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Inauguration of Donald Trump

October 10, 2023

The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States marked the commencement of Donald Trump's term as president and Mike Pence's term as vice president.[1] An estimated 300,000 to 600,000[2][3] people attended the public ceremony held on Friday, January 20, 2017, at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.

Presidential inauguration of
Donald Trump
Donald Trump takes the oath of office to be sworn in as the 45th president of the United States.
DateJanuary 20, 2017; 6 years ago (2017-01-20)
LocationUnited States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
Organized byJoint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies,
ParticipantsDonald Trump
45th president of the United States
— Assuming office
John Roberts
Chief Justice of the United States
— Administering oath
Mike Pence
48th vice president of the United States
— Assuming office
Clarence Thomas
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
— Administering oath

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The event was the 58th presidential inauguration.[4] Held in Washington, D.C., from January 17 to 21, 2017, inaugural events included concerts, the swearing-in ceremony, a congressional luncheon, parade, inaugural balls, and the interfaith inaugural prayer service.

Administered by Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts, the presidential oath was taken by Trump as his first task after becoming president at noon, in keeping with Article Two, Section 1, Clause 8 and the 20th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, with the vice presidential oath taken by Pence and administered by Associate Justice Clarence Thomas immediately preceding it.[5] Trump was sworn in with his left hand on a pair of Bibles: his personal copy and the Lincoln Bible.[6][7]

The inauguration was protested worldwide.[8]

Context Edit

The inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Donald Trump that began when he won the U.S. presidential election on November 9, 2016, and became the president-elect.[9] Trump and his running mate, Mike Pence, were formally elected by the Electoral College on December 19, 2016.[10][11] The victory was certified by an electoral vote tally by a joint session of Congress on January 6, 2017.[12]

Planning Edit

 
Selfie of Senators Amy Klobuchar, John McCain and Bernie Sanders in the audience

The inauguration was planned primarily by two committees: the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the 2017 Presidential Inaugural Committee. The election was scheduled for November 8, 2016, but the congressional committee began construction of the inaugural platform on September 21.[13]

A number of artists who were approached to perform refused, including Jennifer Holliday, who was originally intended to perform, but withdrew herself from the program after further consideration.[14][15]

Joint Congressional Committee Edit

The swearing-in ceremony and the inaugural luncheon for President-elect Trump and Vice President–elect Pence were planned by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, a committee composed of Sen. Roy Blunt of Missouri, the committee chair, and Senate party leaders Sen. Mitch McConnell Kentucky and Chuck Schumer of New York, and House speaker Paul Ryan of Wisconsin, and House party leaders Rep. Kevin McCarthy of California and Rep. Nancy Pelosi of California.[16] The committee was overseen by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration.

The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme "Uniquely American" to highlight the inaugural ceremony as "a uniquely American expression of our Constitutional system" and stress the peaceful transition of power.[17]

The Inauguration Committee released the full schedule of the January 20 inaugural events on December 21, 2016.[18] Military support to the 58th inauguration was coordinated by Joint Task Force National Capital Region, providing musical military units, marching bands, color guards, ushers, firing details, and salute batteries.[19]

Presidential Inaugural Committee Edit

 
Rick Gates was Deputy Chairman of the inauguration.[20]

The 2017 Presidential Inaugural Committee[21] organized several other inauguration-related events at the direction of the president‑elect and vice president–elect of the United States, such as the concerts, parade, balls, and prayer service. The chairman of the committee was Thomas J. Barrack Jr., a real estate investor and longtime Trump friend and ally, and the founder of Colony Capital. The co-chairs of the committee were Lewis M. Eisenberg and Roy Bailey.[22] Committee members included casino magnates Sheldon Adelson and Miriam Adelson, Steve Wynn, and Phil Ruffin, oil and gas entrepreneur Harold Hamm, businesswoman and film producer Diane Hendricks, coal businessman and philanthropist Joe Craft, Gail Icahn (wife of Carl Icahn), Dallasites Ray Washburne, Gentry Beach, Roy Bailey, and Woody Johnson, owner of the New York Jets.[23]

The inaugural committee raised an unprecedented $107 million "from wealthy donors who gave $1 million or more."[24] This was twice the amount raised by any previous inauguration committee.[25] Observers agree that the actual inauguration expenses would have been a fraction of that amount, and the advocacy group Public Citizen has been seeking to know what happened to the remaining funds.[25] Committee officials said they were evaluating charities to give the remaining funds to.[26] In September 2017, the committee said it had given $3 million to three separate hurricane rescue organizations.[27] An unspecified amount had also been used for redecorating the White House and Vice President Mike Pence's Washington residence.[25] Thomas Barrack, the committee chair, said that further information about charitable donations would be released in November 2017, but no such announcement was made.[25] The inauguration committee reported having $2.8 million in the bank as of October 2017.[28]

According to a tax filing released on February 15, 2018, the committee donated $5 million to charity in 2017 – namely, the previously announced donations to hurricane relief, the White House Historical Association, and the Vice President's Residence Foundation. The majority of the committee's outlay – $57 million – went to four event-planning companies.[28] The largest amount, $26 million, went to a California firm called WIS Media Partners, which was created in December 2016 by a close friend and advisor to Melania Trump, named Stephanie Winston Wolkoff,[28] whose staff stayed at the Trump International Hotel during the planning of the inauguration.[29] Wolkoff was personally paid about $500,000 for the inauguration.[30] Twenty-four million dollars went to an independent organization created by television producer Mark Burnett, "Inaugural Productions", for the staging of several events.[31] The committee reported nearly $15 million in administrative expenses, including $9.4 million for travel and $4.6 million for salaries and benefits for 208 employees.[28] The committee spent more than $1.5 million at the Trump International Hotel.[29] Ivanka Trump helped negotiate a rate of $175,000 per day for the committee's use of the hotel's Presidential Ballroom and meeting rooms after Gates and Wolkoff complained that Trump International Hotel managing director Mickael Damelincourt attempted to charge them above-market rates.[32]

Pre-inaugural events Edit

Diplomat summit: Chairman's Global Dinner Edit

 
Then-President-elect Trump and his wife, Melania, arriving at Joint Base Andrews in Washington, D.C. for the inauguration

On Tuesday, January 17, then-President-elect Trump arrived in Washington, D.C., to attend what was titled the "Chairman's Global Dinner," a high-profile dinner that was intended to serve as an introduction between foreign diplomats and the incoming Trump administration officials and appointees.[33] The dinner was black tie and invitation-only, and was described by The Wall Street Journal as the most high-profile event preceding the inauguration,[34] with both Trump and Vice President-elect Mike Pence addressing the gathering.[33] The event was held at the Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium.[33]

Rex Tillerson, Trump's choice to succeed John Kerry as secretary of state, was in attendance, as well as former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani and National Security Advisor-designate Michael T. Flynn, and Israeli ambassador Ron Dermer, according to reporters in attendance at the event.[33] More than 200 foreign diplomats attended the event out of 500 total guests.[33] During his speech to the group, Trump praised his choices thus far for Cabinet positions as well as his choice of Pence as his vice president.[35] According to The Boston Globe and the Associated Press, the menu included mustard black cod and filet mignon as entrees, and baked Alaska for dessert.[35]

Voices of the People concert Edit

On the morning and afternoon of January 19, a day-long "Voices of the People" public concert was held at the Lincoln Memorial. The concert featured The King's Academy (West Palm Beach, Florida) Honor Choir, the Republican Hindu Coalition, the Montgomery Area High School Marching Band, Marlana Van Hoose, the Maury NJROTC Color Guard, the Pride of Madawaska, Webelos Troop 177, the Northern Middle School Honors Choir, the American Tap Company, the Everett High School Viking Marching Band, the TwirlTasTix Baton Twirling group, and three bagpipe groups.[36]

Arlington National Cemetery wreath laying ceremony Edit

 
Donald Trump and Mike Pence at the wreath laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

After returning home to New York City, Trump returned to Washington, D.C., on Thursday, January 19, arriving at Joint Base Andrews on a plane flown by the U.S. Air Force.[37][38]

Trump and Vice President–elect Pence attended a luncheon at Trump's hotel at the Old Post Office Pavilion,[39] and afterwards, the official wreath laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery, accompanied by his wife and family.[40] Trump and Pence were escorted by Major General Bradley Becker at the ceremony.[39] The Arlington National Cemetery is the final resting place of more than 400,000, mostly members of the armed forces, Medal of Honor recipients, and high ranking political officials.[41]

Make America Great Again Welcome Celebration concert Edit

On the evening of January 19, Trump hosted the "Make America Great Again! Welcome Celebration," a concert for his supporters that were attending his inauguration the following day. The concert, held on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, featured performances by Lee Greenwood (who performed "God Bless the USA"), Toby Keith, 3 Doors Down, DJ Ravidrums,[42] The Piano Guys,[43] and The Frontmen of Country (Tim Rushlow, Larry Stewart, and Richie McDonald).[44] Trump addressed his supporters at the end of the festivities, saying that the "forgotten man and the forgotten woman will not be forgotten anymore".[42] Actor Jon Voight also spoke at the event, stating, "We have been witness to a barrage of propaganda that left us all breathless with anticipation, not knowing if God could reverse all the negative lies against Mr. Trump, whose only desire was to make America great again."[42] The concert concluded with a fireworks celebration, accompanied by a U.S. military choir and band performing the Battle Hymn of the Republic.[42]

Church service and White House reception Edit

 
Preparations at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. as the sun begins to rise on the morning of the inauguration

On the morning of the inauguration, on January 20, after staying the night at the Blair House, the traditional house used by the incoming president-elect due to its proximity to the White House,[45] Trump and his wife, Melania, and Mike Pence and his wife, Karen, attended a church service at St. John's Episcopal Church.[46] The tradition dates back to James Madison, with every president since then attending the church service the morning of their inauguration.[47] The service was led by Robert Jeffress, a Southern Baptist minister who campaigned for Trump during the election.[46]

After the church service, Trump and his wife went to the White House to meet with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. The Obamas greeted the Trumps, and Melania presented the couple with a gift.[48] They then posed for photos in front of the White House press corps.[48] The presentation of a gift was a tradition started by Michelle Obama when she presented George W. Bush and Laura Bush with a gift on the day of her husband's inauguration in 2009.[49] Afterward, they held a tea reception inside the White House, along with Vice President Joe Biden and his wife, Jill Biden, and Mike Pence and his wife, Karen Pence.[48] As per tradition, following the meeting between the president and the president-elect, they shared the presidential motorcade limousine, and made their way to the Capitol for the inaugural ceremony.[48]

Inaugural events Edit

Ceremony Edit

 
President Trump delivering his inauguration speech following his swearing-in ceremony
President Trump delivering his inaugural address
 
Donald Trump gave his first speech as the new 45th president of the United States for 16 minutes.

Roy Blunt commenced the inauguration ceremony at 11:41 a.m. with welcoming remarks about the nation's "commonplace and miraculous" tradition of a peaceful transition of power. Courtney Williams, Senior Chief Musician and concert moderator for the U.S. Navy Concert Band, returned as the platform announcer for his 3rd consecutive inauguration.[50] Three religious figures delivered invocations, followed by the Missouri State University chorale performing an original work, "Now We Belong". After short remarks, Chuck Schumer ended his speech by asking everyone to stand for the swearing-in ceremony.[51][52][53][54]

Outgoing President Barack Obama, outgoing Vice President Joe Biden (who later defeated Trump in 2020 and inaugurated as the 46th president in 2021), former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and former vice presidents Dan Quayle and Dick Cheney, along with their respective wives, attended the inauguration,[55] including Hillary Clinton, who had been Trump's main opponent in the general election (Clinton was attending as a former first lady, not as the losing candidate[56]). Former president George H. W. Bush and former first lady Barbara Bush did not attend the inauguration due to their health issues.[57]

Oath of office Edit

 
Pence being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas on January 20, 2017

At 11:54 a.m., Associate Justice Clarence Thomas swore in Mike Pence as the 48th vice president of the United States, with Pence's hand on his personal Bible as well as the Bible of Ronald Reagan, the politician who inspired Pence to join the Republican Party. A performance of "America the Beautiful" by The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square followed. At noon, Trump became the 45th president of the United States, taking the oath of office with Chief Justice John Roberts. Trump was also sworn in using two Bibles, a Bible his mother gifted him and the historic Lincoln Bible. After the swearing-in, the Marine Band performed "Hail to the Chief" and Trump received the traditional 21-gun salute in his honor.[58][59][60][61]

Inaugural address Edit

President Trump then delivered his 16-minute inaugural address of 1,433 words.[62] The speech was the shortest inaugural address since Jimmy Carter's in 1977.[63]

In late December 2016, Trump told visitors that he was writing the first draft of his inaugural address, citing previous inauguration speeches by John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan as inspirations.[64] Trump "insisted publicly that he wrote his own speech,"[65] although The Wall Street Journal and others reported that it had been written by Trump senior aides Stephen Miller and Steve Bannon.[65][66][67][68]

The speech struck a tone that was both nationalist and populist,[63][66] with suggestions of absolutism[69] and distrust of democracy.[70] The Los Angeles Times described the address as "a truncated version of Trump's campaign rally addresses, absent specific policy and big on a sense of anger at what he defined as a ruling class that has raided America for its own benefit."[63] Historians and speechwriters termed the inaugural address as "one of the most ominous" in U.S. history,[66] striking an unusually dark and bleak note.[71][72][73][74][75] Former president George W. Bush reportedly referred to the speech as "some weird shit" after the ceremony concluded.[76][77]

Trump pledged to end what he referred to as "American carnage,"[78][79][80] depicting the United States in a dystopian light—as a "land of abandoned factories, economic angst, rising crime"—while pledging "a new era in American politics."[71][81]

 
Barack Obama with Donald Trump on Inauguration Day. Joe Biden stands behind Trump.

Fact-checking organizations, such as FactCheck.org, PolitiFact, and The Washington Post's Fact Checker claimed that Trump's portrayal of the United States in decline "did not always match reality."[82][83][84] The fact-checking organizations noted, among other things, that the U.S. violent crime rate was far below its 1991 peak; that the U.S. economy had gained jobs for 75 consecutive months and that unemployment was significantly below its historical average; and participation in U.S. welfare programs had declined.[82][83][84]

In the speech, Trump repeated his campaign-trail "America First" slogan in reference to economic[79][85] and foreign policy issues.[86] Trump's use of the phrase was controversial because of the slogan's association with U.S. isolationists who had opposed American entry in World War II.[73][79] Trump's decision "not to make a strong case for the role of American power in shaping the outside world was a departure from the inaugural addresses of recent Republican presidents from Ronald Reagan to George W. Bush," and represented "a sharp break with the internationalist vision of nearly every U.S. president of the past 100 years that troubled veteran foreign policy experts."[87] Nevertheless, Trump's themes on foreign policy appealed "to many Americans as well as to critics of Washington's bipartisan foreign policy establishment."[87]

Benedictions Edit

Three religious leaders delivered benedictions following Trump's speech, bringing the total number of prayers during the ceremony to six, a record number. Reverend Franklin Graham; Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, Archbishop of New York; Reverend Dr. Samuel Rodriguez; Pastor Paula White; Rabbi Marvin Hier; and Bishop Wayne T. Jackson gave the benedictions.[52][88] Jackie Evancho concluded the ceremony with a performance of the U.S. national anthem.[89]

Post-ceremony events Edit

After the inaugural ceremony, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence escorted former president Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama to a departure ceremony on the east side of the U.S. Capitol. The Trumps exchanged remarks and bid farewell to the Obamas at the base of the helicopter that would transport them to Joint Base Andrews, and then returned to the steps of the Capitol building where they waved as the Obamas' helicopter took off. Meanwhile, the Bidens took a limousine to Union Station where they boarded a train for Wilmington, Delaware.[90] Before the luncheon and in keeping with tradition, President Trump signed his first presidential orders in the President's Room at the Capitol,[91] and then signed the guest book for the luncheon.

 
President and Mrs. Trump bidding farewell to former president and Mrs. Obama on the East Front of the U.S. Capitol

Next, Trump signed orders to officially present the nominations for his Cabinet and several sub‑Cabinet officials to the Senate for confirmation.[92] His first bill that he signed into law was a waiver of the National Security Act of 1947 granted to him that allowed the nomination of retired general James Mattis to be nominated for the position of United States secretary of defense.[93] The National Security Act of 1947 requires a seven-year waiting period before retired military personnel can assume the role of Secretary of Defense.[93] Mattis became only the second secretary of defense to receive such a waiver, following George Marshall, who served under President Harry S. Truman.[93] Following in tradition, Trump used various commemorative pens to sign the Cabinet nominations, and distributed them among the lawmakers and guests that had gathered. The pens are traditionally given as a gift to politicians or individuals touched by the action, or were instrumental in its implementation.[92]

Trump also signed a proclamation declaring his inauguration a National Day of Patriotic Devotion.[94][95][96] In this he followed Barack Obama, who declared his a National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation,[97] and previous declarations of periods of patriotism by such former presidents as Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan.[98]

Trump was accompanied at the signing ceremony by his wife, and children, and several of his grandchildren, as well as the chairs of the Joint Congressional Inauguration Committee, including senators Roy Blunt, Mitch McConnell and Chuck Schumer, and Congressional leaders Paul Ryan, Kevin McCarthy and Nancy Pelosi.[98] During the ceremony, the lawmakers joked with President Trump, he handed pens to participants (e.g. Elaine Chao's nomination pen to Nancy Pelosi, Trump stating, because "they were both women") and then traded pens in an offer to give, not as an ask to receive (Nancy Pelosi gave Elaine Chao's nomination pen to Chao's husband, Mitch McConnell).[98][99] The Trumps and Pences then attended an inaugural luncheon at the U.S. Capitol before traveling from there to the presidential reviewing stand at the White House to watch the parade.[100][101]

 
President Trump signing his first official orders as president, including nominating his Cabinet

Luncheon Edit

The Trumps and Pences joined several congressional guests for the inaugural luncheon in National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol. Guests included top Washington lawmakers as well as former presidents and vice presidents. During his formal address at the lunch, Trump asked those in attendance to give Hillary Clinton, one of his opponents during the 2016 election, a standing ovation.[102][103][104]

A luncheon at the U.S. Capitol has been part of the inaugural program since 1953 (before that time, the luncheon was usually held at the White House and hosted by the outgoing president and first lady). The menu for the 2017 inaugural luncheon, which in the past has often featured dishes representative of the home states of the new president and vice president, included more traditional dishes from around the country.[100] The first course consisted of Maine lobster and Gulf shrimp with saffron sauce and peanut crumble, accompanied by a J. Lohr 2013 Arroyo Vista Chardonnay.[100] The second dish contained Seven Hills Angus beef in dark chocolate and juniper jus with potato gratin, served with a Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon, and dessert included a chocolate soufflé and cherry vanilla ice cream with Korbel California champagne.[100] Since 1985, a painting has served as a backdrop for the head table. For the 2017 inaugural luncheon, the featured painting was George Caleb Bingham's The Verdict of the People, which depicts a Missouri town and its citizens both celebrating and mourning the election victory of what historians say was a likely proslavery candidate.[105]

Parade Edit

 
President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump walking the parade route on Pennsylvania Avenue

Following the luncheon, Trump, Pence, and their wives reviewed an honor guard of troops at the East Front of the U.S. Capitol before beginning the parade.[106][107] The inaugural parade route ran along Pennsylvania Avenue, NW from the U.S. Capitol, ending at the north face of the White House.[108] During most of the parade, President Trump and First Lady Melania Trump traveled in the armored limousine used by the president because of potential security threats. The president and first lady exited their limousine twice, walking on Pennsylvania Avenue for portions of the parade,[101][109][110] a longstanding custom.[111] Vice President Pence and his wife Karen walked the parade route at several points with their children as well.[112]

The parade lasted approximately two hours during the afternoon and early evening following the inaugural ceremony.[113] Parade participants included more than 8,000 people,[114] "representing forty organizations including high school and university marching bands, equestrian corps, first responders, and veterans groups," according to the Joint Congressional Inauguration Committee.[115] Each branch of the United States military was also represented.[115]

Vice President Mike Pence invited several groups from Indiana to march in the parade in the Indiana section, including the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Drill Team, the Culver Military Academy, and the Columbus North High School marching band from Pence's native Columbus, Indiana.[116] Shortly after the parade, Trump went to the Oval Office to sign his first executive orders as president, including an order to start the process of dismantling the Affordable Care Act.[117][118]

Inaugural balls Edit

 
The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on the evening of the inauguration

President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump attended three official inaugural balls during the evening of January 20, 2017,[60][119] titled "Liberty and Freedom: The Official Presidential Inaugural Balls."[120] Donald Trump wore a classic black tuxedo, with a white button up shirt, and a black bow tie, in keeping with tradition.[121] Melania Trump wore a white, off-the-shoulder, sleeveless gown designed by French-American fashion designer Hervé Pierre.[122] Pierre has also designed dresses for first ladies Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton and Michelle Obama, and he has been styling for Melania Trump for several years.[122] The dress featured a front slit, a ruffled accent and a thin red belt to cinch the waist.[121]

The Liberty Ball, one of two official balls held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center, was the first stop of the evening for the president and first lady. The Trumps danced to their first song, which was chosen to be "My Way" by Frank Sinatra, and was performed by Erin Boheme, an American jazz singer.[120][121] In an attempt to allow more access to the inaugural balls, the Presidential Inauguration Committee announced that they intended to make the inaugural balls the most affordable in recent history, offering $50 tickets to either the Liberty or Freedom Balls.[123] The second ball that the Trumps attended was the Freedom Ball, also held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center, and also featured a first dance to "My Way", as with the Liberty Ball.[121]

 
The President, First Lady, Vice President and Second Lady dancing with service members at the Armed Services Ball

The third ball that the president and first lady attended was the Salute To Our Armed Services Ball, which took place at the National Building Museum. The ball was by invitation only, with free tickets being provided to "active duty and reserve military, Medal of Honor recipients, wounded warriors, military families, veterans, and first responders," according to the Presidential Inauguration Committee.[123] At the beginning of the ball, Trump and his wife, Melania, addressed the crowd of gathered service members, and then spoke via satellite with active duty soldiers in Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan.[124] Trump thanked the active duty soldiers for the congratulations on his inauguration as Commander-in-chief.[124] Tony Orlando and the Josh Weathers Band performed at the Armed Services Ball.[124]

It is tradition for the president and first lady, and the vice president and second lady, to dance with military service members during the Armed Services Ball. Sgt. Angel Rodriguez, who danced with Second Lady Karen Pence, drew attention for his dancing style, spinning the Second Lady, which provoked playful laughter from Tiffany and Eric Trump.[125]

Prayer service Edit

 
President and Mrs. Trump arriving at Washington National Cathedral for the national prayer service

On January 21, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, Vice President Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence gathered at the Washington National Cathedral for a national day of prayer,[126] a tradition dating back to the first president, George Washington.[127] Among the parishioners were more than two dozen religious leaders from a variety of different faiths.[128] Marlana VanHoose, a 20-year-old vocalist who was born with cytomegalovirus, performed at the ceremony, singing "How Great Thou Art".[129] Melania Trump was visibly emotional during the performance, and led a standing ovation for her after she finished performing.[129] The service began with call to prayer by the Reverend Rosemarie Duncan, Mikhail Manevich, a Jewish cantor, and Mohamed Magid, a Muslim imam.[127] The clergy spoke of both compassion and diversity.[127]

Crowd size Edit

Attendance at presidential inaugurations per Vox[3]
Year Attendance
Clinton (1993) 800,000
Clinton (1997) 250,000
G. W. Bush (2001) 300,000
G. W. Bush (2005) 400,000
Obama (2009) 1,800,000
Obama (2013) 1,000,000
Trump (2017) 600,000

Before the event, federal and local agencies had prepared for turnout of between 700,000 and 900,000 people.[130][131] Trump predicted that there would be "an unbelievable, perhaps record-setting turnout" at his inauguration.[132]

The National Park Service does not publish crowd estimates about events at the National Mall.[133] Overhead imagery[134] and statistics on public transportation ridership from the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which operates Metrorail, are therefore used to estimate crowd sizes.[135]

The WMATA reported that 193,000 passengers rode the Metro before 11 a.m. on the day of Trump's inauguration, and 570,557 passengers during the entire day, noting that it was lower than the average weekday ridership of 639,000 passengers.[136] USA Today reported on a "notable number" of empty seats along the parade route.[137]

 
Inauguration of Donald Trump

Crowd counting experts cited by The New York Times estimated that about 160,000 people were in the National Mall areas in the hour leading up to Trump's speech.[138] Crowd science professor Keith Still estimated the total attendance at 300,000 to 600,000 people, or one-third the estimated 1.1 million to 1.8 million people that attended Obama's 2009 inauguration[3][139][140] – which set a record for the total number of people in the National Mall at any one given time,[141] and which marked the inauguration of the nation's first African American president.[142][143] CNN provided a gigapixel panorama of the area.[144]

Administration response Edit

White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer giving Trump administration's statement on crowd size in his January 21 press conference (extract)

In a press conference on January 21, Sean Spicer, Trump's White House press secretary, stated that the crowd "was the largest audience ever to witness an inauguration, period, both in person and around the globe", and accused the media of reporting false crowd estimates to "lessen the enthusiasm of the inauguration".[145][146][147] Spicer also stated that 420,000 people rode the Metro on the day of Trump's inauguration, and that only 317,000 rode on the day of Obama's.[145][147] In fact, 570,557 Metro trips were taken on the day of Trump's inauguration, compared to 1.1 million on Obama's 2009 inauguration day and 782,000 on Obama's 2013 inauguration day.[148] Ridership at 11 a.m. was 193,000, 513,000 and 317,000 respectively.[148]

Numerous sources highlighted the fact that Spicer's statements were incorrect, and many accused him of intentionally misstating the figures.[145][149][150] In response, Donald Trump's counselor and spokesperson, Kellyanne Conway, in an interview with NBC's Chuck Todd, stated that Spicer merely presented "alternative facts".[151] Todd responded by saying "alternative facts are not facts. They're falsehoods."[152]

On January 23, Spicer admitted his error concerning WMATA ridership levels, stating that he was relying on statistics given to him, but he stood by his claim that the inauguration was the most-viewed, stating he also included online viewership in addition to in-person and television in his estimates.[153][154] Spicer's claim of the largest audience ever was still shown inaccurate as Nielsen reported 30.6 million viewers across 12 networks while Obama had 37.8 million and Ronald Reagan 41.8 million.[155] As for online viewership, Spicer himself cited a figure of 16.9 million livestreams provided by CNN. However, CNN served nearly 27 million streams in 2009 for Obama's inauguration.[156] CNN reported in 2009 that 7.7 million people watched the inauguration online, while nearly 27 million watched streaming video of any sort on CNN's website on that day.[157] NBC's livestream on YouTube of Trump's inauguration in 2017 accumulated over 8 million views within a day.[158][159]

The incoming administration briefly shut down the Interior Department's Twitter accounts.[160] The National Park Service's official Twitter account had re-tweeted two Tweets on "omissions on policy areas" on the White House website and Trump's and Obama's crowd sizes.[160] An NPS spokesman issued an apology for "mistaken RTs".[160]

On the morning following the inauguration, Trump telephoned acting National Park Service director Michael T. Reynolds and personally directed him to produce additional aerial photographs of the Inauguration Day crowds.[161][162] Reynolds and the Park Service complied with the directive; the additional photos, however, "did not prove Trump's contention that the crowd size was upward of 1 million."[161] In September 2018, documents released from a Freedom of Information Act request showed that Reynolds and the National Park Service cropped photos of the inauguration, at the direction of the President, in an attempt to make the crowd size seem larger.[163]

Edited photos Edit

In September 2018, a government photographer admitted that he, at Trump's request,[164] edited pictures of the inauguration to make the crowd appear larger: "The photographer cropped out empty space 'where the crowd ended' for a new set of pictures requested by Trump on the first morning of his presidency, after he was angered by images showing his audience was smaller than Barack Obama's in 2009."[163][165]

Protests and demonstrations Edit

Further information: Protests against Donald Trump § Presidential inauguration
Protesters in Washington D.C. at Trump's inauguration
 
Demonstration in Washington D.C.

As of mid-December, there were 20 requests for demonstration permits for Trump's inauguration, including Bikers for Trump, and the Women's March on Washington, which took place the day after inauguration day.[166] Supported by nearly 200 activist groups and organizations, and drawing an estimated three times as many participants as the inauguration,[138] the Women's March demonstrated on racial and gender equality, affordable healthcare, abortion rights and voting rights.[167]

Protests occurred during the inauguration ceremonies in Washington, D.C. The vast majority of protesters, several thousand in all, were peaceful.[168][169][170] DisruptJ20 protesters linked arms at security checkpoints and attempted to shut them down.[171] Some elements of the protesters were black bloc groups and self described anarchists, and engaged in sporadic acts of vandalism, rioting, and violence.[170][172][173] Six police officers sustained minor injuries, and at least one other person was injured.[169][170][174]

A total of 234 people were arrested and charged with rioting, launching controversial trials that gave rise to allegations that the government was overreaching.[175] Ultimately, 21 defendants pleaded guilty, and all other defendants were either acquitted or had charges dropped by prosecutors; the government failed to obtain a guilty verdict at any trial.[175] In December 2017, the first six people to be tried in connection with the events of January 20 were acquitted by a jury of all charges.[176] Twenty other defendants pleaded guilty and prosecutors dropped cases against 20 others.[176] In January 2018, prosecutors dropped charges against 129 other defendants.[177] In May 2018, prosecutors dropped charges against seven more defendants, after the court found that prosecution had intentionally made misrepresentations to the court and hidden exculpatory evidence from defendants in violation of the Brady rule,[178] and prosecutors also reduced charges against others.[179] Finally, in July 2018, the government dropped charges against all remaining defendants.[175]

Sixty-seven Democratic U.S. representatives declined to attend Trump's inauguration, citing "what they described as his alarming and divisive policies, foreign interference in his election and his criticism of civil rights icon John Lewis, a congressman from Georgia".[180]

Viewership Edit

Nielsen ratings showed that TV viewership of the inauguration in the US was 30.6 million, more than Obama's second inauguration in 2013 (20.6 million),[181] but less than Obama's first inauguration in 2009 (38 million) and Reagan's first in 1981 (42 million).[182] Trump's inauguration became the most streamed Twitter video during the site's decade-long history with more than 6.8 million views.[183][184]

There were 16.63 million viewers of Trump taking the oath of office and giving his inaugural address on the three major cable news networks: Fox News Channel, CNN, and MSNBC. The number of viewers for Obama in 2009 was more at 17.06 million and in 2013 less at 6.73 million. According to Nielsen data, there were 30.64 million people who viewed Trump's inauguration on the 12 networks that covered it live. The number of viewers for Obama's 2009 inauguration on the 18 networks that covered it live was more at 37.8 million. At Obama's 2013 inauguration, it was less at 20.55 million.[185]

Source: Adweek

Investigations Edit

Multiple investigations related to Trump's inauguration were launched, including:

Investigation by the special counsel Edit

Main article: Mueller special counsel investigation
See also: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies, Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day), and Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

News reports surfaced in April 2018 that the Special Counsel investigation is looking into the inaugural committee's finances. Prosecutors have questioned several Russian oligarchs, upon their arrival at a U.S. airport, about whether any Russian money was illegally funneled into the inauguration committee or the Trump campaign itself.[189] Robert Mueller's team has questioned Barrack and other witnesses, reportedly asking about "donors with connections to Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar."[190] Counterintelligence agents with the FBI began investigating this possibility immediately after the inauguration itself, their interest sparked by the large number of wealthy Russians who attended the inauguration and the special events that attended it.[191]

 
Samuel Patten plea agreement

In August 2018, American political consultant W. Samuel Patten, an associate of Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort, pleaded guilty in federal court to failure to register as a foreign agent in connection with the illegal funneling of foreign funds to the presidential inauguration committee. Patten admitted to arranging a "straw donation" in which $50,000 was funneled from a Ukrainian businessman to a U.S. citizen to donate to the committee in exchange for four tickets to the inauguration. Patten also admitted to giving misleading testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee about the matter.[192] In exchange for a recommendation of a lenient sentence, Patten pleaded guilty and agreed to cooperate with Special Counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller.[192]

In court documents, prosecutors wrote that Patten formed a lobbying and consulting firm with a Russian national identified as "Foreigner A"; the firm was paid for work advising the Ukrainian Opposition Bloc party and some Bloc members, including "a prominent Ukraine businessman identified only as 'Foreigner B.'"[192] The Washington Post and The New York Times identified Konstantin Kilimnik (a Manafort associate whom prosecutors allege is a Russian intelligence operative) as "Foreigner A" and Serhiy Lovochkin (a former aide to Viktor Yanukovych, the pro-Russian former president of Ukraine) as "Foreigner B."[192][193] Kilimnik attended Trump's inauguration.[194]

Investigation by U.S. attorney's office in New York Edit

The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times reported in December 2018 that federal prosecutors in Manhattan and Brooklyn are investigating whether Middle Eastern foreigners sought to buy influence over American policies by using straw donors to illegally funnel donations to Trump's inaugural committee and a pro-Trump Super PAC.[195][196]

The Trump inaugural committee received a subpoena from federal prosecutors on February 4, 2019. The SDNY subpoena demanded a comprehensive array of documents involving the committee's donors, finances, attendees and activities. The subpoena named one person of interest: fundraiser Imaad Zuberi.[197] The subpoena reportedly covered allegations of conspiracy to defraud the United States government, money laundering, false statements, mail and wire fraud, disclosure violations and prohibitions against contributions by foreign nations.[198][199]

Investigations by New Jersey attorneys general Edit

The attorney general of New Jersey issued subpoenas for documents to the inaugural committee in February 2019.[200]

Trump's settlement with the D.C. Attorney General Edit

The office of Attorney General for the District of Columbia Karl Racine served a subpoena to the inaugural committee in February 2019 as part of an investigation.[201] In 2020, the office sued the inaugural committee, accusing it of violating D.C. laws governing nonprofits by improperly paying more than $1 million to Trump International Hotel during inauguration week.[202] Racine said that the inaugural committee had paid in excess of market rates for the Trump hotel space as part of scheme to enrich the Trump family.[202][203] Records were subpoenaed from Ivanka Trump, Melania Trump, and Trump associate Thomas Barrack Jr.[203] Ivanka Trump gave five hours of deposition testimony in December 2020 as part of the suit.[203] In May 2020, Trump settled the lawsuit for $750,000; according to a lawyer for Trump's inaugural committee, half of the settlement payment was paid by the inaugural committee, and the other half by Trump family companies.[202]

See also Edit

References Edit

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External links Edit

  • Official website December 2, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • at USA.gov
  • Military District of Washington – 58th Presidential Inauguration
  • Text of Trump's Inaugural Address

Video Edit

  • whitehouse.gov (January 20, 2017). "The Inauguration of the 45th President of the United States". Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via YouTube.
  • Guardian Wires (January 21, 2017). "Donald Trump inauguration day". Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via YouTube. (Press Pool feed)
  • Inaugural coverage by C-SPAN

October 10, 2023
inauguration, donald, trump, inauguration, donald, trump, 45th, president, united, states, marked, commencement, donald, trump, term, president, mike, pence, term, vice, president, estimated, people, attended, public, ceremony, held, friday, january, 2017, wes. The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States marked the commencement of Donald Trump s term as president and Mike Pence s term as vice president 1 An estimated 300 000 to 600 000 2 3 people attended the public ceremony held on Friday January 20 2017 at the West Front of the United States Capitol in Washington D C Presidential inauguration ofDonald TrumpDonald Trump takes the oath of office to be sworn in as the 45th president of the United States DateJanuary 20 2017 6 years ago 2017 01 20 LocationUnited States Capitol Washington D C Organized byJoint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies Inaugural CommitteeParticipantsDonald Trump45th president of the United States Assuming officeJohn RobertsChief Justice of the United States Administering oathMike Pence48th vice president of the United States Assuming officeClarence ThomasAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Administering oath 20132021 The event was the 58th presidential inauguration 4 Held in Washington D C from January 17 to 21 2017 inaugural events included concerts the swearing in ceremony a congressional luncheon parade inaugural balls and the interfaith inaugural prayer service Administered by Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts the presidential oath was taken by Trump as his first task after becoming president at noon in keeping with Article Two Section 1 Clause 8 and the 20th Amendment to the U S Constitution with the vice presidential oath taken by Pence and administered by Associate Justice Clarence Thomas immediately preceding it 5 Trump was sworn in with his left hand on a pair of Bibles his personal copy and the Lincoln Bible 6 7 The inauguration was protested worldwide 8 Contents 1 Context 2 Planning 2 1 Joint Congressional Committee 2 2 Presidential Inaugural Committee 3 Pre inaugural events 3 1 Diplomat summit Chairman s Global Dinner 3 2 Voices of the People concert 3 3 Arlington National Cemetery wreath laying ceremony 3 4 Make America Great Again Welcome Celebration concert 3 5 Church service and White House reception 4 Inaugural events 4 1 Ceremony 4 1 1 Oath of office 4 1 2 Inaugural address 4 1 3 Benedictions 4 2 Post ceremony events 4 3 Luncheon 4 4 Parade 4 5 Inaugural balls 4 6 Prayer service 5 Crowd size 5 1 Administration response 5 2 Edited photos 6 Protests and demonstrations 7 Viewership 8 Investigations 8 1 Investigation by the special counsel 8 2 Investigation by U S attorney s office in New York 8 3 Investigations by New Jersey attorneys general 8 4 Trump s settlement with the D C Attorney General 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11 1 VideoContext EditThe inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Donald Trump that began when he won the U S presidential election on November 9 2016 and became the president elect 9 Trump and his running mate Mike Pence were formally elected by the Electoral College on December 19 2016 10 11 The victory was certified by an electoral vote tally by a joint session of Congress on January 6 2017 12 Planning Edit nbsp Selfie of Senators Amy Klobuchar John McCain and Bernie Sanders in the audienceThe inauguration was planned primarily by two committees the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and the 2017 Presidential Inaugural Committee The election was scheduled for November 8 2016 but the congressional committee began construction of the inaugural platform on September 21 13 A number of artists who were approached to perform refused including Jennifer Holliday who was originally intended to perform but withdrew herself from the program after further consideration 14 15 Joint Congressional Committee Edit The swearing in ceremony and the inaugural luncheon for President elect Trump and Vice President elect Pence were planned by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies a committee composed of Sen Roy Blunt of Missouri the committee chair and Senate party leaders Sen Mitch McConnell Kentucky and Chuck Schumer of New York and House speaker Paul Ryan of Wisconsin and House party leaders Rep Kevin McCarthy of California and Rep Nancy Pelosi of California 16 The committee was overseen by the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies chose the inaugural theme Uniquely American to highlight the inaugural ceremony as a uniquely American expression of our Constitutional system and stress the peaceful transition of power 17 The Inauguration Committee released the full schedule of the January 20 inaugural events on December 21 2016 18 Military support to the 58th inauguration was coordinated by Joint Task Force National Capital Region providing musical military units marching bands color guards ushers firing details and salute batteries 19 Presidential Inaugural Committee Edit nbsp Rick Gates was Deputy Chairman of the inauguration 20 The 2017 Presidential Inaugural Committee 21 organized several other inauguration related events at the direction of the president elect and vice president elect of the United States such as the concerts parade balls and prayer service The chairman of the committee was Thomas J Barrack Jr a real estate investor and longtime Trump friend and ally and the founder of Colony Capital The co chairs of the committee were Lewis M Eisenberg and Roy Bailey 22 Committee members included casino magnates Sheldon Adelson and Miriam Adelson Steve Wynn and Phil Ruffin oil and gas entrepreneur Harold Hamm businesswoman and film producer Diane Hendricks coal businessman and philanthropist Joe Craft Gail Icahn wife of Carl Icahn Dallasites Ray Washburne Gentry Beach Roy Bailey and Woody Johnson owner of the New York Jets 23 The inaugural committee raised an unprecedented 107 million from wealthy donors who gave 1 million or more 24 This was twice the amount raised by any previous inauguration committee 25 Observers agree that the actual inauguration expenses would have been a fraction of that amount and the advocacy group Public Citizen has been seeking to know what happened to the remaining funds 25 Committee officials said they were evaluating charities to give the remaining funds to 26 In September 2017 the committee said it had given 3 million to three separate hurricane rescue organizations 27 An unspecified amount had also been used for redecorating the White House and Vice President Mike Pence s Washington residence 25 Thomas Barrack the committee chair said that further information about charitable donations would be released in November 2017 but no such announcement was made 25 The inauguration committee reported having 2 8 million in the bank as of October 2017 update 28 According to a tax filing released on February 15 2018 the committee donated 5 million to charity in 2017 namely the previously announced donations to hurricane relief the White House Historical Association and the Vice President s Residence Foundation The majority of the committee s outlay 57 million went to four event planning companies 28 The largest amount 26 million went to a California firm called WIS Media Partners which was created in December 2016 by a close friend and advisor to Melania Trump named Stephanie Winston Wolkoff 28 whose staff stayed at the Trump International Hotel during the planning of the inauguration 29 Wolkoff was personally paid about 500 000 for the inauguration 30 Twenty four million dollars went to an independent organization created by television producer Mark Burnett Inaugural Productions for the staging of several events 31 The committee reported nearly 15 million in administrative expenses including 9 4 million for travel and 4 6 million for salaries and benefits for 208 employees 28 The committee spent more than 1 5 million at the Trump International Hotel 29 Ivanka Trump helped negotiate a rate of 175 000 per day for the committee s use of the hotel s Presidential Ballroom and meeting rooms after Gates and Wolkoff complained that Trump International Hotel managing director Mickael Damelincourt attempted to charge them above market rates 32 Pre inaugural events EditDiplomat summit Chairman s Global Dinner Edit nbsp Then President elect Trump and his wife Melania arriving at Joint Base Andrews in Washington D C for the inaugurationOn Tuesday January 17 then President elect Trump arrived in Washington D C to attend what was titled the Chairman s Global Dinner a high profile dinner that was intended to serve as an introduction between foreign diplomats and the incoming Trump administration officials and appointees 33 The dinner was black tie and invitation only and was described by The Wall Street Journal as the most high profile event preceding the inauguration 34 with both Trump and Vice President elect Mike Pence addressing the gathering 33 The event was held at the Andrew W Mellon Auditorium 33 Rex Tillerson Trump s choice to succeed John Kerry as secretary of state was in attendance as well as former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani and National Security Advisor designate Michael T Flynn and Israeli ambassador Ron Dermer according to reporters in attendance at the event 33 More than 200 foreign diplomats attended the event out of 500 total guests 33 During his speech to the group Trump praised his choices thus far for Cabinet positions as well as his choice of Pence as his vice president 35 According to The Boston Globe and the Associated Press the menu included mustard black cod and filet mignon as entrees and baked Alaska for dessert 35 Voices of the People concert Edit On the morning and afternoon of January 19 a day long Voices of the People public concert was held at the Lincoln Memorial The concert featured The King s Academy West Palm Beach Florida Honor Choir the Republican Hindu Coalition the Montgomery Area High School Marching Band Marlana Van Hoose the Maury NJROTC Color Guard the Pride of Madawaska Webelos Troop 177 the Northern Middle School Honors Choir the American Tap Company the Everett High School Viking Marching Band the TwirlTasTix Baton Twirling group and three bagpipe groups 36 Arlington National Cemetery wreath laying ceremony Edit nbsp Donald Trump and Mike Pence at the wreath laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown SoldierAfter returning home to New York City Trump returned to Washington D C on Thursday January 19 arriving at Joint Base Andrews on a plane flown by the U S Air Force 37 38 Trump and Vice President elect Pence attended a luncheon at Trump s hotel at the Old Post Office Pavilion 39 and afterwards the official wreath laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery accompanied by his wife and family 40 Trump and Pence were escorted by Major General Bradley Becker at the ceremony 39 The Arlington National Cemetery is the final resting place of more than 400 000 mostly members of the armed forces Medal of Honor recipients and high ranking political officials 41 Make America Great Again Welcome Celebration concert Edit On the evening of January 19 Trump hosted the Make America Great Again Welcome Celebration a concert for his supporters that were attending his inauguration the following day The concert held on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial featured performances by Lee Greenwood who performed God Bless the USA Toby Keith 3 Doors Down DJ Ravidrums 42 The Piano Guys 43 and The Frontmen of Country Tim Rushlow Larry Stewart and Richie McDonald 44 Trump addressed his supporters at the end of the festivities saying that the forgotten man and the forgotten woman will not be forgotten anymore 42 Actor Jon Voight also spoke at the event stating We have been witness to a barrage of propaganda that left us all breathless with anticipation not knowing if God could reverse all the negative lies against Mr Trump whose only desire was to make America great again 42 The concert concluded with a fireworks celebration accompanied by a U S military choir and band performing the Battle Hymn of the Republic 42 Church service and White House reception Edit nbsp Preparations at the United States Capitol in Washington D C as the sun begins to rise on the morning of the inaugurationOn the morning of the inauguration on January 20 after staying the night at the Blair House the traditional house used by the incoming president elect due to its proximity to the White House 45 Trump and his wife Melania and Mike Pence and his wife Karen attended a church service at St John s Episcopal Church 46 The tradition dates back to James Madison with every president since then attending the church service the morning of their inauguration 47 The service was led by Robert Jeffress a Southern Baptist minister who campaigned for Trump during the election 46 After the church service Trump and his wife went to the White House to meet with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama The Obamas greeted the Trumps and Melania presented the couple with a gift 48 They then posed for photos in front of the White House press corps 48 The presentation of a gift was a tradition started by Michelle Obama when she presented George W Bush and Laura Bush with a gift on the day of her husband s inauguration in 2009 49 Afterward they held a tea reception inside the White House along with Vice President Joe Biden and his wife Jill Biden and Mike Pence and his wife Karen Pence 48 As per tradition following the meeting between the president and the president elect they shared the presidential motorcade limousine and made their way to the Capitol for the inaugural ceremony 48 Inaugural events EditCeremony Edit nbsp President Trump delivering his inauguration speech following his swearing in ceremony source source source source source track track track President Trump delivering his inaugural address nbsp Donald Trump gave his first speech as the new 45th president of the United States for 16 minutes Roy Blunt commenced the inauguration ceremony at 11 41 a m with welcoming remarks about the nation s commonplace and miraculous tradition of a peaceful transition of power Courtney Williams Senior Chief Musician and concert moderator for the U S Navy Concert Band returned as the platform announcer for his 3rd consecutive inauguration 50 Three religious figures delivered invocations followed by the Missouri State University chorale performing an original work Now We Belong After short remarks Chuck Schumer ended his speech by asking everyone to stand for the swearing in ceremony 51 52 53 54 Outgoing President Barack Obama outgoing Vice President Joe Biden who later defeated Trump in 2020 and inaugurated as the 46th president in 2021 former presidents Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton and George W Bush and former vice presidents Dan Quayle and Dick Cheney along with their respective wives attended the inauguration 55 including Hillary Clinton who had been Trump s main opponent in the general election Clinton was attending as a former first lady not as the losing candidate 56 Former president George H W Bush and former first lady Barbara Bush did not attend the inauguration due to their health issues 57 Oath of office Edit nbsp Pence being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas on January 20 2017At 11 54 a m Associate Justice Clarence Thomas swore in Mike Pence as the 48th vice president of the United States with Pence s hand on his personal Bible as well as the Bible of Ronald Reagan the politician who inspired Pence to join the Republican Party A performance of America the Beautiful by The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square followed At noon Trump became the 45th president of the United States taking the oath of office with Chief Justice John Roberts Trump was also sworn in using two Bibles a Bible his mother gifted him and the historic Lincoln Bible After the swearing in the Marine Band performed Hail to the Chief and Trump received the traditional 21 gun salute in his honor 58 59 60 61 Inaugural address Edit President Trump then delivered his 16 minute inaugural address of 1 433 words 62 The speech was the shortest inaugural address since Jimmy Carter s in 1977 63 In late December 2016 Trump told visitors that he was writing the first draft of his inaugural address citing previous inauguration speeches by John F Kennedy and Ronald Reagan as inspirations 64 Trump insisted publicly that he wrote his own speech 65 although The Wall Street Journal and others reported that it had been written by Trump senior aides Stephen Miller and Steve Bannon 65 66 67 68 The speech struck a tone that was both nationalist and populist 63 66 with suggestions of absolutism 69 and distrust of democracy 70 The Los Angeles Times described the address as a truncated version of Trump s campaign rally addresses absent specific policy and big on a sense of anger at what he defined as a ruling class that has raided America for its own benefit 63 Historians and speechwriters termed the inaugural address as one of the most ominous in U S history 66 striking an unusually dark and bleak note 71 72 73 74 75 Former president George W Bush reportedly referred to the speech as some weird shit after the ceremony concluded 76 77 Trump pledged to end what he referred to as American carnage 78 79 80 depicting the United States in a dystopian light as a land of abandoned factories economic angst rising crime while pledging a new era in American politics 71 81 nbsp Barack Obama with Donald Trump on Inauguration Day Joe Biden stands behind Trump Fact checking organizations such as FactCheck org PolitiFact and The Washington Post s Fact Checker claimed that Trump s portrayal of the United States in decline did not always match reality 82 83 84 The fact checking organizations noted among other things that the U S violent crime rate was far below its 1991 peak that the U S economy had gained jobs for 75 consecutive months and that unemployment was significantly below its historical average and participation in U S welfare programs had declined 82 83 84 In the speech Trump repeated his campaign trail America First slogan in reference to economic 79 85 and foreign policy issues 86 Trump s use of the phrase was controversial because of the slogan s association with U S isolationists who had opposed American entry in World War II 73 79 Trump s decision not to make a strong case for the role of American power in shaping the outside world was a departure from the inaugural addresses of recent Republican presidents from Ronald Reagan to George W Bush and represented a sharp break with the internationalist vision of nearly every U S president of the past 100 years that troubled veteran foreign policy experts 87 Nevertheless Trump s themes on foreign policy appealed to many Americans as well as to critics of Washington s bipartisan foreign policy establishment 87 Benedictions Edit Three religious leaders delivered benedictions following Trump s speech bringing the total number of prayers during the ceremony to six a record number Reverend Franklin Graham Cardinal Timothy M Dolan Archbishop of New York Reverend Dr Samuel Rodriguez Pastor Paula White Rabbi Marvin Hier and Bishop Wayne T Jackson gave the benedictions 52 88 Jackie Evancho concluded the ceremony with a performance of the U S national anthem 89 Post ceremony events Edit After the inaugural ceremony President Trump First Lady Melania Trump Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence escorted former president Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama to a departure ceremony on the east side of the U S Capitol The Trumps exchanged remarks and bid farewell to the Obamas at the base of the helicopter that would transport them to Joint Base Andrews and then returned to the steps of the Capitol building where they waved as the Obamas helicopter took off Meanwhile the Bidens took a limousine to Union Station where they boarded a train for Wilmington Delaware 90 Before the luncheon and in keeping with tradition President Trump signed his first presidential orders in the President s Room at the Capitol 91 and then signed the guest book for the luncheon nbsp President and Mrs Trump bidding farewell to former president and Mrs Obama on the East Front of the U S CapitolNext Trump signed orders to officially present the nominations for his Cabinet and several sub Cabinet officials to the Senate for confirmation 92 His first bill that he signed into law was a waiver of the National Security Act of 1947 granted to him that allowed the nomination of retired general James Mattis to be nominated for the position of United States secretary of defense 93 The National Security Act of 1947 requires a seven year waiting period before retired military personnel can assume the role of Secretary of Defense 93 Mattis became only the second secretary of defense to receive such a waiver following George Marshall who served under President Harry S Truman 93 Following in tradition Trump used various commemorative pens to sign the Cabinet nominations and distributed them among the lawmakers and guests that had gathered The pens are traditionally given as a gift to politicians or individuals touched by the action or were instrumental in its implementation 92 Trump also signed a proclamation declaring his inauguration a National Day of Patriotic Devotion 94 95 96 In this he followed Barack Obama who declared his a National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation 97 and previous declarations of periods of patriotism by such former presidents as Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan 98 Trump was accompanied at the signing ceremony by his wife and children and several of his grandchildren as well as the chairs of the Joint Congressional Inauguration Committee including senators Roy Blunt Mitch McConnell and Chuck Schumer and Congressional leaders Paul Ryan Kevin McCarthy and Nancy Pelosi 98 During the ceremony the lawmakers joked with President Trump he handed pens to participants e g Elaine Chao s nomination pen to Nancy Pelosi Trump stating because they were both women and then traded pens in an offer to give not as an ask to receive Nancy Pelosi gave Elaine Chao s nomination pen to Chao s husband Mitch McConnell 98 99 The Trumps and Pences then attended an inaugural luncheon at the U S Capitol before traveling from there to the presidential reviewing stand at the White House to watch the parade 100 101 nbsp President Trump signing his first official orders as president including nominating his CabinetLuncheon Edit The Trumps and Pences joined several congressional guests for the inaugural luncheon in National Statuary Hall at the U S Capitol Guests included top Washington lawmakers as well as former presidents and vice presidents During his formal address at the lunch Trump asked those in attendance to give Hillary Clinton one of his opponents during the 2016 election a standing ovation 102 103 104 A luncheon at the U S Capitol has been part of the inaugural program since 1953 before that time the luncheon was usually held at the White House and hosted by the outgoing president and first lady The menu for the 2017 inaugural luncheon which in the past has often featured dishes representative of the home states of the new president and vice president included more traditional dishes from around the country 100 The first course consisted of Maine lobster and Gulf shrimp with saffron sauce and peanut crumble accompanied by a J Lohr 2013 Arroyo Vista Chardonnay 100 The second dish contained Seven Hills Angus beef in dark chocolate and juniper jus with potato gratin served with a Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon and dessert included a chocolate souffle and cherry vanilla ice cream with Korbel California champagne 100 Since 1985 a painting has served as a backdrop for the head table For the 2017 inaugural luncheon the featured painting was George Caleb Bingham s The Verdict of the People which depicts a Missouri town and its citizens both celebrating and mourning the election victory of what historians say was a likely proslavery candidate 105 Parade Edit nbsp President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump walking the parade route on Pennsylvania AvenueFollowing the luncheon Trump Pence and their wives reviewed an honor guard of troops at the East Front of the U S Capitol before beginning the parade 106 107 The inaugural parade route ran along Pennsylvania Avenue NW from the U S Capitol ending at the north face of the White House 108 During most of the parade President Trump and First Lady Melania Trump traveled in the armored limousine used by the president because of potential security threats The president and first lady exited their limousine twice walking on Pennsylvania Avenue for portions of the parade 101 109 110 a longstanding custom 111 Vice President Pence and his wife Karen walked the parade route at several points with their children as well 112 The parade lasted approximately two hours during the afternoon and early evening following the inaugural ceremony 113 Parade participants included more than 8 000 people 114 representing forty organizations including high school and university marching bands equestrian corps first responders and veterans groups according to the Joint Congressional Inauguration Committee 115 Each branch of the United States military was also represented 115 Vice President Mike Pence invited several groups from Indiana to march in the parade in the Indiana section including the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Drill Team the Culver Military Academy and the Columbus North High School marching band from Pence s native Columbus Indiana 116 Shortly after the parade Trump went to the Oval Office to sign his first executive orders as president including an order to start the process of dismantling the Affordable Care Act 117 118 Inaugural balls Edit nbsp The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on the evening of the inaugurationPresident Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump attended three official inaugural balls during the evening of January 20 2017 60 119 titled Liberty and Freedom The Official Presidential Inaugural Balls 120 Donald Trump wore a classic black tuxedo with a white button up shirt and a black bow tie in keeping with tradition 121 Melania Trump wore a white off the shoulder sleeveless gown designed by French American fashion designer Herve Pierre 122 Pierre has also designed dresses for first ladies Laura Bush Hillary Clinton and Michelle Obama and he has been styling for Melania Trump for several years 122 The dress featured a front slit a ruffled accent and a thin red belt to cinch the waist 121 The Liberty Ball one of two official balls held at the Walter E Washington Convention Center was the first stop of the evening for the president and first lady The Trumps danced to their first song which was chosen to be My Way by Frank Sinatra and was performed by Erin Boheme an American jazz singer 120 121 In an attempt to allow more access to the inaugural balls the Presidential Inauguration Committee announced that they intended to make the inaugural balls the most affordable in recent history offering 50 tickets to either the Liberty or Freedom Balls 123 The second ball that the Trumps attended was the Freedom Ball also held at the Walter E Washington Convention Center and also featured a first dance to My Way as with the Liberty Ball 121 nbsp The President First Lady Vice President and Second Lady dancing with service members at the Armed Services BallThe third ball that the president and first lady attended was the Salute To Our Armed Services Ball which took place at the National Building Museum The ball was by invitation only with free tickets being provided to active duty and reserve military Medal of Honor recipients wounded warriors military families veterans and first responders according to the Presidential Inauguration Committee 123 At the beginning of the ball Trump and his wife Melania addressed the crowd of gathered service members and then spoke via satellite with active duty soldiers in Bagram Airfield Afghanistan 124 Trump thanked the active duty soldiers for the congratulations on his inauguration as Commander in chief 124 Tony Orlando and the Josh Weathers Band performed at the Armed Services Ball 124 It is tradition for the president and first lady and the vice president and second lady to dance with military service members during the Armed Services Ball Sgt Angel Rodriguez who danced with Second Lady Karen Pence drew attention for his dancing style spinning the Second Lady which provoked playful laughter from Tiffany and Eric Trump 125 Prayer service Edit nbsp President and Mrs Trump arriving at Washington National Cathedral for the national prayer serviceOn January 21 President Trump First Lady Melania Trump Vice President Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence gathered at the Washington National Cathedral for a national day of prayer 126 a tradition dating back to the first president George Washington 127 Among the parishioners were more than two dozen religious leaders from a variety of different faiths 128 Marlana VanHoose a 20 year old vocalist who was born with cytomegalovirus performed at the ceremony singing How Great Thou Art 129 Melania Trump was visibly emotional during the performance and led a standing ovation for her after she finished performing 129 The service began with call to prayer by the Reverend Rosemarie Duncan Mikhail Manevich a Jewish cantor and Mohamed Magid a Muslim imam 127 The clergy spoke of both compassion and diversity 127 Crowd size EditAttendance at presidential inaugurations per Vox 3 Year AttendanceClinton 1993 800 000Clinton 1997 250 000G W Bush 2001 300 000G W Bush 2005 400 000Obama 2009 1 800 000Obama 2013 1 000 000Trump 2017 600 000Before the event federal and local agencies had prepared for turnout of between 700 000 and 900 000 people 130 131 Trump predicted that there would be an unbelievable perhaps record setting turnout at his inauguration 132 The National Park Service does not publish crowd estimates about events at the National Mall 133 Overhead imagery 134 and statistics on public transportation ridership from the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority WMATA which operates Metrorail are therefore used to estimate crowd sizes 135 The WMATA reported that 193 000 passengers rode the Metro before 11 a m on the day of Trump s inauguration and 570 557 passengers during the entire day noting that it was lower than the average weekday ridership of 639 000 passengers 136 USA Today reported on a notable number of empty seats along the parade route 137 nbsp Inauguration of Donald TrumpCrowd counting experts cited by The New York Times estimated that about 160 000 people were in the National Mall areas in the hour leading up to Trump s speech 138 Crowd science professor Keith Still estimated the total attendance at 300 000 to 600 000 people or one third the estimated 1 1 million to 1 8 million people that attended Obama s 2009 inauguration 3 139 140 which set a record for the total number of people in the National Mall at any one given time 141 and which marked the inauguration of the nation s first African American president 142 143 CNN provided a gigapixel panorama of the area 144 Administration response Edit source source source source source source White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer giving Trump administration s statement on crowd size in his January 21 press conference extract In a press conference on January 21 Sean Spicer Trump s White House press secretary stated that the crowd was the largest audience ever to witness an inauguration period both in person and around the globe and accused the media of reporting false crowd estimates to lessen the enthusiasm of the inauguration 145 146 147 Spicer also stated that 420 000 people rode the Metro on the day of Trump s inauguration and that only 317 000 rode on the day of Obama s 145 147 In fact 570 557 Metro trips were taken on the day of Trump s inauguration compared to 1 1 million on Obama s 2009 inauguration day and 782 000 on Obama s 2013 inauguration day 148 Ridership at 11 a m was 193 000 513 000 and 317 000 respectively 148 Numerous sources highlighted the fact that Spicer s statements were incorrect and many accused him of intentionally misstating the figures 145 149 150 In response Donald Trump s counselor and spokesperson Kellyanne Conway in an interview with NBC s Chuck Todd stated that Spicer merely presented alternative facts 151 Todd responded by saying alternative facts are not facts They re falsehoods 152 On January 23 Spicer admitted his error concerning WMATA ridership levels stating that he was relying on statistics given to him but he stood by his claim that the inauguration was the most viewed stating he also included online viewership in addition to in person and television in his estimates 153 154 Spicer s claim of the largest audience ever was still shown inaccurate as Nielsen reported 30 6 million viewers across 12 networks while Obama had 37 8 million and Ronald Reagan 41 8 million 155 As for online viewership Spicer himself cited a figure of 16 9 million livestreams provided by CNN However CNN served nearly 27 million streams in 2009 for Obama s inauguration 156 CNN reported in 2009 that 7 7 million people watched the inauguration online while nearly 27 million watched streaming video of any sort on CNN s website on that day 157 NBC s livestream on YouTube of Trump s inauguration in 2017 accumulated over 8 million views within a day 158 159 The incoming administration briefly shut down the Interior Department s Twitter accounts 160 The National Park Service s official Twitter account had re tweeted two Tweets on omissions on policy areas on the White House website and Trump s and Obama s crowd sizes 160 An NPS spokesman issued an apology for mistaken RTs 160 On the morning following the inauguration Trump telephoned acting National Park Service director Michael T Reynolds and personally directed him to produce additional aerial photographs of the Inauguration Day crowds 161 162 Reynolds and the Park Service complied with the directive the additional photos however did not prove Trump s contention that the crowd size was upward of 1 million 161 In September 2018 documents released from a Freedom of Information Act request showed that Reynolds and the National Park Service cropped photos of the inauguration at the direction of the President in an attempt to make the crowd size seem larger 163 Edited photos Edit In September 2018 a government photographer admitted that he at Trump s request 164 edited pictures of the inauguration to make the crowd appear larger The photographer cropped out empty space where the crowd ended for a new set of pictures requested by Trump on the first morning of his presidency after he was angered by images showing his audience was smaller than Barack Obama s in 2009 163 165 Protests and demonstrations EditFurther information Protests against Donald Trump Presidential inauguration source source source source source Protesters in Washington D C at Trump s inauguration nbsp Demonstration in Washington D C As of mid December there were 20 requests for demonstration permits for Trump s inauguration including Bikers for Trump and the Women s March on Washington which took place the day after inauguration day 166 Supported by nearly 200 activist groups and organizations and drawing an estimated three times as many participants as the inauguration 138 the Women s March demonstrated on racial and gender equality affordable healthcare abortion rights and voting rights 167 Protests occurred during the inauguration ceremonies in Washington D C The vast majority of protesters several thousand in all were peaceful 168 169 170 DisruptJ20 protesters linked arms at security checkpoints and attempted to shut them down 171 Some elements of the protesters were black bloc groups and self described anarchists and engaged in sporadic acts of vandalism rioting and violence 170 172 173 Six police officers sustained minor injuries and at least one other person was injured 169 170 174 A total of 234 people were arrested and charged with rioting launching controversial trials that gave rise to allegations that the government was overreaching 175 Ultimately 21 defendants pleaded guilty and all other defendants were either acquitted or had charges dropped by prosecutors the government failed to obtain a guilty verdict at any trial 175 In December 2017 the first six people to be tried in connection with the events of January 20 were acquitted by a jury of all charges 176 Twenty other defendants pleaded guilty and prosecutors dropped cases against 20 others 176 In January 2018 prosecutors dropped charges against 129 other defendants 177 In May 2018 prosecutors dropped charges against seven more defendants after the court found that prosecution had intentionally made misrepresentations to the court and hidden exculpatory evidence from defendants in violation of the Brady rule 178 and prosecutors also reduced charges against others 179 Finally in July 2018 the government dropped charges against all remaining defendants 175 Sixty seven Democratic U S representatives declined to attend Trump s inauguration citing what they described as his alarming and divisive policies foreign interference in his election and his criticism of civil rights icon John Lewis a congressman from Georgia 180 Viewership EditNielsen ratings showed that TV viewership of the inauguration in the US was 30 6 million more than Obama s second inauguration in 2013 20 6 million 181 but less than Obama s first inauguration in 2009 38 million and Reagan s first in 1981 42 million 182 Trump s inauguration became the most streamed Twitter video during the site s decade long history with more than 6 8 million views 183 184 There were 16 63 million viewers of Trump taking the oath of office and giving his inaugural address on the three major cable news networks Fox News Channel CNN and MSNBC The number of viewers for Obama in 2009 was more at 17 06 million and in 2013 less at 6 73 million According to Nielsen data there were 30 64 million people who viewed Trump s inauguration on the 12 networks that covered it live The number of viewers for Obama s 2009 inauguration on the 18 networks that covered it live was more at 37 8 million At Obama s 2013 inauguration it was less at 20 55 million 185 Legend Cable news networkBroadcast network Total cable TV viewers11 45 am to 12 15 pm Eastern Network ViewersFox News 11 768 000CNN 3 375 000MSNBC 1 487 000 Total cable TV viewers8 00 to 11 00 pm Eastern Network ViewersFox News 6 958 000CNN 4 528 000MSNBC 1 621 000 Total television viewers11 00 am to 4 00 pm Eastern Network ViewersFox News 8 771 000NBC 5 895 000ABC 4 899 000CBS 4 653 000CNN 2 610 000MSNBC 1 377 000 Source AdweekInvestigations EditMultiple investigations related to Trump s inauguration were launched including A House Intelligence Committee investigation into possible attempts to obstruct the committee s investigation of Russian election interference and the many suspicious 186 187 links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies 188 A House Judiciary Committee investigation into potential obstruction of justice and abuse of power by Trump and the Trump administration 188 An investigation by the U S Attorney s Office for the Southern District of New York into whether the Trump inaugural committee filed false FEC reports or accepted illegal contributions from foreign nationals The investigation was a partial outgrowth of a recording seized by the FBI in which Trump s personal lawyer and fixer Michael D Cohen discuss possible irregularities with inauguration contractor Stephanie Winston Wolkoff 188 An investigation by the U S Attorney s Office for the Eastern District of New York involving the business and political dealings of Elliott Broidy a major financier of Trump s campaign and inauguration 188 An investigation by the New Jersey attorney general regarding contributions to Trump s inaugural committee 188 An investigation by the Attorney General for the District of Columbia regarding the role on the inaugural committee of Trump s children Donald Jr Ivanka and Eric and payments to the Trump International Hotel and Trump Organization 188 Investigation by the special counsel Edit Main article Mueller special counsel investigation See also Links between Trump associates and Russian officials and spies Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections July 2016 election day and Timeline of post election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections News reports surfaced in April 2018 that the Special Counsel investigation is looking into the inaugural committee s finances Prosecutors have questioned several Russian oligarchs upon their arrival at a U S airport about whether any Russian money was illegally funneled into the inauguration committee or the Trump campaign itself 189 Robert Mueller s team has questioned Barrack and other witnesses reportedly asking about donors with connections to Russia Saudi Arabia the United Arab Emirates and Qatar 190 Counterintelligence agents with the FBI began investigating this possibility immediately after the inauguration itself their interest sparked by the large number of wealthy Russians who attended the inauguration and the special events that attended it 191 nbsp Samuel Patten plea agreementIn August 2018 American political consultant W Samuel Patten an associate of Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort pleaded guilty in federal court to failure to register as a foreign agent in connection with the illegal funneling of foreign funds to the presidential inauguration committee Patten admitted to arranging a straw donation in which 50 000 was funneled from a Ukrainian businessman to a U S citizen to donate to the committee in exchange for four tickets to the inauguration Patten also admitted to giving misleading testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee about the matter 192 In exchange for a recommendation of a lenient sentence Patten pleaded guilty and agreed to cooperate with Special Counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller 192 In court documents prosecutors wrote that Patten formed a lobbying and consulting firm with a Russian national identified as Foreigner A the firm was paid for work advising the Ukrainian Opposition Bloc party and some Bloc members including a prominent Ukraine businessman identified only as Foreigner B 192 The Washington Post and The New York Times identified Konstantin Kilimnik a Manafort associate whom prosecutors allege is a Russian intelligence operative as Foreigner A and Serhiy Lovochkin a former aide to Viktor Yanukovych the pro Russian former president of Ukraine as Foreigner B 192 193 Kilimnik attended Trump s inauguration 194 Investigation by U S attorney s office in New York Edit The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times reported in December 2018 that federal prosecutors in Manhattan and Brooklyn are investigating whether Middle Eastern foreigners sought to buy influence over American policies by using straw donors to illegally funnel donations to Trump s inaugural committee and a pro Trump Super PAC 195 196 The Trump inaugural committee received a subpoena from federal prosecutors on February 4 2019 The SDNY subpoena demanded a comprehensive array of documents involving the committee s donors finances attendees and activities The subpoena named one person of interest fundraiser Imaad Zuberi 197 The subpoena reportedly covered allegations of conspiracy to defraud the United States government money laundering false statements mail and wire fraud disclosure violations and prohibitions against contributions by foreign nations 198 199 Investigations by New Jersey attorneys general Edit The attorney general of New Jersey issued subpoenas for documents to the inaugural committee in February 2019 200 Trump s settlement with the D C Attorney General Edit The office of Attorney General for the District of Columbia Karl Racine served a subpoena to the inaugural committee in February 2019 as part of an investigation 201 In 2020 the office sued the inaugural committee accusing it of violating D C laws governing nonprofits by improperly paying more than 1 million to Trump International Hotel during inauguration week 202 Racine said that the inaugural committee had paid in excess of market rates for the Trump hotel space as part of scheme to enrich the Trump family 202 203 Records were subpoenaed from Ivanka Trump Melania Trump and Trump associate Thomas Barrack Jr 203 Ivanka Trump gave five hours of deposition testimony in December 2020 as part of the suit 203 In May 2020 Trump settled the lawsuit for 750 000 according to a lawyer for Trump s inaugural committee half of the settlement payment was paid by the inaugural committee and the other half by Trump family companies 202 See also Edit nbsp United States portal nbsp Politics portalFirst 100 days of Donald Trump s presidency Presidency of Donald Trump Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency 2017 Q1 Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign Russian interference in the 2016 United States electionsReferences Edit 58TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES United States Senate Retrieved June 15 2021 Bump Philip January 23 2017 There s no evidence that Trump s inauguration was the most watched in history Period The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 24 2017 Retrieved July 13 2017 The Times spoke with crowd estimation experts who pegged the number in attendance on Friday at one third of Obama s 2009 audience or 600 000 people a b c Frostenson Sarah January 24 2017 A crowd scientist says Trump s inauguration attendance was pretty 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No matter what we said or did no one ever felt we gave a fair estimate U S Park Police Maj J J McLaughlin who had been in charge of coordinating crowd estimates said in 1996 when the agency confirmed it would no longer count heads 2 Smith Leef Melillo Wendy October 13 1996 If It s Crowd Size You Want Park Service Says Count It Out Congress Told Agency to Stop Official Says The Washington Post p A 34 Retrieved March 16 2017 Ford Matt January 21 2017 Trump s Press Secretary Falsely Claims Largest Audience Ever to Witness an Inauguration Period The Atlantic Archived from the original on January 22 2017 Retrieved January 23 2017 Klein Betsy January 21 2017 Comparing Donald Trump and Barack Obama s inaugural crowd sizes CNN Archived from the original on January 29 2017 Retrieved January 29 2017 Lazo Luz Metro Inauguration Day trips top 500 000 but still lowest since 2005 The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 22 2017 Retrieved January 22 2017 Cummings William There were a 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Peaceful Marred by Sporadic Violence The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on March 10 2017 a b c Dwyer Colin Domonokse Camila January 20 2017 In D C Group Of Protesters Breaks Windows Police Use Pepper Spray NPR Archived from the original on January 22 2017 Laughland Oliver Siddiqui Sabrina Gambino Lauren January 20 2017 Inauguration protests more than 200 demonstrators arrested in Washington The Guardian Archived from the original on January 22 2017 Retrieved January 22 2017 Lawler David January 21 2017 Donald Trump Protests Limo Set on Fire and 217 Arrested as Police use Tear Gas on Black Clad Activists The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on January 20 2017 Retrieved January 20 2017 Vargas Theresa Hartz Taylor Hermann Peter January 20 2017 Inauguration Protesters Vandalize Set Fires Try to Disrupt Trump s Oath as Police Arrest More than 200 The Washington Post Archived from the original on January 20 2017 Retrieved January 20 2017 Krieg Gregory January 21 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to Be Scrutinized for Illegal Foreign Donations The New York Times Archived from the original on February 5 2019 Retrieved February 5 2019 O Brien Rebecca Davis Ballhaus Rebecca Viswanatha Aruna December 13 2018 Trump Inauguration Spending Under Criminal Investigation by Federal Prosecutors Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved December 13 2018 via www wsj com Haberman Maggie Protess Ben February 4 2019 Trump Inaugural Committee Ordered to Hand Over Documents to Federal Investigators The New York Times Archived from the original on February 5 2019 Retrieved February 5 2019 Burnett Erin Orden Erica Borger Gloria Kelly Caroline February 4 2019 Federal prosecutors subpoena Trump inaugural committee CNN Archived from the original on February 5 2019 Retrieved February 5 2019 Federal prosecutors issue sweeping subpoena for documents from Trump inaugural committee a sign of a deepening criminal probe Washington Post February 4 2019 Archived from the original on February 5 2019 Retrieved February 5 2019 NJ attorney general subpoenas Trump s inaugural committee Washington Post Archived from the original on February 28 2019 Retrieved February 27 2019 Trump inaugural committee hit with another subpoena NBC News Archived from the original on February 28 2019 Retrieved February 27 2019 a b c Eric Lipton Trump Settles Suit Over Payments to Hotel for 2017 Inauguration New York Times May 3 2022 a b c Ivanka Trump deposed Tuesday as part of inauguration fund lawsuit NBC News The Associated Press Archived from the original on December 5 2020 Retrieved December 5 2020 External links EditInauguration of Donald Trump at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Texts from Wikisource Official website Archived December 2 2021 at the Wayback Machine Presidential Inauguration 2017 at USA gov Military District of Washington 58th Presidential Inauguration Text of Trump s Inaugural AddressVideo Edit whitehouse gov January 20 2017 The Inauguration of the 45th President of the United States Retrieved February 2 2017 via YouTube Guardian Wires January 21 2017 Donald Trump inauguration day Retrieved February 2 2017 via YouTube Press Pool feed Inaugural coverage by C SPAN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Inauguration of Donald Trump amp oldid 1179419844, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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