The Christian Science Monitor
The Christian Science Monitor (CSM), commonly known as The Monitor, is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition.[1][2] It was founded in 1908 as a daily newspaper by Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist.[3]
Front page of the April 26, 2009 edition | |
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
|---|---|
| Owner(s) | Christian Science Publishing Society |
| Editor | Mark Sappenfield |
| Founded | 1908 |
| Headquarters | 210 Massachusetts Avenue Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. 02115 |
| ISSN | 0882-7729 |
| Website | csmonitor |
The newspaper has been based in Boston since its establishment. The Christian Science Monitor has won seven Pulitzer Prizes and more than a dozen Overseas Press Club awards.[4]
History edit
20th century edit
The Monitor was founded in 1908 in part as a response by Mary Baker Eddy to the journalism of her day, which relentlessly covered the sensations and scandals surrounding her new religion with varying accuracy. In addition, Joseph Pulitzer's New York World was consistently critical of Eddy, and this, along with a derogatory article in McClure's, furthered Eddy's decision to found her own media outlet.[4] Eddy also required the inclusion of "Christian Science" in the paper's name, over initial opposition by some of her advisors who thought the religious reference might repel a secular audience.[4]
Eddy also saw a vital need to counteract the fear often spread by media reporting:
Looking over the newspapers of the day, one naturally reflects that it is dangerous to live, so loaded with disease seems the very air. These descriptions carry fears to many minds, to be depicted in some future time upon the body. A periodical of our own will counteract to some extent this public nuisance; for through our paper, at the price at which we shall issue it, we shall be able to reach many homes with healing, purifying thought.[5]
Eddy declared that The Monitor's mission should be, "to spread undivided the Science that operates unspent." (The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany, Mary Baker Eddy, p. 353:16).[4]
MonitoRadio was a radio service produced by the Church of Christ Scientist between 1984 and 1997. It featured several one-hour news broadcasts a day, as well as top of the hour news bulletins. The service was widely heard on public radio stations throughout the United States. The Monitor later launched an international broadcast over shortwave radio, called the World Service of the Christian Science Monitor. Weekdays were news-led, but weekend schedules were exclusively dedicated to religious programming. That service ceased operations on June 28, 1997.[6]
In 1986, The Monitor started producing a current affairs television series, The Christian Science Monitor Reports, which was distributed via syndication to television stations across the United States. In 1988, The Christian Science Monitor Reports won a Peabody Award[7] for a series of reports on Islamic fundamentalism. That same year, the program was cancelled and The Monitor created a daily television program, World Monitor, anchored by former NBC correspondent John Hart, which was initially shown on the Discovery Channel. In 1991, World Monitor moved to the Monitor Channel, a 24-hour news and information channel.[6] The channel launched on May 1, 1991, with programming from its Boston TV station, WQTV.[8] The only religious programming on the channel was a five-minute Christian Science program early each morning.[9] In 1992, after eleven months on the air, the service was shut down amid huge financial losses.[10] Programming from the Monitor Channel was also carried nationally via the WWOR EMI Service, a nationally oriented feed of WWOR-TV, a New Jersey-based television station launched in 1990 due to the SyndEx laws put into place the year prior.
21st century edit
The print edition continued to struggle for readership, and, in 2004, faced a renewed mandate from the church to earn a profit. Subsequently, The Monitor began relying more on the Internet as an integral part of its business model. The Monitor was one of the first newspapers to put its text online in 1996, and was also one of the first to launch a PDF edition in 2001. It was also an early pioneer of RSS feeds.[11]
In 2005, Richard Bergenheim, a Christian Science practitioner, was named the new editor. Shortly before his death in 2008, Bergenheim was replaced by a veteran Boston Globe editor and former Monitor reporter John Yemma.[12]
In 2006, Jill Carroll, a freelance reporter for The Monitor, was kidnapped in Baghdad, and released safely after 82 days. Although Carroll was initially a freelancer, the paper worked tirelessly for her release, even hiring her as a staff writer shortly after her abduction to ensure that she had financial benefits.[13] Beginning in August 2006, the Monitor published an account[14] of Carroll's kidnapping and subsequent release, with first-person reporting from Carroll and others involved.
In October 2008, citing net losses of US$18.9 million per year versus US$12.5 million in annual revenue, The Monitor announced that it would cease printing daily and instead print weekly editions starting in April 2009.[15][16] The last daily print edition was published on March 27, 2009.[17]
The weekly magazine follows on from The Monitor's London edition, also a weekly, which launched in 1960 and the weekly World Edition, which replaced the London edition in 1974.[18] Mark Sappenfield became the editor in March 2017.[19]
Reporting edit
The Christian Science Monitor is not primarily a religious-themed paper and does not evangelize,[20] though each issue of the paper does usually contain a single religious themed article in the Home Forum section, generally related to a topic from the day's news.[21] The paper reports on issues including natural disasters,[22] disease and mental health issues,[23] homelessness,[24] terrorism,[25] and death.[26] The paper's editorials have advocated against government interference in an individual's right to choose their own form of healthcare.[27] They also support the separation of church and state, and the paper has opposed efforts to teach fundamentalist interpretations of the Bible in science classrooms.[28]
In 1997, the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, a publication critical of United States policy in the Middle East, praised The Monitor for its objective and informative coverage of Islam and the Middle East.[29]
During the 27 years while Nelson Mandela was in prison in South Africa after having been convicted of sabotage, among other charges, The Christian Science Monitor was one of the newspapers he was allowed to read.[30] Five months after his release, Mandela visited Boston and stopped by The Monitor offices, telling the staff "The Monitor continues to give me hope and confidence for the world's future"[31] and thanking them for their "unwavering coverage of apartheid".[30] Mandela called The Monitor "one of the more important voices covering events in South Africa".[32]
During the era of McCarthyism, a term first coined by The Monitor,[33] the paper was one of the earliest critics of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.[34]
Circulation edit
The paper's circulation has ranged widely, from a peak of over 223,000 in 1970, to just under 56,000 shortly before the suspension of the daily print edition in 2009.[35] Partially in response to declining circulation and the struggle to earn a profit, the church's directors and the manager of the Christian Science Publishing Society were purportedly forced to plan cutbacks and closures (later denied), which led in 1989 to the mass protest resignations by its chief editor Kay Fanning (an ASNE president and former editor of the Anchorage Daily News), managing editor David Anable, associate editor David Winder, and several other newsroom staff. Those developments also presaged administrative moves to scale back the print newspaper in favor of expansions into radio, a magazine, shortwave broadcasting, and television. Expenses, however, rapidly outpaced revenues, contradicting predictions by church directors.[6]: 150 On the brink of bankruptcy, the board was forced to close the broadcast programs in 1992.[6]: 163–166
By late 2011, The Monitor was receiving an average of about 22 million hits per month on its website, slightly below the Los Angeles Times.[36] In 2017, the Monitor put up a paywall on its content, and in 2018, there were approximately 10,000 subscriptions to the Monitor Daily email service.[37] As of September 2023[update] the number of hits had fallen to 1 million per month.[38]
Notable editors and staff (past and present) edit
- Willis J. Abbot, editor and author
- Clay Bennett, Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist
- Richard Bergenheim, editor
- Erwin Canham, editor and author
- Jill Carroll, reporter, kidnapped for 82 days in 2006
- William Henry Chamberlin, reporter, author
- Grover Clark, China correspondent
- John K. Cooley, longtime contributing editor
- Roscoe Drummond, longtime reporter and editor
- Kay Fanning, editor, first woman to edit an American national newspaper
- John Gould, longtime columnist and author
- Roland R. Harrison, editor
- Joseph C. Harsch, CBE, longtime reporter
- Sir Harold Hobson, longtime drama critic
- John Hughes, Pulitzer Prize winner, editor, author
- Reuben H. Markham, longtime reporter, author
- Luix Overbea, journalist, founding member of National Association of Black Journalists
- Scott Peterson, longtime reporter and author
- Cora Rigby, first woman at a major paper to head a Washington, D.C. news bureau and Women's National Press Club co-founder
- David S. Rohde, Pulitzer Prize winner
- Richard Strout, Pulitzer Prize winner
- Nate White, Gerald Loeb Newspaper Award winner
- Colin Woodard, correspondent
- Paul Wohl, political commentator
Awards edit
Staff of The Monitor have been recipients of seven Pulitzer Prizes for their work on The Monitor:
- 1950, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting: Edmund Stevens, for his series of 43 articles written over a three-year residence in Moscow entitled, "This Is Russia Uncensored".[39]
- 1967, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting: R. John Hughes, For his thorough reporting of Indonesia's attempted Transition to the New Order in 1965 and the purge that followed in 1965–66.[40]
- 1968, Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting: Howard James, for his series of articles, Crisis in the Courts.[41]
- 1969, Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting: Robert Cahn, for his inquiry into the future of the United States' national parks and the methods that may help to preserve them.[42]
- 1978, Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards, Journalism: Richard Strout, for distinguished commentary from Washington, D.C. over many years as staff correspondent for The Christian Science Monitor and as a contributor to The New Republic.[43]
- 1996, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting: David Rohde, for his persistent on-site reporting of the slaughter of thousands of Bosnian Muslims in the Srebrenica genocide.[44]
- 2002, Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning: Clay Bennett[45]
References edit
- ^ Barnett, Jim (April 27, 2010). "What advocacy nonprofits can learn from The Christian Science Monitor". Nieman Lab. Harvard College. from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Kasuya, Jacquelyn (April 30, 2010). "Nonprofit Christian Science Monitor Seeks New Financial Model". The Chronicle of Philanthropy. from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Koestler-Grack, Rachel (2013). Mary Baker Eddy. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-4381-4707-9. from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ a b c d "About the Monitor". The Christian Science Monitor. from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Mary Baker Eddy, Miscellaneous Writings 7:17–24
- ^ a b c d Bridge, Susan (1998). Monitoring the News. M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0315-2. from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
- ^ "Peabody Awards "Islam in Turmoil"". from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
- ^ "Monitoring the 'Monitor'" (PDF). Broadcasting. 119 (27): 64. December 31, 1990. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ^ Faison, Seth Jr. (April 6, 1992). "New Deadline for Monitor Channel". The New York Times. p. D7. from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
- ^ Franklin, James L. (April 24, 1994). . The Boston Globe. p. 28. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012.
- ^ Gill, K. E (2005). "Blogging, RSS and the information landscape: A look at online news" (PDF). WWW 2005 Workshop on the Weblogging Ecosystem. (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ Cook, David (June 9, 2008). "John Yemma named Monitor editor". The Christian Science Monitor. from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ "Carroll Reunites with family". CNN World. April 2, 2006. from the original on September 12, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ Jill Carroll (August 14, 2006). "Hostage: The Jill Carroll Story". The Christian Science Monitor. from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ Fine, Jon (October 28, 2008). "The Christian Science Monitor to Become a Weekly". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
- ^ Clifford, Stephanie (October 28, 2008). "Christian Science Paper to End Daily Print Edition". The New York Times. p. B8. from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Fuller 2011, pp. 60–61.
- ^ "Monitor Timeline". The Christian Science Monitor. November 25, 2008. from the original on August 31, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2009.
- ^ Cook, David T. (December 16, 2013). "New editor named to lead The Christian Science Monitor". The Christian Science Monitor. from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 2, 101.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 2, 83-85.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 101-107.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 113-116.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 116-117.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 121-122.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 97.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 113.
- ^ Fuller 2011, p. 80, 122-123.
- ^ Richard Curtiss (December 1997). "As U.S. Media Ownership Shrinks, Who Covers Islam?". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. from the original on April 27, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ a b Malek, Alia. "If you were there, you remember Mandela's 1990 tour of the US". Al Jazeera. from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ Yemma, John (December 6, 2013). "Nelson Mandela at the Monitor: A memorable visitor on a quiet Sunday". Christian Science Monitor. from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "From the Collections: Mandela visits the Monitor". Mary Baker Eddy Library. March 2, 2020. from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "McCarthyism, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); citing Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 1950, p. 20.
- ^ Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). Covering McCarthyism: how the 'Christian Science Monitor' handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. "Introduction".
- ^ Fine, Jon (October 28, 2008). . Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013.
- ^ Collins, Keith S. (2012). The Christian Science Monitor: Its History, Mission, and People. Nebbadoon Press. ISBN 978-1-891331-27-5.
- ^ "The Christian Science Monitor's new paid, daily product is aiming for 10,000 subscribers in a year". Nieman Lab. from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ "csmonitor.com | Overview". similarweb.com. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; 1950 winners". Pulitzer. from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; 1967 winners". Pulitzer. from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; 1968 winners". Pulitzer. May 26, 1967. from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; 1969 winners". Pulitzer. October 14, 1968. from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; 1978 winners". Pulitzer. October 20, 1977. from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; 1996 winners". Pulitzer. from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes; Editorial cartooning – Citation". Pulitzer.org. from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
Further reading edit
- Canham, Erwin D. (1958). Commitment to Freedom: The Story of the Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Merrill, John C. and Fisher, Harold A. (1980). The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers. Hastings House. pp. 96–103.
- Christian Science Publishing Society (1988). The First 80 Years: The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA: CSPS.
- Bridge, Susan (1998). Monitoring the News: The Brilliant Launch and Sudden Collapse of the Monitor Channel. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.
- Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). Covering McCarthyism: how the 'Christian Science Monitor' handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950-1954. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Fuller, Linda K. (2011). The Christian Science Monitor: An Evolving Experiment in Journalism. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
- Collins, Keith S. (2012). The Christian Science Monitor: Its History, Mission, and People. Nebbadoon Press.
- Squires, L. Ashley (2015). "All the News Worth Reading: The "Christian Science Monitor" and the Professionalization of Journalism". Book History. 18: 235–272. ISSN 1098-7371.
External links edit
- Official website
- CS Monitor on Forth