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Min Aung Hlaing

March 02, 2023

In this Burmese name, the given name is Min Aung Hlaing. There is no family name.

Min Aung Hlaing (Burmese: မင်းအောင်လှိုင် abbreviated: MAL pronounced [mɪ́ɰ̃ àʊɰ̃ l̥àɪɰ̃]; born 3 July 1956) is a Burmese army general who has ruled Myanmar as the chairman of the State Administration Council since seizing power in the February 2021 coup d'état. He took the nominally civilian role of prime minister of Myanmar in August 2021. He has led the Tatmadaw (military), an independent branch of government, as the commander-in-chief of Defence Services since March 2011, when he was handpicked to succeed longtime military ruler Than Shwe, who transferred leadership over the country to a civilian government upon retiring.[3][4][5] Before assuming leadership over the Tatmadaw, Min Aung Hlaing served as Joint Chief of Staff from 2010 to 2011.

Senior General
Maha Thray Sithu
Min Aung Hlaing
မင်းအောင်လှိုင်
Min Aung Hlaing in 2021
Chairman of the State Administration Council
Assumed office
2 February 2021
PresidentMyint Swe (acting)
DeputySoe Win
Preceded byAung San Suu Kyi
(as State Counsellor)
Prime Minister of Myanmar
Assumed office
1 August 2021
PresidentMyint Swe (acting)
Deputy
Preceded byThein Sein (2011)
Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services
Assumed office
30 March 2011
PresidentThein Sein
Htin Kyaw
Win Myint
Myint Swe (acting)
DeputySoe Win
State CounsellorAung San Suu Kyi
Preceded byThan Shwe
Joint Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces
In office
June 2010 – 30 March 2011
Commander-in-ChiefThan Shwe
Preceded byShwe Mann
Succeeded byHla Htay Win[1]
Personal details
Born (1956-07-03) 3 July 1956 (age 66)
Minbu, Burma[2]
SpouseKyu Kyu Hla
ChildrenMultiple, including:
Aung Pyae Sone
Khin Thiri Thet Mon
Alma materRangoon Arts and Sciences University (LL.B)
Defence Services Academy
Websitewww.seniorgeneralminaunghlaing.com.mm
Military service
AllegianceMyanmar
Branch/serviceMyanmar Army
Years of service1974–present
RankSenior general
Battles/warsInternal conflict in Myanmar

Born in Minbu, Burma, Min Aung Hlaing studied law at the Rangoon Arts and Science University before joining the military. Rising through its ranks, he became a five-star general by 2013.[6][better source needed] During the period of civilian rule from 2011 to 2021, Min Aung Hlaing worked to ensure the military's continued role in politics and forestalled the peace process with ethnic armed groups. A United Nations fact-finding mission found he deliberately perpetrated the Rohingya genocide. He maintained an adversarial relationship with democratically-elected State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, though she defended him against genocide charges.[7]

Baselessly claiming widespread voting irregularities and electoral fraud in the 2020 Myanmar general election in which Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy won a landslide re-election, Min Aung Hlaing seized power from her in the 2021 coup.[8][9][10] He had been expected to run for president of Myanmar had the military proxy party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party, won enough seats in parliament to elect him, and would have been required to retire as Commander-in-Chief due to a constitutional age limit.[11] With the outbreak of mass protests against his rule, Min Aung Hlaing ordered a clampdown and suppression of demonstrations,[12] sparking an ongoing civil war.[13] Min Aung Hlaing's forces have employed scorched earth tactics in the civil war, including airstrikes on civilians.[14][15] He has ordered the execution of prominent democracy activists, the first use of the death penalty in decades.[16][17] In foreign policy, he has resisted influence from ASEAN and relied on greater cooperation with Russia, China, and India.[18][19] In response to his extensive human rights abuses and corruption, Min Aung Hlaing has been subjected to a series of international sanctions. The 2022 Democracy Index rated Myanmar under Min Aung Hlaing as the second-most authoritarian regime in the world, with only Afghanistan rated less democratic.[20]

Early life and education

Min Aung Hlaing was born on 3 July 1956 in Minbu, Magway Region, Burma to Khin Hlaing and Hla Mu, as the fourth of five children.[21] His parents were teachers from Dawei, in Tanintharyi Region.[22] His family moved to Mandalay as duty when he was 5 years. His father, Khin Hlaing, was an artist.[23]

Min Aung Hlaing passed his matriculation exam in 1972 at BEHS 1 Latha of Rangoon (now Yangon).[24][25] He attended and studied law at the Rangoon Arts and Science University from 1973 to 1974. On his third attempt, he was admitted to the Defence Services Academy in 1974 as part of the 19th Intake, and he graduated in 1977.[26][27] According to classmates, Min Aung Hlaing was taciturn, and an unremarkable cadet.[28] He was reportedly shunned by classmates because of his reserved personality.[24]

Career

Following graduation, Min Aung Hlaing went on to serve in different command positions, rising slowly through the ranks.[28] Early in his career, military colleagues gave him a nickname referring to cat feces, "something deposited quietly but leaving a powerful stink."[29] As he rose through the ranks, Min Aung Hlaing earned a reputation as a hardliner.[24] His military work earned him the favour of Senior General Than Shwe.[30] Min Aung Hlaing is characterized as having a "big man" management style not conducive to collaboration or listening.[30]

In 2002, he was promoted to commander of the Triangle Regional Command [my] in Eastern Shan State and was a central figure in negotiations with two rebel groups, the United Wa State Army (UWSA) and the National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA).[24] Min Aung Hlaing was reportedly close with former Thai prime minister and General Prem Tinsulanonda, considering Prem a father figure.[31][32]

Min Aung Hlaing supported the military crackdown of the Saffron Revolution in 2008.[24] He rose to prominence in 2009 after leading an offensive against the insurgent Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army in Kokang.[33] In June 2010, Min Aung Hlaing replaced General Shwe Mann as Joint Chief of Staff of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.[24]

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces

2011–2015: Union Solidarity and Development Party rule

In the lead-up to 2011, the military began embarking on a series of political reforms to transition Myanmar to a quasi-democracy. The ruling junta, the State Peace and Development Council, engineered its formal departure from power, after holding the 2010 Myanmar general election, which was won by the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), the military's proxy party. On 30 March 2011, outgoing head of state, Senior General Than Shwe, then the incumbent Commander-in-Chief of Myanmar's Armed Forces, appointed Min Aung Hlaing as his successor, ahead of more senior officers.[34][35] Min Aung Hlaing's appointment coincided with USDP's rise to power, during which he oversaw a series of military reforms, and supported efforts by the USDP-led government to strike peace deals with ethnic armed groups.[34]

In November 2011, according to The Irrawaddy News, it was "widely believed" that following Min Aung Hlaing's meetings with Chinese military officials that month and his leadership in creating a bilateral agreement on defense cooperation with the Chinese, he had also held talks with Chinese vice-president Xi Jinping regarding cooperation from China with respect to the Kachin Conflict.[33]

On 27 March 2012, during a speech in Naypyidaw, Min Aung Hlaing defended the military's continued role in national politics.[33][36] On 3 April 2012, the Government of Myanmar announced that Min Aung Hlaing had been promoted to vice-senior general, the second highest rank in Myanmar's Armed Forces.[33] He was promoted to senior general in March 2013.

In 2014, as Min Aung Hlaing approached the age of 60, which is the mandatory age of retirement for military officers, the Armed Forces' Department of Defence Council issued a directive, enabling Min Aung Hlaing to extend his mandatory retirement age to 65, in 2021.[37]

In August 2015, the USDP fractured, and President Thein Sein purged the faction led by Shwe Mann, a former general and Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw.[34] Min Aung Hlaing oversaw a direct military intervention to oust Shwe Mann from power, indicating the military's desire to continue furthering its agenda through USDP.[38] Shwe Mann had advocated for legislation and constitutional amendments that would have decreased the military's influence, against the interests of the military and USDP.[38]

2016–2020: Transition to National League for Democracy rule

 
Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi on 29 July 2015
 
Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar on 20 March 2017

The 2015 Myanmar general election saw the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung San Suu Kyi, win in a landslide. With the transition from an USDP to NLD-led government, Min Aung Hlaing shifted his priorities to recovering state power for the military establishment.[34] His intransigence and refusal to cooperate with the civilian-led government undermined progress toward Myanmar's peace process.[34] As the NLD assumed power, Min Aung Hlaing began intensifying an ongoing military crackdown on the Rohingya, beginning in October 2016.[39][40] At the Union Peace Conference - 21st Century Panglong in August 2020, he sharply warned the NLD against scapegoating the military for its role in the ongoing ethnic conflicts.[41]

 
Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu

Min Aung Hlaing also began to signal his interest in civilian politics.[34] He began assuming a more statesman-like persona, and became increasingly assertive about the military's role.[41][29] In the lead-up to the 2020 Myanmar general election, he worked with the USDP to position himself as the next President.[41] Throughout 2019, Min Aung Hlaing made several public appearances dubbed a "charm offensive," at several religious sites and charity functions,[42] raising speculation about his political ambitions.[43][37] To cultivate his public persona, he began two Facebook pages that commanded a combined following of 4.1 million followers.[44][45] In January 2020, Min Aung Hlaing met with Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Nay Pyi Taw. Xi promoted the practical cooperation under the framework of the One Belt One Road to achieve results at an early date and benefit Myanmar's people.[46] In May 2020, Min Aung Hlaing reshuffled senior military ranks, promoting a new generation of officers loyal to Min Aung Hlaing, including Kyaw Swar Lin, who became the military's youngest lieutenant-general.[47]

2020–present: Military coup

In February 2020, Min Aung Hlaing, his wife Kyu Kyu Hla and with his close astrologer Vasipake Sayadaw placed the "Hti" umbrella atop Bagan's most powerful ancient Htilominlo Temple. The meaning of the temple name is "need the royal umbrella, need the King". He was following in the footsteps of some of Myanmar's most powerful political figures including his predecessor, Senior General Than Shwe. Many people believed that the ceremony was a yadaya and seeking divine blessings for his glory.[48]

In November 2020, Min Aung Hlaing made a series of public comments questioning the legitimacy of the upcoming 2020 election, in potential violation of the Civil Services Personnel Law.[49] On 5 November, the Tatmadaw declared that Min Aung Hlaing's rank is equivalent to Vice President of Myanmar.[50] After casting his ballot in the 2020 election, Min Aung Hlaing vowed to accept the election results.[51] The 2020 election saw NLD win in a larger landslide than in 2015, forestalling Min Aung Hlaing's political ambitions. In response, the military began intensifying allegations of electoral fraud and irregularities, submitting formal complaints to the Union Election Commission. On 27 January 2021, Min Aung Hlaing publicly remarked that he would not rule out a coup d'état and abolition of the constitution, if allegations of voter fraud during last year's election were not adequately addressed.[52] These comments sparked concern about another potential coup in the country.[53] The following day, the Union Election Commission issued a statement rejecting claims of electoral fraud, citing the lack of evidence submitted to substantiate these claims.[54] On 29 January, the military issued clarifying statements pledging to protect and abide by the constitution and applicable laws.[55]

On 1 February 2021, Min Aung Hlaing detained elected leaders including President Win Myint, State Councillor Aung San Suu Kyi and declared himself as commander in chief of Myanmar, one day before democratically-elected members of parliament were scheduled to be sworn in as members of the Assembly of the Union. The following day, he established the State Administration Council as the country's interim ruling body.[56][57]

On 22 May 2021, Min Aung Hlaing gave his first interview since the coup to Hong Kong-based Chinese language Phoenix Television. During the interview, he referred to deposed leader Aung San Suu Kyi and he said that she "is in good health. She is at her home and healthy. She is going to face trial at the court in a few days."[58] On the same day, Myanmar Now reported that shortly after the coup, Min Aung Hlaing appointed himself indefinitely as the commander-in-chief and therefore the de facto leader of Myanmar.[59]

Six months after the coup, on 1 August 2021, Min Aung Hlaing formed a caretaker government and established himself as the country's prime minister.[60][61][62] He also remains the Chairman of the SAC.[63][64][65]

After four pro-democracy activists were executed on 24 July 2022, the chairman of the ASEAN, Hun Sen, UN representatives, and Western leaders condemned the executions.[66][67]

 
Min Aung Hlaing and Vladimir Putin at the Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok, September 2022. The theme was On the Path to a Multipolar World.

On 7 September 2022, Min Aung Hlaing met with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of an economic meeting in eastern Russia, the first time that the pair have met since the coup.[68]

In January 2023, Min Aung Hlaing enacted a new electoral law aimed at rigging the next general election in favor of the military proxy party, the Union Solidarity and Development party.[69][70] He is himself considered a likely USDP nominee for President of Myanmar in the subsequent presidential election.[71]

Min Aung Hlaing refused to give up his emergency powers when they were constitutionally set to expire on 1 February 2023, further delaying new elections.[72][73]

Rohingya genocide

Main article: Rohingya genocide

The UNHRC reported that Min Aung Hlaing's soldiers have been deliberately targeting civilians in Northern states of Myanmar and have been committing systemic discrimination and human rights violations against minority communities in Rakhine State.[74] In particular, he has been accused of ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya people.[75] These human rights violations could amount to genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.[76]

In 2018, the United Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, led by Marzuki Darusman, determined that Min Aung Hlaing and other Myanmar military generals oversaw atrocities against the Rohingya in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan states, and did so with genocidal intent.[77] The UN investigative panel said that Min Aung Hlaing, along with four other commanders (Soe Win, Aung Kyaw Zaw, Maung Maung Soe, and Than Oo) should be tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity (including genocide) in the International Criminal Court or an ad hoc international tribunal.[77]

Facebook banned Min Aung Hlaing from its platform along with 19 other top Burmese officials and organisations to prevent further heated ethnic and religious tensions in Myanmar. This action followed a UN investigation's report that certain military leaders in Myanmar be investigated and prosecuted for genocide over a crackdown on Rohingya Muslims.[78][79] Twitter later banned him on 16 May 2019.[80]

On 17 March 2019, Kyaw Zaw Oo, an Arakanese MP, published a bilingual open letter to Min Aung Hlaing about the many human rights violations of the Tatmadaw in Rakhine State that harmed the lives and property of civilians and damaged buildings of cultural heritage.[81][82]

The United States has imposed sanctions against Min Aung Hlaing. In July 2019, the U.S. government banned him from travel to the United States.[83] In December 2020, it froze Min Aung Hlaing's American-based assets and criminalized financial transactions between him and anyone in the United States.[83][84]

Corruption

Min Aung Hlaing has courted enduring controversy for his family's extensive business assets and potential conflicts of interest. He is a major shareholder in the army-owned Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL). During the 2010–11 fiscal year, he had owned 5,000 shares and received an annual dividend of $250,000.[85] He sits on MEHL's Patron Group, which runs the conglomerate.[86]

Min Aung Hlaing's son, Aung Pyae Sone, owns a number of companies, including Sky One Construction Company and Aung Myint Mo Min Insurance Company.[87] He also has a majority stake in Mytel, a national telecoms carrier.[87] In 2013, his son Aung Pyae Sone won a no-bid government permit well below market rates, for a 30-year lease on land at the Yangon People's Park for a high-end restaurant and art gallery, following his father's promotion to Commander-in-Chief.[88] Aung Pyae Sone also runs A&M Mahar, which offers Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals and customs clearance services for drugs and medical devices.[89] Myanmar's customs department is led by Kyaw Htin, a former MEHL director.[89]

His daughter Khin Thiri Thet Mon founded a major film studio, 7th Sense Creation, in 2017.[90] That same year, his daughter-in-law, Myo Yadanar Htaik, founded another entertainment company, Stellar Seven Entertainment.[90] The American Embassy, Yangon came under media scrutiny in December 2020, for collaborating with 7th Sense Creation, because Min Aung Hlaing is technically subject to US economic sanctions.[91]

Sanctions

The U.S. Department of the Treasury has imposed sanctions on Min Aung Hlaing since 10 December 2019, pursuant to Executive Order 13818, which builds upon and implements the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and targets perpetrators of serious human rights abuse and corruption. He has committed serious human rights abuse against members of ethnic minority groups across Burma. This US sanctions include a freezing of assets under the US and a ban on transactions with any US person.[92]

About one year later, 11 February 2021 — following the 1 February 2021 coup led by Hlaing — he was also placed on the sanctions list of the OFAC pursuant to Executive Order 14014, in response to the Burmese military's coup against the democratically elected civilian government of Burma.[93] Shortly thereafter, 25 March 2021, OFAC also sanctioned some of the companies that Hlaing and/or his associates owned or controlled, including the MEC conglomerate headed by Hlaing.[94]

The Government of Canada has imposed sanctions on him since 18 February 2021, pursuant to Special Economic Measures Act and Special Economic Measures (Burma) Regulations, in response to the gravity of the human rights and humanitarian situation in Myanmar (formerly Burma). Canadian sanctions include a freezing of assets under Canada and a ban on transactions with any Canadian person.[95][96]

HM Treasury and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on him since 25 February 2021, for his responsibility for serious human rights violations in Burma. The UK sanctions include a freezing of assets under the UK and a ban on entry or transit to the UK.[97]

Furthermore, the Council of the European Union has imposed sanctions on him since 22 March 2021, pursuant to Council Regulation (EU) 2021/479 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/480 which amended Council Regulation (EU) No 401/2013, for his responsibility for the military coup and the subsequent military and police repression against peaceful demonstrators. The EU sanctions include a freezing of assets under member countries of the EU and a ban on entry or transit to the countries.[98][99]

Personal life

Min Aung Hlaing married Kyu Kyu Hla, a retired lecturer, in 1980.[100][101] He has three children, including son Aung Pyae Sone and daughter Khin Thiri Thet Mon.[90]

Promotions

Awards and decorations

  •   The Most Gallant Order of Military Service, Gallant Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces (Darjah Panglima Gagah Angkatan Tentera), Honorary Malaysian Armed Forces Order for Valor (1st Degree), Malaysia.[102]
  •   Medal "For strengthening the military commonwealth" (Ministry of Defense, Russia)[103]
  •   Badge of Honor of FSMTC "For the Merits in the Field of Military-Technical Cooperation"[104]
  •   The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, Knight Grand Cross (1st Class), Thailand[105]
  •   The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand, Knight Grand Cross (1st Class), Thailand[106]

Religious honors

On 7 October 2019, the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA) awarded him the title of Mingaladhamma Zawtika Dhaza and the permanent patron of YMBA.[107][108] On 9 December 2020, YMBA awarded him the title of Thado Thiri Agga Maha Mingalar Zawtika.[109]

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  107. ^ "ဗိုလ်ချုပ်မှူးကြီးမင်းအောင်လှိုင်ကို YMBA က ရာသက်ပန်နာယကကြီးဘွဲ့ ပေးအပ်". Myanmar NOW (in Burmese). 7 October 2019. from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  108. ^ "တပ်ချုပ်ကို ဆုပေးသင့်ပေးထိုက်လို့ ဖော်ထုတ်ပြီးပေးတာပါလို့ YMBAအသင်းကရှင်း". BBC News (in Burmese). 10 October 2019. from the original on 1 February 2021.
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External link

  Media related to Min Aung Hlaing at Wikimedia Commons

Military offices
Preceded by Joint Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces
2010–2011 		Succeeded by
Hla Htay Win
Preceded by Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services
2011–present 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded byas State Counsellor of Myanmar Chairman of the State Administration Council
2021–present 		Incumbent
Vacant
Title last held by
Thein Sein (2011) 		Prime Minister of Myanmar
2021–present

March 02, 2023
aung, hlaing, this, burmese, name, given, name, there, family, name, burmese, မင, abbreviated, pronounced, àʊɰ, àɪɰ, born, july, 1956, burmese, army, general, ruled, myanmar, chairman, state, administration, council, since, seizing, power, february, 2021, coup. In this Burmese name the given name is Min Aung Hlaing There is no family name Min Aung Hlaing Burmese မင အ င လ င abbreviated MAL pronounced mɪ ɰ aʊɰ l aɪɰ born 3 July 1956 is a Burmese army general who has ruled Myanmar as the chairman of the State Administration Council since seizing power in the February 2021 coup d etat He took the nominally civilian role of prime minister of Myanmar in August 2021 He has led the Tatmadaw military an independent branch of government as the commander in chief of Defence Services since March 2011 when he was handpicked to succeed longtime military ruler Than Shwe who transferred leadership over the country to a civilian government upon retiring 3 4 5 Before assuming leadership over the Tatmadaw Min Aung Hlaing served as Joint Chief of Staff from 2010 to 2011 Senior GeneralMaha Thray SithuMin Aung Hlaingမင အ င လ င Min Aung Hlaing in 2021Chairman of the State Administration CouncilIncumbentAssumed office 2 February 2021PresidentMyint Swe acting DeputySoe WinPreceded byAung San Suu Kyi as State Counsellor Prime Minister of MyanmarIncumbentAssumed office 1 August 2021PresidentMyint Swe acting DeputySoe Win Mya Tun Oo Tin Aung San Soe Htut Win SheinPreceded byThein Sein 2011 Commander in Chief of Defence ServicesIncumbentAssumed office 30 March 2011PresidentThein Sein Htin Kyaw Win Myint Myint Swe acting DeputySoe WinState CounsellorAung San Suu KyiPreceded byThan ShweJoint Chief of Staff of the Armed ForcesIn office June 2010 30 March 2011Commander in ChiefThan ShwePreceded byShwe MannSucceeded byHla Htay Win 1 Personal detailsBorn 1956 07 03 3 July 1956 age 66 Minbu Burma 2 SpouseKyu Kyu HlaChildrenMultiple including Aung Pyae SoneKhin Thiri Thet MonAlma materRangoon Arts and Sciences University LL B Defence Services AcademyWebsitewww wbr seniorgeneralminaunghlaing wbr com wbr mmMilitary serviceAllegianceMyanmarBranch serviceMyanmar ArmyYears of service1974 presentRankSenior generalBattles warsInternal conflict in Myanmar Myanmar civil war 2021 present Rohingya conflictBorn in Minbu Burma Min Aung Hlaing studied law at the Rangoon Arts and Science University before joining the military Rising through its ranks he became a five star general by 2013 6 better source needed During the period of civilian rule from 2011 to 2021 Min Aung Hlaing worked to ensure the military s continued role in politics and forestalled the peace process with ethnic armed groups A United Nations fact finding mission found he deliberately perpetrated the Rohingya genocide He maintained an adversarial relationship with democratically elected State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi though she defended him against genocide charges 7 Baselessly claiming widespread voting irregularities and electoral fraud in the 2020 Myanmar general election in which Aung San Suu Kyi s National League for Democracy won a landslide re election Min Aung Hlaing seized power from her in the 2021 coup 8 9 10 He had been expected to run for president of Myanmar had the military proxy party the Union Solidarity and Development Party won enough seats in parliament to elect him and would have been required to retire as Commander in Chief due to a constitutional age limit 11 With the outbreak of mass protests against his rule Min Aung Hlaing ordered a clampdown and suppression of demonstrations 12 sparking an ongoing civil war 13 Min Aung Hlaing s forces have employed scorched earth tactics in the civil war including airstrikes on civilians 14 15 He has ordered the execution of prominent democracy activists the first use of the death penalty in decades 16 17 In foreign policy he has resisted influence from ASEAN and relied on greater cooperation with Russia China and India 18 19 In response to his extensive human rights abuses and corruption Min Aung Hlaing has been subjected to a series of international sanctions The 2022 Democracy Index rated Myanmar under Min Aung Hlaing as the second most authoritarian regime in the world with only Afghanistan rated less democratic 20 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces 3 1 2011 2015 Union Solidarity and Development Party rule 3 2 2016 2020 Transition to National League for Democracy rule 3 3 2020 present Military coup 3 4 Rohingya genocide 3 5 Corruption 4 Sanctions 5 Personal life 6 Promotions 7 Awards and decorations 7 1 Religious honors 8 References 9 External linkEarly life and educationMin Aung Hlaing was born on 3 July 1956 in Minbu Magway Region Burma to Khin Hlaing and Hla Mu as the fourth of five children 21 His parents were teachers from Dawei in Tanintharyi Region 22 His family moved to Mandalay as duty when he was 5 years His father Khin Hlaing was an artist 23 Min Aung Hlaing passed his matriculation exam in 1972 at BEHS 1 Latha of Rangoon now Yangon 24 25 He attended and studied law at the Rangoon Arts and Science University from 1973 to 1974 On his third attempt he was admitted to the Defence Services Academy in 1974 as part of the 19th Intake and he graduated in 1977 26 27 According to classmates Min Aung Hlaing was taciturn and an unremarkable cadet 28 He was reportedly shunned by classmates because of his reserved personality 24 CareerFollowing graduation Min Aung Hlaing went on to serve in different command positions rising slowly through the ranks 28 Early in his career military colleagues gave him a nickname referring to cat feces something deposited quietly but leaving a powerful stink 29 As he rose through the ranks Min Aung Hlaing earned a reputation as a hardliner 24 His military work earned him the favour of Senior General Than Shwe 30 Min Aung Hlaing is characterized as having a big man management style not conducive to collaboration or listening 30 In 2002 he was promoted to commander of the Triangle Regional Command my in Eastern Shan State and was a central figure in negotiations with two rebel groups the United Wa State Army UWSA and the National Democratic Alliance Army NDAA 24 Min Aung Hlaing was reportedly close with former Thai prime minister and General Prem Tinsulanonda considering Prem a father figure 31 32 Min Aung Hlaing supported the military crackdown of the Saffron Revolution in 2008 24 He rose to prominence in 2009 after leading an offensive against the insurgent Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army in Kokang 33 In June 2010 Min Aung Hlaing replaced General Shwe Mann as Joint Chief of Staff of the Army Navy and Air Force 24 Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces2011 2015 Union Solidarity and Development Party rule In the lead up to 2011 the military began embarking on a series of political reforms to transition Myanmar to a quasi democracy The ruling junta the State Peace and Development Council engineered its formal departure from power after holding the 2010 Myanmar general election which was won by the Union Solidarity and Development Party USDP the military s proxy party On 30 March 2011 outgoing head of state Senior General Than Shwe then the incumbent Commander in Chief of Myanmar s Armed Forces appointed Min Aung Hlaing as his successor ahead of more senior officers 34 35 Min Aung Hlaing s appointment coincided with USDP s rise to power during which he oversaw a series of military reforms and supported efforts by the USDP led government to strike peace deals with ethnic armed groups 34 In November 2011 according to The Irrawaddy News it was widely believed that following Min Aung Hlaing s meetings with Chinese military officials that month and his leadership in creating a bilateral agreement on defense cooperation with the Chinese he had also held talks with Chinese vice president Xi Jinping regarding cooperation from China with respect to the Kachin Conflict 33 On 27 March 2012 during a speech in Naypyidaw Min Aung Hlaing defended the military s continued role in national politics 33 36 On 3 April 2012 the Government of Myanmar announced that Min Aung Hlaing had been promoted to vice senior general the second highest rank in Myanmar s Armed Forces 33 He was promoted to senior general in March 2013 In 2014 as Min Aung Hlaing approached the age of 60 which is the mandatory age of retirement for military officers the Armed Forces Department of Defence Council issued a directive enabling Min Aung Hlaing to extend his mandatory retirement age to 65 in 2021 37 In August 2015 the USDP fractured and President Thein Sein purged the faction led by Shwe Mann a former general and Speaker of the Pyithu Hluttaw 34 Min Aung Hlaing oversaw a direct military intervention to oust Shwe Mann from power indicating the military s desire to continue furthering its agenda through USDP 38 Shwe Mann had advocated for legislation and constitutional amendments that would have decreased the military s influence against the interests of the military and USDP 38 2016 2020 Transition to National League for Democracy rule Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi on 29 July 2015 Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar on 20 March 2017 The 2015 Myanmar general election saw the National League for Democracy NLD led by Aung San Suu Kyi win in a landslide With the transition from an USDP to NLD led government Min Aung Hlaing shifted his priorities to recovering state power for the military establishment 34 His intransigence and refusal to cooperate with the civilian led government undermined progress toward Myanmar s peace process 34 As the NLD assumed power Min Aung Hlaing began intensifying an ongoing military crackdown on the Rohingya beginning in October 2016 39 40 At the Union Peace Conference 21st Century Panglong in August 2020 he sharply warned the NLD against scapegoating the military for its role in the ongoing ethnic conflicts 41 Min Aung Hlaing meeting with Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu Min Aung Hlaing also began to signal his interest in civilian politics 34 He began assuming a more statesman like persona and became increasingly assertive about the military s role 41 29 In the lead up to the 2020 Myanmar general election he worked with the USDP to position himself as the next President 41 Throughout 2019 Min Aung Hlaing made several public appearances dubbed a charm offensive at several religious sites and charity functions 42 raising speculation about his political ambitions 43 37 To cultivate his public persona he began two Facebook pages that commanded a combined following of 4 1 million followers 44 45 In January 2020 Min Aung Hlaing met with Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Nay Pyi Taw Xi promoted the practical cooperation under the framework of the One Belt One Road to achieve results at an early date and benefit Myanmar s people 46 In May 2020 Min Aung Hlaing reshuffled senior military ranks promoting a new generation of officers loyal to Min Aung Hlaing including Kyaw Swar Lin who became the military s youngest lieutenant general 47 2020 present Military coup In February 2020 Min Aung Hlaing his wife Kyu Kyu Hla and with his close astrologer Vasipake Sayadaw placed the Hti umbrella atop Bagan s most powerful ancient Htilominlo Temple The meaning of the temple name is need the royal umbrella need the King He was following in the footsteps of some of Myanmar s most powerful political figures including his predecessor Senior General Than Shwe Many people believed that the ceremony was a yadaya and seeking divine blessings for his glory 48 In November 2020 Min Aung Hlaing made a series of public comments questioning the legitimacy of the upcoming 2020 election in potential violation of the Civil Services Personnel Law 49 On 5 November the Tatmadaw declared that Min Aung Hlaing s rank is equivalent to Vice President of Myanmar 50 After casting his ballot in the 2020 election Min Aung Hlaing vowed to accept the election results 51 The 2020 election saw NLD win in a larger landslide than in 2015 forestalling Min Aung Hlaing s political ambitions In response the military began intensifying allegations of electoral fraud and irregularities submitting formal complaints to the Union Election Commission On 27 January 2021 Min Aung Hlaing publicly remarked that he would not rule out a coup d etat and abolition of the constitution if allegations of voter fraud during last year s election were not adequately addressed 52 These comments sparked concern about another potential coup in the country 53 The following day the Union Election Commission issued a statement rejecting claims of electoral fraud citing the lack of evidence submitted to substantiate these claims 54 On 29 January the military issued clarifying statements pledging to protect and abide by the constitution and applicable laws 55 On 1 February 2021 Min Aung Hlaing detained elected leaders including President Win Myint State Councillor Aung San Suu Kyi and declared himself as commander in chief of Myanmar one day before democratically elected members of parliament were scheduled to be sworn in as members of the Assembly of the Union The following day he established the State Administration Council as the country s interim ruling body 56 57 On 22 May 2021 Min Aung Hlaing gave his first interview since the coup to Hong Kong based Chinese language Phoenix Television During the interview he referred to deposed leader Aung San Suu Kyi and he said that she is in good health She is at her home and healthy She is going to face trial at the court in a few days 58 On the same day Myanmar Now reported that shortly after the coup Min Aung Hlaing appointed himself indefinitely as the commander in chief and therefore the de facto leader of Myanmar 59 Six months after the coup on 1 August 2021 Min Aung Hlaing formed a caretaker government and established himself as the country s prime minister 60 61 62 He also remains the Chairman of the SAC 63 64 65 After four pro democracy activists were executed on 24 July 2022 the chairman of the ASEAN Hun Sen UN representatives and Western leaders condemned the executions 66 67 Min Aung Hlaing and Vladimir Putin at the Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok September 2022 The theme was On the Path to a Multipolar World On 7 September 2022 Min Aung Hlaing met with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of an economic meeting in eastern Russia the first time that the pair have met since the coup 68 In January 2023 Min Aung Hlaing enacted a new electoral law aimed at rigging the next general election in favor of the military proxy party the Union Solidarity and Development party 69 70 He is himself considered a likely USDP nominee for President of Myanmar in the subsequent presidential election 71 Min Aung Hlaing refused to give up his emergency powers when they were constitutionally set to expire on 1 February 2023 further delaying new elections 72 73 Rohingya genocide Main article Rohingya genocide The UNHRC reported that Min Aung Hlaing s soldiers have been deliberately targeting civilians in Northern states of Myanmar and have been committing systemic discrimination and human rights violations against minority communities in Rakhine State 74 In particular he has been accused of ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya people 75 These human rights violations could amount to genocide crimes against humanity and war crimes 76 In 2018 the United Nations Independent International Fact Finding Mission on Myanmar led by Marzuki Darusman determined that Min Aung Hlaing and other Myanmar military generals oversaw atrocities against the Rohingya in Rakhine Kachin and Shan states and did so with genocidal intent 77 The UN investigative panel said that Min Aung Hlaing along with four other commanders Soe Win Aung Kyaw Zaw Maung Maung Soe and Than Oo should be tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity including genocide in the International Criminal Court or an ad hoc international tribunal 77 Facebook banned Min Aung Hlaing from its platform along with 19 other top Burmese officials and organisations to prevent further heated ethnic and religious tensions in Myanmar This action followed a UN investigation s report that certain military leaders in Myanmar be investigated and prosecuted for genocide over a crackdown on Rohingya Muslims 78 79 Twitter later banned him on 16 May 2019 80 On 17 March 2019 Kyaw Zaw Oo an Arakanese MP published a bilingual open letter to Min Aung Hlaing about the many human rights violations of the Tatmadaw in Rakhine State that harmed the lives and property of civilians and damaged buildings of cultural heritage 81 82 The United States has imposed sanctions against Min Aung Hlaing In July 2019 the U S government banned him from travel to the United States 83 In December 2020 it froze Min Aung Hlaing s American based assets and criminalized financial transactions between him and anyone in the United States 83 84 Corruption Min Aung Hlaing has courted enduring controversy for his family s extensive business assets and potential conflicts of interest He is a major shareholder in the army owned Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited MEHL During the 2010 11 fiscal year he had owned 5 000 shares and received an annual dividend of 250 000 85 He sits on MEHL s Patron Group which runs the conglomerate 86 Min Aung Hlaing s son Aung Pyae Sone owns a number of companies including Sky One Construction Company and Aung Myint Mo Min Insurance Company 87 He also has a majority stake in Mytel a national telecoms carrier 87 In 2013 his son Aung Pyae Sone won a no bid government permit well below market rates for a 30 year lease on land at the Yangon People s Park for a high end restaurant and art gallery following his father s promotion to Commander in Chief 88 Aung Pyae Sone also runs A amp M Mahar which offers Food and Drug Administration FDA approvals and customs clearance services for drugs and medical devices 89 Myanmar s customs department is led by Kyaw Htin a former MEHL director 89 His daughter Khin Thiri Thet Mon founded a major film studio 7th Sense Creation in 2017 90 That same year his daughter in law Myo Yadanar Htaik founded another entertainment company Stellar Seven Entertainment 90 The American Embassy Yangon came under media scrutiny in December 2020 for collaborating with 7th Sense Creation because Min Aung Hlaing is technically subject to US economic sanctions 91 SanctionsThe U S Department of the Treasury has imposed sanctions on Min Aung Hlaing since 10 December 2019 pursuant to Executive Order 13818 which builds upon and implements the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and targets perpetrators of serious human rights abuse and corruption He has committed serious human rights abuse against members of ethnic minority groups across Burma This US sanctions include a freezing of assets under the US and a ban on transactions with any US person 92 About one year later 11 February 2021 following the 1 February 2021 coup led by Hlaing he was also placed on the sanctions list of the OFAC pursuant to Executive Order 14014 in response to the Burmese military s coup against the democratically elected civilian government of Burma 93 Shortly thereafter 25 March 2021 OFAC also sanctioned some of the companies that Hlaing and or his associates owned or controlled including the MEC conglomerate headed by Hlaing 94 The Government of Canada has imposed sanctions on him since 18 February 2021 pursuant to Special Economic Measures Act and Special Economic Measures Burma Regulations in response to the gravity of the human rights and humanitarian situation in Myanmar formerly Burma Canadian sanctions include a freezing of assets under Canada and a ban on transactions with any Canadian person 95 96 HM Treasury and the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office of the United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on him since 25 February 2021 for his responsibility for serious human rights violations in Burma The UK sanctions include a freezing of assets under the UK and a ban on entry or transit to the UK 97 Furthermore the Council of the European Union has imposed sanctions on him since 22 March 2021 pursuant to Council Regulation EU 2021 479 and Council Implementing Regulation EU 2021 480 which amended Council Regulation EU No 401 2013 for his responsibility for the military coup and the subsequent military and police repression against peaceful demonstrators The EU sanctions include a freezing of assets under member countries of the EU and a ban on entry or transit to the countries 98 99 Personal lifeMin Aung Hlaing married Kyu Kyu Hla a retired lecturer in 1980 100 101 He has three children including son Aung Pyae Sone and daughter Khin Thiri Thet Mon 90 Promotions Major General 2008 2009 6 better source needed Lieutenant General Late 2009 6 better source needed General Early 2011 6 better source needed Vice Senior General Early 2012 6 better source needed Senior General March 2013 6 better source needed Awards and decorations The Most Gallant Order of Military Service Gallant Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces Darjah Panglima Gagah Angkatan Tentera Honorary Malaysian Armed Forces Order for Valor 1st Degree Malaysia 102 Medal For strengthening the military commonwealth Ministry of Defense Russia 103 Badge of Honor of FSMTC For the Merits in the Field of Military Technical Cooperation 104 The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant Knight Grand Cross 1st Class Thailand 105 The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand Knight Grand Cross 1st Class Thailand 106 Religious honors On 7 October 2019 the Young Men s Buddhist Association YMBA awarded him the title of Mingaladhamma Zawtika Dhaza and the permanent patron of YMBA 107 108 On 9 December 2020 YMBA awarded him the title of Thado Thiri Agga Maha Mingalar Zawtika 109 References Wai Moe 24 May 2011 Bangladesh Army Chief Visits Burma The Irrawaddy Retrieved 7 February 2023 တပ မတ က က ယ ရ ဦ စ ခ ပ ဗ လ ခ ပ မ က မင အ င လ င Asian Fame Media ပ ပ လ နယ စ ဂ နယ မ မ မ န မ မ အ Video 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Defence Forces visits Eastern Naval Command The Economic Times Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 11 January 2021 MALAYSIA REVOKE MILITARY AWARDS GIVEN TO MIN AUNG HLAING Burma Campaign UK January 2018 Archived from the original on 26 February 2018 Retrieved 8 April 2021 via www burmacampaign org uk Military chief awarded Medal of the Ministry of Defence of Russia Eleven Media Group Co Ltd Archived from the original on 30 June 2020 Retrieved 30 June 2020 Senior General Min Aung Hlaing Commander in Chief of Defence Services Official Website of the Defence 4 November 2020 Archived from the original on 20 February 2021 Retrieved 8 April 2021 Thailand decorates Myanmar s army chief amid Rohingya crisis Reuters 17 February 2018 Archived from the original on 1 June 2019 Retrieved 1 June 2019 Burmese Military Chief Receives Top Thai Honor The Irrawaddy 31 May 2013 Archived from the original on 31 May 2019 Retrieved 1 June 2019 ဗ လ ခ ပ မ က မင အ င လ င က YMBA က ရ သက ပန န ယကက ဘ ပ အပ Myanmar NOW in Burmese 7 October 2019 Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2020 တပ ခ ပ က ဆ ပ သင ပ ထ က လ ဖ ထ တ ပ ပ တ ပ လ YMBAအသင ကရ င BBC News in Burmese 10 October 2019 Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 YMBA က ဗ လ ခ ပ မ က မင အ င လ င က သတ သ ရ အဂ ဂမဟ မင ဂလဇ တ ကဓဇ ဘ ခ မ င DVB in Burmese 9 December 2020 Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2020 External link Media related to Min Aung Hlaing at Wikimedia Commons Military officesPreceded byShwe Mann Joint Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces2010 2011 Succeeded byHla Htay WinPreceded byThan Shwe Commander in Chief of Defence Services2011 present IncumbentPolitical officesPreceded byAung San Suu Kyias State Counsellor of Myanmar Chairman of the State Administration Council2021 present IncumbentVacantTitle last held byThein Sein 2011 Prime Minister of Myanmar2021 present Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Min Aung Hlaing amp oldid 1141902303, 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