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Muhammadu Buhari

March 20, 2023

Muhammadu Buhari GCFR ((listen); born 17 December 1942) is a Nigerian politician who has served as president of Nigeria since 2015.[2]

His Excellency
Major General
Muhammadu Buhari
GCFR
Official portrait, 2015
7th and 15th President of Nigeria
Assumed office
29 May 2015
Vice PresidentYemi Osinbajo
Preceded byGoodluck Jonathan
In office
31 December 1983 – 27 August 1985
as Military Head of State of Nigeria
Chief of StaffTunde Idiagbon
Preceded byShehu Shagari
Succeeded byIbrahim Babangida
Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources
Assumed office
11 November 2015
Minister of StateEmmanuel Ibe Kachikwu
Timipre Sylva
Preceded byDiezani Allison-Madueke
In office
March 1976 – June 1978
as Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources
Head of StateOlusegun Obasanjo
Governor of Borno State
In office
3 February 1976 – 15 March 1976
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byMustapha Amin
In office
1 August 1975 – 3 February 1976
as Governor of the North-Eastern State
Head of StateMurtala Mohammed
Preceded byMusa Usman
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Personal details
Born (1942-12-17) 17 December 1942 (age 80)
Daura, Northern Region, British Nigeria
(now in Katsina, Nigeria)
Political partyAll Progressives Congress (2013–present)
Other political
affiliations
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1971; div. 1988)​
​
(m. 1989)​
RelationsMamman Daura (nephew)
Children
10
  • Zulaihat (deceased)
  • Fatima
  • Musa (deceased)
  • Hadiza
  • Safinatu
  • Halima
  • Yusuf
  • Zarah
  • Aisha
  • Amina
ResidenceAso Villa (official residence)
Alma mater
Occupation
  • Politician
  • military officer
AwardsList of honors and awards
Websiteofficial website
Military service
Allegiance Nigeria
Branch/service Nigerian Army
Years of service1961–1985
Rank Major general
Battles/warsNigerian Civil War
Chadian–Nigerian War

Buhari is a retired Nigerian army major general who served as the country's military head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military coup d'état.[3][4] The term Buharism is ascribed to the authoritarian policies of his military regime.[5][6]

Buhari ran for president of Nigeria on the platform and support of the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) in 2003 and 2007, and on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) platform in 2011.[7] In December 2014, he emerged as the presidential candidate of[8] the All Progressives Congress party for the 2015 general election.[9] Buhari won the election, defeating incumbent President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.[10] This was the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost a general election. He was sworn in on 29 May 2015. In February 2019, Buhari was re-elected, defeating his closest rival, former Vice President Atiku Abubakar, by over 3 million votes.[11][12]

Early life

Buhari was born to a Fulani family[13] on 17 December 1942, in Katsina State. His father was called Mallam Hardo Adamu, a Fulani chieftain from Dumurkul in Mai'Adua, and his mother, whose name was Zulaihat, had Hausa and Kanuri ancestry.[14][15] He is the twenty-third child of his father and was named after ninth-century Persian Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Bukhari.[16] Buhari was raised by his mother; he was about four years old when his father died. He attended primary school in Daura and Mai'adua, in 1953, Katsina Middle School, and attended Katsina Provincial Secondary School in Katsina State from 1956 to 1961.[17][18]

Military career

In 1962, at the age of 19, Buhari enrolled in the Nigerian Military Training College (NMTC).[19] In February 1964, the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) (prior to 1964, the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly Commonwealth military academies[20][21][22] for officer cadet training).

From 1962 to 1963, Buhari underwent officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England.[23] In January 1963, at age 20, Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta, Nigeria. From November 1963 to January 1964, Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College, Kaduna. In 1964, he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden, United Kingdom.[citation needed]

From 1965 to 1967, Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and was appointed brigade major, Second Sector, First Infantry Division, April 1967 to July 1967. Following the bloody 1966 Nigerian coup d'état, which resulted in the death of Premier Ahmadu Bello, Lieutenant Buhari, alongside several young officers from Northern Nigeria, took part in the July counter-coup which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi, replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon.[citation needed]

Civil war

Main article: Nigerian Civil War

Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt. Col Mohammed Shuwa.[24] The division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War. The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions, [25] with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo, who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma. Buhari's initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company Commander 2 battalion unit, Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division. The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war: they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja, with support from Gado Nasko's artillery squad.[26] They reached and captured Ogoja within a week, with the intention of advancing through the flanks to Enugu, the rebel capital.[27] Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion's Commander and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and Abakaliki. However, before the move to Enugu, he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin, who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar.[28] Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences. Instead of swift advances, the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in Abeokuta and Zaria.[28] In 1968, he was posted to the 4 Sector, also called the Awka sector, which was charged with taking over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2. The sector's operations were within the Awka-Abagana-Onitsha region, which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply. It was in the sector that Buhari's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect the food supplies route of the rebels along Oji River and Abagana.[29]

After the war

From 1970 to 1971, Buhari was Brigade Major/Commandant, Thirty-first Infantry Brigade. He then served as the Assistant Adjutant-General, First Infantry Division Headquarters, from 1971 to 1972. He also attended the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, India, in 1973.[30] From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was acting director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters.[31]

In the 1975 military coup d'état, Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers that brought General Murtala Mohammed to power. He was later appointed Governor of the North-Eastern State[32][33] from 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976, to oversee social, economic and political improvements in the state. On 3 February 1976, the North Eastern State was divided into three states Bauchi, Borno and Gongola.[34][35][36] Buhari then became the first Governor of Borno State from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976.[citation needed]

In March 1976, following the botched 1976 military coup d'état attempt which led to the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed, his deputy General Olusegun Obasanjo became the military head of state and appointed Colonel Buhari as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources (now minister). In 1977, when the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created, Buhari was appointed as its chairman, a position he held until 1978.[37]

During his tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources, the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures. The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to Maiduguri and from Calabar to Gusau; the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots. Also, the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery.[38]

From 1978 to 1979, he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme Military Council from 1978 to 1979. From 1979 to 1980, at the rank of colonel, Buhari (class of 1980) attended the US Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the United States, and gained a master's degree in Strategic Studies.[39][40] Upon completion of the on-campus full-time resident program lasting ten months and the two-year-long, distance learning program, the United States Army War College (USAWC) awards its graduate officers a master's degree in Strategic Studies.[citation needed]

Divisional commands held in the Nigerian Army:

Coup d'état of 1983

Main article: 1983 Nigerian coup d'état

Major-General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December 1983 that overthrew the Second Nigerian Republic. At the time of the coup plot, Buhari was the General Officer Commanding (GOC), Third Armoured Division of Jos.[43] With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari, Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff (the de facto No. 2 in the administration). The coup ended Nigeria's short-lived Second Republic, a period of multi-party democracy revived in 1979, after 13 years of military rule.[citation needed]

According to The New York Times, the officers who took power argued that "a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all". Buhari justified the military's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended the constitution. Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria. In the military's first broadcast after the coup, Sani Abacha linked 'an inept and corrupt leadership'[44] with general economic decline. In Buhari's New Year's day speech, he too mentioned the corrupt class of the Second Republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in society.[44]

Head of State (1983–1985)

Consolidation of power

The structure of the new military leadership - the fifth in Nigeria since independence - resembled the last military regime, the Obasanjo/Yaradua administration. The new regime established a Supreme Military Council, a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States.[45] The number of ministries was trimmed to 18, while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police. It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers. In addition, the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim. These laws included the Robbery and Firearms (Special Provisions) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases, and the State Security (Detention of Person) Decree, which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity.[46] Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree, which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service.[46]

According to Decree Number 2 of 1984, the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain, without charges, individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months.[47] Strikes and popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria's security agency, the National Security Organization (NSO) was entrusted with unprecedented powers. The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by intimidating, harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes. By October 1984, about 200,000 civil servants were retrenched.[48] Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests. In 20 months as Head of State, about 500 politicians, officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship.[49][50] Detainees were released after releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions. The regime also jailed its critics, including Fela Kuti.[51] He was arrested on 4 September 1984 at the airport as he was about to embark on an American tour. Amnesty International described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign currency as "spurious". Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2, the government sentenced Fela to five years in prison. He was released after 18 months,[51] when the Buhari regime was overthrown.

In 1984, Buhari passed Decree Number 4, the Protection Against False Accusations Decree,[52] considered by scholars as the most repressive press law ever enacted in Nigeria.[citation needed] Section 1 of the law provided that "Any person who publishes in any form, whether written or otherwise, any message, rumour, report or statement [...] which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute, shall be guilty of an offense under this Decree".[53] The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military tribunal, whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a fine not less than 10,000 naira and a jail sentence of up to two years.[citation needed]

Economics

Main article: Buharism

In order to reform the economy, as Head of State, Buhari started to rebuild the nation's social-political and economic systems, along the realities of Nigeria's austere economic conditions.[54] The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure, obliterating or removing completely, corruption from the nation's social ethics, shifting from mainly public sector employment to self-employment. Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials.[54] However, tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity,[55] reduction of workers and in some cases business closure.[49]

Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund, when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60%. However, the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF.[56][57]

On 7 May 1984, Buhari announced the country's 1984 National Budget. The budget came with a series of complementary measures:

  • A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers
  • Raising of interest rates
  • Halting capital projects
  • Prohibition of borrowing by state governments
  • 15 percent cut from Shagari's 1983 Budget
  • Realignment of import duties
  • Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports
  • It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry.

Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade, currency change, price reduction of goods and services. His economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices.[58]

Mass social mobilization

Main article: War Against Indiscipline

One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline (WAI). Launched on 20 March 1984, the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic responsibility of Nigerian society. Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops, under the eyes of whip-wielding soldiers. Civil servants[59] who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to do "frog jumps". Minor offences carried long sentences. Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam would get 21 years in prison. Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty.[60]

Buhari's administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange. The Banking (Freezing of Accounts) Decree of 1984, allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud. The Recovery of Public Property (Special Military Tribunals) Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and constitute a military tribunal to try such persons. The Exchange Control (Anti-Sabotage) Decree stated penalties for violators of foreign exchange laws.[61]

Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari's tough approach to crime.[62] Section 3 (2) (K) provided that "any person who, without lawful authority deals in, sells, smokes or inhales the drug known as cocaine or other similar drugs, shall be guilty under section 6 (3) (K) of an offence and liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad." In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe, the Decree was applied retroactively.[63] He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital punishment, but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment.[63] In another prominent case of April 1985, six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree: Sidikatu Tairi, Sola Oguntayo, Oladele Omosebi, Lasunkanmi Awolola, Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah.[64]

In 1985, prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate, the government of Buhari opened the borders (closed since April 1984) with Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon to speed up the expulsion of 700,000 illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers.[65] Buhari is today known for this crisis; there even is a famine in the east of Niger that have been named "El Buhari".[66] His regime drew criticism from many, including Nigeria's first Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka, who, in 2007, wrote a piece called "The Crimes of Buhari"[67] which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military rule.

Ahead of the 2015 general election, Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected, he would follow the rule of law, and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental human rights of Nigerians.[68]

Coup d'état of 1985

Main article: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

In August 1985, Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council (SMC).[69] Babangida brought many of Buhari's most vocal critics into his administration, including Fela Kuti's brother Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, a doctor who had led a strike against Buhari to protest declining health care services. Buhari was then detained in Benin City until 1988.[70]

Pre-presidency (1985–2015)

Detention

Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in Benin. He had access to television that showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida.[citation needed]

Civilian life

In December 1988, after his mother's death he was released and retired to his residence in Daura. While in detention, his farm was managed by his relatives. He divorced his first wife in 1988 and married Aisha Halilu.[1] In Katsina, he became the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in Katsina State.[citation needed]

Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), a body created by the government of General Sani Abacha, and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products, to pursue developmental projects around the country. A 1998 report in New African praised the PTF under Buhari for its transparency, calling it a rare "success story".[71]

Presidential campaigns and elections

 
Buhari (left) with Governor Abiola Ajimobi (right)
 
Buhari with former Vice President Atiku Abubakar (left)

2003 presidential election

In 2003, Buhari ran for office in the presidential election[72] as the candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). He was defeated by the People's Democratic Party incumbent, President Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, by more than 11 million votes.[citation needed]

2007 presidential election

On 18 December 2006, Buhari was nominated as the consensus candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party. His main challenger in the April 2007 polls was the ruling PDP candidate, Umaru Yar'Adua, who hailed from the same home state of Katsina. Buhari officially took 18% of the vote to Yar'Adua's 70%, but Buhari rejected these results.[73] After Yar'Adua took office, he called for a government of national unity to bring on board aggrieved opposition members. The ANPP joined the government with appointment of its national chairman as a member of Yar'Adua's cabinet, but Buhari denounced this agreement.[74]

2011 presidential election

In March 2010, Buhari left the ANPP for the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), a party he had helped to found. He said that he had supported foundation of the CPC "as a solution to the debilitating, ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP".[75]

Buhari was the CPC Presidential candidate in the 2011 election, running against incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), Mallam Nuhu Ribadu of Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), and Ibrahim Shekarau of ANPP. They were the major contenders among 20 candidates.[76] Buhari campaigned on an anti-corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government officials. He also gave support to enforcement of Sharia law in Nigeria's northern states, which had previously caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country's south.[49]

The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence, which claimed the lives of 800 people across the country, as Buhari's supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country's central region.[77] The three-day uprising was blamed in part on Buhari's inflammatory comments.[77] In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch, which had judged the elections "among the fairest in Nigeria's history", Buhari claimed that the vote was flawed and warned[77] that "If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015, by the grace of God, the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood".[78][79]

Buhari remained a "folk hero" to some for his vocal opposition to corruption.[80] He won 12,214,853 votes, coming in second to Jonathan, who polled 22,495,187 votes and was declared the winner.[81]

2015 presidential election

Main article: 2015 Nigerian general election
 
Incoming and outgoing Nigerian Presidents at the inauguration ceremony

Buhari ran in the 2015 presidential election as a candidate of the All Progressives Congress party. His platform was built around his image as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation, but he said he would not probe past corrupt leaders and would give officials who stole in the past amnesty if they repented.[82]

In the runup to the 2015 election, Jonathan's campaign asked that Buhari be disqualified from the election, claiming that he was in breach of the Constitution.[83] According to the fundamental document, in order to qualify for election to the office of the president, a person must be "educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent". Buhari failed to submit any such evidence, claiming that he lost the original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his overthrow from power in 1985.[84]

In May 2014, in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping, Buhari strongly denounced the Boko Haram insurgency. He "urged Nigerians to put aside religion, politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims".[85] In July 2014, Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna, 82 people were killed.[86] In December 2014, Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria if elected president.[87] After this announcement, Buhari's approval ratings skyrocketed, largely due to Jonathan's apparent inability to fight Boko Haram. Buhari made internal security and wiping out the militant group one of the key pillars of his campaign. In January 2015, the insurgent group "The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta" (MEND) endorsed Buhari.[88]

Buhari's campaign was briefly advised by former Obama campaign manager David Axelrod[89] and his AKPD consultancy. In February 2015, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and endorsed Buhari.[90]

On 31 March, Jonathan called Buhari to concede and congratulate him on his election as president.[91] Buhari was sworn in on 29 May 2015 in a ceremony attended by at least 23 heads of state and government.[citation needed]

Presidency (2015–present)

Further information: Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari

The economy has averaged a growth rate of 0.9% since the administration's first term, unemployment is at an all-time high of 23%, and millions entered poverty.[92] Since 2015, Buhari has lost supporters due to his perceived un-energetic personality and contemplative decision making.[93]

Cabinet

Buhari's key advisers include: his nephew Mamman Daura, businessman Ismaila Isa Funtua, political operator Baba Gana Kingibe, Abba Kyari the Chief of Staff to the President; and from the late stages of his first term, Boss Mustapha the Secretary to the Government of the Federation.[94] Empowering his kitchen cabinet after his second inauguration, Buhari has stated his preference for cabinet members seeking meetings or consultation to direct such requests through the chief of staff or through the government secretary.[94]

Since the Fourth Republic, ministerial positions are legally required to be composed of a federal ethno-demographic character with a minister representing each state of the federation. A result of this has created the outcome of political considerations as an important factor in nominating ministers as local party officials lacking in merit jostle for cabinet positions.[94] Nomination into Buhari's cabinet has been influenced by those political considerations and also closeness to the president and his inner cabinet.[94]

In August 2019, the president named his cabinet of predominantly male members with an average years of 60 and dominated by political actors or those close to the president.[95] The cabinet include two wealthy former governors from the Niger Delta, Timipre Sylva and Godswill Akpabio who were originally members of the opposition party PDP and fourteen retained ministers some of whom critics alleged had performed poorly or having a close relationship with a corrupt past Head of State.[95]

Health

In May 2016, Buhari cancelled a two-day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented by the Vice-president Yemi Osinbajo after citing an "ear infection" suspected to be Ménière's disease.[96] On 6 June, Buhari travelled to the United Kingdom to seek medical attention.[97][98] This happened days after the Presidential Spokesman Femi Adesina was quoted as saying Buhari was "as fit as fiddle" and "hale and hearty", to much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers.[99][100][101] In February 2017, following what were described as "routine medical check-ups" in the UK,[102] Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave to await test results.[103] His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of his return.[104] On 8 February, President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the President of the Senate of Nigeria alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave, leaving his vice president in charge.[105][106][107] Following an absence of 51 days from office, President Buhari returned to Nigeria. He arrived at Kaduna Airport in the morning of March 10.[108][109][110] Although information was limited during his stay in London, he was pictured on March 9 meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation, Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby.[111][112] Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting president, while the President continued to recover in Abuja.[113] The President has missed major official and public appearances just two months following his return to office from England. Most recently he was absent from the Federal Executive Council (FEC) meeting, the worker's day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day 2017.[114][115][116] Speculations about the President's health circulated in the public sphere in the days following President Buhari's wishes to "work from home".[117] Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long-term medical leave,[118][119] citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two-week period.[120][121]

President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check-up in London on 7 May 2017.[122] President Buhari returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom 104 days after leaving, on August 19, 2017.[123][124] On 8 May, Buhari left Nigeria to London for medical check up, upon arrival from USA; and he returned on Friday 11 May 2018.[125]

Economy

Buhari was an attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived incorruptible character. [126] Once in power, Buhari who had earlier mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign. Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of cabinet officials took six months,[126] while the passage of the 2016 and 2017 budgets were delayed by infighting.

In Buhari's first year in office, Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity prices which triggered an economic recession.[127] To source funds to close shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget, Buhari traveled to 20 countries seeking loans.[128] Thereby, expansionary budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date.[129]

In the first year of the administration, Naira, the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a gulf between the official exchange rate and the black-market rate.[130] A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit various businesses including petroleum marketers. However, the gulf between the official rates and the black market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage, making a mockery of the president's anti-corruption image.[131] In May, 2016, the government announced a rise in the official pump price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages.[132]

In 2016, the country's economy declined by 1.6% and in 2017 per capita economic growth is projected to be negligible. Buhari's first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending.[131] The 2018 budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic roads, bridges and power plants.[133]

Since an upturn in economic growth from the decline of 2016, a slow pace of recovery has the country behind many of its continental neighbors in GDP growth. Unemployment levels remain high and any effort to increase non-oil revenues has not improved while government deficit spending include a significant portion of its yearly budget dedicated to service debts.[134]

Buhari with the support of the Central Bank chief initiated policies to improve agriculture production through lobbying private banks to lend to the sector and restriction of foreign exchange at official rates for importation of food product that are grown locally. In his second term, the budget minister, Udo Udoma and trade minister, Enemalah both of whom favored liberalisation were not returned.[94]

The government continued to operate flexible exchange rates into the second term of the administration despite critics alluding to the exchange rate regime of being susceptible to arbitrage abuses and round tripping by cronies of the government.[134]

Social welfare

In 2016, Buhari launched the National Social Investment Program, a national social welfare program.[135] The Program was created to ensure a more equitable distribution of resources to vulnerable populations, including children, youth, and women. There are four programs which address poverty, unemployment and help increase economic development:[136]

  • The N-Power program provides young Nigerians with job training and education, as well as a monthly stipend of 30,000 Nigerian naira (USD $83.33).
  • Npower is a social investment scheme initiated by President Muhammadu Buhari on 8 June 2016 in an attempt to boost the youths employment rate. The scheme was established as a core component of the National Social Investment program to cushion the skill acquisition training and capacity building in the beneficiaries.
  • The Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCTP) directly supports the most vulnerable by providing cash to those in the lowest income group, helping reduce poverty, improve nutrition and self-sustainability, and supporting development through increased consumption.[137]
  • The Government Enterprise and Empowerment Program (GEEP) is a micro-lending entrepreneurship program targeting farmers, petty traders and market women with a focus. This program provides no-cost loans to its beneficiaries, helping reduce the start-up costs of business ventures in Nigeria. The programs include: TraderMoni, MarketMoni and FarmerMoni.
  • The National Home Grown School Feeding Program (NHGSF) is attempting to increase school enrollment by providing free meals to schoolchildren, particularly those in poor and food-insecure regions. The program works with local farmers and empowers women as cooks, building the community and sustaining economic growth from farm to table.

The program was previously co-ordinated from the office of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo, until 2019, when the program was moved to the new Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development under Sadiya Umar Farouq. In his 2019 Independence Day Speech, the President attributed the movement to the need to have the programmes institutionalized.[138]

Anti-corruption

Main article: Buhari's anti-corruption war
 
Buhari holding a broom at a campaign rally in 2015.

The $2 billion arms deal was exposed following the interim report of Buhari's investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. The committee report showed extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and additional spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under Goodluck Jonathan's watch. Preliminary investigation suggested that about $2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. The investigative report indicated that a total sum of $2.2 billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in the procurement of arms to fight against insurgency, but was not spent for the purpose for which the money was disbursed. Investigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of Sambo Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser who later mentioned prominent Nigerians involved in the deal. Those who were mentioned and arrested includes Raymond Dokpesi, the Chair Emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance, Azubuike Ihejirika, the Chief of Army Staff, Adesola Nunayon Amosu, the former Chief of the Air Staff, Alex Badeh and several other politicians were mentioned.[citation needed]

On 21 December 2016, the government's Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle-blowing policy with a 2.5%-5% reward.[139] The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding: the violation of financial regulations, the mismanagement of public funds and assets, financial malpractice, fraud, and theft.[citation needed]

In May 2018, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Nigeria's anti-corruption agency, announced that 603 Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in 2015.[140] The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria's history, judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs are being prosecuted for corruption.[140] The successful prosecutions were also credited to Buhari's EFCC head Ibrahim Magu.[140] Under Buhari, Chief Justice of the Nigerian Court Walter Onnoghen was convicted by the Code of Conduct Tribunal on April 18, 2019, for false assets declaration.[141] In December 2019, Mohammed Bello Adoke, the former Attorney General of the Federation, was extradited to Nigeria to stand trial on corruption charges.[142] In January 2020, however, Transparency International still gave Nigeria a low performance in its corruption perception index.[143][144]

In July 2020, Ibrahim Magu the EFCC chairman was arrested by the Department of State Services (DSS) over damaging security reports concerning his activities as the Buhari administration's leading anti-corruption figure and alleged financial irregularities, he was later replaced by Mohammed Umar.[145][146][147][148] In December 2020, Former Pension Reform Taskforce head Abdulrasheed Maina, who was arrested in the neighboring country of Niger after jumping bail, appeared in an Abuja court on a 12-count charge of fraud and money laundering.[149] Ali Ndume, a senator representing Borno South, was arrested after jumping bail as well.[150]

Security issues

Niger Delta

Nigeria has the second-largest reserves of crude oil in Africa, reserves largely found in the Niger Delta region of the country. Years of oil production have resulted negative impact on farming and fishery by oil spillage.[151] The government initiated Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP) to help clean up Ogoniland while other state governors within the region want a similar setup. HYPREP was initiated in 2005 but has been slow to commence remediation works in Ogoniland.[151]

Nonetheless, there are still intermittent attacks on oil facilities by groups such as the Niger Delta Avengers. This has significantly affected oil production leading to cuts in exports and government revenue.[152] The Avengers are waging conflict for greater economic and political autonomy.[citation needed]

Shia Muslims

The Islamic Movement of Nigeria led by Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky is one of the country's leading organization of Shia Muslims. Nigeria's Muslim population is mainly Sunni while the Shia population have gone through sporadic persecution by governments.[153] After the Islamic movement was accused of an attack against Chief of Army Staff Tukur Buratai in December 2015, Zakzaky's base was shelled causing hundreds of fatalities while Zakzaky was arrested.[153] Zakzaky was held for almost six years, aside from a three-day medical trip to India, until being acquitted and released in July 2021.[154]

Biafra separatists

See also: Igbo nationalism, Biafra, and Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria

A separatist group, the Indigenous People of Biafra and led by Nnamdi Kanu became high profile in 2015 for advocating independence for a separate nation of Biafra.[153] A breakaway Biafra republic was briefly formed during Nigeria's Civil War. In October 2015, Kanu was arrested on allegation of treason, his arrest was followed by protests against his detention across many Southeastern states.[153] Kanu later jumped bail and fled abroad to help lead the low-level insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria before being arrested by Interpol and brought back to Nigeria.[155]

Boko Haram

Main articles: Boko Haram and Boko Haram insurgency

Since 2015, the fight against the extremists has taken a new dimension, internally the groups have splintered into the traditional Boko Haram sect controlled by Abubakar Shekau and the Islamic State in West Africa Province controlled by Abu Musab al-Barnawi.[156] Other groups supported by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb such as Ansaru, who were driven from Mali due to the French-led Operation Serval have surfaced and co-operated with Boko Haram despite being its rival.[157] This was mostly out of necessity, as the two factions could not risk to weaken themselves by fighting each other.[158] In February 2020, over two hundred and fifty Ansaru members were killed in a police raid in Birnin Gwari.[159]

In October 2016, the government negotiated a deal with the terrorist group, Boko Haram which secured the release of 21 Chibok girls.[160] By December 2016, the government had recovered much of the territories previously held by Boko Haram and after the capture of Sambisa Forest, Buhari announced that Boko Haram has been technically defeated. The insurgency displaced about 2 million people from their homes and the recapture of the towns now present humanitarian challenges in health, education and nutrition.[161] On 6 May 2017, Buhari's government secured a further release of 82 out of 276 girls kidnapped in 2014, in exchange of five Boko Haram leaders.[162] On 7 May 2017, President Buhari met with the 82 released Chibok girls, before departing to London, UK, for a follow up treatment for an undisclosed illness.[163]

Shekau committed suicide after his grouping was encircled by ISWAP rivals in May 2021. In the following months, hundreds of "repentant" terrorists surrendered to the government, many likely loyal to Shekau.[citation needed]

Farmer-Herder violence

Main article: Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
See also: Communal conflicts in Nigeria

The Middle-Belt region of Nigeria has been vulnerable to clashes between farmers and cattle herders, two groups trying to secure arable land for grazing or farming and access to water.[153] The intensity and politicization of the conflict along ethnic and religious divide increased during the administration of Buhari as instances of conflicts flared in parts of Southern Nigeria.[153] About 300 civilians were killed in a village in Benue State, Middle-Belt of the country and about 40 civilians were killed in Enugu in Southeastern Nigeria.[153] The violence has displaced upwards of 250,000 villagers[164] who migrate to cities ill-prepared to handle the influx of migrants. The conflict between farmers many of whom are largely Christians and herders who are predominantly Muslims has stoked religious tension not helped when the president sent in military troops disarm ethnic Christian militias while critics allege of his lukewarm towards armed cattle herders.[164]

The administration's effort to solve the conflict led to the National Livestock Transformation Plan to modernise cattle grazing and stabilize the Middle Belt region.[164] In 2017, RUGA, an acronym for Rural Grazing Area but also a word meaning settlement in Fulani was a proposed solution that came from deliberations of the transformation plan.[164] RUGA was to set aside grazing areas for herders as they migrate south, however, many Southern states opposed any involuntary acquisition of land for RUGA and the plan was suspended[164]

Banditry in Northern Nigeria

Since 2015, the Buhari Administration has suffered with an increased spate of banditry-related activities in Northern Nigeria.[165] The Abuja-Kaduna highway has been termed the "highway of kidnapping", due to the rampant atrocities committed by bandits.[166] In February 2020, the Northern Elders Forum, a socio-political organisation, said the administration has failed Nigerians in terms of security.[167]

By July 2021, about 45 people a day were kidnapped, largely by bandits for ransom.[168] Other bandits focused on stealing cattle, camels, and other livestock while some groups attacked and seized control of entire villages and wider territories. The banditry lead to fears of collaboration between bandits and Northeastern terrorists with those fears being confirmed in August 2021 when the Nigeria Immigration Service reported that large groups of Zamfara-based bandits were traveling to Borno State for training from Boko Haram.[citation needed]

National issues

Ruga policy

Main article: Ruga policy

The Buhari administration introduced the controversial Ruga policy (human settlement policy), aimed at resolving the conflict between nomadic Fulani herdsmen and sedentary farmers. The policy, which is currently suspended, would "create reserved communities where herders will live, grow and tend their cattle, produce milk and undertake other activities associated with the cattle business without having to move around in search of grazing land for their cows."[169]

Alleged militarization

Buhari has faced a lot of criticism in office. In 2019 his government came under widespread criticism over the unfair treatment[170] of US-based Social Activist Sowore during his trial, despite the court granting him bail.[171] This move was largely condemned, with Sowore himself stating that Buhari had violated his civic space.[172] In December 2019, Nigeria's Newspaper Giants: PUNCH stated that henceforth they would addressed Buhari's administration as a "regime"[173] and subsequently address him as "General Buhari"[173] as his military-like administration was a far cry from democracy. They insisted that he was a 'military dictator',[174] a move that was greeted with mixed receptions on social media.[175]

COVID-19 pandemic

 
Buhari meets with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken in 2021
Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria
See also: Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, Buhari established a Presidential Task Force for the control of the virus in the country.[176] On 23 March, Buhari's chief of staff Abba Kyari tested positive for COVID-19 sparking fears that Buhari may have been infected, it was later revealed that Buhari tested negative.[177] On 30 March, Buhari announced a two-week lockdown on major cities Abuja, Lagos and Ogun.[178]

On 14 October, the presidential task force on COVID-19 warned about a potential second wave "if the guidelines and protocols are not adhered to strictly".[179]

End SARS protests

Main article: End SARS

In October 2020, protests against alleged police brutality of a special police unit of the Nigerian Police Force the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) erupted in Lagos and other major cities. The End SARS movement with no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organized the initial protests, share similarities with the 2012 Occupy movement.[180]

On 12 October, a day after demonstrators declared their demands Buhari announced the disbandment of SARS and promised "extensive police reforms".[181] Since independence in 1960, the Nigerian Police Force has been at the forefront of tackling organised crime in Nigeria with the recent spate of banditry, cultism, drug trafficking, fraud and kidnapping drastically affecting its personnel capacity,[182] leaving a vacuum for SARS members to exploit and commit extrajudicial killings.[183]

On 13 October Mohammed Adamu the Inspector General of Police announced the creation of a new unit the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) to take over the duties of SARS.[184] This move did not satisfy most demonstrators, who expected a substantial overhaul of the police structure.[185] On 14 October, the demonstrations continued with at least ten protestors being killed, and violent clashes occurring between pro-SARS and anti-SARS protesters with the elite Presidential Guard Brigade intervening in the federal capital.[186]

On 12 June 2021, there was a deployment of the Nigerian Police Force and the Nigerian Army to the streets, Nationwide to curb the planned protest by the Youths, The demonstration of this was to prevent the incidents from the End Sars Protest that happened October 2020[187]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Muhammadu Buhari
 
Buhari with Irani Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, 23 November 2015
 
Indian vice president, Mohammad Hamid Ansari, with Buhari at the State House, in Abuja, Nigeria on September 27, 2016. The Vice President of Nigeria, Yemi Osinbajo is pictured on the right.

Buhari described the military crackdown by the Myanmar Army and police on Rohingya Muslims as ethnic cleansing and warned of a disaster like the Rwandan genocide.[188]

Nigeria and South Africa between them share about 50% of Africa's economic output but both countries macroeconomic structure is hampered by high poverty rates, youth unemployment and decline in capital investment.[189] About 600,000 Nigerians have emigrated to South Africa to seek out better economic opportunities and like in Nigeria, it is an economy struggling with its own high unemployment rates. Tensions between migrants and the local populace have occasionally flared up, in 2008, 2015 and in 2019. The last resulted in the violence between migrants including Nigerians and black South Africans. The leaders of both countries met in early October 2019, to discuss measures to improve the relationship between both countries which has been affected not only by anti-migrant violence in South Africa both issues about profit repatriation by South African firms operating in Nigeria.[citation needed]

Buhari is the first president to call for a global treaty to end violence against women and girls.[190]

Controversies

US$2.8 billion NNPC scandal

See also: Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

During his tenure as Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources, US$2.8 billion allegedly went missing from the accounts of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom. General Ibrahim Babangida later allegedly accused Buhari of being responsible for this fraud.[191][192][193]

However, in the conclusion of the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe to investigate allegations of 2.8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account, the tribunal found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts.[194]

Chadian military affair

Further information: Chadian–Nigerian War

In 1983, when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State, Buhari used the forces under his command to chase them out of the country, crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to withdraw.[195] This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and "prisoners of war".[195]

Umaru Dikko affair

Main article: Dikko affair

The Umaru Dikko Affair was another defining moment in Buhari's military government. Umaru Dikko, a former Minister of Transportation under the previous civilian administration of President Shagari who fled the country shortly after the coup, was accused of embezzling $1 billion in oil profits. With the help of an alleged former Mossad agent, the NSO traced him to London, where operatives from Nigeria and Israel drugged and kidnapped him. They placed him in a plastic bag, which was subsequently hidden inside a crate labelled as "Diplomatic Baggage". The purpose of this secret operation was to ship Dikko off to Nigeria on an empty Nigerian Airways Boeing 707, to stand trial for embezzlement. The plot was foiled by British airport officers.[196]

53 suitcases saga

Buhari's administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitcases with unknown contents.[197] The suitcases were being transported by the Emir of Gwandu, whose son was Buhari's aide-de-camp, and were cleared through customs on 10 June 1984 without inspection during his return flight from Saudi Arabia.[198]

PTF allocation to the military

While Buhari was Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), critics had questioned the PTF's allocation of 20% of its resources to the military, which they feared would not be accountable for the revenue.[199][200]

Akhaine, Saxone (27 August 2001) Nigeria: Buhari Calls for Sharia in All States 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. He was quoted in 2001 as saying, "I will continue to show openly and inside me the total commitment to the Sharia movement that is sweeping all over Nigeria", he then added: "God willing, we will not stop the agitation for the total implementation of the Sharia in the country."[201] Buhari has denied all allegations that he has a radical Islamist agenda.[202] On 6 January 2015, Buhari said: "Because they can't attack our record, they accuse me falsely of ethnic jingoism; they accuse me falsely of religious fundamentalism. Because they cannot attack our record, they accuse us falsely of calling for election violence – when we have only insisted on peace. Even as Head of State, we never imposed Sha'riah."[203]

Mediation with Boko Haram

In 2012, Buhari's name was included on a list published by Boko Haram of individuals it would trust to mediate between the group and the Federal Government.[204] However, Buhari strongly objected and declined to mediate between the government and Boko Haram. In 2013, Muhammadu Buhari made a series of statements, when he asked the Federal Government to stop the killing of Boko Haram members and blamed the rise of the terrorist group on the prevalence of Niger Delta militants in the South. Buhari stated[205] that "what is responsible for the security situation in the country is caused by the activities of Niger Delta militants [...] The Niger Delta militants started it all".[206] He also questioned the special treatment including close to $500 million a year paid to 30,000 militants under the amnesty programme since 2013[207] by the Federal Government and deplored the fact that Boko Haram members were killed and their houses destroyed.

Abolishing the office of the first lady

Main article: First Lady of Nigeria

In December 2014, Muhammadu Buhari went on the record to say he would abolish the office of the First Lady if he was elected as president, claiming it was unconstitutional.[208][209]

The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), a Nigerian militant group that endorsed Buhari during the 2015 general elections, commended Buhari for his plans and went on to say that the office of the First Lady was "obviously an irrelevant, fraudulent and unconstitutional office, whose only purpose is to further plunder the resources of the country."[210]

Since assuming the presidency on 29 May 2015, Buhari has yet to terminate the office of the First Lady. Aisha Buhari operates from the office of the First Lady as "wife of the President".[211]

Having suggested the abolition of the office of the First Lady,[209] Buhari has further aired some controversial statements about women.

On his visit to the Germany's Angela Merkel,[212] Buhari reiterated "I don't know which party my wife belongs to, but she belongs to my kitchen and my living room and the other room" [213] after his wife had earlier advised him to step up his leadership.[213]

Plagiarism scandal

In September 2016, President Buhari came under heavy criticism after a newspaper report found him using plagiarized speech during the launching of a national re-orientation campaign tagged “Change begins with me”. The speech was later found to be lifted from the 2009 inaugural speech of former US President Barack Obama.[214][215] The presidency later apologized and says the blunder was caused by "overzealous staff" and "Those responsible" will be sanctioned.[216][217] However, one week later, a deputy director in the State House linked to the speech was redeployed and presidency assured Nigerian public that it has taken steps to avoid a repeat of such an embarrassing occurrence by implementing digital tools that detect plagiarism.[218]

Twitter ban

Main article: Ban of Twitter in Nigeria

After Buhari made a Twitter post threatening violence against the Biafra insurgents in southeast Nigeria on 5 June 2021, Twitter deleted his comments as violations of its terms of service. Shortly thereafter, the Nigerian government banned Twitter from the country entirely.[219] They lifted the ban on the 13th of January, 2022, after they said Twitter had agreed to register its operations in Nigeria and pay tax.[220]

Personal life

Family

 
Buhari's second and current wife, Aisha Buhari

In 1971, Buhari married his first wife, Safinatu (née Yusuf). They had five children together, four girls and one boy. Their first daughter, Zulaihat (Zulai) was named after Buhari's mother. Their other children are Fatima, Musa (deceased son), Hadiza, and Safinatu.[221] In 1988, Buhari and his first wife Safinatu divorced. On 14 January 2006, Safinatu died from complications of diabetes. In November 2012, Buhari's first daughter, Zulaihat (née Buhari) Junaid died from sickle cell anaemia, two days after having a baby at a hospital in Kaduna.[222]

In December 1989, Buhari married his second and current wife Aisha Buhari (née Halilu). They also had five children together, a boy and four girls: Aisha, Halima, Yusuf, Zahra and Amina.[223] Yusuf married Zahra Nasir Bayero, the daughter of Emir Nasiru Ado Bayero, in August 2021.[224]

Buhari is a Muslim.

Wealth

In 2015, Buhari declared US$150,000 cash; in addition to five homes and two mud houses as well as farms, an orchard and a ranch of 270 head of cattle, 25 sheep, five horses and a variety of birds, shares in three firms, two undeveloped plots of land, and two cars bought from his savings.[225]

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

Traditional titles

In 2017, the South-East council of traditional rulers honoured President Buhari with the chieftaincy titles of the Enyioma I of Ebonyi and the Ochioha I of Igboland.[229] At the time of his investiture, the president had already held a title - that of the Ogbuagu I of Igboland - in the Nigerian chieftaincy system.[230] He was later awarded another one, Ikeogu I of Igboland, in the following year.[231][232]

See also

References

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Sources

  • Graf, William (1988). The Nigerian state: Political economy, state class, and political system in the post-colonial era. London: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-313-8.
  • Momoh, H.B (2000). The Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970: history and reminiscences. Ibadan: Sam Bookman. ISBN 978-978-2165-96-1.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammadu Buhari.
  • Official website  
  • 2011 Presidential Election Campaign website
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Muhammadu Buhari – In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of the North-Eastern State
1975–1976 		Office abolished
New office Governor of Borno State
1976 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas President of Nigeria Chair of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria
1983–1985 		Succeeded byas Chair of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria
Preceded by President of Nigeria
2015–present 		Incumbent
Party political offices
First ANPP nominee for President of Nigeria
2003, 2007 		Succeeded by
New political party CPC nominee for President of Nigeria
2011 		Party dissolved
APC nominee for President of Nigeria
2015, 2019 		Succeeded by

March 20, 2023
muhammadu, buhari, gcfr, listen, born, december, 1942, nigerian, politician, served, president, nigeria, since, 2015, excellencymajor, generalgcfrofficial, portrait, 20157th, 15th, president, nigeriaincumbentassumed, office, 2015vice, presidentyemi, osinbajopr. Muhammadu Buhari GCFR listen born 17 December 1942 is a Nigerian politician who has served as president of Nigeria since 2015 2 His ExcellencyMajor GeneralMuhammadu BuhariGCFROfficial portrait 20157th and 15th President of NigeriaIncumbentAssumed office 29 May 2015Vice PresidentYemi OsinbajoPreceded byGoodluck JonathanIn office 31 December 1983 27 August 1985 as Military Head of State of NigeriaChief of StaffTunde IdiagbonPreceded byShehu ShagariSucceeded byIbrahim BabangidaFederal Minister of Petroleum ResourcesIncumbentAssumed office 11 November 2015Minister of StateEmmanuel Ibe KachikwuTimipre SylvaPreceded byDiezani Allison MaduekeIn office March 1976 June 1978 as Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural ResourcesHead of StateOlusegun ObasanjoGovernor of Borno StateIn office 3 February 1976 15 March 1976Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byMustapha AminIn office 1 August 1975 3 February 1976 as Governor of the North Eastern StateHead of StateMurtala MohammedPreceded byMusa UsmanSucceeded byOffice abolishedPersonal detailsBorn 1942 12 17 17 December 1942 age 80 Daura Northern Region British Nigeria now in Katsina Nigeria Political partyAll Progressives Congress 2013 present Other politicalaffiliationsAll Nigeria Peoples Party 2002 2010 Congress for Progressive Change 2010 2013 SpousesSafinatu Yusuf m 1971 div 1988 wbr Aisha Halilu m 1989 wbr RelationsMamman Daura nephew Children10 Zulaihat deceased FatimaMusa deceased HadizaSafinatuHalimaYusufZarahAishaAminaResidenceAso Villa official residence Alma materNigerian Military Training College Mons Officer Cadet School U S Army War College 1 OccupationPoliticianmilitary officerAwardsList of honors and awardsWebsiteofficial websiteMilitary serviceAllegiance NigeriaBranch serviceNigerian ArmyYears of service1961 1985RankMajor generalBattles warsNigerian Civil WarChadian Nigerian WarBuhari is a retired Nigerian army major general who served as the country s military head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985 after taking power in a military coup d etat 3 4 The term Buharism is ascribed to the authoritarian policies of his military regime 5 6 Buhari ran for president of Nigeria on the platform and support of the All Nigeria Peoples Party ANPP in 2003 and 2007 and on the Congress for Progressive Change CPC platform in 2011 7 In December 2014 he emerged as the presidential candidate of 8 the All Progressives Congress party for the 2015 general election 9 Buhari won the election defeating incumbent President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan 10 This was the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost a general election He was sworn in on 29 May 2015 In February 2019 Buhari was re elected defeating his closest rival former Vice President Atiku Abubakar by over 3 million votes 11 12 Contents 1 Early life 2 Military career 2 1 Civil war 2 2 After the war 2 3 Coup d etat of 1983 3 Head of State 1983 1985 3 1 Consolidation of power 3 2 Economics 3 3 Mass social mobilization 3 4 Coup d etat of 1985 4 Pre presidency 1985 2015 4 1 Detention 4 2 Civilian life 4 3 Presidential campaigns and elections 5 Presidency 2015 present 5 1 Cabinet 5 2 Health 5 3 Economy 5 4 Social welfare 5 5 Anti corruption 5 6 Security issues 5 7 National issues 5 8 Foreign policy 6 Controversies 6 1 US 2 8 billion NNPC scandal 6 2 Chadian military affair 6 3 Umaru Dikko affair 6 4 53 suitcases saga 6 5 PTF allocation to the military 6 6 Mediation with Boko Haram 6 7 Abolishing the office of the first lady 6 8 Plagiarism scandal 6 9 Twitter ban 7 Personal life 7 1 Family 7 2 Wealth 8 Honours 8 1 National honours 8 2 Foreign honours 8 3 Traditional titles 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 External linksEarly life EditBuhari was born to a Fulani family 13 on 17 December 1942 in Katsina State His father was called Mallam Hardo Adamu a Fulani chieftain from Dumurkul in Mai Adua and his mother whose name was Zulaihat had Hausa and Kanuri ancestry 14 15 He is the twenty third child of his father and was named after ninth century Persian Islamic scholar Muhammad al Bukhari 16 Buhari was raised by his mother he was about four years old when his father died He attended primary school in Daura and Mai adua in 1953 Katsina Middle School and attended Katsina Provincial Secondary School in Katsina State from 1956 to 1961 17 18 Military career EditIn 1962 at the age of 19 Buhari enrolled in the Nigerian Military Training College NMTC 19 In February 1964 the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy NDA prior to 1964 the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly Commonwealth military academies 20 21 22 for officer cadet training From 1962 to 1963 Buhari underwent officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England 23 In January 1963 at age 20 Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta Nigeria From November 1963 to January 1964 Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders Course at the Nigerian Military Training College Kaduna In 1964 he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer s Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden United Kingdom citation needed From 1965 to 1967 Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and was appointed brigade major Second Sector First Infantry Division April 1967 to July 1967 Following the bloody 1966 Nigerian coup d etat which resulted in the death of Premier Ahmadu Bello Lieutenant Buhari alongside several young officers from Northern Nigeria took part in the July counter coup which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon citation needed Civil war Edit Main article Nigerian Civil War Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt Col Mohammed Shuwa 24 The division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions 25 with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma Buhari s initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company Commander 2 battalion unit Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja with support from Gado Nasko s artillery squad 26 They reached and captured Ogoja within a week with the intention of advancing through the flanks to Enugu the rebel capital 27 Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion s Commander and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and Abakaliki However before the move to Enugu he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar 28 Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences Instead of swift advances the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in Abeokuta and Zaria 28 In 1968 he was posted to the 4 Sector also called the Awka sector which was charged with taking over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2 The sector s operations were within the Awka Abagana Onitsha region which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply It was in the sector that Buhari s group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect the food supplies route of the rebels along Oji River and Abagana 29 After the war Edit From 1970 to 1971 Buhari was Brigade Major Commandant Thirty first Infantry Brigade He then served as the Assistant Adjutant General First Infantry Division Headquarters from 1971 to 1972 He also attended the Defence Services Staff College Wellington India in 1973 30 From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was acting director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters 31 In the 1975 military coup d etat Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers that brought General Murtala Mohammed to power He was later appointed Governor of the North Eastern State 32 33 from 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976 to oversee social economic and political improvements in the state On 3 February 1976 the North Eastern State was divided into three states Bauchi Borno and Gongola 34 35 36 Buhari then became the first Governor of Borno State from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976 citation needed In March 1976 following the botched 1976 military coup d etat attempt which led to the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed his deputy General Olusegun Obasanjo became the military head of state and appointed Colonel Buhari as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources now minister In 1977 when the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created Buhari was appointed as its chairman a position he held until 1978 37 During his tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to Maiduguri and from Calabar to Gusau the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots Also the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery 38 From 1978 to 1979 he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme Military Council from 1978 to 1979 From 1979 to 1980 at the rank of colonel Buhari class of 1980 attended the US Army War College in Carlisle Pennsylvania in the United States and gained a master s degree in Strategic Studies 39 40 Upon completion of the on campus full time resident program lasting ten months and the two year long distance learning program the United States Army War College USAWC awards its graduate officers a master s degree in Strategic Studies citation needed Divisional commands held in the Nigerian Army General Officer Commanding 4th Infantry Division August 1980 January 1981 41 General Officer Commanding 2nd Mechanised Infantry Division January 1981 October 1981 42 General Officer Commanding 3rd Armed Division October 1981 December 1983Coup d etat of 1983 Edit Main article 1983 Nigerian coup d etat Major General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December 1983 that overthrew the Second Nigerian Republic At the time of the coup plot Buhari was the General Officer Commanding GOC Third Armoured Division of Jos 43 With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff the de facto No 2 in the administration The coup ended Nigeria s short lived Second Republic a period of multi party democracy revived in 1979 after 13 years of military rule citation needed According to The New York Times the officers who took power argued that a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all Buhari justified the military s seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended the constitution Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria In the military s first broadcast after the coup Sani Abacha linked an inept and corrupt leadership 44 with general economic decline In Buhari s New Year s day speech he too mentioned the corrupt class of the Second Republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in society 44 Head of State 1983 1985 EditConsolidation of power Edit The structure of the new military leadership the fifth in Nigeria since independence resembled the last military regime the Obasanjo Yaradua administration The new regime established a Supreme Military Council a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States 45 The number of ministries was trimmed to 18 while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers In addition the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim These laws included the Robbery and Firearms Special Provisions Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases and the State Security Detention of Person Decree which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity 46 Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service 46 According to Decree Number 2 of 1984 the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain without charges individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months 47 Strikes and popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria s security agency the National Security Organization NSO was entrusted with unprecedented powers The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by intimidating harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes By October 1984 about 200 000 civil servants were retrenched 48 Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests In 20 months as Head of State about 500 politicians officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship 49 50 Detainees were released after releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions The regime also jailed its critics including Fela Kuti 51 He was arrested on 4 September 1984 at the airport as he was about to embark on an American tour Amnesty International described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign currency as spurious Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2 the government sentenced Fela to five years in prison He was released after 18 months 51 when the Buhari regime was overthrown In 1984 Buhari passed Decree Number 4 the Protection Against False Accusations Decree 52 considered by scholars as the most repressive press law ever enacted in Nigeria citation needed Section 1 of the law provided that Any person who publishes in any form whether written or otherwise any message rumour report or statement which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute shall be guilty of an offense under this Decree 53 The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military tribunal whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a fine not less than 10 000 naira and a jail sentence of up to two years citation needed Economics Edit Main article Buharism In order to reform the economy as Head of State Buhari started to rebuild the nation s social political and economic systems along the realities of Nigeria s austere economic conditions 54 The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure obliterating or removing completely corruption from the nation s social ethics shifting from mainly public sector employment to self employment Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials 54 However tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity 55 reduction of workers and in some cases business closure 49 Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60 However the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF 56 57 On 7 May 1984 Buhari announced the country s 1984 National Budget The budget came with a series of complementary measures A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers Raising of interest rates Halting capital projects Prohibition of borrowing by state governments 15 percent cut from Shagari s 1983 Budget Realignment of import duties Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade currency change price reduction of goods and services His economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices 58 Mass social mobilization Edit Main article War Against Indiscipline One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline WAI Launched on 20 March 1984 the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic responsibility of Nigerian society Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops under the eyes of whip wielding soldiers Civil servants 59 who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to do frog jumps Minor offences carried long sentences Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam would get 21 years in prison Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty 60 Buhari s administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange The Banking Freezing of Accounts Decree of 1984 allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud The Recovery of Public Property Special Military Tribunals Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and constitute a military tribunal to try such persons The Exchange Control Anti Sabotage Decree stated penalties for violators of foreign exchange laws 61 Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari s tough approach to crime 62 Section 3 2 K provided that any person who without lawful authority deals in sells smokes or inhales the drug known as cocaine or other similar drugs shall be guilty under section 6 3 K of an offence and liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe the Decree was applied retroactively 63 He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital punishment but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment 63 In another prominent case of April 1985 six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree Sidikatu Tairi Sola Oguntayo Oladele Omosebi Lasunkanmi Awolola Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah 64 In 1985 prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate the government of Buhari opened the borders closed since April 1984 with Benin Niger Chad and Cameroon to speed up the expulsion of 700 000 illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers 65 Buhari is today known for this crisis there even is a famine in the east of Niger that have been named El Buhari 66 His regime drew criticism from many including Nigeria s first Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka who in 2007 wrote a piece called The Crimes of Buhari 67 which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military rule Ahead of the 2015 general election Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected he would follow the rule of law and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental human rights of Nigerians 68 Coup d etat of 1985 Edit Main article 1985 Nigerian coup d etat In August 1985 Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida and other members of the ruling Supreme Military Council SMC 69 Babangida brought many of Buhari s most vocal critics into his administration including Fela Kuti s brother Olikoye Ransome Kuti a doctor who had led a strike against Buhari to protest declining health care services Buhari was then detained in Benin City until 1988 70 Pre presidency 1985 2015 EditDetention Edit Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in Benin He had access to television that showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida citation needed Civilian life Edit In December 1988 after his mother s death he was released and retired to his residence in Daura While in detention his farm was managed by his relatives He divorced his first wife in 1988 and married Aisha Halilu 1 In Katsina he became the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in Katsina State citation needed Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund PTF a body created by the government of General Sani Abacha and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products to pursue developmental projects around the country A 1998 report in New African praised the PTF under Buhari for its transparency calling it a rare success story 71 Presidential campaigns and elections Edit Buhari left with Governor Abiola Ajimobi right Buhari with former Vice President Atiku Abubakar left 2003 presidential electionIn 2003 Buhari ran for office in the presidential election 72 as the candidate of the All Nigeria People s Party ANPP He was defeated by the People s Democratic Party incumbent President Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ by more than 11 million votes citation needed 2007 presidential electionOn 18 December 2006 Buhari was nominated as the consensus candidate of the All Nigeria People s Party His main challenger in the April 2007 polls was the ruling PDP candidate Umaru Yar Adua who hailed from the same home state of Katsina Buhari officially took 18 of the vote to Yar Adua s 70 but Buhari rejected these results 73 After Yar Adua took office he called for a government of national unity to bring on board aggrieved opposition members The ANPP joined the government with appointment of its national chairman as a member of Yar Adua s cabinet but Buhari denounced this agreement 74 2011 presidential electionIn March 2010 Buhari left the ANPP for the Congress for Progressive Change CPC a party he had helped to found He said that he had supported foundation of the CPC as a solution to the debilitating ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP 75 Buhari was the CPC Presidential candidate in the 2011 election running against incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan of the People s Democratic Party PDP Mallam Nuhu Ribadu of Action Congress of Nigeria ACN and Ibrahim Shekarau of ANPP They were the major contenders among 20 candidates 76 Buhari campaigned on an anti corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government officials He also gave support to enforcement of Sharia law in Nigeria s northern states which had previously caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country s south 49 The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence which claimed the lives of 800 people across the country as Buhari s supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country s central region 77 The three day uprising was blamed in part on Buhari s inflammatory comments 77 In spite of assurances from Human Rights Watch which had judged the elections among the fairest in Nigeria s history Buhari claimed that the vote was flawed and warned 77 that If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015 by the grace of God the dog and the baboon would all be soaked in blood 78 79 Buhari remained a folk hero to some for his vocal opposition to corruption 80 He won 12 214 853 votes coming in second to Jonathan who polled 22 495 187 votes and was declared the winner 81 2015 presidential electionMain article 2015 Nigerian general election Incoming and outgoing Nigerian Presidents at the inauguration ceremony Buhari ran in the 2015 presidential election as a candidate of the All Progressives Congress party His platform was built around his image as a staunch anti corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation but he said he would not probe past corrupt leaders and would give officials who stole in the past amnesty if they repented 82 In the runup to the 2015 election Jonathan s campaign asked that Buhari be disqualified from the election claiming that he was in breach of the Constitution 83 According to the fundamental document in order to qualify for election to the office of the president a person must be educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent Buhari failed to submit any such evidence claiming that he lost the original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his overthrow from power in 1985 84 In May 2014 in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping Buhari strongly denounced the Boko Haram insurgency He urged Nigerians to put aside religion politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims 85 In July 2014 Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna 82 people were killed 86 In December 2014 Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria if elected president 87 After this announcement Buhari s approval ratings skyrocketed largely due to Jonathan s apparent inability to fight Boko Haram Buhari made internal security and wiping out the militant group one of the key pillars of his campaign In January 2015 the insurgent group The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MEND endorsed Buhari 88 Buhari s campaign was briefly advised by former Obama campaign manager David Axelrod 89 and his AKPD consultancy In February 2015 former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and endorsed Buhari 90 On 31 March Jonathan called Buhari to concede and congratulate him on his election as president 91 Buhari was sworn in on 29 May 2015 in a ceremony attended by at least 23 heads of state and government citation needed Presidency 2015 present EditFurther information Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari The economy has averaged a growth rate of 0 9 since the administration s first term unemployment is at an all time high of 23 and millions entered poverty 92 Since 2015 Buhari has lost supporters due to his perceived un energetic personality and contemplative decision making 93 Cabinet Edit Buhari s key advisers include his nephew Mamman Daura businessman Ismaila Isa Funtua political operator Baba Gana Kingibe Abba Kyari the Chief of Staff to the President and from the late stages of his first term Boss Mustapha the Secretary to the Government of the Federation 94 Empowering his kitchen cabinet after his second inauguration Buhari has stated his preference for cabinet members seeking meetings or consultation to direct such requests through the chief of staff or through the government secretary 94 Since the Fourth Republic ministerial positions are legally required to be composed of a federal ethno demographic character with a minister representing each state of the federation A result of this has created the outcome of political considerations as an important factor in nominating ministers as local party officials lacking in merit jostle for cabinet positions 94 Nomination into Buhari s cabinet has been influenced by those political considerations and also closeness to the president and his inner cabinet 94 In August 2019 the president named his cabinet of predominantly male members with an average years of 60 and dominated by political actors or those close to the president 95 The cabinet include two wealthy former governors from the Niger Delta Timipre Sylva and Godswill Akpabio who were originally members of the opposition party PDP and fourteen retained ministers some of whom critics alleged had performed poorly or having a close relationship with a corrupt past Head of State 95 Health Edit In May 2016 Buhari cancelled a two day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented by the Vice president Yemi Osinbajo after citing an ear infection suspected to be Meniere s disease 96 On 6 June Buhari travelled to the United Kingdom to seek medical attention 97 98 This happened days after the Presidential Spokesman Femi Adesina was quoted as saying Buhari was as fit as fiddle and hale and hearty to much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers 99 100 101 In February 2017 following what were described as routine medical check ups in the UK 102 Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave to await test results 103 His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of his return 104 On 8 February President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the President of the Senate of Nigeria alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave leaving his vice president in charge 105 106 107 Following an absence of 51 days from office President Buhari returned to Nigeria He arrived at Kaduna Airport in the morning of March 10 108 109 110 Although information was limited during his stay in London he was pictured on March 9 meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby 111 112 Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting president while the President continued to recover in Abuja 113 The President has missed major official and public appearances just two months following his return to office from England Most recently he was absent from the Federal Executive Council FEC meeting the worker s day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day 2017 114 115 116 Speculations about the President s health circulated in the public sphere in the days following President Buhari s wishes to work from home 117 Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long term medical leave 118 119 citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two week period 120 121 President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check up in London on 7 May 2017 122 President Buhari returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom 104 days after leaving on August 19 2017 123 124 On 8 May Buhari left Nigeria to London for medical check up upon arrival from USA and he returned on Friday 11 May 2018 125 Economy Edit Buhari was an attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived incorruptible character 126 Once in power Buhari who had earlier mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of cabinet officials took six months 126 while the passage of the 2016 and 2017 budgets were delayed by infighting In Buhari s first year in office Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity prices which triggered an economic recession 127 To source funds to close shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget Buhari traveled to 20 countries seeking loans 128 Thereby expansionary budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date 129 In the first year of the administration Naira the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a gulf between the official exchange rate and the black market rate 130 A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit various businesses including petroleum marketers However the gulf between the official rates and the black market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage making a mockery of the president s anti corruption image 131 In May 2016 the government announced a rise in the official pump price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages 132 In 2016 the country s economy declined by 1 6 and in 2017 per capita economic growth is projected to be negligible Buhari s first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending 131 The 2018 budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic roads bridges and power plants 133 Since an upturn in economic growth from the decline of 2016 a slow pace of recovery has the country behind many of its continental neighbors in GDP growth Unemployment levels remain high and any effort to increase non oil revenues has not improved while government deficit spending include a significant portion of its yearly budget dedicated to service debts 134 Buhari with the support of the Central Bank chief initiated policies to improve agriculture production through lobbying private banks to lend to the sector and restriction of foreign exchange at official rates for importation of food product that are grown locally In his second term the budget minister Udo Udoma and trade minister Enemalah both of whom favored liberalisation were not returned 94 The government continued to operate flexible exchange rates into the second term of the administration despite critics alluding to the exchange rate regime of being susceptible to arbitrage abuses and round tripping by cronies of the government 134 Social welfare Edit In 2016 Buhari launched the National Social Investment Program a national social welfare program 135 The Program was created to ensure a more equitable distribution of resources to vulnerable populations including children youth and women There are four programs which address poverty unemployment and help increase economic development 136 The N Power program provides young Nigerians with job training and education as well as a monthly stipend of 30 000 Nigerian naira USD 83 33 Npower is a social investment scheme initiated by President Muhammadu Buhari on 8 June 2016 in an attempt to boost the youths employment rate The scheme was established as a core component of the National Social Investment program to cushion the skill acquisition training and capacity building in the beneficiaries The Conditional Cash Transfer Program CCTP directly supports the most vulnerable by providing cash to those in the lowest income group helping reduce poverty improve nutrition and self sustainability and supporting development through increased consumption 137 The Government Enterprise and Empowerment Program GEEP is a micro lending entrepreneurship program targeting farmers petty traders and market women with a focus This program provides no cost loans to its beneficiaries helping reduce the start up costs of business ventures in Nigeria The programs include TraderMoni MarketMoni and FarmerMoni The National Home Grown School Feeding Program NHGSF is attempting to increase school enrollment by providing free meals to schoolchildren particularly those in poor and food insecure regions The program works with local farmers and empowers women as cooks building the community and sustaining economic growth from farm to table The program was previously co ordinated from the office of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo until 2019 when the program was moved to the new Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs Disaster Management and Social Development under Sadiya Umar Farouq In his 2019 Independence Day Speech the President attributed the movement to the need to have the programmes institutionalized 138 Anti corruption Edit Main article Buhari s anti corruption war Buhari holding a broom at a campaign rally in 2015 The 2 billion arms deal was exposed following the interim report of Buhari s investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration The committee report showed extra budgetary spending to the tune of N643 8 billion and additional spending of about 2 2 billion in the foreign currency component under Goodluck Jonathan s watch Preliminary investigation suggested that about 2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria The investigative report indicated that a total sum of 2 2 billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in the procurement of arms to fight against insurgency but was not spent for the purpose for which the money was disbursed Investigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of Sambo Dasuki the former National Security Adviser who later mentioned prominent Nigerians involved in the deal Those who were mentioned and arrested includes Raymond Dokpesi the Chair Emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc Attahiru Bafarawa the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda the former Minister of State for Finance Azubuike Ihejirika the Chief of Army Staff Adesola Nunayon Amosu the former Chief of the Air Staff Alex Badeh and several other politicians were mentioned citation needed On 21 December 2016 the government s Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle blowing policy with a 2 5 5 reward 139 The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding the violation of financial regulations the mismanagement of public funds and assets financial malpractice fraud and theft citation needed In May 2018 the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission EFCC Nigeria s anti corruption agency announced that 603 Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in 2015 140 The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria s history judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs are being prosecuted for corruption 140 The successful prosecutions were also credited to Buhari s EFCC head Ibrahim Magu 140 Under Buhari Chief Justice of the Nigerian Court Walter Onnoghen was convicted by the Code of Conduct Tribunal on April 18 2019 for false assets declaration 141 In December 2019 Mohammed Bello Adoke the former Attorney General of the Federation was extradited to Nigeria to stand trial on corruption charges 142 In January 2020 however Transparency International still gave Nigeria a low performance in its corruption perception index 143 144 In July 2020 Ibrahim Magu the EFCC chairman was arrested by the Department of State Services DSS over damaging security reports concerning his activities as the Buhari administration s leading anti corruption figure and alleged financial irregularities he was later replaced by Mohammed Umar 145 146 147 148 In December 2020 Former Pension Reform Taskforce head Abdulrasheed Maina who was arrested in the neighboring country of Niger after jumping bail appeared in an Abuja court on a 12 count charge of fraud and money laundering 149 Ali Ndume a senator representing Borno South was arrested after jumping bail as well 150 Security issues Edit Niger DeltaNigeria has the second largest reserves of crude oil in Africa reserves largely found in the Niger Delta region of the country Years of oil production have resulted negative impact on farming and fishery by oil spillage 151 The government initiated Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project HYPREP to help clean up Ogoniland while other state governors within the region want a similar setup HYPREP was initiated in 2005 but has been slow to commence remediation works in Ogoniland 151 Nonetheless there are still intermittent attacks on oil facilities by groups such as the Niger Delta Avengers This has significantly affected oil production leading to cuts in exports and government revenue 152 The Avengers are waging conflict for greater economic and political autonomy citation needed Shia MuslimsThe Islamic Movement of Nigeria led by Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky is one of the country s leading organization of Shia Muslims Nigeria s Muslim population is mainly Sunni while the Shia population have gone through sporadic persecution by governments 153 After the Islamic movement was accused of an attack against Chief of Army Staff Tukur Buratai in December 2015 Zakzaky s base was shelled causing hundreds of fatalities while Zakzaky was arrested 153 Zakzaky was held for almost six years aside from a three day medical trip to India until being acquitted and released in July 2021 154 Biafra separatists See also Igbo nationalism Biafra and Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria A separatist group the Indigenous People of Biafra and led by Nnamdi Kanu became high profile in 2015 for advocating independence for a separate nation of Biafra 153 A breakaway Biafra republic was briefly formed during Nigeria s Civil War In October 2015 Kanu was arrested on allegation of treason his arrest was followed by protests against his detention across many Southeastern states 153 Kanu later jumped bail and fled abroad to help lead the low level insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria before being arrested by Interpol and brought back to Nigeria 155 Boko Haram Main articles Boko Haram and Boko Haram insurgency Since 2015 the fight against the extremists has taken a new dimension internally the groups have splintered into the traditional Boko Haram sect controlled by Abubakar Shekau and the Islamic State in West Africa Province controlled by Abu Musab al Barnawi 156 Other groups supported by Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb such as Ansaru who were driven from Mali due to the French led Operation Serval have surfaced and co operated with Boko Haram despite being its rival 157 This was mostly out of necessity as the two factions could not risk to weaken themselves by fighting each other 158 In February 2020 over two hundred and fifty Ansaru members were killed in a police raid in Birnin Gwari 159 In October 2016 the government negotiated a deal with the terrorist group Boko Haram which secured the release of 21 Chibok girls 160 By December 2016 the government had recovered much of the territories previously held by Boko Haram and after the capture of Sambisa Forest Buhari announced that Boko Haram has been technically defeated The insurgency displaced about 2 million people from their homes and the recapture of the towns now present humanitarian challenges in health education and nutrition 161 On 6 May 2017 Buhari s government secured a further release of 82 out of 276 girls kidnapped in 2014 in exchange of five Boko Haram leaders 162 On 7 May 2017 President Buhari met with the 82 released Chibok girls before departing to London UK for a follow up treatment for an undisclosed illness 163 Shekau committed suicide after his grouping was encircled by ISWAP rivals in May 2021 In the following months hundreds of repentant terrorists surrendered to the government many likely loyal to Shekau citation needed Farmer Herder violence Main article Herder farmer conflicts in Nigeria See also Communal conflicts in Nigeria The Middle Belt region of Nigeria has been vulnerable to clashes between farmers and cattle herders two groups trying to secure arable land for grazing or farming and access to water 153 The intensity and politicization of the conflict along ethnic and religious divide increased during the administration of Buhari as instances of conflicts flared in parts of Southern Nigeria 153 About 300 civilians were killed in a village in Benue State Middle Belt of the country and about 40 civilians were killed in Enugu in Southeastern Nigeria 153 The violence has displaced upwards of 250 000 villagers 164 who migrate to cities ill prepared to handle the influx of migrants The conflict between farmers many of whom are largely Christians and herders who are predominantly Muslims has stoked religious tension not helped when the president sent in military troops disarm ethnic Christian militias while critics allege of his lukewarm towards armed cattle herders 164 The administration s effort to solve the conflict led to the National Livestock Transformation Plan to modernise cattle grazing and stabilize the Middle Belt region 164 In 2017 RUGA an acronym for Rural Grazing Area but also a word meaning settlement in Fulani was a proposed solution that came from deliberations of the transformation plan 164 RUGA was to set aside grazing areas for herders as they migrate south however many Southern states opposed any involuntary acquisition of land for RUGA and the plan was suspended 164 Banditry in Northern NigeriaSince 2015 the Buhari Administration has suffered with an increased spate of banditry related activities in Northern Nigeria 165 The Abuja Kaduna highway has been termed the highway of kidnapping due to the rampant atrocities committed by bandits 166 In February 2020 the Northern Elders Forum a socio political organisation said the administration has failed Nigerians in terms of security 167 By July 2021 about 45 people a day were kidnapped largely by bandits for ransom 168 Other bandits focused on stealing cattle camels and other livestock while some groups attacked and seized control of entire villages and wider territories The banditry lead to fears of collaboration between bandits and Northeastern terrorists with those fears being confirmed in August 2021 when the Nigeria Immigration Service reported that large groups of Zamfara based bandits were traveling to Borno State for training from Boko Haram citation needed National issues Edit Ruga policy Main article Ruga policy The Buhari administration introduced the controversial Ruga policy human settlement policy aimed at resolving the conflict between nomadic Fulani herdsmen and sedentary farmers The policy which is currently suspended would create reserved communities where herders will live grow and tend their cattle produce milk and undertake other activities associated with the cattle business without having to move around in search of grazing land for their cows 169 Alleged militarizationBuhari has faced a lot of criticism in office In 2019 his government came under widespread criticism over the unfair treatment 170 of US based Social Activist Sowore during his trial despite the court granting him bail 171 This move was largely condemned with Sowore himself stating that Buhari had violated his civic space 172 In December 2019 Nigeria s Newspaper Giants PUNCH stated that henceforth they would addressed Buhari s administration as a regime 173 and subsequently address him as General Buhari 173 as his military like administration was a far cry from democracy They insisted that he was a military dictator 174 a move that was greeted with mixed receptions on social media 175 COVID 19 pandemic Buhari meets with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken in 2021 Main article COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria See also Nigerian government response to the COVID 19 pandemic Following the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria Buhari established a Presidential Task Force for the control of the virus in the country 176 On 23 March Buhari s chief of staff Abba Kyari tested positive for COVID 19 sparking fears that Buhari may have been infected it was later revealed that Buhari tested negative 177 On 30 March Buhari announced a two week lockdown on major cities Abuja Lagos and Ogun 178 On 14 October the presidential task force on COVID 19 warned about a potential second wave if the guidelines and protocols are not adhered to strictly 179 End SARS protests Main article End SARS In October 2020 protests against alleged police brutality of a special police unit of the Nigerian Police Force the Special Anti Robbery Squad SARS erupted in Lagos and other major cities The End SARS movement with no centralised leadership beyond the small assembly that organized the initial protests share similarities with the 2012 Occupy movement 180 On 12 October a day after demonstrators declared their demands Buhari announced the disbandment of SARS and promised extensive police reforms 181 Since independence in 1960 the Nigerian Police Force has been at the forefront of tackling organised crime in Nigeria with the recent spate of banditry cultism drug trafficking fraud and kidnapping drastically affecting its personnel capacity 182 leaving a vacuum for SARS members to exploit and commit extrajudicial killings 183 On 13 October Mohammed Adamu the Inspector General of Police announced the creation of a new unit the Special Weapons and Tactics SWAT to take over the duties of SARS 184 This move did not satisfy most demonstrators who expected a substantial overhaul of the police structure 185 On 14 October the demonstrations continued with at least ten protestors being killed and violent clashes occurring between pro SARS and anti SARS protesters with the elite Presidential Guard Brigade intervening in the federal capital 186 On 12 June 2021 there was a deployment of the Nigerian Police Force and the Nigerian Army to the streets Nationwide to curb the planned protest by the Youths The demonstration of this was to prevent the incidents from the End Sars Protest that happened October 2020 187 Foreign policy Edit See also List of international presidential trips made by Muhammadu Buhari Buhari with Irani Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei 23 November 2015 Indian vice president Mohammad Hamid Ansari with Buhari at the State House in Abuja Nigeria on September 27 2016 The Vice President of Nigeria Yemi Osinbajo is pictured on the right Buhari described the military crackdown by the Myanmar Army and police on Rohingya Muslims as ethnic cleansing and warned of a disaster like the Rwandan genocide 188 Nigeria and South Africa between them share about 50 of Africa s economic output but both countries macroeconomic structure is hampered by high poverty rates youth unemployment and decline in capital investment 189 About 600 000 Nigerians have emigrated to South Africa to seek out better economic opportunities and like in Nigeria it is an economy struggling with its own high unemployment rates Tensions between migrants and the local populace have occasionally flared up in 2008 2015 and in 2019 The last resulted in the violence between migrants including Nigerians and black South Africans The leaders of both countries met in early October 2019 to discuss measures to improve the relationship between both countries which has been affected not only by anti migrant violence in South Africa both issues about profit repatriation by South African firms operating in Nigeria citation needed Buhari is the first president to call for a global treaty to end violence against women and girls 190 Controversies EditUS 2 8 billion NNPC scandal Edit See also Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation During his tenure as Federal Commissioner of Petroleum and Natural Resources US 2 8 billion allegedly went missing from the accounts of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NNPC in Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom General Ibrahim Babangida later allegedly accused Buhari of being responsible for this fraud 191 192 193 However in the conclusion of the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe to investigate allegations of 2 8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account the tribunal found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts 194 Chadian military affair Edit Further information Chadian Nigerian War In 1983 when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State Buhari used the forces under his command to chase them out of the country crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to withdraw 195 This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and prisoners of war 195 Umaru Dikko affair Edit Main article Dikko affair The Umaru Dikko Affair was another defining moment in Buhari s military government Umaru Dikko a former Minister of Transportation under the previous civilian administration of President Shagari who fled the country shortly after the coup was accused of embezzling 1 billion in oil profits With the help of an alleged former Mossad agent the NSO traced him to London where operatives from Nigeria and Israel drugged and kidnapped him They placed him in a plastic bag which was subsequently hidden inside a crate labelled as Diplomatic Baggage The purpose of this secret operation was to ship Dikko off to Nigeria on an empty Nigerian Airways Boeing 707 to stand trial for embezzlement The plot was foiled by British airport officers 196 53 suitcases saga Edit Buhari s administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitcases with unknown contents 197 The suitcases were being transported by the Emir of Gwandu whose son was Buhari s aide de camp and were cleared through customs on 10 June 1984 without inspection during his return flight from Saudi Arabia 198 PTF allocation to the military Edit While Buhari was Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund PTF critics had questioned the PTF s allocation of 20 of its resources to the military which they feared would not be accountable for the revenue 199 200 Akhaine Saxone 27 August 2001 Nigeria Buhari Calls for Sharia in All States Archived 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine He was quoted in 2001 as saying I will continue to show openly and inside me the total commitment to the Sharia movement that is sweeping all over Nigeria he then added God willing we will not stop the agitation for the total implementation of the Sharia in the country 201 Buhari has denied all allegations that he has a radical Islamist agenda 202 On 6 January 2015 Buhari said Because they can t attack our record they accuse me falsely of ethnic jingoism they accuse me falsely of religious fundamentalism Because they cannot attack our record they accuse us falsely of calling for election violence when we have only insisted on peace Even as Head of State we never imposed Sha riah 203 Mediation with Boko Haram Edit In 2012 Buhari s name was included on a list published by Boko Haram of individuals it would trust to mediate between the group and the Federal Government 204 However Buhari strongly objected and declined to mediate between the government and Boko Haram In 2013 Muhammadu Buhari made a series of statements when he asked the Federal Government to stop the killing of Boko Haram members and blamed the rise of the terrorist group on the prevalence of Niger Delta militants in the South Buhari stated 205 that what is responsible for the security situation in the country is caused by the activities of Niger Delta militants The Niger Delta militants started it all 206 He also questioned the special treatment including close to 500 million a year paid to 30 000 militants under the amnesty programme since 2013 207 by the Federal Government and deplored the fact that Boko Haram members were killed and their houses destroyed Abolishing the office of the first lady Edit Main article First Lady of Nigeria In December 2014 Muhammadu Buhari went on the record to say he would abolish the office of the First Lady if he was elected as president claiming it was unconstitutional 208 209 The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MEND a Nigerian militant group that endorsed Buhari during the 2015 general elections commended Buhari for his plans and went on to say that the office of the First Lady was obviously an irrelevant fraudulent and unconstitutional office whose only purpose is to further plunder the resources of the country 210 Since assuming the presidency on 29 May 2015 Buhari has yet to terminate the office of the First Lady Aisha Buhari operates from the office of the First Lady as wife of the President 211 Having suggested the abolition of the office of the First Lady 209 Buhari has further aired some controversial statements about women On his visit to the Germany s Angela Merkel 212 Buhari reiterated I don t know which party my wife belongs to but she belongs to my kitchen and my living room and the other room 213 after his wife had earlier advised him to step up his leadership 213 Plagiarism scandal Edit In September 2016 President Buhari came under heavy criticism after a newspaper report found him using plagiarized speech during the launching of a national re orientation campaign tagged Change begins with me The speech was later found to be lifted from the 2009 inaugural speech of former US President Barack Obama 214 215 The presidency later apologized and says the blunder was caused by overzealous staff and Those responsible will be sanctioned 216 217 However one week later a deputy director in the State House linked to the speech was redeployed and presidency assured Nigerian public that it has taken steps to avoid a repeat of such an embarrassing occurrence by implementing digital tools that detect plagiarism 218 Twitter ban Edit Main article Ban of Twitter in Nigeria After Buhari made a Twitter post threatening violence against the Biafra insurgents in southeast Nigeria on 5 June 2021 Twitter deleted his comments as violations of its terms of service Shortly thereafter the Nigerian government banned Twitter from the country entirely 219 They lifted the ban on the 13th of January 2022 after they said Twitter had agreed to register its operations in Nigeria and pay tax 220 Personal life EditFamily Edit Buhari s second and current wife Aisha Buhari In 1971 Buhari married his first wife Safinatu nee Yusuf They had five children together four girls and one boy Their first daughter Zulaihat Zulai was named after Buhari s mother Their other children are Fatima Musa deceased son Hadiza and Safinatu 221 In 1988 Buhari and his first wife Safinatu divorced On 14 January 2006 Safinatu died from complications of diabetes In November 2012 Buhari s first daughter Zulaihat nee Buhari Junaid died from sickle cell anaemia two days after having a baby at a hospital in Kaduna 222 In December 1989 Buhari married his second and current wife Aisha Buhari nee Halilu They also had five children together a boy and four girls Aisha Halima Yusuf Zahra and Amina 223 Yusuf married Zahra Nasir Bayero the daughter of Emir Nasiru Ado Bayero in August 2021 224 Buhari is a Muslim Wealth Edit In 2015 Buhari declared US 150 000 cash in addition to five homes and two mud houses as well as farms an orchard and a ranch of 270 head of cattle 25 sheep five horses and a variety of birds shares in three firms two undeveloped plots of land and two cars bought from his savings 225 Honours EditNational honours Edit Nigeria Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic GCFR 1983 Foreign honours Edit Equatorial Guinea Grand Collar of the Order of Independence 2016 226 Serbia Second Class of the Order of the Republic of Serbia 2016 Liberia Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia 27 July 2019 227 228 Traditional titles Edit In 2017 the South East council of traditional rulers honoured President Buhari with the chieftaincy titles of the Enyioma I of Ebonyi and the Ochioha I of Igboland 229 At the time of his investiture the president had already held a title that of the Ogbuagu I of Igboland in the Nigerian chieftaincy system 230 He was later awarded another one Ikeogu I of Igboland in the following year 231 232 See also EditList of heads of state of Nigeria List of Nigerians Biography portal Nigeria portal Politics portal List of Hausa peopleReferences Edit a b Paden John 2016 Muhammadu Buhari The Challenges of Leadership in Nigeria Roaring Forties Press ISBN 978 1 938901 64 5 President Buhari s inaugural speech on May 29 2015 The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News 29 May 2019 Retrieved 22 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Civil War 1967 1970 history and reminiscences Ibadan Sam Bookman ISBN 978 978 2165 96 1 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammadu Buhari Official website 2011 Presidential Election Campaign website Appearances on C SPAN Muhammadu Buhari In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004Political officesPreceded byMusa Usman Governor of the North Eastern State1975 1976 Office abolishedNew office Governor of Borno State1976 Succeeded byMustapha AminPreceded byShehu Shagarias President of Nigeria Chair of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria1983 1985 Succeeded byIbrahim Babangidaas Chair of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of NigeriaPreceded byGoodluck Jonathan President of Nigeria2015 present IncumbentParty political officesFirst ANPP nominee for President of Nigeria2003 2007 Succeeded byIbrahim ShekarauNew political party CPC nominee for President of Nigeria2011 Party dissolvedAPC nominee for President of Nigeria2015 2019 Succeeded byBola Tinubu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muhammadu Buhari amp oldid 1145556131, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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