sufficiency and general agricultural production.[138]

Opinion polls

In August 2014, Egypt's Baseera, the Centre for Public Opinion Research, said in a poll result that only eight percent of the sample were unhappy with El-Sisi's performance and ten percent of the sample said they could not identify their position. The poll showed that 78 percent of the sample said they would vote for Sisi should the presidential elections be held again the next day while 11 percent said they would not. Eighty-nine percent said that there was improvement in the security situation after Sisi's taking office. Seventy-three percent said that fuel has become regularly available since Sisi's election. Meanwhile, 35 percent of respondents believed price controls had improved, while 32 percent believed that they have become worse. Twenty-nine percent of the respondents did not see any change, and three percent were undecided.[139]

An April 2016 poll by Baseera after 22 months in office, indicated that Sisi garnered 79% approval rating while 8% were undecided and 13% disapprove of the president's performance. These numbers indicate a moderate drop from the last poll done in 2014.[140]

In October 2016, Baseera conducted a poll that reports 68% of respondents claim to support Sisi,[141] a 14% fall from the last poll created in August,[142] and it included that the reason for the fall was the ongoing price hikes.

According to an October 2016 survey fielded by Princeton University scholars found that "roughly 58% of respondents hold positive implicit attitudes toward Sisi."[8]

Foreign policy

 
Sisi with U.S. President Joe Biden at the GCC+3 summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 16 July 2022
 
Sisi with Indian PM Narendra Modi at the Hyderabad House in India, 25 January 2023

Africa

El-Sisi made an African tour, his first foreign visit since taking office a short visit to Algeria, seeking support to counter Islamist militancy in North Africa.[143] Shortly before Sisi arrived in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea to participate in the 23rd ordinary session of the African Union summit where he gave his speech blaming the AU for freezing Egypt's membership a year before. El-Sisi also announced the establishment of an Egyptian partnership agency for Africa's development.[144] He also concluded the tour with a few hours' visit to Sudan.[145]

The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam escalated in 2021.[146] El-Sisi warned: "I am telling our brothers in Ethiopia, let's not reach the point where you touch a drop of Egypt's water, because all options are open."[147]

Israel and Palestine

Further information: Egypt–Israel relations and Egypt–Palestine relations
 
Secretary Kerry and Egyptian Foreign Minister Shoukry discuss Gaza ceasefire with el-Sisi in Cairo

Relations with Israel have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal,[148][149] with Sisi saying he talked to Israel's former prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, "a lot".[150] Sisi has been described by The Economist as "the most pro-Israeli Egyptian leader ever."[151] With continuous support for Palestine, the Sisi administration supports the two-state solution establishing a Palestinian state on lands that were occupied in 1967 [152] with Eastern Jerusalem as its capital for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict achieving the Palestinians needs and granting Israel the security it wants.[153] The first months of Sisi's presidency witnessed the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Egypt also criticised the IDF operation in the Gaza Strip as "oppressive policies of mass punishment rejecting 'the irresponsible Israeli escalation' in the occupied Palestinian territory, which comes in the form of 'excessive' and unnecessary use of military force leading to the death of innocent civilians." It also demanded Israel adopt self-restraint and to keep in mind that being an "occupation force", it has a legal and moral duty to protect civilian lives.[154]

After Egypt proposed an initiative for a ceasefire later accepted by Israel and rejected by Hamas, the Sisi administration urged the world to intervene and stop the crisis when it stated that its ceasefire efforts have been met with "obstinacy and stubbornness".[155] Egypt also hosted several meetings with both Israeli and Palestinian officials in Cairo to mediate a ceasefire. President Sisi also ordered the Egyptian Armed Forces to transport 500 tons of aid, consisting of food and medical supplies, to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. A statement was also released by the military saying that Egypt is pursuing its efforts to "stop the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip" under the president's supervision.[156][157] The conflict ended with an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire on 26 August 2014.

 
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas sit together at the Congress Center in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, on 13 March 2015

Egypt also hosted the international donor conference in Cairo aiming to raise 4 billion (3.2 billion euros) to reconstruct the Gaza Strip.[158] Sisi described the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict as a great chance to end the 66-year-old conflict calling on Israel to reach a peace deal with the Palestinians and saying "I call on the Israeli people and the government: now is the time to end the conflict ... so that prosperity prevails, so that we all can have peace and security".[158] Sisi mainly blames the Israeli–Palestinian conflict for the extremism in the Middle East describing it as a "fertile environment for the growth and spread of extremism, violence and terrorism".[159] Sisi also promised that Egypt would guarantee Palestine would not violate the peace treaty when reached expressing Egypt's willingness to deploy Egyptian observer forces in the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[160]

Sisi also stipulated that the Palestinian Authority would take power in the Gaza Strip in future peace plans and conditioned an easing of transit restrictions at the Rafah checkpoint on the presence of a force from the Palestinian Authority's Presidential Guard being stationed on the Gaza side of the crossing[161] as the Sisi administration considers Hamas an enemy, blaming them for the killing of 16 Egyptian soldiers in 2012 and over the alleged involvement in the prisons' storming in the wake of Egyptian Revolution of 2011.[162]

In January 2020, in response to the Trump peace plan, the Sisi government issued a statement stating that it "recogniz[ed] the importance of considering the U.S. administration's initiative", that it "call[ed] on the two relevant parties to undertake a careful and thorough consideration of the U.S. vision to achieve peace" and supporting the "restor[ation] to the Palestinian people [of] their full legitimate rights through the establishment of a sovereign independent state in the Palestinian occupied territories in accordance with international legitimacy and resolutions".[163][164] Egypt's stance was different to those of Jordan,[165] Syria[166] and Lebanon,[167][168] which all opposed the plan in January 2020.

Sisi welcomed the Trump-brokered Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement, saying he was gladdened by the suspension of Israel's plans to annex parts of the occupied Palestinian territories in the West Bank. He also personally congratulated the Emirate of Abu Dhabi's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan on the deal.[169]

On 22 March 2022, Sisi met with Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett. They discussed trilateral relations, the Iran nuclear deal and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[170][171]

Turkey

Further information: Egypt–Turkey relations
 
Sisi and Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev, who is a close ally of Turkey, 28 January 2023

Relations between Egypt and Turkey deteriorated significantly after Morsi's ousting. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then Prime Minister, was the only leader to call Morsi's ouster a coup, calling for the immediate release of Morsi and insisting he is the legitimate president of Egypt. Turkish Minister for European Affairs Egemen Bagis also called for the UN Security Council to "take action" in Egypt.[172] Erdoğan was said not to recognise Sisi as president of Egypt and called him an "illegitimate tyrant"[173] in response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict and alleged Egyptian support for Israel in its war against Hamas.[174][175] In response to Erdoğan's remarks, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry warned that the Egypt–Turkey relationship would be worsened[176] while Sisi refused to respond. Egypt's foreign ministry accused Erdogan of provocation and interfering in Egypt's internal affairs. In November 2013, Egypt told the Turkish ambassador to leave the country, a day after Erdoğan called for Morsi to be freed. Relations with Ankara were also lowered to chargé d'affaires.[177] The Egyptian foreign ministry also said that Egypt has cancelled joint naval drills with Turkey over Turkey's interference in Egypt's domestic affairs.[178] In September 2014, Egypt's foreign minister cancelled a meeting with now-President Erdoğan requested by Turkey after Erdoğan made a speech critical of Egypt in the UN General Assembly.[179] An advisor to the Turkish president denied that the countries' leaders were planning to meet. Sisi's administration also decided to cancel the "Roll-on/roll-off" agreement with Turkey, blocking Turkey from transporting Turkish containers to the Gulf via Egyptian ports.[180] In 2014, an intense campaign started by Egypt and Saudi Arabia against Turkey made it lose its predicted easy victory of membership in the United Nations Security Council.[181] In March 2021, Erdoğan said that Turkey was "keen on strengthening relations with Egypt."[182] Egypt appreciated Turkey's comments,[183] but said that Turkey must turn the chapter and start taking action.[184] Turkey has ordered Muslim Brotherhood channels based in the country to calm criticism of Egypt and its president, or even completely stop it.[185]

Arab world

Further information: Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations, Egypt–Syria relations, and Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
 
Sisi, King Salman of Saudi Arabia and U.S. President Donald Trump at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia

Al Jazeera reported in June 2014: "Saudi Arabia, the world's top oil exporter, and its wealthy Gulf Arab partners Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates have given more than $20 billion to help Egypt since Morsi's overthrow, Sisi said last month, and are likely to pledge more."[186] In 2015, Egypt participated in the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen.[187]

In April 2016, King Salman of Saudi Arabia made a five-day visit to Egypt, during which the two countries signed economic agreements worth approximately $25 billion and also made an agreement to "return" Tiran and Sanafir, two Egyptian-administered islands in the Gulf of Aqaba, to Saudi control. The announcement of the transfer of the islands provoked a backlash in both social media and traditional media, including outlets which had been firmly pro-Sisi.[118] In January 2017, an Egyptian court gave its final ruling rejecting the controversial government transfer of the two islands to Saudi Arabia. The Supreme Constitutional Court froze that ruling and allowed Sisi to ratify the deal with Saudi Arabia, making these two islands included in Mohammed Bin Salman's NEOM megacity.[188][189][190][191]

In November 2016, Sisi said that he supported the presidency of Bashar al-Assad in Syria for the sake of stability.[192] In a February 2017 article in Foreign Affairs, Oren Kessler, the Deputy Director for Research at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, suggests there are three reasons for Sisi's pro-Assad position: Egypt's common enemies with Syria (ISIS and the Muslim Brotherhood) as opposed to Saudi Arabia's antagonism with Iran; Egypt and Syria's shared opposition to the policies of President Erdoğan of Turkey; and Egypt's growing relations with Russia, a close ally of Syria.[192] Kessler concludes that the sentiment of "revolution fatigue" amplifies Sisi's support for Assad.[192]

On 24 June 2022, Sisi met with Qatar's Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani on his first official visit to Egypt since 2015. They discussed diplomatic and economic relations after Qatar and Egypt had signed investments contracts worth more than US$5 billion in March 2022.[193][194][195]

Russia

Further information: Egypt–Russia relations
 
President Sisi with President Vladimir Putin and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, August 2014

Both military and political relations between Egypt and Russia witnessed significant improvements after Morsi's overthrow coinciding with the deterioration in relations between the United States and Egypt, once considered its important ally in the Middle East.[citation needed] Unlike the US, Russia supported Sisi's actions from the start, including his presidential bid.[79] Russia reportedly offered Egypt a huge military weapons deal after the US had suspended some military aid and postponed weapons delivery to Egypt. The Russian President Vladimir Putin was the first to congratulate Sisi on his inauguration. Sisi made Russia his first destination abroad as defense minister after being promoted to the rank of Field Marshal where he met with the Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Russian Minister of Defense General Sergei Shoigu to negotiate an arms deal with Russia instead of the United States.

 
Sisi and Vladimir Putin meeting on 10 February 2015

Sisi also visited Russia as an Egyptian President at the invitation of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The visit was described by Putin as reflective of "the special nature" of the relation between the two countries. Sisi was welcomed by General Sergei Shoigu who showed him different Russian-made military vehicles and weapons in the airport. Moscow's Vedemosti business daily reported that Russia and Egypt are nearing a $3 billion (2.2 billion euro) weapons agreement.[196] President Putin also accompanied him to visit the Russian cruiser Moskva before they gave a joint televised statement. Sisi announced in his statement that there was a new plan of "renewing and developing" giant projects established by the former Soviet Union. President Putin announced that an agreement has been reached to increase Egypt's supply of agricultural goods to Russia by 30 percent while his country will provide Egypt with 5 to 5.5 million tons of wheat. In addition, a free trade zone was also being discussed.[196]

On 11 December 2017, during President Vladimir Putin's visit to Cairo, the two countries signed agreements in which Russia would build Egypt's first nuclear reactor, and supply nuclear fuel for the same. It was also agreed that a "Russian Industrial Zone" would be built along the Suez Canal, explained by Putin as being "the biggest regional center for producing Russian products onto the markets of the Middle-East and North Africa."[197]

United States

Further information: Egypt–United States relations
 
US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis meets with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during a meeting held at the Pentagon in Washington.

Relations between Egypt and the United States witnessed tensions after the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi.[198] The United States strongly condemned Sisi's administration on several occasions[199] before deciding to delay selling four F-16 fighter jets,[200] Apaches and Abrams' kits to Egypt. The US also cancelled the Bright Star joint military exercise with the Egyptian Armed Forces.[201] Sisi's administration purportedly showed unusual actions in dealing with the US, calling on President Barack Obama's administration to exercise restraint in dealing with "racially charged" unrest in Ferguson, echoing language the US used to caution Egypt previously as it cracked down on Islamist protesters.[198] Egyptian security checked US Secretary of State John Kerry and his top aides through a stationary metal detector as well as with a handheld wand before meeting with el-Sisi in what was considered an unusual screening for a senior State Department official.[202] Sisi also skipped Obama's invitation to the American-African summit.[203]

 
US President Donald Trump welcomes el-Sisi, Monday, 3 April 2017

Despite evidence of tensions, a 2014 news story, BBC reported: "The US has revealed it has released $575m in military aid to Egypt that had been frozen since the ousting of President Mohammed Morsi last year."[204] In September 2014 Sisi visited the US to address the UN General assembly in New York. An extensive media campaign produced billboards which were distributed all over New York City, welcoming the Egyptian president.[205] In August 2015, Secretary of State John Kerry was in Cairo for a "U.S.-Egypt strategic dialogue".[206]

Following the election of Republican Donald Trump as the President of the United States, the two countries looked to improve the Egyptian-American relations. El-Sisi and Trump had met during the opening of the seventy-first session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2016.[207] The absence of Egypt in President Trump's travel ban towards seven Muslim countries was noted in Washington, although the Congress has voiced human rights concerns over the handling of dissidents.[208] On 22 March 2017, it was reported that el-Sisi would be traveling to Washington to meet with Trump on 3 April 2017.[209] President Trump praised el-Sisi, saying that el-Sisi had "done a tremendous job under trying circumstance".[210] On 26 August 2019, Trump met with el-Sisi, along with other global leaders, in the 45th G7 summit in Biarritz, France. Trump continued his earlier praise of el-Sisi, saying that "Egypt has made tremendous progress under a great leader's leadership".[211]

El-Sisi criticized President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital. According to el-Sisi, the Trump administration's decision "would undermine the chances of peace in the Middle East."[212] El-Sisi was praised by Trump.[213]

Political opposition

 
President Sisi speaking at the UK-Africa Investment Summit in London, 2020

In late 2019, there were numerous direct calls for el-Sisi to immediately resign.[214][215]

In September 2019, building contractor Mohamed Ali, in exile in Spain, published videos online that directly criticised el-Sisi, claiming corruption and ineffectiveness. Ali's videos sparked off the September 2019 Egyptian protests, which el-Sisi responded to in several speeches.[214] In response to the street protests calling for el-Sisi to resign, 4300 protestors and non-protestors were arrested.[216]

In November 2019, member of the House of Representatives Ahmed Tantawi submitted a formal parliamentary proposal and a YouTube video online for el-Sisi to finish his term in 2022 rather than 2024, and for consultation on institutional reforms to take place, in order to allow change to take place by political methods.[215]

On 28 December 2019, Mohamed Ali released the "Egyptian Consensus Document" with a list of four key principles and four key actions for replacing el-Sisi's system of government, which Ali claimed represented the consensus of a wide range of the Egyptian opposition.[217] The following day, the Egyptian National Action Group (ENAG) including Ayman Nour as spokesperson[218] was launched, with a similar claim of representing the consensus of a broad array of the Egyptian opposition ("centrists, liberals, leftists [and] Islamists") with a consensus program for replacing el-Sisi's governmental system.[217][219]

Personal life

Unlike Hosni Mubarak, el-Sisi is protective of the privacy of his family,[220] even though two of his sons hold positions in the government.[221][214] He is married to his cousin Entissar Amer, and is the father of three sons and one daughter.[222] One of his sons is married to the daughter of former Egyptian army chief Mahmoud Hegazy.[223]

El-Sisi comes from a religious family and frequently quotes Quranic verses during informal conversations;[224] El-Sisi's wife wears the hijab, though usually a casual kind that covers the hair but not the neck. El-Sisi is known to be quiet and is often called the Quiet General. Even as a young man he was often called "General Sisi" due to his perceived orderly demeanor.[220]

According to Sherifa Zuhur, a professor at the War College, when el-Sisi attended, many American officers expressed doubts that Muslims could be democratic. El-Sisi disputed this opinion; he and others were critical of decisions made in Iraq and Libya. El-Sisi wrote his term paper at the War College on democracy and its applications in the Middle East. In his paper, he argues in favour of democracy based on its past successes.[225] Zuhur also had the impression that el-Sisi supported a gradual move towards pluralism.[226] While at the War College, Sisi sometimes led Friday prayers at the local mosque.[227]

Sisi described himself as "a doctor whose diagnoses are sought after by top philosophers and prominent world leaders."[228][229]

Recognition

Military

   
     
       
       
       
       
  • 30 June 2013 Revolution Medal[37]
  • 25 January 2011 Revolution Medal[37]
  • Silver Jubilee of Liberation of Sinai Medal (2007)[37]
  • Golden Jubilee of 23 July 1952 Revolution (2002)[37]
  • Silver Jubilee of October War 1973 Medal (1998)[37]
  • Longevity and Exemplary Service Medal[37]
  • October War 1973 Medal (1973)[37]
  • Kuwait Liberation Medal[37]
  • Kuwait Liberation Medal (Egypt)
  • Liberation of Sinai Decoration (1982)[37]
  • Distinguished Service Decoration[37]
  • Military Duty Decoration, Second Class[37]
  • Military Duty Decoration, First Class[37]
  • Military Courage Decoration
  • Republic's Military Decoration
  • Training Decoration
  • Army Day Decoration

Civil

Publications

Written by Sisi when he was a Brigadier General:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Arabic: عبد الفتاح سعید حسین خلیل السیسی; [ʕæbdel.fætˈtæːħ sæˈʕiːd ħeˈseːn xæˈliːl ɪsˈsiːsi]

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Further reading

  • Hessler, Peter (2 January 2017). "The shadow general : President Sisi has unwittingly revealed more about the way Egypt now works than anyone could have imagined". Letter from Cairo. The New Yorker. Vol. 92, no. 43. pp. 44–55. Online version is titled "Egypt's Failed Revolution".

External links

  • Egyptian State Information Service CV
  • El-Sisi is the new commander-in-chief of the Egyptian armed forces
  • Sisi's first televised interview on YouTube (in Arabic)
Government offices
Preceded by Director of Military Intelligence
2010–2012 		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded by General Commander of the Armed Forces
2012–2014 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Defence
2012–2014 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt
2013–2014 		Vacant
Preceded by President of Egypt
2014–present 		Incumbent
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chairperson of the African Union
2019–2020 		Succeeded by

May 04, 2023
abdel, fattah, sisi, abdel, fattah, saeed, hussein, khalil, sisi, born, november, 1954, egyptian, politician, retired, military, officer, served, sixth, current, president, egypt, since, 2014, before, retiring, general, egyptian, military, 2014, sisi, served, . Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el Sisi a born 19 November 1954 is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014 Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian military in 2014 Sisi served as Egypt s deputy prime minister from 2013 to 2014 as its minister of defense from 2012 to 2013 and as its director of military intelligence from 2010 to 2012 1 He was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in January 2014 His ExcellencyAbdel Fattah el Sisiعبد الفتاح السیسیOfficial portrait 20176th President of EgyptIncumbentAssumed office 8 June 2014Prime MinisterIbrahim MahlabSherif IsmailMoustafa MadboulyPreceded byMohamed MorsiAdly Mansour interim Deputy Prime Minister of EgyptIn office 16 July 2013 26 March 2014Prime MinisterHazem al BeblawiIbrahim Mahlab17th Chairperson of the African UnionIn office 10 February 2019 10 February 2020Preceded byPaul KagameSucceeded byCyril Ramaphosa 1 Minister of DefenceIn office 12 August 2012 26 March 2014Prime MinisterHesham QandilHazem al BeblawiIbrahim MahlabPreceded byMohamed Hussein TantawiSucceeded bySedki SobhyCommander in Chief of the Armed ForcesIn office 12 August 2012 26 March 2014Preceded byMohamed Hussein TantawiSucceeded bySedki SobhyDirector of Military IntelligenceIn office 3 January 2010 12 August 2012Preceded byMurad MuwafiSucceeded byMahmoud HegazyPersonal detailsBornAbdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el Sisi 1954 11 19 19 November 1954 age 68 Cairo Cairo Governorate Republic of EgyptPolitical partyIndependentSpouseEntissar Amer m 1977 wbr Children4 including MahmoudParent s Said Hussein Khalili al SisiSoad MohamedAlma materEgyptian Military AcademySignatureMilitary serviceAllegianceEgyptBranch serviceEgyptian ArmyYears of service1977 2014RankField MarshalUnitInfantryBattles warsGulf War Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Yemeni Civil WarSisi was born in Cairo in 1954 As a young man he joined the Egyptian Army and held a post in Saudi Arabia before enrolling in the Egyptian Army s Command and Staff College Sisi received additional training at the Joint Services Command and Staff College in the United Kingdom in 1992 and at the United States Army War College in Carlisle Pennsylvania in 2006 Before becoming director of military intelligence in 2010 he served as a mechanized infantry commander He never saw active combat throughout his military service 2 3 After the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and election of Mohamed Morsi to the Egyptian presidency Sisi was appointed Minister of Defense by Morsi on 12 August 2012 replacing the Hosni Mubarak era Hussein Tantawi As the minister of defense and ultimately commander in chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces Sisi was involved in the military coup that removed then president Morsi from office on 3 July 2013 in response to the June 2013 Egyptian protests Morsi was replaced by an interim president Adly Mansour who appointed a new cabinet Demonstrations sit ins and violent clashes between supporters of Morsi and security forces followed culminating in the Rabaa massacre which killed at least several hundreds of civilians On 26 March 2014 in response to calls from supporters to run for the presidency Field Marshal el Sisi retired from his military career and announced that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election 4 The election held between 26 and 28 May featured one opponent Hamdeen Sabahi 5 saw 47 participation by eligible voters and resulted in Sisi winning in a landslide victory with 97 of the vote 5 6 7 Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014 Sisi rules an authoritarian regime in Egypt 8 9 10 11 and some elements of his rule have been described as even more strict than that of prior authoritarian leader Mubarak 12 13 In the 2018 presidential election Sisi faced only nominal opposition a pro government supporter Moussa Mostafa Moussa after the military arrest of Sami Anan 14 15 16 17 threats made to Ahmed Shafik with old corruption charges and an alleged sex tape 18 19 20 and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles presented and violations committed by the elections committee 21 22 23 Contents 1 Early life and military education 2 Military career 1977 2014 2 1 Main command positions 2 2 Minister of Defense 2 3 Civil uprising coup d etat and transition 2 3 1 Civil liberties 2 3 2 Cult of personality 3 Presidency 2014 present 3 1 Domestic policy 3 1 1 Human rights policy 3 1 2 Economic reforms 3 1 3 Energy policy 3 1 4 National projects 3 1 5 Opinion polls 3 2 Foreign policy 3 2 1 Africa 3 2 2 Israel and Palestine 3 2 3 Turkey 3 2 4 Arab world 3 2 5 Russia 3 2 6 United States 3 3 Political opposition 4 Personal life 5 Recognition 5 1 Military 5 2 Civil 6 Publications 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksEarly life and military educationSisi was born in Old Cairo on 19 November 1954 24 to Said Hussein Khalili al Sisi and Soad Mohamed both from Monufia Governorate 25 26 He grew up in Gamaleya near al Azhar Mosque in a quarter where Muslims Jews and Christians resided and in which he later recalled how during his childhood he had heard church bells and watched Jews flock to synagogue unhindered citation needed He later enrolled in the Egyptian Military Academy and upon graduating he held various command positions in the Egyptian Armed Forces and served as Egypt s military attache in Riyadh In 1987 he attended the Egyptian Command and Staff College In 1992 he continued his military career by enrolling in the British Command and Staff College and in 2006 enrolled in the United States Army War College in Carlisle Pennsylvania 27 Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces SCAF during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 serving as the director of military intelligence and reconnaissance department He was later chosen to replace Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and serve as the commander in chief and Minister of Defense and Military Production on 12 August 2012 citation needed Sisi s family origins were in the Monufia Governorate He is the second eldest of eight siblings His father a conservative but not radical Muslim who later had six additional children with a second wife 28 owned an antiques shop for tourists in the historic bazaar of Khan el Khalili 29 Sisi and his siblings studied at the nearby library at al Azhar University Unlike his brothers one of whom is a senior judge another a civil servant el Sisi went to a local army run secondary school where he developed a relationship with his maternal cousin Entissar Amer They were married upon Sisi s graduation from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 He attended the following courses General Command and Staff Course Egyptian Command and Staff College 1987 37 General Command and Staff Course Joint Command and Staff College United Kingdom 1992 37 War Course Fellowship of the Higher War College Nasser Military Academy Egypt 2003 37 War Course United States Army War College United States 2006 37 Egyptian Armed Forces military attache in Riyadh Saudi Arabia 37 Basic Infantry Course United States 37 Military career 1977 2014El Sisi received his commission as a military officer in 1977 serving in the mechanised infantry specialising in anti tank warfare and mortar warfare He became Commander of the Northern Military Region Alexandria in 2008 and then Director of Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance El Sisi was the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt While a member of the Supreme Council he made controversial statements regarding allegations that Egyptian soldiers had subjected detained female demonstrators to forced virginity tests He is reported to have told Egypt s state owned newspaper that the virginity test procedure was done to protect the girls from rape as well as to protect the soldiers and officers from rape accusations 24 He was the first member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to admit that the invasive tests had been carried out 38 US Egypt Bright Star exercise in 2009 Sisi was sitting on the left back seat Main command positions Commander 509th Mechanized Infantry Battalion 37 Chief of Staff 134th Mechanized Infantry Brigade 37 Commander 16th Mechanized Infantry Brigade 37 Chief of Staff 2nd Mechanized Infantry Division 37 Chief of Staff Northern Military Zone 37 Deputy Director Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department 37 Director Military Intelligence and Reconnaissance Department 37 Also reported is commander of the 23rd Mechanized Division Third Field Army Minister of Defense Field Marshal Sisi as Minister of Defense 2013 On 12 August 2012 Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi made a decision to replace the Mubarak era Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces with then little known el Sisi He also promoted him to the rank of colonel general 39 Sisi was then described by the official website of FJP as a Defense minister with revolutionary taste 40 El Sisi also took the post of Minister of Defense and Military Production in the Qandil Cabinet US Secretary of State John Kerry meets with Egyptian Defense Minister el Sisi in Cairo 3 March 2013 El Sisi was appointed as Minister of Defense on 12 August 2012 He remained in office under the new government formed after the deposition of Morsi and led by Hazem al Beblawi He was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt On 27 January 2014 he was promoted to the rank of field marshal 41 Civil uprising coup d etat and transition Demonstrations against President Morsi June 2013 Main articles June 2013 Egyptian protests 2013 Egyptian coup d etat and August 2013 Rabaa massacre Mass demonstrations occurred on 30 June 2013 as Egyptians took to the streets to denounce Mohamed Morsi Clashes took place around Egypt Soon afterwards the Egyptian Army issued a 48 hour ultimatum which aired on television that gave the country s political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the anti Morsi demonstrators The Egyptian military also threatened to intervene if the dispute was not resolved by then 42 On 3 July 2013 the Egyptian Armed Forces declared that as the political parties had failed to meet the deadline and Morsi had failed to build a national consensus for his leadership the army had to overthrow Morsi in a coup d etat The army then installed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim head of state in his place until a new president could be elected and ordered the arrest of many members of the Muslim Brotherhood on charges of inciting violence and disturbing general security and peace 43 El Sisi announced on television that the president had failed to meet the demands of the Egyptian people and declared that the constitution would be temporarily suspended which was met by acceptance from anti Morsi demonstrations and condemnation from pro Morsi supporters in Rabaa al Adawiya On 24 July 2013 during a speech at a military parade el Sisi called for mass demonstrations to grant the Egyptian military and police a mandate to crack down on terrorism 44 While supporters interpreted this to mean that el Sisi felt the need of the people to prove to the world that it was not a coup but the popular will the statement was seen by opponents as contradicting the military s pledges to hand over power to civilians after removing Morsi and as indicating an imminent crackdown against Islamists 45 46 The reactions to el Sisi s announcement ranged from open support from the Egyptian presidency 47 and the Tamarod movement 48 to rejection not only by the Muslim Brotherhood 45 but also by the Salafi Nour Party 49 the Islamist Strong Egypt Party 50 the liberal April 6 Youth Movement 51 and some western backed human rights groups 52 During the August 2013 Cairo sit ins dispersal the Egyptian military under el Sisi s command was involved in assisting the national police in dispersing two sit ins held by Muslim Brotherhood Morsi supporters from sit ins in Rabaa el Adaweya and Nahda squares This action resulted in rapidly escalating violence that eventually led to deaths of 638 people of whom 595 were protestors and 43 were security forces with at least 3 994 injured from both sides according to the Ministry of Health In addition to several violent incidents in various cities including Menya and Kerdasa against security forces which resulted in the Kerdasa massacre 53 54 Writing for British newspaper The Independent in August 2013 Robert Fisk described then General el Sisi as being at a loss but that a massacre as Fisk called the sit in dispersal would go down in history as an infamy 55 Writing for the American magazine Time Lee Smith concluded that Egypt s new leader is unfit to rule referring not to the actual head of government at the time interim president Adly Mansour but to Sisi 56 In a file published by the State Information Services the government explained the raids by stating that police went on to use force dispersing the sit in on 14 August 2013 with the least possible damage causing hundreds of civilians and police to fall as victims while Muslim Brotherhood supporters imposed a blockade for 46 days against the people in al Nahda and Rabaa al Adawiya squares under the name of sit in where tens of protesters took to the street daily hindered the lives of the Egyptians causing unrest and the death or injury of many victims as well as damage to public and private properties 57 On 3 August 2013 el Sisi gave his first interview since the overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi Speaking to The Washington Post he criticised the US response and accused the Obama administration of disregarding the Egyptian popular will and of providing insufficient support amid threats of a civil war saying You left the Egyptians You turned your back on the Egyptians and they won t forget that 58 On 6 October war anniversary in 2013 el Sisi announced that the army was committed to the popular mandate of 26 July 2013 We are committed in front of God to the Egyptian and Arab people that we will protect Egypt the Egyptians and their free will 59 Egyptian protesters carry Anti Coup Alliance signs referencing Sisi in Cardiff UK on 21 Sept 2013During the anniversary celebration that year General el Sisi invited the Emirati Iraqi Bahraini Moroccan and Jordanian defense ministers to celebrate with him During his speech he said in a warning way that the Egyptian people will never forget who stood with them or against them El Sisi described 6 October as a day to celebrate for all Arabs hoping for the unification of Arabs He also thanked Egypt s Arab brothers who stood by its side El Sisi commented on the relationship between the Egyptian army and Egyptian people saying that it is hard to break El Sisi said We would die before you the Egyptian people would feel pain He also compared the Egyptian army to the Pyramid saying that it cannot be broken 59 Civil liberties After Sisi had ousted president Morsi and disbanded the Shura Council in September 2013 interim president Adly Mansour temporarily decreed that ministers could award contracts without a request for tender In the next month the government awarded building contracts worth approximately one billion dollars to the Egyptian Army 60 In April 2014 the interim government s Investment Law banned appeals against government contracts Also in September 2013 the interim government removed pre trial detention limits for certain crimes allowing unconvicted political dissidents to remain in detention indefinitely In November 2013 el Sisi s government banned protests in an attempt to combat the growing pro Brotherhood unrest the police arrested thousands of Egyptians using the new law 60 On 24 March 2014 an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death 61 following an attack on a police station in 2013 an act described by Amnesty International as the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we ve seen in recent years anywhere in the world 62 The BBC reported that by May 2016 approximately 40 000 people mostly Brotherhood members or loyalists had been imprisoned since Morsi s overthrow 63 Cult of personality The anti Morsi demonstrators on the streets welcomed el Sisi s announcement of the overthrow of Morsi with celebrations and carried posters of el Sisi chanting The Army and the People are one hand and supporting General el Sisi On social networks thousands of Egyptians changed their profile pictures to pictures of el Sisi while others started campaigns requesting that El Sisi be promoted to the rank of field marshal while others hoped he would be nominated in the next presidential elections 64 Cupcakes chocolate and necklaces bearing the CC initials were created restaurants in Egypt named sandwiches after him blogs shared his pictures and columns op eds television shows and interviews discussed the new idol of the Nile valley in the Egyptian mainstream media 65 66 67 68 On 6 December 2013 el Sisi was named Time Person of the Year in Time magazine s annual reader poll 69 The accompanying article noted Sisi s success reflected the genuine popularity of a man who led what was essentially a military coup in July against the democratically elected government of then President Mohammed Morsi 70 The Kamel Gemilak Finish Your Favor and El Sisi for President campaigns were started to gather signatures to press el Sisi who had said he had no desire to govern to run for presidency 71 Many politicians and parties including Egyptians and non Egyptians had announced their support for el Sisi in the event of his running for president including the National Salvation Front 72 Tamarod 73 Amr Moussa a previous candidate for the presidency 74 Abdel Hakim Abdel Nasser son of late President Gamal Abdel Nasser 71 unsuccessful presidential candidate Ahmed Shafik 75 Prime Minister Hazem Al Beblawi 76 Naguib Sawiris 77 the Free Egyptians Party the Revolutionary Forces Bloc 78 and the Russian president Vladimir Putin 79 However Hamdeen Sabahi ran against him in the presidential race 80 Subsequently Sabahi issued criticisms of Sisi and his candidacy by expressing doubt about Sisi s commitment to democracy arguing that the general bears a measure of direct and indirect responsibility for the human rights violations carried out during the period of the interim government He also denounced what he deemed to be the transitional government s hostility toward the goals of the revolution 81 82 83 Kamel Gemilak claimed to have collected 26 million signatures asking Sisi to run for president 84 On 21 January 2014 Kamel Gemilak organised a mass conference call in Cairo International Stadium to call on el Sisi to run for president 85 On 6 February 2014 the Kuwaiti newspaper al Seyassah claimed that el Sisi would run for president saying that he had to meet the wishes of the Egyptian people for him to run 86 87 El Sisi confirmed on 26 March 2014 that he would run for president in the presidential election 4 Shortly after his announcement popular hashtags were started for and against el Sisi s presidential bid 88 89 The presidential election which took place between 26 and 28 May 2014 saw el Sisi win 96 percent of votes counted 6 it was held without the participation of the Muslim Brotherhood s Freedom amp Justice Party which had won every prior post Mubarak electoral contest Presidency 2014 present President Sisi was sworn into office on 8 June 2014 The event was marked by an impromptu public holiday in Egypt in conjunction with festivals held nationwide 90 Tahrir Square was prepared to receive millions of Egyptians celebrating Sisi s win police and soldiers shut down the square outlets with barbed wires and barricades as well as electronic portals for detecting any explosives that could spoil the festivities 91 Sisi s oath of office was administered in the morning in Egypt s Supreme constitutional court in front of the deputy head of the constitutional court Maher Sami who described el Sisi as a rebel soldier and a revolutionary hero ex president Adly Mansour other constitutional court members and a group of Egypt s top politicians Sisi later moved to the Heliopolis Palace where a 21 gun salute welcomed the new president before the ex president received Sisi near the palace s stairway Sisi then presided over a reception for the foreign presidents emirs kings and official delegations who had been invited No representatives of Turkey Tunisia or Qatar were invited reportedly because of their governments critical stances regarding then recent events in Egypt 92 representatives of Israel were also not invited In a ceremony at Heliopolis Palace Sisi gave a speech to the attendees He and the previous president Adly Mansour also signed a document officially transferring power to Sisi which was the first time in Egyptian history that power had been transferred in this way Sisi then went on to Koubbeh Palace where the final ceremony was held There he gave the final speech of the day to 1 200 attendees representing a spectrum of the Egyptian people from various walks of life and from each of the provinces of Egypt He described the problems that he said Egypt was facing and his plan for addressing them and declared In its next phase Egypt will witness a total rise on both internal and external fronts to compensate for what we have missed and correct the mistakes of the past Sisi then issued his first presidential decree conferring the Order of the Nile upon the previous president Adly Mansour 93 Domestic policy Further information Human rights in Egypt According to Freedom House President Abdel Fattah al Sisi has governed Egypt in an increasingly authoritarian manner They claim that meaningful political opposition is virtually nonexistent and that security forces engage in human rights abuses with impunity 94 Sisi has expressed his personal concerns about the issue of sexual assault in the country He was photographed during a hospital visit to a woman receiving treatment after an assault during celebrations in Cairo s Tahrir Square ordering the army the police and the media to counter the issue 95 El Sisi has called for the reform and modernisation of Islam 96 to that end he has taken measures within Egypt such as regulating mosque sermons and changing school textbooks including the removal of some content on Saladin and Uqba ibn Nafi inciting or glorifying hatred and violence 97 98 He has also called for an end to the Islamic verbal divorce however this was rejected by a council of scholars from Al Azhar University 99 El Sisi also became the first Egyptian president in the country s history to attend Christmas Mass 100 and gave a speech at the Coptic Orthodox Christmas service in Cairo in January 2015 calling for unity and wishing the Christians a merry Christmas 100 101 Human rights policy Protesters outside 10 Downing Street against UK visit of President Sisi in November 2015 According to Human Rights Watch Sisi s government used torture and enforced disappearances against his political opponents and criminal suspects Extrajudicial killings were committed by the military in its campaign against Wilayah Sayna an ISIS affiliate in North Sinai In addition to prosecutions travel bans and asset freezes against human rights defenders and repressive new legislations that threaten to kill the independent civil society 102 The government is also responsible for arbitrary arrests and torture of children as young as twelve 103 Mass demonstrations against his government broke out on 20 September 2019 protesting perceived corruption repression and lack of freedom 104 105 Sisi blamed political Islam for protests and instability According to him As long as we have political Islam movements that aspire for power our region will remain in a state of instability Sisi stated that public opinion in Egypt would not accept political Islam to return to government referring to 30 June 2013 uprising and coup d etat against the Muslim Brotherhood rule 106 Economic reforms El Sisi listens as US Secretary of State Kerry addresses audience of several thousand attending the EEDC Sisi who is reportedly facing a severe economic ordeal in Egypt has decided to raise fuel prices by 78 percent as an introduction to cut the subsidies on basic food stuffs and energy which eat up nearly a quarter of the state budget The Egyptian government has always provided these subsidies as a crucial aid to millions of people who live in poverty fearing people s anger in five years time 107 Egypt has spent 96 billion on energy subsidies in a decade which made petrol in Egypt among the world s cheapest 107 Cutting the energy subsidies will save E51 billion The government hopes the decision will benefit services such as health and education Sisi also raised taxes on alcohol and cigarettes applying a flat tax on local and imported cigarettes to between 25 and 40 cents per pack as well as new property taxes and plans to introduce a new scheme for value added taxes 108 Chicken prices would reportedly rise by 25 percent days after the decision because of added transportation costs Mini bus and taxi fares were raised by about 13 percent 107 Slashing subsidies was recommended by international financial institutions but no Egyptian leader had managed to broach the issue fearing unrest in a country where nearly 30 percent of the population live in poverty and rely on government aid 109 President Sisi defended the decision to raise fuel prices saying it was bitter medicine that should have been taken before and was 50 years late but was not taken as governments feared a backlash like the Bread Riots of 1977 110 Sisi who had previously accepted only half of his own pay called on Egyptians to make sacrifices vowing to repair an economy growing at the slowest pace in two decades Sisi warned Egyptians of more pain over the next two years from economic problems that he said had accumulated over the last four decades and needed to be fixed 111 Egypt also paid more than 6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies within two months 112 By March 2015 after 8 months of Sisi s rule Egypt s external debt fell to 39 9 billion a drop of 13 5 percent 113 As a result of the economic reforms Moody s raised Egypt s credit ratings outlook to stable from negative 114 and Fitch Ratings upgraded Egypt s credit rating one step to B from B 115 Standard amp Poor s rated Egypt B minus with a stable outlook and upgraded Egypt s credit rating in November 2013 On 7 April 2015 Moody s upgraded Egypt s outlook from Caa1 to B3 with stable outlook expecting real GDP growth in Egypt to recover to 4 5 year on year for the fiscal year 2015 which ends in June and then to rise to around 5 6 over the coming four years 116 compared to 2 5 in 2014 In May 2015 Egypt chose the banks to handle its return to the international bond market after a gap of five years marking a return of economic and political stability in the country after the revolution of 2011 117 However in early 2016 the Egyptian pound suffered from devaluation in February when the pound was allowed to float briefly its value reduced rapidly from E7 83 per US dollar to E8 95 per dollar resulting in increased prices for everyday goods 118 Energy policy Considered its worst in decades Egypt s energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi 119 continued to grow in Sisi s first months in office challenging the new government Due to shortage in energy production growing consumption terrorist attacks on Egypt s energy infrastructure debts to foreign oil companies and the absence of the needed periodic maintenance of the power plants the energy blackout rates in Egypt rose to unprecedented levels with some parts of the country facing around six power cuts a day for up to two hours each 120 In August 2014 daily electricity consumption hit a record high of 27 7 gigawatts 20 more power than stations could provide The next month Egypt suffered a massive power outage that halted parts of the Cairo Metro took television stations off the air and ground much of the country to a halt for several hours because of the sudden loss of 50 percent of the country s power generation 121 Sisi on his part said that the idler would be held accountable and promised to partially solve the economic crisis by August 2015 and that beginning with December that year the crisis will be dealt with entirely Both long term and short term plans were introduced In the short term Egypt signed a contract with General Electric GE to provide the country with 2 6 gigawatts by the summer of 2015 The first phase entered service in June and the final phase was expected to be completed by the end of August making it one of the fastest energy transferring operations in the world according to GE 122 In June Sisi s administration stated that for the first time in years Egypt achieved a surplus in power generating capacity estimated at 2 9 gigawatts In the long term Egypt paid more than 6 billion it owed to foreign oil companies between January and March 112 Energy contracts were placed as a top priority in the Egypt Economic Development Conference in March 2015 resulting in a 9 billion contract with Siemens to supply gas and wind power plants to boost the country s electricity generation by 50 percent 123 in addition to an energy deal worth 12 billion E91 5 billion with BP to provide the country with an extra quarter of local energy production 124 Sisi also stated that Egypt is not just solving its energy crisis but rather seeking to become a global hub for energy trading 125 In Nicosia on 21 November 2017 he met President of Cyprus Nicos Anastasiades and the Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras 126 127 128 They encouraged and welcomed private sector initiatives of energy infrastructure projects important for energy security of all three countries such as the EuroAfrica Interconnector interconnector between Greek Cypriot and Egypt power grids via submarine power cable of length around 1 619 kilometre 1 006 mi 127 128 National projects In August 2014 President Sisi initiated a new Suez Canal a parallel channel running about one third the length of the existing waterway 129 which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day The new canal is expected to increase the Suez Canal s revenues by 259 from current annual revenues of 5 billion The project cost around 60 billion Egyptian pounds 8 4 billion and was fast tracked over a year Sisi insisted funding come from Egyptian sources only 130 The new canal was inaugurated on schedule on 6 August 2015 131 Sisi also introduced the Suez Canal Area Development Project 132 which would involve development of five new seaports in the three provinces surrounding the canal a new industrial zone west of the Gulf of Suez economic zones around the waterway seven new tunnels between Sinai and the Egyptian home land building a new Ismailia city huge fish farms and a technology valley within Ismailia 133 Sisi also started the National Roads Project which involves building a road network of more than 4 400 kilometres and uses 104 acres of land promising that there are many development and reconstruction campaigns for Egypt to reduce the unemployment rate and increase the poor s income 134 An ambitious plan to build a new city near Cairo to serve as the country s new capital was announced during the Egypt Economic Development Conference Located east of Cairo approximately midway between Cairo and Suez this proposed new capital of Egypt is yet to be formally named and is intended to relieve population pressures from the greater Cairo area 135 In 2016 President Sisi set a national goal of eliminating all unsafe slums in two years 136 The first stage of the project was inaugurated on 30 May 2016 containing 11 000 housing units built at a cost of E1 56 billion US 177 8 Million Funding was provided by the Long Live Egypt economic development fund in collaboration with civilian charitable organizations The ultimate goal is the construction of 850 000 housing units with additional stages in processes funded in the same manner 137 An agricultural plan under the name New Delta Project aims to expand the Egyptian Delta and construct housing and farmlands westwards to increase Egypt s food sufficiency and general agricultural production 138 Opinion polls This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2022 In August 2014 Egypt s Baseera the Centre for Public Opinion Research said in a poll result that only eight percent of the sample were unhappy with El Sisi s performance and ten percent of the sample said they could not identify their position The poll showed that 78 percent of the sample said they would vote for Sisi should the presidential elections be held again the next day while 11 percent said they would not Eighty nine percent said that there was improvement in the security situation after Sisi s taking office Seventy three percent said that fuel has become regularly available since Sisi s election Meanwhile 35 percent of respondents believed price controls had improved while 32 percent believed that they have become worse Twenty nine percent of the respondents did not see any change and three percent were undecided 139 An April 2016 poll by Baseera after 22 months in office indicated that Sisi garnered 79 approval rating while 8 were undecided and 13 disapprove of the president s performance These numbers indicate a moderate drop from the last poll done in 2014 140 In October 2016 Baseera conducted a poll that reports 68 of respondents claim to support Sisi 141 a 14 fall from the last poll created in August 142 and it included that the reason for the fall was the ongoing price hikes According to an October 2016 survey fielded by Princeton University scholars found that roughly 58 of respondents hold positive implicit attitudes toward Sisi 8 Foreign policy Sisi with U S President Joe Biden at the GCC 3 summit in Jeddah Saudi Arabia 16 July 2022 Sisi with Indian PM Narendra Modi at the Hyderabad House in India 25 January 2023 Africa El Sisi made an African tour his first foreign visit since taking office a short visit to Algeria seeking support to counter Islamist militancy in North Africa 143 Shortly before Sisi arrived in Malabo Equatorial Guinea to participate in the 23rd ordinary session of the African Union summit where he gave his speech blaming the AU for freezing Egypt s membership a year before El Sisi also announced the establishment of an Egyptian partnership agency for Africa s development 144 He also concluded the tour with a few hours visit to Sudan 145 The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam escalated in 2021 146 El Sisi warned I am telling our brothers in Ethiopia let s not reach the point where you touch a drop of Egypt s water because all options are open 147 Israel and Palestine Further information Egypt Israel relations and Egypt Palestine relations Secretary Kerry and Egyptian Foreign Minister Shoukry discuss Gaza ceasefire with el Sisi in Cairo Relations with Israel have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi s removal 148 149 with Sisi saying he talked to Israel s former prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu a lot 150 Sisi has been described by The Economist as the most pro Israeli Egyptian leader ever 151 With continuous support for Palestine the Sisi administration supports the two state solution establishing a Palestinian state on lands that were occupied in 1967 152 with Eastern Jerusalem as its capital for the Israeli Palestinian conflict achieving the Palestinians needs and granting Israel the security it wants 153 The first months of Sisi s presidency witnessed the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict Egypt also criticised the IDF operation in the Gaza Strip as oppressive policies of mass punishment rejecting the irresponsible Israeli escalation in the occupied Palestinian territory which comes in the form of excessive and unnecessary use of military force leading to the death of innocent civilians It also demanded Israel adopt self restraint and to keep in mind that being an occupation force it has a legal and moral duty to protect civilian lives 154 After Egypt proposed an initiative for a ceasefire later accepted by Israel and rejected by Hamas the Sisi administration urged the world to intervene and stop the crisis when it stated that its ceasefire efforts have been met with obstinacy and stubbornness 155 Egypt also hosted several meetings with both Israeli and Palestinian officials in Cairo to mediate a ceasefire President Sisi also ordered the Egyptian Armed Forces to transport 500 tons of aid consisting of food and medical supplies to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip A statement was also released by the military saying that Egypt is pursuing its efforts to stop the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip under the president s supervision 156 157 The conflict ended with an Egyptian brokered ceasefire on 26 August 2014 U S Secretary of State John Kerry King Abdullah II of Jordan Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al Sisi and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas sit together at the Congress Center in Sharm el Sheikh Egypt on 13 March 2015Egypt also hosted the international donor conference in Cairo aiming to raise 4 billion 3 2 billion euros to reconstruct the Gaza Strip 158 Sisi described the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict as a great chance to end the 66 year old conflict calling on Israel to reach a peace deal with the Palestinians and saying I call on the Israeli people and the government now is the time to end the conflict so that prosperity prevails so that we all can have peace and security 158 Sisi mainly blames the Israeli Palestinian conflict for the extremism in the Middle East describing it as a fertile environment for the growth and spread of extremism violence and terrorism 159 Sisi also promised that Egypt would guarantee Palestine would not violate the peace treaty when reached expressing Egypt s willingness to deploy Egyptian observer forces in the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip 160 Sisi also stipulated that the Palestinian Authority would take power in the Gaza Strip in future peace plans and conditioned an easing of transit restrictions at the Rafah checkpoint on the presence of a force from the Palestinian Authority s Presidential Guard being stationed on the Gaza side of the crossing 161 as the Sisi administration considers Hamas an enemy blaming them for the killing of 16 Egyptian soldiers in 2012 and over the alleged involvement in the prisons storming in the wake of Egyptian Revolution of 2011 162 In January 2020 in response to the Trump peace plan the Sisi government issued a statement stating that it recogniz ed the importance of considering the U S administration s initiative that it call ed on the two relevant parties to undertake a careful and thorough consideration of the U S vision to achieve peace and supporting the restor ation to the Palestinian people of their full legitimate rights through the establishment of a sovereign independent state in the Palestinian occupied territories in accordance with international legitimacy and resolutions 163 164 Egypt s stance was different to those of Jordan 165 Syria 166 and Lebanon 167 168 which all opposed the plan in January 2020 Sisi welcomed the Trump brokered Israel United Arab Emirates peace agreement saying he was gladdened by the suspension of Israel s plans to annex parts of the occupied Palestinian territories in the West Bank He also personally congratulated the Emirate of Abu Dhabi s Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan on the deal 169 On 22 March 2022 Sisi met with Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett They discussed trilateral relations the Iran nuclear deal and the Russian invasion of Ukraine 170 171 Turkey Further information Egypt Turkey relations Sisi and Azerbaijan s President Ilham Aliyev who is a close ally of Turkey 28 January 2023 Relations between Egypt and Turkey deteriorated significantly after Morsi s ousting Recep Tayyip Erdogan then Prime Minister was the only leader to call Morsi s ouster a coup calling for the immediate release of Morsi and insisting he is the legitimate president of Egypt Turkish Minister for European Affairs Egemen Bagis also called for the UN Security Council to take action in Egypt 172 Erdogan was said not to recognise Sisi as president of Egypt and called him an illegitimate tyrant 173 in response to the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict and alleged Egyptian support for Israel in its war against Hamas 174 175 In response to Erdogan s remarks the Egyptian Foreign Ministry warned that the Egypt Turkey relationship would be worsened 176 while Sisi refused to respond Egypt s foreign ministry accused Erdogan of provocation and interfering in Egypt s internal affairs In November 2013 Egypt told the Turkish ambassador to leave the country a day after Erdogan called for Morsi to be freed Relations with Ankara were also lowered to charge d affaires 177 The Egyptian foreign ministry also said that Egypt has cancelled joint naval drills with Turkey over Turkey s interference in Egypt s domestic affairs 178 In September 2014 Egypt s foreign minister cancelled a meeting with now President Erdogan requested by Turkey after Erdogan made a speech critical of Egypt in the UN General Assembly 179 An advisor to the Turkish president denied that the countries leaders were planning to meet Sisi s administration also decided to cancel the Roll on roll off agreement with Turkey blocking Turkey from transporting Turkish containers to the Gulf via Egyptian ports 180 In 2014 an intense campaign started by Egypt and Saudi Arabia against Turkey made it lose its predicted easy victory of membership in the United Nations Security Council 181 In March 2021 Erdogan said that Turkey was keen on strengthening relations with Egypt 182 Egypt appreciated Turkey s comments 183 but said that Turkey must turn the chapter and start taking action 184 Turkey has ordered Muslim Brotherhood channels based in the country to calm criticism of Egypt and its president or even completely stop it 185 Arab world Further information Egypt Saudi Arabia relations Egypt Syria relations and Saudi Arabian led intervention in Yemen This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2015 Sisi King Salman of Saudi Arabia and U S President Donald Trump at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia Al Jazeera reported in June 2014 Saudi Arabia the world s top oil exporter and its wealthy Gulf Arab partners Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates have given more than 20 billion to help Egypt since Morsi s overthrow Sisi said last month and are likely to pledge more 186 In 2015 Egypt participated in the Saudi Arabian led military intervention in Yemen 187 In April 2016 King Salman of Saudi Arabia made a five day visit to Egypt during which the two countries signed economic agreements worth approximately 25 billion and also made an agreement to return Tiran and Sanafir two Egyptian administered islands in the Gulf of Aqaba to Saudi control The announcement of the transfer of the islands provoked a backlash in both social media and traditional media including outlets which had been firmly pro Sisi 118 In January 2017 an Egyptian court gave its final ruling rejecting the controversial government transfer of the two islands to Saudi Arabia The Supreme Constitutional Court froze that ruling and allowed Sisi to ratify the deal with Saudi Arabia making these two islands included in Mohammed Bin Salman s NEOM megacity 188 189 190 191 In November 2016 Sisi said that he supported the presidency of Bashar al Assad in Syria for the sake of stability 192 In a February 2017 article in Foreign Affairs Oren Kessler the Deputy Director for Research at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies suggests there are three reasons for Sisi s pro Assad position Egypt s common enemies with Syria ISIS and the Muslim Brotherhood as opposed to Saudi Arabia s antagonism with Iran Egypt and Syria s shared opposition to the policies of President Erdogan of Turkey and Egypt s growing relations with Russia a close ally of Syria 192 Kessler concludes that the sentiment of revolution fatigue amplifies Sisi s support for Assad 192 On 24 June 2022 Sisi met with Qatar s Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani on his first official visit to Egypt since 2015 They discussed diplomatic and economic relations after Qatar and Egypt had signed investments contracts worth more than US 5 billion in March 2022 193 194 195 Russia Further information Egypt Russia relations President Sisi with President Vladimir Putin and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu August 2014 Both military and political relations between Egypt and Russia witnessed significant improvements after Morsi s overthrow coinciding with the deterioration in relations between the United States and Egypt once considered its important ally in the Middle East citation needed Unlike the US Russia supported Sisi s actions from the start including his presidential bid 79 Russia reportedly offered Egypt a huge military weapons deal after the US had suspended some military aid and postponed weapons delivery to Egypt The Russian President Vladimir Putin was the first to congratulate Sisi on his inauguration Sisi made Russia his first destination abroad as defense minister after being promoted to the rank of Field Marshal where he met with the Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Russian Minister of Defense General Sergei Shoigu to negotiate an arms deal with Russia instead of the United States Sisi and Vladimir Putin meeting on 10 February 2015 Sisi also visited Russia as an Egyptian President at the invitation of Russian President Vladimir Putin The visit was described by Putin as reflective of the special nature of the relation between the two countries Sisi was welcomed by General Sergei Shoigu who showed him different Russian made military vehicles and weapons in the airport Moscow s Vedemosti business daily reported that Russia and Egypt are nearing a 3 billion 2 2 billion euro weapons agreement 196 President Putin also accompanied him to visit the Russian cruiser Moskva before they gave a joint televised statement Sisi announced in his statement that there was a new plan of renewing and developing giant projects established by the former Soviet Union President Putin announced that an agreement has been reached to increase Egypt s supply of agricultural goods to Russia by 30 percent while his country will provide Egypt with 5 to 5 5 million tons of wheat In addition a free trade zone was also being discussed 196 On 11 December 2017 during President Vladimir Putin s visit to Cairo the two countries signed agreements in which Russia would build Egypt s first nuclear reactor and supply nuclear fuel for the same It was also agreed that a Russian Industrial Zone would be built along the Suez Canal explained by Putin as being the biggest regional center for producing Russian products onto the markets of the Middle East and North Africa 197 United States Further information Egypt United States relations US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis meets with President Abdel Fattah el Sisi during a meeting held at the Pentagon in Washington Relations between Egypt and the United States witnessed tensions after the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi 198 The United States strongly condemned Sisi s administration on several occasions 199 before deciding to delay selling four F 16 fighter jets 200 Apaches and Abrams kits to Egypt The US also cancelled the Bright Star joint military exercise with the Egyptian Armed Forces 201 Sisi s administration purportedly showed unusual actions in dealing with the US calling on President Barack Obama s administration to exercise restraint in dealing with racially charged unrest in Ferguson echoing language the US used to caution Egypt previously as it cracked down on Islamist protesters 198 Egyptian security checked US Secretary of State John Kerry and his top aides through a stationary metal detector as well as with a handheld wand before meeting with el Sisi in what was considered an unusual screening for a senior State Department official 202 Sisi also skipped Obama s invitation to the American African summit 203 US President Donald Trump welcomes el Sisi Monday 3 April 2017 Despite evidence of tensions a 2014 news story BBC reported The US has revealed it has released 575m in military aid to Egypt that had been frozen since the ousting of President Mohammed Morsi last year 204 In September 2014 Sisi visited the US to address the UN General assembly in New York An extensive media campaign produced billboards which were distributed all over New York City welcoming the Egyptian president 205 In August 2015 Secretary of State John Kerry was in Cairo for a U S Egypt strategic dialogue 206 Following the election of Republican Donald Trump as the President of the United States the two countries looked to improve the Egyptian American relations El Sisi and Trump had met during the opening of the seventy first session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2016 207 The absence of Egypt in President Trump s travel ban towards seven Muslim countries was noted in Washington although the Congress has voiced human rights concerns over the handling of dissidents 208 On 22 March 2017 it was reported that el Sisi would be traveling to Washington to meet with Trump on 3 April 2017 209 President Trump praised el Sisi saying that el Sisi had done a tremendous job under trying circumstance 210 On 26 August 2019 Trump met with el Sisi along with other global leaders in the 45th G7 summit in Biarritz France Trump continued his earlier praise of el Sisi saying that Egypt has made tremendous progress under a great leader s leadership 211 El Sisi criticized President Donald Trump s decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel s capital According to el Sisi the Trump administration s decision would undermine the chances of peace in the Middle East 212 El Sisi was praised by Trump 213 Political opposition President Sisi speaking at the UK Africa Investment Summit in London 2020 In late 2019 there were numerous direct calls for el Sisi to immediately resign 214 215 In September 2019 building contractor Mohamed Ali in exile in Spain published videos online that directly criticised el Sisi claiming corruption and ineffectiveness Ali s videos sparked off the September 2019 Egyptian protests which el Sisi responded to in several speeches 214 In response to the street protests calling for el Sisi to resign 4300 protestors and non protestors were arrested 216 In November 2019 member of the House of Representatives Ahmed Tantawi submitted a formal parliamentary proposal and a YouTube video online for el Sisi to finish his term in 2022 rather than 2024 and for consultation on institutional reforms to take place in order to allow change to take place by political methods 215 On 28 December 2019 Mohamed Ali released the Egyptian Consensus Document with a list of four key principles and four key actions for replacing el Sisi s system of government which Ali claimed represented the consensus of a wide range of the Egyptian opposition 217 The following day the Egyptian National Action Group ENAG including Ayman Nour as spokesperson 218 was launched with a similar claim of representing the consensus of a broad array of the Egyptian opposition centrists liberals leftists and Islamists with a consensus program for replacing el Sisi s governmental system 217 219 Personal lifeUnlike Hosni Mubarak el Sisi is protective of the privacy of his family 220 even though two of his sons hold positions in the government 221 214 He is married to his cousin Entissar Amer and is the father of three sons and one daughter 222 One of his sons is married to the daughter of former Egyptian army chief Mahmoud Hegazy 223 El Sisi comes from a religious family and frequently quotes Quranic verses during informal conversations 224 El Sisi s wife wears the hijab though usually a casual kind that covers the hair but not the neck El Sisi is known to be quiet and is often called the Quiet General Even as a young man he was often called General Sisi due to his perceived orderly demeanor 220 According to Sherifa Zuhur a professor at the War College when el Sisi attended many American officers expressed doubts that Muslims could be democratic El Sisi disputed this opinion he and others were critical of decisions made in Iraq and Libya El Sisi wrote his term paper at the War College on democracy and its applications in the Middle East In his paper he argues in favour of democracy based on its past successes 225 Zuhur also had the impression that el Sisi supported a gradual move towards pluralism 226 While at the War College Sisi sometimes led Friday prayers at the local mosque 227 Sisi described himself as a doctor whose diagnoses are sought after by top philosophers and prominent world leaders 228 229 RecognitionMilitary 30 June 2013 Revolution Medal 37 25 January 2011 Revolution Medal 37 Silver Jubilee of Liberation of Sinai Medal 2007 37 Golden Jubilee of 23 July 1952 Revolution 2002 37 Silver Jubilee of October War 1973 Medal 1998 37 Longevity and Exemplary Service Medal 37 October War 1973 Medal 1973 37 Kuwait Liberation Medal 37 Kuwait Liberation Medal Egypt Liberation of Sinai Decoration 1982 37 Distinguished Service Decoration 37 Military Duty Decoration Second Class 37 Military Duty Decoration First Class 37 Military Courage Decoration Republic s Military Decoration Training Decoration Army Day DecorationCivil Bahrain Collar of the Order of Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa 230 Belarus Medal of the Order of the Friendship of Peoples Cyprus Grand Cross of the Order of Makarios III 231 France Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 232 Germany Medal of the Order of St George from Semperoper 233 later withdrawn 234 Greece Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer Guinea Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 235 Hungary Honorary PhD from National University of Public Service Ivory Coast Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast 236 KSA Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud Kuwait Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great Portugal Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry Serbia First Class of the Order of the Republic of Serbia Sudan Collar of the National Order of Sudan United Arab Emirates Collar of the Order of Zayed 237 Arab League Medal of Arab tourismPublicationsWritten by Sisi when he was a Brigadier General Democracy in the Middle East Archive U S Army War College USAWC Strategy Research Project Advised by Colonel Stephen J Gerras Obtained through the U S Freedom of Information Act FOIA by Judicial WatchSee also Politics portal Egypt portalPolitics of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser Post coup unrest in Egypt 2013 2014 Notes Arabic عبد الفتاح سعید حسین خلیل السیسی ʕaebdel faetˈtaeːħ saeˈʕiːd ħeˈseːn xaeˈliːl ɪsˈsiːsi References a b Simon 10 February 2020 South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to silence the guns boost trade and close gender gap Today News Africa Retrieved 10 February 2020 Carlstrom Gregg 18 February 2014 Egypt s New Dictator Was Made in the USA Politico Magazine Retrieved 28 February 2023 Profile Abdel Fattah el Sisi Al Jazeera 12 April 2018 Retrieved 28 February 2023 a b Egypt s El Sisi bids military farewell says he will run for presidency Ahram Online 26 March 2014 Retrieved 26 March 2014 a b Egypt election Sisi secures landslide win BBC 29 May 2014 Retrieved 29 July 2014 a 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Saddam Hussein as they drop out of race The Independent Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 Sanchez Raf 15 January 2018 Anwar Sadat s nephew backs out of Egypt presidential election The Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 a b Profile Egypt armed forces chief Abdul Fattah al Sisi BBC 21 August 2012 Retrieved 21 August 2012 المنوفية مصنع الرؤساء و الوزراء صدى البلد 29 May 2014 Al Sisi s mother passes away DailyNewsEgypt 1 July 2014 Retrieved 17 August 2015 Abdel Fattah el Sisi Fast Facts CNN 1 July 2014 General Al Sisi The Man Who Now Runs Egypt Newsweek 16 August 2013 Retrieved 26 March 2014 Popular wave could lift Egypt army chief to office Al Arabiya 30 January 2014 Popular wave may lift Egypt s Sisi to office News 24 30 January 2014 Archived from the original on 27 May 2014 Retrieved 25 May 2014 In the heartland of the al Sisi cult Qantara 16 August 2013 Retrieved 25 May 2014 Sisi strikes back at Islamists with correct apolitical Islam Reuters 10 May 2014 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Retrieved 19 August 2013 Weymouth Lally 3 August 2013 Rare interview with Egyptian Gen Abdel Fatah al Sissi sic The Washington Post Retrieved 30 January 2014 a b Egypt rights groups voice misgiving about army s call for rallies Daily News Egypt 7 October 2013 Retrieved 7 October 2013 a b Kingsley Patrick 26 December 2014 Worse than the dictators Egypt s leaders bring pillars of freedom crashing down The Guardian Retrieved 1 September 2015 Egyptian Court ordered Death sentence to 529 Members Dawn 24 March 2014 Retrieved 24 March 2014 Egypt sentencing to death of more than 500 people is a grotesque ruling amnesty org uk 24 March 2014 Retrieved 25 March 2014 Egypt crackdown widens with arrest of leading rights lawyer BBC News 6 May 2016 Lindsey Ursula 12 September 2013 The Cult of Sisi The New York Times Lindsey Ursula 12 September 2013 The Cult of Sisi The New York Times Catch the Al Sisi mania Ahram online Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 Retrieved 6 November 2013 El Sisi mania goes on and on Egyptian Chronicle 25 October 2013 Retrieved 30 January 2014 Stack Liam 25 October 2013 It s Sisi Mania as Nationalist Fervor Sweeps Through Egypt The Lede Retrieved 30 January 2014 Rayman Noah 5 December 2013 Egypt s Sisi Wins Reader Poll for Time Person of the Year Time Retrieved 7 December 2013 Khalil Ashraf 6 December 2013 Egypt s Sisi Wins Reader Poll for Time Person of the Year Time Retrieved 7 December 2013 a b Egypt army chief El Sisi pushed towards presidential run Ahram Online 30 September 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2014 NSF will back Sisi if he runs for president Badawy says Egypt Independent 4 November 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2014 We support Sabahi if Sisi does not run for presidency Tamarod Founder 17 December 2013 Retrieved 4 June 2014 Moussa urges Sisi to run for president 18 December 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Shafiq will not run for presidency if Al Sisi nominates himself Daily News Egypt 9 September 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Egypt s PM backs Sisi for president Al Arabiya 23 January 2014 Retrieved 30 January 2014 Swiris Backs AlSisi CNN Revolutionary Forces Bloc declares support for Sisi s bid for president TheCairoPost a b Putin backs Sisi s run for Egyptian presidency Agence France Presse 13 February 2014 Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 Kirkpatrick David D 28 January 2014 Egypt s Ruler Eyes Riskier Role The Presidency The New York Times Retrieved 22 November 2022 Sabbahi I am the only presidential candidate so far in Egypt Ahram Online 19 January 2014 Retrieved 14 March 2014 Politicians defend possible Sisi candidacy The Cairo Post 19 January 2014 Retrieved 14 March 2014 Egyptian candidate questions Sisi s commitment to democracy Reuters 13 March 2014 Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 Retrieved 14 March 2014 Misr Balady Front calls on Al Sisi to run for presidency Reuters 21 January 2014 Retrieved 21 January 2014 Michael Maggie 21 January 2014 Supporters urge Egypt general to run for president The Times of Israel Retrieved 27 November 2022 Egypt s army chief Sisi to run for president Al Jazeera 5 February 2014 Retrieved 5 February 2014 Egypt army chief Sisi says will run for president report Reuters 6 February 2014 Retrieved 6 February 2014 Egypt Anti Sisi hashtag sweeps Twitter BBC 30 March 2014 Retrieved 31 March 2014 Egypt s Twitter hashtags declare defiance Twitter Al Jazeera 9 April 2014 Kingsley Patrick 8 June 2014 Egypt s Sisi sworn in as president The Guardian Retrieved 27 November 2022 Egyptians Celebrate President Sisi s Winning All diplomats in Egypt invited to Sisi s inauguration Foreign Ministry The Cairo Post 8 June 2014 President El Sisi grants Adly Mansour highest medal Ahram Online 8 June 2014 Freedom House Egypt Retrieved 16 December 2021 Egypt s Sisi goes cycling for fuel economy english alarabiya net 12 June 2014 From Egypt s leader an ambitious call for reform in Islam Associated Press Retrieved 30 August 2015 Ayah Aman 16 April 2015 Egypt strikes Islamic texts from schools angering Salafists Al Monitor Retrieved 30 August 2015 Muslim dress in Egypt Haughty about the hijab The Economist 29 August 2015 Retrieved 30 August 2015 Egypt s clerics are resisting the president s call to renew Islam The Economist 16 February 2017 Retrieved 18 February 2017 a b Kingsley Patrick 7 January 2015 Egyptian president attends Coptic Christmas Eve mass in Cairo The Guardian via www theguardian com Egypt s Sisi Becomes First President to Attend Christmas Mass Egyptian Streets 6 January 2015 Retrieved 22 November 2022 Egypt Human Rights Watch Noone cared he was a child Egyptian security forces abuse of children in detention PDF Human Rights Watch 25 March 2020 Archived PDF from the original on 15 December 2020 Hundreds Of Egyptians Protest Against Government Demand Sisi Resignation RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Egyptian Authorities Round Up Hundreds After Rare Protests Voice of America As long as we have political Islam there will be instability Al Sisi from New York 24 September 2019 a b c El Sisi Says Price Rises to Save Egypt From Debt Drowning Bloomberg com 6 July 2014 Retrieved 26 September 2020 Egypt president raises cigarette alcohol prices Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Egypt s poverty rate declines to 29 7 CAPMAS Economy Business Ahram Online Egypt subsidies cut much needed bitter medicine Sisi news yahoo com Fahim Kareem 7 July 2014 Egypt s President Expresses Disappointment Over Conviction of Three Journalists The New York Times a b Egypt to start paying foreign oil firms by year end EGPC News Aswat Masriya en aswatmasriya com Retrieved 2 June 2015 Egypt s external debt drops to 39 9 bn at end of March central bank News Aswat Masriya en aswatmasriya com Retrieved 2 June 2015 Moody s raises Egypt s outlook to stable on political stability improved growth News Aswat Masriya en aswatmasriya com Retrieved 2 June 2015 Fitch upgrades Egypt rating to B cites subsidy cuts News Aswat Masriya en aswatmasriya com Retrieved 2 June 2015 Moody s upgrades Egypt to B3 with a stable outlook Egypt Independent 7 April 2015 Retrieved 2 June 2015 REUTERS Egypt picks banks for first international bond issue in 5 years News Aswat Masriya en aswatmasriya com Retrieved 2 June 2015 a b Brand Laurie Stacher Joshua 25 April 2016 Why two islands may be more important to Egyptian regime stability than billions in Gulf aid washingtonpost com Retrieved 27 April 2016 Kirkpatrick David D Reed Stanley 2 May 2014 Looming Energy Crisis Again Confronts Egypt s Leaders The New York Times Kingsley Patrick 20 August 2014 Egypt suffers regular blackouts due to worst energy crisis in decades The Guardian Michael Maggie 4 September 2014 Power outage hits Egypt subway TV stations Associated Press News Retrieved 22 November 2022 Partnering to support Egypt s electricity needs YouTube UPDATE 2 Siemens signs 8 billion euro power deal with Egypt Reuters 3 June 2015 Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 Retrieved 30 June 2017 Egypt signs 12 billion deal with British energy giant BP Aswat Masrya Egypt seeks becoming global hub for energy trading Sisi Aswat Masrya Hazou Elias 21 November 2017 Energy peace focus of Tripartite Summit updated a b Joint Declaration following the 5th Cyprus Egypt Greece Trilateral Summit PIO Cyprus Nicosia 21 November 2017 Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 Retrieved 3 February 2018 a b Leaders Al Sisi Anastasiades Tsipras Trilateral Summit 21 November 2017 via www youtube com Kirkpatrick David D 6 August 2015 Suez Canal Upgrade May Not Ease Egypt s Economic Journey The New York Times Al Sisi kicks off new Suez Canal project lays down tightened completion deadline Daily News Egypt 5 August 2014 Najarian Mesrop 7 August 2015 Egypt Inaugurates Suez Canal Expansion CNN Sisi launches Suez Canal Development Project Egypt Independent 5 August 2014 Retrieved 22 November 2022 Fahimaug Kareem 6 August 2014 Egypt Has Ambitious Plan for Suez Canal Expansion The New York Times Retrieved 26 April 2016 Sisi says austerity measures a must Cairo Post 7 July 2014 Retrieved 26 April 2016 The Capital Cairo Archived from the original on 22 March 2018 Retrieved 29 November 2016 Sisi calls on minister to conclude slum development projects in two years Egypt Independent 12 May 2016 Retrieved 29 November 2016 السيسي الانتهاء من تطوير العشوائيات خلال عامين Retrieved 29 November 2016 Sabry Mohammed 6 April 2021 Egypt plans New Delta to boost food security Al Monitor p 1 Retrieved 22 June 2022 82 pct of Egyptians happy with Sisi s performance Baseera en aswatmasriya com The poll conducted by the Egyptian Center for Public Opinion Research Baseera on The performance of President al Sisi PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 June 2016 Retrieved 5 June 2016 Baseera poll 14 decline in Sisi s popularity due to price increases Mada Masr Baseera poll shows decline in Sisi voter base Mada Masr Egypt s Sisi make Algeria his first foreign trip security tops agenda Reuters 25 June 2014 Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 30 June 2017 Africa Sisi Announces New Agency for Africa s Development Egypt Sisi Returns to Cairo From Khartoum After African Tour Egypt reiterates red line in Nile dam row with Ethiopia The Arab Weekly 12 April 2021 Egypt s el Sisi warns all options open after dam talks fail Al Jazeera 7 April 2021 Egypt s decision to side with Israel has cost Gaza dear The Guardian 30 July 2014 Diab Khaled An insane alliance Israel and Egypt against Gaza Haaretz 8 August 2014 Israel and Saudi Arabia The new frenemies The Economist CAIRO 13 June 2015 Retrieved 14 June 2015 Anton La Guardia 14 May 2016 Israel and Palestine The Economist Retrieved 14 May 2016 السيسي مصر لن تتأخر في الدفاع عن الدول العربية العربية نت الصفحة الرئيسية Sisi Egypt will not be delayed in the defense of Arab states in Arabic Al Arabiya 31 October 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2016 Sisi reiterates support for Palestinian statehood slams media campaign Egypt Independent 24 August 2014 Ari Yashar 11 July 2014 Egypt slams Israel repressive operation Arutz Sheva Egypt urges world powers to help end Gaza bloodshed Al Ahram Weekly 11 July 2014 Egyptian govt to send 500 tons of aid to Gaza Al Ahram Weekly 11 July 2014 Egypt Jordan urge world to intervene in Gaza i24news 12 July 2014 Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 a b Egypt s Sisi tells Israel Now is the time to end conflict for peace and prosperity yourmiddleeast com Agence France Presse 12 October 2014 Sisi Blames Israeli Lack of Peace For Islamic State Arutz Sheva 3 September 2014 Yaron Friedman 26 November 2014 Al Sisi s peace plan Ynetnews Amos Harel 1 September 2014 Egypt We ll open Rafah crossing only if Palestinian Authority troops guard it Haaretz Egyptian report blames Hamas for killing 16 soldiers in terror attack The Times of Israel 15 March 2013 Press statement Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 28 January 2020 Archived from the original on 30 January 2020 Retrieved 30 January 2020 Egypt calls for dialogue over U S Mideast peace plan Reuters 28 January 2020 Archived from the original on 28 January 2020 Retrieved 28 January 2020 Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital irreversible Jordanian stance Jordan Times 28 January 2020 Syria strongly condemns rejects so called deal of the century renews standing by Palestinians struggle 29 January 2020 Arab world reacts to US Mideast peace plan www aa com tr Diab Expresses Solidarity with Palestinian Cause Naharnet Lewis Aidan 13 August 2020 Egypt s Sisi welcomes UAE Israel deal halt to annexation of Palestinian lands Reuters Berman Lazar In first Bennett meets Sissi MBZ in Egypt amid concerns over Ukraine war www timesofisrael com Retrieved 21 June 2022 Israeli PM UAE de facto ruler hold talks with el Sisi in Egypt www aljazeera com Retrieved 21 June 2022 Egypt Turkey ties deteriorate on Mursi ouster ASHARQ AL AWSAT Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 Retrieved 2 June 2015 Turkey PM slams Egypt s illegitimate tyrant Sisi Yahoo News 18 July 2014 This time Gaza fighting is proxy war for entire Mideast CNN 1 August 2014 Arab Leaders Viewing Hamas as Worse Than Israel Stay Silent The New York Times 30 July 2014 Cairo Warns Ankara of Worsening Relations The Wall Street Journal 26 July 2014 Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 Egypt expels Turkish ambassador BBC News BBC News 23 November 2013 Retrieved 2 June 2015 Egypt Turkey cancel navy drills as tensions rise Fox News 25 March 2015 Retrieved 2 June 2015 Egypt cancels Erdogan meeting over coup comments Turkey denies meeting ever scheduled Politics Egypt Ahram Online english ahram org eg Retrieved 2 June 2015 Egypt decides not to renew trade agreement with Turkey Egypt Independent 27 October 2014 Retrieved 2 June 2015 Turkey Loses U N Security Council Seat in Huge Upset Newsweek 16 October 2014 Retrieved 16 October 2014 Erdogan Turkey keen to strengthen relations with Egypt 12 March 2021 Egypt welcomes Turkey s good gesture after it asks Egyptian opposition channels to reduce criticism 19 March 2021 Egypt We await deeds not words from Turkey 15 March 2021 Turkey orders Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to stop criticizing Egypt Reports 19 March 2021 Saudi King Abdullah visits Egypt s Sisi Al Jazeera 20 June 2014 Egypt and Saudi Arabia discuss maneuvers as Yemen battles rage Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Reuters 14 April 2015 Saudi Arabia futuristic robot city includes former Egypt islands Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 Saudi Arabia announces first project on Tiran and Sanafir 25 October 2017 Sisi ratifies Tiran and Sanafir agreement cedes islands to Saudi Arabia Mada Masr Egyptian court rejects plan to transfer Red Sea islands to Saudi Arabia TheGuardian com 16 January 2017 a b c Kessler Oren 12 February 2017 Egypt Picks Sides in the Syrian War How Sisi Learned to Love Assad Foreign Affairs Retrieved 14 February 2017 Cairo s priority is to support national armies for example in Libya he told Portuguese state television The same with Syria and Iraq The host then pressed Sisi over whether he meant the Syrian government Yes Sisi replied plainly It was the first time that Egypt a longtime U S ally openly acknowledged that it sides with the Syrian government via Foreign Affairs subscription required Qatar s Emir arrives in Cairo to meet Egypt s President Arab News 24 June 2022 Retrieved 27 June 2022 Egypt Qatar sign 5 billion in investment deals Reuters 29 March 2022 Retrieved 27 June 2022 Qatar Egypt eye investment financial cooperation post blockade Doha News Qatar 21 June 2022 Retrieved 27 June 2022 a b El Sisi Putin stress close ties near arms deal Politics Egypt Ahram Online english ahram org eg Putin and Egypt s Sisi make joint statement after meeting in Cairo RT 11 December 2017 a b Haaretz Sisi taking revenge on US for interference 25 August 2014 Aswat Masriya Home en aswatmasriya com No More Fighter Jets for Egypt but We re Still Not Calling It a Coup Lawler David 15 August 2013 Barack Obama cancels Operation Bright Star Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 via www telegraph co uk Kerry Checked By Security Before Meeting Egypt s President HuffPost 22 July 2014 Egypt s El Sisi to skip Obama s Africa summit Politics Egypt Ahram Online english ahram org eg US unlocks military aid to Egypt backing President Sisi BBC News 22 June 2014 chronicle fanack com Egyptian President s Growing International Legitimacy fanack com Retrieved 27 July 2015 US resumes strategic dialogue with Egypt Al Jazeera 2 August 2015 Egypt s Sisi congratulates US President elect Donald Trump Ahram Online 9 November 2016 Retrieved 9 November 2016 Analysis Trump presidency heralds new era of US Egypt ties Jerusalem post Reuters 10 February 2017 Retrieved 10 February 2017 Egyptian President el Sisi to Visit Trump in April Wall Street Journal 22 March 2017 Retrieved 22 March 2017 Donald Trump praises Egypt President al Sisi and plans trip to Cairo The Independent 21 May 2017 Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 Retrieved 21 May 2017 Remarks Prior to a Meeting With President Abdelfattah Said Elsisi of Egypt and an Exchange With Reporters in Biarritz France The American Presidency Project How The World Is Reacting To Trump Recognizing Jerusalem As Israel s Capital National Public Radio NPR 6 December 2017 Ghitis Frida 26 September 2019 Egypt s Sisi Is a Strong Confident and Vulnerable Autocrat World Politics Review a b c Ayesh Mohammad 16 October 2019 Mohamed Ali Sisi and family toured new palace as Cairo burned Middle East Eye Archived from the original on 19 October 2019 Retrieved 20 October 2019 a b MP referred to ethics committee over reform initiative calling for Sisi s early departure from office Mada Masr 9 November 2019 Archived from the original on 10 November 2019 Retrieved 10 November 2019 European Parliament resolution on Egypt European Parliament 23 October 2019 2019 2880 RSP Archived from the original on 25 October 2019 Retrieved 25 October 2019 a b Egypt National Action Group condemns Sisi s plunging of the army in battles against the Libya s GNA Middle East Observer 3 January 2020 Archived from the original on 23 January 2020 Retrieved 24 January 2020 Nour Ayman 23 January 2020 Egypt s choice is clear Democracy or chaos under Sisi Middle East Eye Archived from the original on 23 January 2020 Retrieved 24 January 2020 Egypt Opponents of Sisi launch anti regime group Middle East Monitor 31 December 2019 Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 Retrieved 24 January 2020 a b The Quiet General Newsweek 16 August 2013 Egypt activist Wael Ghonim s brother ordered to remain in custody Al Jazeera English 22 September 2019 Archived from the original on 19 October 2019 Retrieved 20 October 2019 al Hameed Ashraf 12 May 2014 Egypt s next first lady Meet Mrs Sisi and Mrs Sabbahi al Arabiya Retrieved 3 April 2018 Jihadists continue to torment Egypt The Economist 2 November 2017 Sisi s Islamist Agenda for Egypt Foreign Affairs 28 July 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Pipes Daniel Fall 2014 What Egypt s President Sisi Really Thinks Middle East Quarterly Ambitious men in uniform The Economist 3 August 2014 Retrieved 3 June 2014 Egypt s path from autocracy to revolution and back again The Economist 9 August 2018 Shahin Emad 12 June 2015 The four traits Sisi Hitler and Mussolini have in common Middle East Eye Retrieved 26 November 2022 Sisi declares himself Egypt s God send Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 Sisi Al Khalifa hold bilateral meeting in Bahrain EgyptToday 8 May 2017 تعرف على صاحب قلادة مكاريوس الثالث التي م نحت لـ السيسي في قبرص in Arabic 20 November 2017 Archived from the original on 4 October 2018 Le president egyptien Sissi a recu la grand croix de la Legion d honneur lors de sa visite en France Ouest France in French 10 December 2020 Retrieved 26 November 2022 German opera ball in trouble for honoring Egyptian president DW 30 January 2020 Guest commentary Abdel Fattah el Sissi No beacon of hope no bridge builder DW 7 February 2020 Le President egyptien decore du Grand Cordon de l Ordre National de Merite de la Republique de Guinee apanews net 13 January 2021 Abdel Fattah Al Sissi fait Grand croix de l ordre national de Cote d Ivoire Abidjan net News news abidjan net Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed bestows Order of Zayed on Egypt president Khaleeji Times 14 November 2019 Further readingHessler Peter 2 January 2017 The shadow general President Sisi has unwittingly revealed more about the way Egypt now works than anyone could have imagined Letter from Cairo The New Yorker Vol 92 no 43 pp 44 55 Online version is titled Egypt s Failed Revolution External linksAbdel Fattah el Sisi at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Egyptian State Information Service CV Egyptian Armed Forces Commander in chief CV El Sisi is the new commander in chief of the Egyptian armed forces Sisi s first televised interview on YouTube in Arabic On the future First LadyGovernment officesPreceded byMurad Muwafi Director of Military Intelligence2010 2012 Succeeded byMahmoud HegazyMilitary officesPreceded byMohamed Hussein Tantawi General Commander of the Armed Forces2012 2014 Succeeded bySedki SobhyPolitical officesPreceded byMohamed Hussein Tantawi Minister of Defence2012 2014 Succeeded bySedki SobhyPreceded byMomtaz El Saeed Deputy Prime Minister of Egypt2013 2014 VacantPreceded byAdly MansourInterim President of Egypt2014 present IncumbentDiplomatic postsPreceded byPaul Kagame Chairperson of the African Union2019 2020 Succeeded byCyril Ramaphosa Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Abdel Fattah el Sisi amp oldid 1151069657, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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