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Rodrigo Duterte

January 17, 2023

"DU30" and "Duterte" redirect here. For his presidential campaign stylized as "DU30", see Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign. For others with the surname, see Duterte (surname).
In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Roa and the surname or paternal family name is Duterte.

Rodrigo Roa Duterte KGCR (English: /dəˈtɜːrteɪ/, Tagalog: [ɾɔˈdɾɪgo ˈɾɔwa dʊˈtɛɾtɛ] (listen); born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody,[6] and by the initials DU30 and PRRD,[7][8] is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson of PDP–Laban, the ruling political party in the Philippines during his presidency. Duterte is the first president of the Philippines to be from Mindanao,[9][10] and is the oldest person to assume office, beginning his term at age 71.[11]

Rodrigo Duterte
KGCR
Official portrait, 2016
16th President of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022
Vice PresidentLeni Robredo
Preceded byBenigno Aquino III
Succeeded byBongbong Marcos
Mayor of Davao City
In office
June 30, 2013 – June 30, 2016
Vice MayorPaolo Duterte
Preceded bySara Duterte
Succeeded bySara Duterte
In office
June 30, 2001 – June 30, 2010
Vice MayorLuis Bonguyan (2001–2007)
Sara Duterte (2007–2010)
Preceded byBenjamin de Guzman
Succeeded bySara Duterte
In office
February 2, 1988 – June 30, 1998
Vice MayorDominador Zuño (acting)
Luis Bonguyan
Benjamin de Guzman
Preceded byJacinto Rubillar
Succeeded byBenjamin de Guzman
Vice Mayor of Davao City
In office
June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2013
MayorSara Duterte
Preceded bySara Duterte
Succeeded byPaolo Duterte
In office
May 2, 1986 – November 27, 1987[a]
MayorZafiro Respicio
Preceded byCornelio Maskariño
Succeeded byGilbert Abellera
Member of the
Philippine House of Representatives
from Davao City's 1st congressional district
In office
June 30, 1998 – June 30, 2001
Preceded byProspero Nograles
Succeeded byProspero Nograles
National Chairman of PDP–Laban
Assumed office
February 7, 2016
Party presidentKoko Pimentel (2016–2020)
Manny Pacquiao (2020–2021)
Alfonso Cusi (2021–2022)
Jose Alvarez (2022–present)
Preceded byIsmael Sueno
Chairman of the Liberal Party in Davao City
In office
2009 – February 21, 2015
LeaderBenigno Aquino III
Preceded byPeter T. Laviña
Personal details
Born
Rodrigo Roa Duterte

(1945-03-28) March 28, 1945 (age 77)
Maasin, Leyte, Philippine Commonwealth, U.S.
Political partyPDP–Laban
(2001–2009; 2015–present)[b][1][2]
Other political
affiliations		Kabataang Makabayan[3] (1970s)
Lakas ng Dabaw (1988)[4]
Nacionalista (1990–1998)[5]
LAMMP (1998–2001)
Liberal (2009–2015)[1][2]
Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod (local party; since 2011)
Coalition for Change (since 2016)
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1973; ann. 2000)​
Domestic partnerHoneylet Avanceña
Children
Paolo
Sara
Sebastian
Veronica
Parent(s)Vicente Duterte
Soledad Roa
ResidenceDavao City
EducationHoly Cross College of Digos (secondary)
Alma mater
Signature

Born in Maasin, Leyte (now in Southern Leyte), Duterte moved to Davao as a child where his father, Vicente Duterte, served as provincial governor. He studied political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines University, graduating in 1968, before obtaining a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972. He then worked as a lawyer and was a prosecutor for Davao City, before becoming vice mayor and, subsequently, mayor of the city in the wake of the 1986 People Power Revolution. Duterte won seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years, during which the once crime-ridden city became peaceful and investor-friendly.[12][13]

Duterte's 2016 presidential campaign led to his election victory. During his presidency, his domestic policy focused on combating the illegal drug trade by initiating the controversial war on drugs, fighting crime and corruption,[14][15][16] and intensified efforts against terrorism and communist insurgency. He launched a massive infrastructure plan,[17][18] initiated liberal economic reforms,[19] streamlined government processes,[20] and proposed a shift to a federal system of government which was ultimately unsuccessful.[21] He also oversaw the controversial burial of Ferdinand Marcos,[22][23] the 2017 Battle of Marawi,[24] and the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[25] He declared the intention to pursue an "independent foreign policy", and strengthened relations with China and Russia.[26] He initially announced his candidacy for vice president in the 2022 election, but in October 2021, said he was retiring from politics; the next month, he filed his candidacy for senator but withdrew it on December 14.[27]

Duterte's political positions have been described as populist,[28][29][30] as well as nationalist.[31][32][33] His political success has been aided by his vocal support for the extrajudicial killing of drug users and other criminals.[34] His career has sparked numerous protests and attracted controversy, particularly over human rights issues and his controversial comments. Duterte has repeatedly confirmed to have personally killed criminal suspects during his term as mayor of Davao.[35][36] Extrajudicial killings that were allegedly committed by the Davao Death Squad between 1998 and 2016 during Duterte's mayoralty have also been scrutinized by human-rights groups and the Office of the Ombudsman;[37][38] the victims were mainly alleged drug users, alleged petty criminals, and street children.[39][40] The International Criminal Court opened a preliminary investigation into Duterte's drug war in 2018,[41] prompting Duterte to withdraw the Philippines from the body in response.[42] He is the only president in the history of the Philippines not to declare his assets and liabilities.[43] Duterte's popularity and domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency and by the end of his term, he was the most popular post-EDSA president.[44][45][46]

Early life

Rodrigo Roa Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, in Maasin, Southern Leyte.[47] His father was Vicente Gonzales Duterte (1911–1968), a Cebuano lawyer, and his mother, Soledad Gonzales Roa (1916–2012), was a schoolteacher from Cabadbaran, Agusan and a civic leader of Maranao descent. Duterte has said that his grandfather was Chinese and hailed from Xiamen in Fujian, China.[48] Duterte has four siblings: Eleanor, Jocelyn, Emmanuel and Benjamin.[49]

Duterte's father was mayor of Danao, Cebu, and subsequently the provincial governor of (the then-undivided) Davao province. Rodrigo's cousin Ronald was mayor of Cebu City from 1983 to 1986. Ronald's father, Ramon Duterte, also held that position from 1957 to 1959. The Dutertes consider the Cebu-based political families of the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives.[50][51] Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his mother's side.[52] Duterte's family lived in Maasin, and in his father's hometown in Danao, until he was four years old.[53] The Dutertes initially moved to Mindanao in 1948 but still went back and forth to the Visayas until 1949.[54] They finally settled in the Davao Region in 1950. Vicente worked as a lawyer engaged in private practice. Soledad worked as a teacher until 1952, when Vicente entered politics.[55]

Education and early law career

Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin for a year.[52] He spent his remaining elementary days at Santa Ana Elementary School in Davao City, where he completed his primary education in 1956. He finished his secondary education in the High School Department of Holy Cross College of Digos (now Cor Jesu College) in Digos, Davao province, after being expelled twice from previous schools, including one in the Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) High School due to misconduct.[56] He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila.[57][58]

He obtained a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972.[59] In the same year, he passed the bar exam.[60] Duterte eventually became a special counsel at the City Prosecution Office in Davao City from 1977 to 1979, fourth assistant city prosecutor from 1979 to 1981, third assistant city prosecutor from 1981 to 1983, and second assistant city prosecutor from 1983 to 1986.[61][62]

Sexual abuse claims

Duterte has claimed he was sexually abused by a priest when he was a minor.[63] After he was challenged by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and AdDU officials to name the priest and file a case against him, Duterte then revealed the priest's name as Mark Falvey (d. 1975).[63] The Jesuits of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines confirmed that according to press reports in the United States, in May 2007, the Society of Jesus agreed to a tentative payout of US$16 million to settle claims that Falvey sexually abused at least nine children in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1975. Accusations against Falvey began in 2002 but he was never charged with a crime. In May 2008, the Diocese of Sacramento paid a $100,000-settlement to a person allegedly raped and molested by Mark's brother, Arthur Falvey. However, it was not clearly indicated in the report if Mark Falvey was assigned at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Davao.[64]

When asked why he did not complain when the abuse supposedly happened, Duterte claimed that he was too young to complain about the priest's abuse and was intimidated by authorities at that time. He also stated that he never disclosed that information after he was expelled and moved to a different high school and especially not to his family.[65]

Shooting of student at law school

Duterte stated at a rally in April 2016 that he shot a fellow student who had bullied him about his Visayan origin as well as other students of the same ethnicity, while at San Beda law college. He said, "But the truth is, I'm used to shooting people. When we were about to graduate from San Beda, I shot a person." Duterte said that he shot the student in a corridor at the college when the said student called him names again. He later told a reporter that the student survived, but refused to answer any further questions about the incident.[66]

However, in an interview aired on 24 Oras and published on the official GMA News Online website on April 22, 2016, retired labor arbiter Arthur Amansec said Duterte and Octavio Goco at that time were both playing with a gun as it was normal for students to bring guns to school in the seventies. Amansec is Duterte's former classmate in San Beda College who witnessed the incident. He added that "the bullet hit the school's wooden floor and was embedded there." Amansec emphasized that Duterte and Goco remained friends until Goco died in the United States years later.[67]

Mayor of Davao City

See also: 1989 Davao hostage crisis
 
Then-Mayor Duterte (left) with then-President Benigno Aquino III during a meeting with local government unit leaders in Davao City in 2013

After the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, Duterte was appointed officer-in-charge vice mayor by President Corazon Aquino.[68] In 1988, he ran for mayor as an independent and won,[5] serving until 1998. He set a precedent by designating deputy mayors to represent the administrative districts, as well as the Lumad and Moro peoples in the city government. This was later copied by other cities in other parts of the Philippines.

In December 1990, Duterte joined the Nacionalista Party upon the persuasion of Senator Juan Ponce Enrile.[5][69] In 1998, because he was term-limited to run again for mayor, he ran for the House of Representatives and won as congressman of the 1st district of Davao City (under the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino coalition). In 2001, he ran again for mayor of Davao and was elected for a fourth term. He was re-elected in 2004[70] and in 2007.[71]

In 1995, after Flor Contemplacion, a Filipina, was executed in Singapore after confessing to a double murder, Duterte allegedly burned a flag of Singapore (though this claim was later denied) and joined 1,000 employees of Davao City in protest.[72][73]

 
Then-newly elected Davao City Vice Mayor Duterte reading his inaugural speech in June 2010

In 2010, he was elected vice mayor, succeeding his daughter, Sara Duterte-Carpio, who was elected as mayor.[74]

In 2013, Davao City sent rescue and medical teams to Tacloban to give aid to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan (locally known in the country as Typhoon Yolanda). Financial assistance was also given to Bohol and Cebu for earthquake victims.[75]

Duterte also passed Davao City's Women Development Code, which aims "to uphold the rights of women and the belief in their worth and dignity as human beings".[76][77] Duterte banned swimsuit competitions in beauty pageants in Davao City.[78] He gained prominence for supporting the first-ever Gawad Kalinga Village inside a jail facility in Davao City. It is a home-type jail with ten cottages built inside the compound, which now serve as homes for female inmates.[79]

Law and order

During Duterte's tenure as mayor, Davao City experienced economic boom and a significant decrease in crime from being a conflict-ridden area between communists and right-wing groups during the 1970s and 80s, and is constantly rated as among the safest in the country.[80][13] The city also ranks high in the world according to crowdsourced survey site Numbeo,[81][82] a narrative that gained currency in the national media, creating a widespread public perception that has been a significant factor in establishing support for his nationwide drug policy.[83][84][85] The city was also awarded "Most Child-Friendly City for Highly-Urbanized Category" in 1998, 1999, 2013 and 2014.[86][87]

Under Duterte's watch, the city council imposed a prohibition on selling, serving, drinking, and consuming alcoholic beverages from 01:00 until 08:00 each morning. Duterte signed Executive Order No. 39, reducing the speed limits for all kinds of motor vehicles within the territorial jurisdiction of Davao City in the interest of public safety and order.[88] Duterte also signed Executive Order No. 04 creating the implementing of rules and regulations for a new comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance.[89] A firecracker Ban was also implemented by the City Council through the support of Duterte.[90] Davao acquired 10 ambulances for central 911 intended for medical emergencies and 42 mobile patrol vehicles and motorcycles for the Davao City Police Office.[91] Duterte, through Executive Order No. 24, ordered all shopping malls and commercial centers to install, operate and maintain high end and high definition closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras at all entrance and exit points of their premises.[92]

In early September 2015, an incident was reported of a tourist being forced to swallow his own cigarette butt in a local bar in Davao City after the tourist refused to comply with the public anti-smoking ordinance of the city. Duterte was contacted by the bar owner and the then-mayor personally went into the bar and forced the tourist to swallow his cigarette butt. Duterte was then met with criticisms especially from the Commission on Human Rights (CHR).[93]

Alleged involvement to the Davao Death Squad

 
Duterte speaks with Davao City residents in 2009.
Main article: Davao Death Squad
Further information: Philippine drug war § Senate committee, and Philippine drug war § Arturo Lascañas

Duterte has been linked by human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to extrajudicial killings of over 1,400 alleged criminals and street children by vigilante death squads.[34][94] In the April 2009 UN General Assembly of the Human Rights Council, the UN report (Eleventh Session Agenda item 3, par 21) said, "The Mayor of Davao City has done nothing to prevent these killings, and his public comments suggest that he is, in fact, supportive."[95] Duterte stressed that the concept of human rights for criminals is Western and should not apply to the Philippines.[96]

We're the ninth-safest city. How do you think I did it? How did I reach that title among the world's safest cities? Kill them all [criminals].

— Duterte, May 15, 2015[96]

Duterte has denied responsibility for the extrajudicial killings. He has also frequently announced his support for them.[34][97][98] In 2015, Duterte confirmed his links to extrajudicial killings in Davao, and warned that, if elected president, he may kill up to 100,000 criminals. After the said confirmation, Duterte challenged human rights officials to file a case against him if they could provide evidence of his links with vigilante groups.[99]

Federalism advocacy

Main article: Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte

In September 2014, Duterte and former mayors and governors, calling themselves the Mindanao Council of Leaders, advocated for a federalist government.[100] A month later, Duterte attended an event sponsored by the Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City.[101]

In December 2014, Duterte held a summit entitled "Mindanaons Forging Unity Toward a Federal System of Government".[102]

2016 Presidential campaign

Main article: 2016 Philippine presidential election
See also: Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign
 
Duterte–Cayetano 2016 campaign logo
 
Duterte (3rd from right) and allies campaigning in Pandacan, Manila

As early as the first quarter of 2015, Duterte made hints to the media of his intention to run for president in the 2016 elections. However, he denied these plans numerous times amidst clamor from his supporters for him to run.

In January, Duterte said he would abolish Congress if he chose to run for president and was elected.[103] On November 21, in a private gathering with fraternity brothers from San Beda College of Law, Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and also finally accepted Alan Peter Cayetano's offer to be his running mate, and named his daughter, Sara Duterte, as his substitute for Mayor.[104][105]

In his campaign, he said he would introduce a federal parliamentary form of government. He also promised to kill tens of thousands of criminals and eradicate crime in six months.[106][107]

Constitutional reform

Main article: Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte

Duterte campaigned for decentralization and a shift to a federal government during the 2016 presidential election. In an October 2014 forum organized by Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City prior to joining the presidential race, the then-mayor of Davao City called for the creation of two federal states for Moro people as a solution to the problems besetting Mindanao.[108] Mayor Duterte said that Nur Misuari and his Moro National Liberation Front do not see eye-to-eye with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which the administration of President Benigno Aquino III had inked a peace deal with. He also said that the "template of the Bangsamoro Basic Law is federal", but what is granted to the Bangsamoro should also be granted to other Moro groups and other regions in the country.[109] In a dialogue with the Makati Business Club prior to the elections, Duterte said he is open to "toning down the Constitution" to accommodate more foreign investors to the Philippines.[110] He also said he is open to up to 70 percent foreign ownership of businesses in the country and foreign lease of lands up to 60 years, but will "leave it to Congress to decide".[110]

Rape comments

Further information: Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign § Rape of an Australian missionary

At a campaign rally on April 12, 2016, Duterte told supporters that, as mayor, he thought he "should have been first" to rape Jacqueline Hamill, an Australian missionary who was gang-raped and killed during the 1989 Davao hostage crisis. He recalled examining her corpse and saying that he "should have gone first".[111]

After being condemned for his comments, Duterte apologized for the incident and claimed the comment was a "bad remark" and that he regretted his "gutter language," but "would not apologize for being misinterpreted." He said that the comment was not a "joke," as was reported by some media outlets and that he made it out of "utter anger" when recalling the events.[112]After the United States' and Australia's ambassadors to the Philippines criticized him for the comments, Duterte threatened to sever diplomatic ties with the countries if elected.[107]

His daughter Sara Duterte subsequently announced on social media that she was a rape victim, but would still vote for her father. He said that he doubted her story, and called her a "drama queen".[113]

 
2016 Philippine electoral vote results

Human rights

In a campaign speech on April 27, 2016, where he spoke to business leaders, he said his presidency would be "a bloody one", but that he would issue "a thousand pardons a day" to police and soldiers accused of human rights abuses, and would also issue a presidential pardon to himself for mass murder at the end of his six-year term.[107]

Election to the presidency

On May 30, 2016, the 16th Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Duterte as the president-elect of the Philippines after he topped the official count by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016 presidential election with 16,601,997 votes, 6.6 million more than his closest rival, Mar Roxas.[114][115][116] Camarines Sur representative Leni Robredo on the other hand, was proclaimed as the vice president-elect of the Philippines with 14,418,817 votes, narrowly defeating Senator Bongbong Marcos by 263,473 votes.[117]

Presidency (2016–2022)

Main article: Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
See also: Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte and Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte
Presidential styles of
Rodrigo Duterte[118][119]
 
Reference stylePresident Duterte, His Excellency (rarely used)[119]
Spoken styleYour Excellency (rarely used)
Alternative styleMr. President, President Mayor[120]

Early actions

Further information: First 100 days of Rodrigo Duterte's presidency
 
President-elect Duterte (left) and outgoing President Benigno Aquino III at Malacañang Palace on inauguration day, June 30, 2016

The presidency of Duterte began at noon on June 30, 2016, when he became the sixteenth president of the Philippines, succeeding Benigno Aquino III. At the age of 71, Duterte became the oldest person ever elected to the presidency. Duterte is also the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the Office of the President, the second Cebuano to become president (after Sergio Osmeña), the third Cebuano-speaking president (after Osmeña and Carlos P. Garcia), the first Visayan from Mindanao and the fourth Visayan overall (after Osmeña, Manuel Roxas and Garcia).[121]

Shortly after his inauguration on June 30, Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda, which included the country's disaster risk reduction management, decongesting Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, the country's main gateway, and expressed his ideas and concerns regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea prior to the announcement of the verdict of the Philippines' arbitration case against China over the issue,[122] which the Philippines later won.[123] Four days later, on July 4, he issued his first executive order, allowing his Cabinet Secretary to supervise over several agencies that focus on poverty reduction.[124] He called for the reimposition of capital punishment in the country to execute criminals involved in "heinous" crimes, such as illegal drug trade, insisting on hanging.[125]

During his first 100 days in office, Duterte issued an executive order on freedom of information,[126] launched an intensified campaign against illegal drugs, sought to resume peace talks with communist insurgents, formulated a comprehensive tax reform plan, led efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law, made efforts to streamline government transactions, launched the nationwide 9–1–1 rescue and 8888 complaint hotlines, established a one-stop service center for overseas Filipino workers, and increased in the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel.[127]

Duterte made moves to limit US visiting troops in the country, and has reached out to China and Russia to improve relations. He launched tirades against international critics, particularly, United States President Barack Obama, the US government, the United Nations, and the European Union, which expressed condemnation to his unprecedented war on drugs that led to the deaths of about 3,300 people, half of which were killed by unknown assailants, and the arrest of 22,000 drug suspects and surrender of about 731,000 people.[127][128]

Duterte takes his oath of office as the 16th president of the Philippines on June 30, 2016.

Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city's central business district, on September 3 Duterte declared a "state of lawlessness", and on the following day issued Proclamation No. 55 to officially declare a "state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in Mindanao".[129][130]

On December 7, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 10 creating a consultative committee to review the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.[131]

While adjusting to working and residing at the Malacañang Palace, Duterte divides his workweek between Manila and Davao City by spending three days in each city, utilizing the Malacañang of the South while in Davao.[132]

A Pulse Asia survey conducted from July 2–8 showed that Duterte had a trust rating of 91%, the highest of the six presidents since the Marcos dictatorship (the previous highest was Duterte's predecessor, Benigno Aquino III with 87%).[133] One year after taking office his trust rating was 81%.[134] In December 2016, Duterte was ranked 70th on Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.[135][136]

Domestic policy

Economic policy

Further information: DuterteNomics

Duterte's socioeconomic policies, referred to as DuterteNomics, include tax reform, infrastructure development, social protection programs, and other policies to promote economic growth and human development in the country.[137][138] Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III has said that the government required what he describes as an "audacious" economic strategy in order for the Philippines to "catch up with its more vibrant neighbors" by 2022 and help it achieve high-income economy status within a generation. The term DuterteNomics was coined to describe the economic policy of the Duterte administration.

Duterte initiated liberal economic reforms to attract foreign investors.[139] In March 2022, he signed Republic Act No. 11647 which amended the Foreign Investment Act of 1991, effectively relaxing restrictions on foreign investments by allowing foreigners to invest in a local enterprise up to 100% of its capital.[140] He signed Republic Act No. 11659, amending the 85-year-old Public Service Act, allowing full foreign ownership of public services, which include airports, expressways, railways, telecommunications, and shipping industries, in the country.[141]

Duterte reformed the country's tax system in an effort to make the country's tax system fairer, simpler, and more efficient.[142] In December 2017, he signed Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law) which excludes those earning an annual taxable income of ₱250,000 and below from paying the personal income tax, while raising higher excise taxes on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, tobacco and other non-essential goods.[143] Revenues collected from the TRAIN law will help fund the administration's massive infrastructure program.[144][145] In March 2021, to attract more investments and maintain fiscal stability, Duterte signed the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Act, reducing the 30 percent corporate income tax rate to 25 percent for firms with assets above ₱100 million and to 20 percent for smaller firms.[146] Duterte raised sin taxes on tobacco and vapor products in July 2019, and alcohol beverages and electronic cigarettes in January 2020, to fund the Universal Health Care Act and reduce incidence of deaths and diseases associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.[147][148]

Infrastructure development

Main article: Build! Build! Build!
 
The Athletic Stadium of the New Clark City sports complex, completed on October 12, 2019, 50 days before the opening of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games[149]

To reduce poverty, encourage economic growth, and reduce congestion in Metro Manila, the Duterte administration launched its comprehensive infrastructure program, Build, Build, Build,[150] on April 18, 2017.[151] The program, which forms part of the administration's socioeconomic policy,[150] aimed to usher in the country's "Golden Age of Infrastructure" by increasing the share of spending on public infrastructure in the country's gross domestic product (GDP) from 5.4 percent in 2017 to 7.4 percent in 2022.[152][153] The administration, in 2017, shifted its infrastructure funding policy from public-private partnerships (PPPs) of previous administrations to government revenues and official development assistance (ODA), particularly from Japan and China,[154] but has since October 2019 engaged with the private sector for additional funding.[155][156]

The administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects (IFPs) under the Build, Build, Build program from 75 to 100 in November 2019,[157][158] then to 104, and finally, to 112 in 2020,[159] expanding its scope to include health, information and communications technology, and water infrastructure projects to support the country's economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some major projects include[158] the Subic-Clark Railway,[160] the North–South Commuter Railway from New Clark City to Calamba, Laguna,[160] the Metro Manila Subway,[161] the expansion of Clark International Airport[160] the Mindanao Railway (Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment),[162] and the Luzon Spine Expressway Network[163][164] By April 2022, 12 IFPs have been completed by the administration, while 88 IFPs, which were on their "advanced stage", have been passed on to the succeeding administration for completion.[159]

From June 2016 to July 2021, a total of 29,264 kilometres (18,184 mi) of roads, 5,950 bridges, 11,340 flood control projects, 222 evacuation centers, and 150,149 elementary and secondary classrooms, and 653 COVID-19 facilities under the Build, Build, Build program had been completed.[165][166]

War on drugs

Main article: Philippine Drug War
 
Duterte during an ocular inspection of the seized shabu laboratory in Arayat, Pampanga on September 27, 2016

Following his inauguration, Duterte started a nationwide anti-drug campaign, urging the Filipinos, including the New People's Army to join the fight against illegal drugs.[167] According to former Philippine National Police Chief and future senator Ronald dela Rosa, the policy is aimed at "the neutralization of illegal drug personalities nationwide".[168] Estimates of the death toll vary. Officially, 5,100 drug personalities have been killed as of January 2019.[169] Some news organizations and human rights groups claim the death toll is over 12,000.[170][171] or over 20,000.[172]

Duterte campaigned to eliminate illegal drugs in the country within three to six months, but later admitted he miscalculated the gravity of the drug problem after taking office as he based his approach to that of Davao City during his tenure as the city's mayor. He cited the difficulty in border control against illegal drugs due to the country's long coastline and lamented that government officials and law enforcers themselves were involved in the drug trade.[173]

Part of the Duterte administration's strategy on anti-illegal drugs is the Barangay Drug Clearing Program, which aims to eradicate illegal drugs in the country's remaining drug-affected barangays.[174] As of February 2022, the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency reported that a total of 24,379 (58%) out of the 42,045 barangays have been declared drug-cleared, 6,606 (16%) barangays were drug unaffected/drug-free, while 11,060 (26%) have yet to be cleared of illegal drugs.[175]

Mindanao insurgency

Further information: Bangsamoro peace process and Moro conflict
 
Duterte welcomes Norwegian Kjartan Sekkingstad following his release from Abu Sayyaf captivity.
 
Duterte (center) with other officials during the presentation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law to the MILF at Malacañang Palace on August 6, 2018

Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are struggling for, and that they are not terrorists. He acknowledged that the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing, historical and in territory.[176]

Duterte was endorsed in the election by Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Nur Misuari[177] due to his background in Mindanao.[178] Other Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas, the Aquino-supported pick.[179]

On November 6, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order to expand the Bangsamoro Transition Commission to 21 members from 15, in which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by the government. The commission was formed in December 2013 and is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro.[180]

Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law on July 26, 2018,[181][182] which abolished the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and provided for the basic structure of government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014.[183]

Duterte oversaw the five-month long Battle of Marawi starting May 2017, declaring martial law throughout Mindanao[184] and extending it for two years to ensure order in the island.[185][186][187][188] In June 2017, Duterte ordered the creation of an inter-agency task force to facilitate the rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction efforts in the conflict-torn city.[189]

In July 2020, Duterte signed the controversial[190] Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, which aims to give more surveillance powers to government forces in order to curb terror threats and acts.[191]

Duterte signed proclamations granting amnesty to members of the Moro National Liberation Front, and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in February 2021.[192]

Communist insurgency

 
Duterte (2nd from right) presides over a meeting with the NTF-ELCAC at the Malacañang Palace on April 15, 2019.

Duterte initially pursued peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and appointed several left-leaning individuals to government positions,[193][194][195] but cancelled all negotiations in February 2017 following attacks and kidnapping of soldiers by New Peoples Army (NPA) rebels, officially declaring the CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization.[196] Several officials with leftist affiliations initially appointed by Duterte have either resigned, been fired, or rejected by the Commission on Appointments.[195][197]

Duterte created the Task Force Balik-Loob in April 2018 for the reintegration of former communist rebels.[198] In December 2018, he ordered the creation of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) and institutionalized a "whole-of-nation approach" in combating extremism and terrorism.[199]

Duterte officially announced the permanent termination of the peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF on March 21, 2019, and said the communist rebels' call for land reform is already being done under his administration.[200][201] On June 23, 2021, the Anti-Terrorism Council designated the National Democratic Front (NDF) as a terrorist organization, citing it as an "integral and inseparable part" of the CPP-NPA.[202][203]

On November 29, 2021, the NTF-ELCAC reported that a total of 20,579 communist rebels surrendered since the start of the Duterte administration.[204]

Energy and climate

The Duterte administration initially adopted a "technology neutral" policy in energy generation.[205] Earlier in his term, Duterte stressed that coal remains the most viable source of energy if the Philippines is to accelerate industrialization,[206] and questioned the sanctions imposed by the United States and European Union on smaller countries including the Philippines when the country's carbon footprint is not significant compared to the superpowers.[207]

The administration shifted its energy policy to prefer renewable sources of energy later in Duterte's term.[208] At his fourth State of the Nation address in July 2019, Duterte issued an order to cut coal dependence and hasten a transition to renewable energy.[209][210] In October 2020, the energy department issued a moratorium on the construction of new coal power plants and favored renewable energy sources.[211] On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order approving the inclusion of nuclear power in the country's energy mix.[212][213]

To hasten the expansion of the nation's power capacity, Duterte established the inter-agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council tasked with simplifying and streamlining the approval process of big-ticket projects.[205] On January 21, 2022, he signed a law promoting the use of microgrid systems in unserved and underserved areas to accelerate total electrification of the country.[214] The administration made initiatives to liberalize the energy sector,[208][215] allowing 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects starting October 2020.[216][217]

Duterte signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in March 2017, after initially having misgivings about the deal which he says might limit the country's industrialization.[218] The Agreement was ratified by the Senate on March 15, 2017.[219] Duterte said that rich countries producing the most carbon emissions must pay smaller countries for damage caused by climate change.[220]

Government streamlining

 
Duterte signs the Freedom of Information executive order in Davao City on July 24, 2016.

Duterte introduced reforms to eliminate red tape in the government,[221] and ordered government agencies to remove all processes which are "redundant or burdensome" to the public.[222] Three weeks after assuming office, he issued his second executive order establishing Freedom of Information, allowing citizens to obtain documents and records from public offices under the executive branch to promote transparency in the government.[223][224]

In May 2018, Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business Act which aims to create a better business environment by reducing processing time, cutting bureaucratic red tape, and eliminating corrupt practices in all government agencies.[225][226] In December 2020, he enacted a law authorizing the President to expedite the processing and issuance of national and local permits, licenses, and certifications, by suspending its requirements, in times of national emergency.[227]

Duterte institutionalized the 8888 Citizens' Complaint Hotline in October 2016, allowing the public to report complaints on poor government front-line services and corrupt practices in all government agencies.[228]

Health care

Duterte vowed to improve the health care system,[229][230] certifying the Universal Healthcare Bill as an urgent measure as early as July 2018.[231] In February 2019, he signed the Universal Health Care Act, which automatically enrolls all Filipinos under the government's health insurance program.[232] He also enacted the National Integrated Cancer Control Act which establishes a "national integrated" program to control and prevent cancer by making treatment more accessible and affordable,[233][234] and the Philippine Mental Health Law, which provides free mental health services down to the barangay level while requiring hospitals to provide psychiatric, psychosocial and neurologic services.[235][236]

In December 2019, Duterte signed a law institutionalizing Malasakit Centers in all hospitals run by the Department of Health, allowing indigent patients to efficiently access financial medical assistance from various government agencies.[237]

Duterte ordered the full implementation of the Reproductive Health Law,[238] banned smoking in public places nationwide,[239] and set a price cap on select medicines.[240]

Education

Duterte signed the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act in August 2017, providing free college education in all state universities and colleges nationwide.[241] He signed a law establishing transnational higher education in the country, allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines in an effort to bring international quality standards and expertise into the country.[242][243] He also signed medical scholarships for deserving students in state universities and colleges or partner private higher education institutions through the Doktor Para sa Bayan Act on December 23, 2020.[244]

Duterte approved in January 2021 a law institutionalizing the alternative learning system (ALS), providing free education to those out of school.[245][246] In March 2022, he enacted a law granting inclusive education for learners with disabilities.[247]

On June 9, 2020, Duterte signed a law establishing the country's first National Academy of Sports in New Clark City, Capas, Tarlac.[248]

Foreign policy

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte
 
International trips made by Duterte during his presidency

The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue what it describes as an "independent foreign policy" that would reject any meddling by foreign governments, reiterating Article II, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination." In September 2016, Duterte said: "We will observe and must insist on the time-honored principle of sovereignty, sovereign equality, non-interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the interests of our country."[249]

Duterte made his first international trips as president to Vientiane, Laos and Jakarta, Indonesia on September 5–9, 2016.[250]

Duterte pursued improved relations with China and Russia,[251] and lessened the country's dependence on its traditional ally – the United States.[252][253] He has adopted a cautious, pragmatic, and conciliatory stance towards China compared to his predecessor,[254] and has set aside the previous administration's confrontational policy of asserting the Philippines' claims over the South China Sea and its islands.[255]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of administration members in the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte
 
Duterte presides over the 29th Cabinet Meeting at the Malacañang Palace on September 11, 2018.
This paragraph is an excerpt from Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte § Administration and cabinet.[edit]
On May 31, 2016, a few weeks before his presidential inauguration, Duterte named his Cabinet,[256] which consisted of former military generals, childhood friends, classmates, and leftist politicians.[257] Following his presidential inauguration, he administered a mass oath-taking for his Cabinet officials, and held his first Cabinet meeting on June 30.[258][259] He appointed his long-time personal aide Bong Go as Special Assistant to the President to provide general supervision to the Presidential Management Staff.[260]

Criticisms

See also: Protests against Rodrigo Duterte

President Duterte and his administration have been criticized for numerous reasons. These include his anti-drug campaign, foreign policies, human rights record, and extrajudicial killings. Duterte has also been criticized for his political views, controversial comments, and others.[261][262]

Despite the criticisms on his administration, Duterte has relatively high trust and approval ratings. In the first half of his six-year term with a record net satisfaction rating of 68%.[263] Duterte's approval rating was at 79% in April 2019[264] and 87% on a December 2019 survey conducted by Pulse Asia.[265] Duterte and his administration also got high approval ratings in handling the COVID-19 pandemic.[266][267]

Anti-drug campaign

Duterte's anti-drug campaign has been criticized both locally and internationally. Senator Risa Hontiveros, a political opponent of Duterte, said that the drug war was a political strategy intended to persuade people that "suddenly the historically most important issue of poverty was no longer the most important."[268]

Various international publications and media companies had claimed that Duterte's "War on Drugs" was a war against the poor due to the abject poverty of those arrested or killed.[269][270] On June 19, 2018, 38 United Nations member states released a collective statement through the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), calling on the Philippines and President Duterte to end the killings in its war on drugs and cooperate in probing in investigating human rights abuses.[271][272][273]

Duterte believes that the number of deaths are a measure of his success in his war against drugs,[274][275][276] and despite constant criticism of his war on drugs, Duterte had staunchly defended his administration's efforts at getting rid of "filth" from the streets.[277][278] A large number of Filipinos support Duterte's war on drugs, with a 2019 SWS survey showing 82% of 1,200 interviewed Filipinos were "overwhelmingly satisfied" due to "the perception of less drugs and crime in the country".[279][280] On August 18, 2017, Duterte admitted his mistake in trying to end drugs in six months, and it would take him his entire term to end it.[citation needed]

Human rights concerns

Human Rights Watch (HRW) called the first year of Duterte in office a human rights calamity. HRW estimates that there has been 7,000 deaths from the day Duterte first took office to January 2017.[281] The Duterte administration suspended the drugs war in February 2017 in an effort to cleanse the police ranks of supposed corruption, also halting the disclosure of figures on deaths related to drug arrests and raids.[282] In March 2017, HRW released a special investigation and report on the state of police related shooting, titled "License To Kill".[283] The New York Times had also released a video documentary "When A President Says I'll Kill You", which depicts Duterte's war on drugs through a local photographer's eyes.[284] On August 17, 2017, HRW called Duterte a threat to the human rights community after he made threats against human rights activists.[285]

In January 2020, the International Criminal Court confirmed that an investigation into Duterte's involvement with the death squads was ongoing, despite the Philippines having withdrawn from the ICC two years prior, because it continued to have jurisdiction over crimes committed when the country was still a member. Duterte had withdrawn the country just one month after the opening of the investigation.[42] In September 2021, the ICC authorized an official probe after reviewing evidence related to at least 204 victims.[286]

COVID-19 pandemic

Main article: Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic § Controversies and criticisms

Members of the opposition have criticized the government's efforts against the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.[287][288] Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Philippines was confirmed on January 30, 2020.[289] This triggered outrage on local social media platforms.[290] Other criticisms include Duterte's remarks of ordering to "shoot" persons who violate quarantine protocols[291][292] and the delay of the vaccines to arrive in the Philippines were also condemned.[293]

In May 2021, Duterte was criticized for publicly taking the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine before it was approved for use by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration, when the general population had access only to a limited supply of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and lower efficacy CoronaVac vaccines from Sinovac.[294][295][296]

International policy

Militant groups decry the ties between President Duterte and China over the Chinese occupation of contested waters and the reported harassment of the fishermen amidst the territorial disputes in the South China Sea.[297][298] Also, while the United States is one of the countries critical to Philippine drug war campaign,[299][300][301] most of the militant groups[302] – particularly left-wing groups[303] – also criticize Philippine-US relations due to the United States' "imperialism"[303][304] and neoliberal policies.[305]

Tax reform

Duterte's tax reform program has garnered both support and criticism. Critics have argued that the administration's tax policy would burden the poor.[306] The implementation of the TRAIN Law triggered protests from various left-wing groups. On January 15, protesters gathered at various public market sites, calling for the revocation of TRAIN.[307] However, proponents of the program cite its appeal to foreign investors and economic benefits as the main reasons behind tax reform.

Controversial remarks

Duterte's records on human rights and his long history of comments that have widely been considered to be offensive, provocative, threatening, and undiplomatic have received sharp international criticism. He has been portrayed by his critics in the media as having a "dirty mouth".[308] He had, however, promised to behave in a "prim and proper" manner on the national and international stage once he was to be inaugurated as president, to the point that, "almost, I would become holy."[309]

Throughout his presidency, Duterte has made controversial comments about rape,[310][311][312] human rights, his views on media killings,[313] and has used slurs;[314][315] he has also made controversial statements to international leaders and institutions.[316][317] He has also repeatedly criticized the Catholic Church which has expressed alarm over deaths linked to the war on drugs.[318][319][320][321]

2022 Philippine presidential election

Further information: Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go 2022 presidential campaigns
 
Duterte (left) endorsing Bong Go, who filed his certificate of candidacy for vice president on October 2, 2021
 
Duterte (right) during Sara's oath of office as vice president in Davao City on June 19, 2022

In an earlier June 8 interview with Pastor Apollo Quiboloy on SMNI News Channel, Duterte stated that he "sees nobody deserving" to replace him as next Philippine President, but that he would either remain neutral or endorse a candidate.[322] In June 2021, Duterte stated he may run in the 2022 Philippine presidential election as Vice President.[323]

Critics raised the possibility of Duterte extending his term after he announced his candidacy for vice president.[324][325] The PDP–Laban Cusi faction fielded former Philippine National Police chief and Senator Ronald dela Rosa as president,[326] who was widely suspected to be a placeholder for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayor Sara Duterte.[327] On October 2, 2021, Duterte withdrew his candidacy and announced his retirement from politics, with long-time aide and Senator Bong Go replacing him as the vice presidential candidate.[328]

On November 13, 2021, hours after Sara unexpectedly decided instead to run as vice president under the Lakas–CMD party, dela Rosa withdrew and was replaced by Go.[329] Duterte later backtracked on his planned retirement and announced his plan to run for vice president as an expression of dismay for Sara's decision to settle for the vice presidential race when polls showed she was the preferred candidate for presidency.[330] He later withdrew after deciding not to face his daughter in the vice presidential race, and instead announced his intent on running as senator,[331] while endorsing a Go–Sara tandem.[332]

Sara, however, decided to run in tandem with Bongbong Marcos, who announced his presidential candidacy.[333] Go expressed his disinterest in the presidential position and said his heart and mind contradicted his actions.[334] On December 14, 2021, hours after Go withdrew his candidacy for president, Duterte officially withdrew his senate bid.[335]

Duterte remained influential before the national elections as several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement due to his high popularity.[336][337][338] Allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates after the Cusi faction was left without a standard bearer following Go's withdrawal. The PDP–Laban Cusi faction endorsed presidential candidate Marcos,[339] with some officials calling for Duterte to do the same.[340] Duterte, however, insisted on endorsing only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates,[341][342] and stressed that he will remain neutral, deciding not to endorse any presidential bet[339] and prohibiting his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate[343] to avoid suspicion that he will use public funds for his preferred successor's campaign[344] and to prevent cabinet members from compromising their integrity.[343] Duterte said the next president should be decisive, compassionate, a good judge of a person, and preferably, a lawyer,[339] which a PDP–Laban official interpreted as a "virtual endorsement" for his rival, Vice President Leni Robredo, who also decided to run for president.[345] In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency, but could not say whether Duterte gave Marcos an endorsement.[346][339]


On May 5, 2022, Duterte created a transition committee led by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea to oversee the transition of power to the next administration.[347] According to analysts, Duterte's popularity was "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, who both won landslides in the election.[348]

Impeachment efforts

Main article: Efforts to impeach Rodrigo Duterte
This section is an excerpt from Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte § Impeachment attempt.[edit]
On March 16, 2017, opposition politician Gary Alejano filed an impeachment complaint against Duterte citing thousands of deaths in Duterte's anti-drug campaign, alleged leadership of vigilante group Davao Death Squad, and allegations of graft and corruption.[349][350] Alejano, on March 30, filed a supplemental complaint over Duterte's alleged inaction and "defeatist stance" in the West Philippine Sea, Panatag Shoal, and Benham Rise.[351][352] On May 15, the House Justice Committee officially dismissed the charge by unanimous vote due to insufficient evidence after Alejano said he had no personal knowledge of the alleged offenses, having based his impeachment complaint on news reports and witness testimonies.[353][354]

Public image

 
Duterte meets with the Filipino community in Jakarta, September 9, 2016.

Ardent supporters of Duterte have been labeled as "Diehard Duterte Supporters", alternatively known as "Digong Duterte Supporters", which shares the acronym with the Davao Death Squad (DDS).[355] This label has been applied to the 16 million people who voted for him in the 2016 presidential election.[356]

Duterte developed a reputation as a "protector" and "savior" in his hometown of Davao City as mayor of the city for more than two decades. This is despite reports of death squads in the city.[357]

Duterte has been described as a populist, with his foul-mouthed remarks against the country's elite which positioned him as a "man of the people" as critical to his victory in the 2016 presidential election.[358] He has also been compared to U.S. President Donald Trump for his rhetorical style.[357]

Throughout his career, Duterte's remained hugely popular, attributed to his man-of-the-people style and a perception of strong leadership and success in fighting crime and corruption, while opponents reproach him for his authoritarian style and low tolerance of dissent.[359] Analysts attribute his continued popularity to his emotional connection to the public, citing his charisma and humor, tough-talking manner, his image as a father figure as Tatay Digong (Father Digong), and Filipinos' general interest in strong leaders.[360][361]

A Social Weather Stations study concluded that there are multiple reasons for Duterte's high satisfaction ratings in surveys; these include his strong base support, satisfaction with the administration's overall governance (pamamalakad) and with some policy issues which include helping the poor and the drug war, and his character. Poll respondents who relate to or are attracted to some aspects of his character, such as his perceived decisiveness and diligence tend to be satisfied. On the other hand, those who feel he is vulgar (bastos) tend to be less satisfied.[362]

Supporters

See also: Mocha Uson Blog and Thinking Pinoy

Several other Facebook groups with the acronym "DDS" supported Duterte as early as 2011. Among these groups is the Duterte Defense Squad, which was created on July 5, 2011. Other examples include Digong Duterte Supporters-Registered Nurses Group, Duterte's Destiny is to Serve the Country, Digong Duterte Swerte (lit. Digong Duterte is (Good) Luck), and Davsur Duterte Supporters. In 2015, members of the various groups urged Duterte to run for president.[363]

Approval ratings

SWS Net satisfaction ratings of Rodrigo Duterte (September 2016–June 2022)
Date[364] Rating
Sep 2016 +64
Dec 2016 +63
Mar 2017 +63
Jun 2017 +66
Sep 2017 +48
Dec 2017 +58
Mar 2018 +56
Jun 2018 +45
Sep 2018 +54
Dec 2018 +60
Mar 2019 +66
Jun 2019 +68
Sep 2019 +65
Dec 2019 +72
Nov 2020 +79
May 2021 +65
Jun 2021 +62
Sep 2021 +52
Dec 2021[365] +60
Apr 2022[366] +65
Jun 2022[367] +81

Duterte's approval rating has been relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive.[44] Two weeks into Duterte's presidency, on July 13, 2016, the Social Weather Stations (SWS) conducted the first survey on his presidency since his inauguration on June 30, where Duterte received an "excellent" trust rating of 79% among 1,200 adults nationwide.[368][369] A week later, on July 20, Pulse Asia released a poll conducted on July 2–8 showing 91% of Filipinos trust Duterte, making him the most trusted official in the Philippines since 1999.[370][371] Duterte's net satisfaction rating plunged to its lowest at 45% in July 2018,[372] which recovered to 54% in September 2018,[373] and 60% in December 2018.[374]

Duterte finished the first half of his six-year term with a record net satisfaction rating of 68%.[263] An SWS survey conducted in April 2019 puts Duterte's approval ratings at 79%, higher than any of his predecessors at this stage in their presidencies.[375] Duterte earned an approval rating of 87% on a December 2019 survey conducted by Pulse Asia; this is credited to poverty reduction and the general success in hosting the 2019 SEA Games.[376]

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a Pulse Asia September 2020 "Ulat ng Bayan Survey" ("Report to the Nation Survey"), showed that 84% of Filipinos approve of the government's work to control the spread of the coronavirus disease and the government efforts in assisting those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic; the same survey showed that 92% of survey respondents said that Duterte has "done well" in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the country.[266][267] Duterte's approval rating rose to 60% in December 2021[365] higher than the 52% rating in September 2021,[377] and slightly lower than the 62% rating in June 2021;[362] the survey also noted higher net satisfaction among those vaccinated and those willing to get vaccinated.[365]

Duterte retained his high approval and trust ratings toward the end of his term, according to a PUBLiCUS Asia survey conducted between March 30 to April 6, 2022; the survey showed 67.2% of the 1,500 respondents approved of Duterte's performance over the past 12 months, while only 15.2% disapproved.[378][45] Another survey conducted in 2021 by WR Numero Research revealed that 54.59% of voters want soft continuity of the Duterte's policies, 29.57% want full continuity, while only 15.84% preferred change.[379]

Duterte left office with his highest net satisfaction rating of 81%, according to an SWS survey held between June 26 to 29, 2022.[367] A nationwide survey of 1,500 respondents conducted by PUBLiCUS Asia between June 16 to 22, during Duterte's last month in office, revealed that Duterte is the most popular post-EDSA president, receiving 75% approval of his performance during his six-year tenure, while only 10% expressed disapproval.[380][46]

Political views

Main article: Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte

Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his campaign and presidency, but has stressed that he is for democracy and is not a communist.[381][382]

He was once a member of the leftist Kabataang Makabayan during the 1970s.[383] He himself is a student of prominent Philippine leftist figure and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria Sison.[384][385] However, his relationship with the communists deteriorated during his presidency due to continued rebel attacks on soldiers despite the peace talks.[195][197]

Personal life

Duterte is known for being an avid fan of big bikes, but detests luxury cars. He once owned a second-hand Harley-Davidson and a Yamaha Virago. He was once a habitual smoker, but he eventually quit after a doctor's suggestion due to health concerns. Duterte is an avid reader of Robert Ludlum and Sidney Sheldon novels.[386] Duterte is also known for his straightforward and vocal attitude in public, especially in interviews, showing no hesitation in profusely using profanity live on-screen on numerous occasions despite formal requests by media groups and schools beforehand to abstain.[387]

Duterte has his own local show in Davao City called Gikan Sa Masa, Para Sa Masa ("From the Masses, For the Masses"), which is aired as a blocktimer on ABS-CBN Davao. He is also a member of Lex Talionis Fraternitas, a fraternity based in the San Beda College of Law and the Ateneo de Davao University.[388]

Aside from his native Cebuano, Duterte is also fluent in Filipino and English.[389]

While criticizing political opponent Antonio Trillanes in a 2019 speech, Duterte said that he was once gay but had "cured himself" before meeting his partner Zimmerman.[314]

Since being the mayor of Davao City, Duterte has held an annual tradition of visiting children with cancer in the city and giving them Christmas gifts.[390]

Family

 
Duterte (seated, left) with his first family after delivering his 3rd State of the Nation Address in 2018
 
Duterte with Avanceña along with their daughter, Veronica

Duterte's father, Vicente, died in 1968 while his mother, Soledad, died on February 4, 2012, at the age of 95.[391] Zimmerman was diagnosed with stage 3 breast cancer in 2015.[392]

Duterte was once married to Elizabeth Abellana Zimmerman, a flight attendant of Jewish and German American descent from Davao City.[393][394] She traces her roots in Tuburan, Cebu.[395] They together have three children (from eldest to youngest): Paolo ("Pulong"), Sara ("Inday Sara") and Sebastian ("Baste").[393] Paolo and Sara entered politics while Baste, with no interest in politics, concentrated on business and surfing but eventually ran and won as Davao City Vice Mayor in 2019.[396][397]

Duterte has been publicly very open about his infidelity and philandering while married to Zimmerman and cited it as the reason for his failed first marriage when asked in interviews. In 1998, Zimmerman filed a petition in the Regional Trial Court in Pasig to nullify her marriage. Duterte never appeared in court and did not contest Zimmerman's petition. Two years later, the court decided in her favor, ending the 27-year marriage of Duterte and Zimmerman. Duterte and Zimmerman have been on good terms in recent years with Zimmerman stating, "Yes, [Rodrigo] is really a very good leader. That is all he is. But when it comes to family, he is not capable of taking care of it." In 2001, Zimmerman eventually ran for a seat on the city council but lost. Duterte and Zimmerman are said to have patched things up and appear to be civil to each other, 15 years after their marriage was declared null and void. Zimmerman eventually joined the campaign trail for Duterte's presidential candidacy in early 2016 called Byaheng Du30 in which she would travel by bus to major cities together with her daughter Sara and a number of delegates.[392]

Duterte is currently living with his common-law wife Cielito "Honeylet" Avanceña, a nurse, with whom he has one daughter named Veronica ("Kitty"). Duterte has eleven grandchildren, half of whom are Muslims and the other half Christian,[398] and one great grandchild.[399]

On his paternal side, he shares familial ties with some of the prominent families of the Visayas, particularly the Almendrases and Duranos of Danao, Cebu.[c]

Religion

 
Duterte (center) and his cabinet members pray before the start of the 6th Cabinet Meeting on September 14, 2016.

Despite being raised as a communicant of the Catholic Church, on January 19, 2016, while meeting with businessmen in Binondo, Manila, Duterte clarified that he has not attended Mass for quite some time already since he deemed it incompatible with his mayoral responsibilities: "If I listened to the Ten Commandments or to the priests," said Duterte, "I would not be able to do anything as a mayor." He then clarified that he still believed in God, but not in religion.[401] On June 26, 2016, Duterte said he is Christian, but also said that he believes "in one God Allah".[402][403] Later, he challenged the Catholic Church to show evidence of the existence of God, while claiming he is neither an atheist nor an agnostic but happens "to be a human being believing in that there's a universal mind somewhere which controls the universe".[404] He has also called God "stupid".[405]

In July 2018, he called himself "spiritual" and expressed his belief in "one Supreme God", but stated he "can't accept" Catholicism or organized religion.[406] In 2019, he was quoted as saying: "a part of me which is Islam".[407]

Health

 
Duterte distributes awards to Filipino athletes on October 16, 2019.

Duterte has Buerger's disease, an inflammation of blood vessels, mostly in the limbs, and Barrett's esophagus, wherein esophageal cells are gradually replaced by gastrointestinal cells. He has denied rumors of throat cancer.[408]

Duterte admitted in December 2016 that he had been a user of the addictive opioid drug Fentanyl. He said that a doctor prescribed the drug to alleviate back pain and headaches, but that he would take more than he was prescribed.[409] Fentanyl is described by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse as "a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic that is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent".[410] Duterte later denied that he was a drug addict, and a spokesman stated that he was not affected by side-effects of the drug, which include confusion, anxiety and hallucinations.[411]

Duterte has boasted about his use of Viagra: "When I was young, I could do overnight, which is more expensive. When I got old, I could do short time only because I have such a short time left. After one erection, that's it. No more. Without Viagra, it's even more difficult."[412][413]

A psychological assessment of Duterte was commissioned by Dr. Natividad Dayan during Duterte's marriage annulment to Elizabeth Zimmerman in July 1998. The result was that Duterte (then Davao City mayor) was found to have "antisocial narcissistic personality disorder", exemplified by "gross indifference, insensitivity and self-centeredness", and a "grandiose sense of self-entitlement and manipulative behaviours". According to the assessment, he had a "pervasive tendency to demean, humiliate others and violate their rights and feelings", and was "unable to reflect on the consequences of his actions."[414]

In a speech to the Filipino community in Russia, Duterte revealed that he has myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease, which makes his eye droop.[415][416]

Honors and awards

National honors

Foreign honors

Duterte was conferred an honorary doctorate degree for international relations or foreign diplomacy[418] from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations on October 5, 2019.[419]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Officer-in-charge from 1986 to 1987
  2. ^ According to Duterte, he never left PDP–Laban; he was the Davao City chairman of the Liberal Party in 2009, and was nationally affiliated with the Liberal Party in the 2010 and 2013 elections.[1][2]
  3. ^ Brothers Facundo & Severo Duterte both married women from Danao; Severo's daughter Beatriz married post-War business magnate Ramon M. Durano, Sr. Their descendants constitute the modern-day political family of the Duranos of Danao, Cebu. Ramon M. Durano, Sr.'s sister Elisea married Paulo Almendras, and their descendants constitute the modern-day Almendrases of Cebu. One of their descendants, Jose Rene Almendras is a former Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (acting).[400]

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January 17, 2023
rodrigo, duterte, du30, duterte, redirect, here, presidential, campaign, stylized, du30, 2016, presidential, campaign, others, with, surname, duterte, surname, this, philippine, name, middle, name, maternal, family, name, surname, paternal, family, name, duter. DU30 and Duterte redirect here For his presidential campaign stylized as DU30 see Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign For others with the surname see Duterte surname In this Philippine name the middle name or maternal family name is Roa and the surname or paternal family name is Duterte Rodrigo Roa Duterte KGCR English d e ˈ t ɜːr t eɪ Tagalog ɾɔˈdɾɪgo ˈɾɔwa dʊˈtɛɾtɛ listen born March 28 1945 also known as Digong Rody 6 and by the initials DU30 and PRRD 7 8 is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022 He is the chairperson of PDP Laban the ruling political party in the Philippines during his presidency Duterte is the first president of the Philippines to be from Mindanao 9 10 and is the oldest person to assume office beginning his term at age 71 11 Rodrigo DuterteKGCROfficial portrait 201616th President of the PhilippinesIn office June 30 2016 June 30 2022Vice PresidentLeni RobredoPreceded byBenigno Aquino IIISucceeded byBongbong MarcosMayor of Davao CityIn office June 30 2013 June 30 2016Vice MayorPaolo DutertePreceded bySara DuterteSucceeded bySara DuterteIn office June 30 2001 June 30 2010Vice MayorLuis Bonguyan 2001 2007 Sara Duterte 2007 2010 Preceded byBenjamin de GuzmanSucceeded bySara DuterteIn office February 2 1988 June 30 1998Vice MayorDominador Zuno acting Luis Bonguyan Benjamin de GuzmanPreceded byJacinto RubillarSucceeded byBenjamin de GuzmanVice Mayor of Davao CityIn office June 30 2010 June 30 2013MayorSara DutertePreceded bySara DuterteSucceeded byPaolo DuterteIn office May 2 1986 November 27 1987 a MayorZafiro RespicioPreceded byCornelio MaskarinoSucceeded byGilbert AbelleraMember of the Philippine House of Representativesfrom Davao City s 1st congressional districtIn office June 30 1998 June 30 2001Preceded byProspero NogralesSucceeded byProspero NogralesNational Chairman of PDP LabanIncumbentAssumed office February 7 2016Party presidentKoko Pimentel 2016 2020 Manny Pacquiao 2020 2021 Alfonso Cusi 2021 2022 Jose Alvarez 2022 present Preceded byIsmael SuenoChairman of the Liberal Party in Davao CityIn office 2009 February 21 2015LeaderBenigno Aquino IIIPreceded byPeter T LavinaPersonal detailsBornRodrigo Roa Duterte 1945 03 28 March 28 1945 age 77 Maasin Leyte Philippine Commonwealth U S Political partyPDP Laban 2001 2009 2015 present b 1 2 Other politicalaffiliationsKabataang Makabayan 3 1970s Lakas ng Dabaw 1988 4 Nacionalista 1990 1998 5 LAMMP 1998 2001 Liberal 2009 2015 1 2 Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod local party since 2011 Coalition for Change since 2016 SpouseElizabeth Zimmerman m 1973 ann 2000 wbr Domestic partnerHoneylet AvancenaChildrenPaolo Sara Sebastian VeronicaParent s Vicente DuterteSoledad RoaResidenceDavao CityEducationHoly Cross College of Digos secondary Alma materLyceum of the Philippines University B A San Beda College LL B SignatureBorn in Maasin Leyte now in Southern Leyte Duterte moved to Davao as a child where his father Vicente Duterte served as provincial governor He studied political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines University graduating in 1968 before obtaining a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972 He then worked as a lawyer and was a prosecutor for Davao City before becoming vice mayor and subsequently mayor of the city in the wake of the 1986 People Power Revolution Duterte won seven terms and served as mayor of Davao for over 22 years during which the once crime ridden city became peaceful and investor friendly 12 13 Duterte s 2016 presidential campaign led to his election victory During his presidency his domestic policy focused on combating the illegal drug trade by initiating the controversial war on drugs fighting crime and corruption 14 15 16 and intensified efforts against terrorism and communist insurgency He launched a massive infrastructure plan 17 18 initiated liberal economic reforms 19 streamlined government processes 20 and proposed a shift to a federal system of government which was ultimately unsuccessful 21 He also oversaw the controversial burial of Ferdinand Marcos 22 23 the 2017 Battle of Marawi 24 and the government s response to the COVID 19 pandemic 25 He declared the intention to pursue an independent foreign policy and strengthened relations with China and Russia 26 He initially announced his candidacy for vice president in the 2022 election but in October 2021 said he was retiring from politics the next month he filed his candidacy for senator but withdrew it on December 14 27 Duterte s political positions have been described as populist 28 29 30 as well as nationalist 31 32 33 His political success has been aided by his vocal support for the extrajudicial killing of drug users and other criminals 34 His career has sparked numerous protests and attracted controversy particularly over human rights issues and his controversial comments Duterte has repeatedly confirmed to have personally killed criminal suspects during his term as mayor of Davao 35 36 Extrajudicial killings that were allegedly committed by the Davao Death Squad between 1998 and 2016 during Duterte s mayoralty have also been scrutinized by human rights groups and the Office of the Ombudsman 37 38 the victims were mainly alleged drug users alleged petty criminals and street children 39 40 The International Criminal Court opened a preliminary investigation into Duterte s drug war in 2018 41 prompting Duterte to withdraw the Philippines from the body in response 42 He is the only president in the history of the Philippines not to declare his assets and liabilities 43 Duterte s popularity and domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency and by the end of his term he was the most popular post EDSA president 44 45 46 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Education and early law career 1 2 Sexual abuse claims 1 3 Shooting of student at law school 2 Mayor of Davao City 2 1 Law and order 2 2 Alleged involvement to the Davao Death Squad 2 3 Federalism advocacy 3 2016 Presidential campaign 3 1 Constitutional reform 3 2 Rape comments 3 3 Human rights 3 4 Election to the presidency 4 Presidency 2016 2022 4 1 Early actions 4 2 Domestic policy 4 2 1 Economic policy 4 2 2 Infrastructure development 4 2 3 War on drugs 4 2 4 Mindanao insurgency 4 2 5 Communist insurgency 4 2 6 Energy and climate 4 2 7 Government streamlining 4 2 8 Health care 4 2 9 Education 4 3 Foreign policy 4 4 Administration and cabinet 4 5 Criticisms 4 5 1 Anti drug campaign 4 5 2 Human rights concerns 4 5 3 COVID 19 pandemic 4 5 4 International policy 4 5 5 Tax reform 4 5 6 Controversial remarks 4 6 2022 Philippine presidential election 4 7 Impeachment efforts 5 Public image 5 1 Supporters 5 2 Approval ratings 6 Political views 7 Personal life 7 1 Family 7 2 Religion 7 3 Health 8 Honors and awards 8 1 National honors 8 2 Foreign honors 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksEarly lifeRodrigo Roa Duterte was born on March 28 1945 in Maasin Southern Leyte 47 His father was Vicente Gonzales Duterte 1911 1968 a Cebuano lawyer and his mother Soledad Gonzales Roa 1916 2012 was a schoolteacher from Cabadbaran Agusan and a civic leader of Maranao descent Duterte has said that his grandfather was Chinese and hailed from Xiamen in Fujian China 48 Duterte has four siblings Eleanor Jocelyn Emmanuel and Benjamin 49 Duterte s father was mayor of Danao Cebu and subsequently the provincial governor of the then undivided Davao province Rodrigo s cousin Ronald was mayor of Cebu City from 1983 to 1986 Ronald s father Ramon Duterte also held that position from 1957 to 1959 The Dutertes consider the Cebu based political families of the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives 50 51 Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his mother s side 52 Duterte s family lived in Maasin and in his father s hometown in Danao until he was four years old 53 The Dutertes initially moved to Mindanao in 1948 but still went back and forth to the Visayas until 1949 54 They finally settled in the Davao Region in 1950 Vicente worked as a lawyer engaged in private practice Soledad worked as a teacher until 1952 when Vicente entered politics 55 Education and early law career Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin for a year 52 He spent his remaining elementary days at Santa Ana Elementary School in Davao City where he completed his primary education in 1956 He finished his secondary education in the High School Department of Holy Cross College of Digos now Cor Jesu College in Digos Davao province after being expelled twice from previous schools including one in the Ateneo de Davao University AdDU High School due to misconduct 56 He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila 57 58 He obtained a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972 59 In the same year he passed the bar exam 60 Duterte eventually became a special counsel at the City Prosecution Office in Davao City from 1977 to 1979 fourth assistant city prosecutor from 1979 to 1981 third assistant city prosecutor from 1981 to 1983 and second assistant city prosecutor from 1983 to 1986 61 62 Sexual abuse claims Duterte has claimed he was sexually abused by a priest when he was a minor 63 After he was challenged by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines CBCP and AdDU officials to name the priest and file a case against him Duterte then revealed the priest s name as Mark Falvey d 1975 63 The Jesuits of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines confirmed that according to press reports in the United States in May 2007 the Society of Jesus agreed to a tentative payout of US 16 million to settle claims that Falvey sexually abused at least nine children in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1975 Accusations against Falvey began in 2002 but he was never charged with a crime In May 2008 the Diocese of Sacramento paid a 100 000 settlement to a person allegedly raped and molested by Mark s brother Arthur Falvey However it was not clearly indicated in the report if Mark Falvey was assigned at the Jesuit run Ateneo de Davao 64 When asked why he did not complain when the abuse supposedly happened Duterte claimed that he was too young to complain about the priest s abuse and was intimidated by authorities at that time He also stated that he never disclosed that information after he was expelled and moved to a different high school and especially not to his family 65 Shooting of student at law school Duterte stated at a rally in April 2016 that he shot a fellow student who had bullied him about his Visayan origin as well as other students of the same ethnicity while at San Beda law college He said But the truth is I m used to shooting people When we were about to graduate from San Beda I shot a person Duterte said that he shot the student in a corridor at the college when the said student called him names again He later told a reporter that the student survived but refused to answer any further questions about the incident 66 However in an interview aired on 24 Oras and published on the official GMA News Online website on April 22 2016 retired labor arbiter Arthur Amansec said Duterte and Octavio Goco at that time were both playing with a gun as it was normal for students to bring guns to school in the seventies Amansec is Duterte s former classmate in San Beda College who witnessed the incident He added that the bullet hit the school s wooden floor and was embedded there Amansec emphasized that Duterte and Goco remained friends until Goco died in the United States years later 67 Mayor of Davao CitySee also 1989 Davao hostage crisis Then Mayor Duterte left with then President Benigno Aquino III during a meeting with local government unit leaders in Davao City in 2013 After the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos Duterte was appointed officer in charge vice mayor by President Corazon Aquino 68 In 1988 he ran for mayor as an independent and won 5 serving until 1998 He set a precedent by designating deputy mayors to represent the administrative districts as well as the Lumad and Moro peoples in the city government This was later copied by other cities in other parts of the Philippines In December 1990 Duterte joined the Nacionalista Party upon the persuasion of Senator Juan Ponce Enrile 5 69 In 1998 because he was term limited to run again for mayor he ran for the House of Representatives and won as congressman of the 1st district of Davao City under the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino coalition In 2001 he ran again for mayor of Davao and was elected for a fourth term He was re elected in 2004 70 and in 2007 71 In 1995 after Flor Contemplacion a Filipina was executed in Singapore after confessing to a double murder Duterte allegedly burned a flag of Singapore though this claim was later denied and joined 1 000 employees of Davao City in protest 72 73 Then newly elected Davao City Vice Mayor Duterte reading his inaugural speech in June 2010 In 2010 he was elected vice mayor succeeding his daughter Sara Duterte Carpio who was elected as mayor 74 In 2013 Davao City sent rescue and medical teams to Tacloban to give aid to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan locally known in the country as Typhoon Yolanda Financial assistance was also given to Bohol and Cebu for earthquake victims 75 Duterte also passed Davao City s Women Development Code which aims to uphold the rights of women and the belief in their worth and dignity as human beings 76 77 Duterte banned swimsuit competitions in beauty pageants in Davao City 78 He gained prominence for supporting the first ever Gawad Kalinga Village inside a jail facility in Davao City It is a home type jail with ten cottages built inside the compound which now serve as homes for female inmates 79 Law and order During Duterte s tenure as mayor Davao City experienced economic boom and a significant decrease in crime from being a conflict ridden area between communists and right wing groups during the 1970s and 80s and is constantly rated as among the safest in the country 80 13 The city also ranks high in the world according to crowdsourced survey site Numbeo 81 82 a narrative that gained currency in the national media creating a widespread public perception that has been a significant factor in establishing support for his nationwide drug policy 83 84 85 The city was also awarded Most Child Friendly City for Highly Urbanized Category in 1998 1999 2013 and 2014 86 87 Under Duterte s watch the city council imposed a prohibition on selling serving drinking and consuming alcoholic beverages from 01 00 until 08 00 each morning Duterte signed Executive Order No 39 reducing the speed limits for all kinds of motor vehicles within the territorial jurisdiction of Davao City in the interest of public safety and order 88 Duterte also signed Executive Order No 04 creating the implementing of rules and regulations for a new comprehensive anti smoking ordinance 89 A firecracker Ban was also implemented by the City Council through the support of Duterte 90 Davao acquired 10 ambulances for central 911 intended for medical emergencies and 42 mobile patrol vehicles and motorcycles for the Davao City Police Office 91 Duterte through Executive Order No 24 ordered all shopping malls and commercial centers to install operate and maintain high end and high definition closed circuit television CCTV cameras at all entrance and exit points of their premises 92 In early September 2015 an incident was reported of a tourist being forced to swallow his own cigarette butt in a local bar in Davao City after the tourist refused to comply with the public anti smoking ordinance of the city Duterte was contacted by the bar owner and the then mayor personally went into the bar and forced the tourist to swallow his cigarette butt Duterte was then met with criticisms especially from the Commission on Human Rights CHR 93 Alleged involvement to the Davao Death Squad Duterte speaks with Davao City residents in 2009 Main article Davao Death Squad Further information Philippine drug war Senate committee and Philippine drug war Arturo Lascanas Duterte has been linked by human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to extrajudicial killings of over 1 400 alleged criminals and street children by vigilante death squads 34 94 In the April 2009 UN General Assembly of the Human Rights Council the UN report Eleventh Session Agenda item 3 par 21 said The Mayor of Davao City has done nothing to prevent these killings and his public comments suggest that he is in fact supportive 95 Duterte stressed that the concept of human rights for criminals is Western and should not apply to the Philippines 96 We re the ninth safest city How do you think I did it How did I reach that title among the world s safest cities Kill them all criminals Duterte May 15 2015 96 Duterte has denied responsibility for the extrajudicial killings He has also frequently announced his support for them 34 97 98 In 2015 Duterte confirmed his links to extrajudicial killings in Davao and warned that if elected president he may kill up to 100 000 criminals After the said confirmation Duterte challenged human rights officials to file a case against him if they could provide evidence of his links with vigilante groups 99 Federalism advocacy Main article Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte In September 2014 Duterte and former mayors and governors calling themselves the Mindanao Council of Leaders advocated for a federalist government 100 A month later Duterte attended an event sponsored by the Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City 101 In December 2014 Duterte held a summit entitled Mindanaons Forging Unity Toward a Federal System of Government 102 2016 Presidential campaignMain article 2016 Philippine presidential election See also Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign Duterte Cayetano 2016 campaign logo Duterte 3rd from right and allies campaigning in Pandacan Manila As early as the first quarter of 2015 Duterte made hints to the media of his intention to run for president in the 2016 elections However he denied these plans numerous times amidst clamor from his supporters for him to run In January Duterte said he would abolish Congress if he chose to run for president and was elected 103 On November 21 in a private gathering with fraternity brothers from San Beda College of Law Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and also finally accepted Alan Peter Cayetano s offer to be his running mate and named his daughter Sara Duterte as his substitute for Mayor 104 105 In his campaign he said he would introduce a federal parliamentary form of government He also promised to kill tens of thousands of criminals and eradicate crime in six months 106 107 Constitutional reform Main article Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte Duterte campaigned for decentralization and a shift to a federal government during the 2016 presidential election In an October 2014 forum organized by Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City prior to joining the presidential race the then mayor of Davao City called for the creation of two federal states for Moro people as a solution to the problems besetting Mindanao 108 Mayor Duterte said that Nur Misuari and his Moro National Liberation Front do not see eye to eye with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which the administration of President Benigno Aquino III had inked a peace deal with He also said that the template of the Bangsamoro Basic Law is federal but what is granted to the Bangsamoro should also be granted to other Moro groups and other regions in the country 109 In a dialogue with the Makati Business Club prior to the elections Duterte said he is open to toning down the Constitution to accommodate more foreign investors to the Philippines 110 He also said he is open to up to 70 percent foreign ownership of businesses in the country and foreign lease of lands up to 60 years but will leave it to Congress to decide 110 Rape comments Further information Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign Rape of an Australian missionary At a campaign rally on April 12 2016 Duterte told supporters that as mayor he thought he should have been first to rape Jacqueline Hamill an Australian missionary who was gang raped and killed during the 1989 Davao hostage crisis He recalled examining her corpse and saying that he should have gone first 111 After being condemned for his comments Duterte apologized for the incident and claimed the comment was a bad remark and that he regretted his gutter language but would not apologize for being misinterpreted He said that the comment was not a joke as was reported by some media outlets and that he made it out of utter anger when recalling the events 112 After the United States and Australia s ambassadors to the Philippines criticized him for the comments Duterte threatened to sever diplomatic ties with the countries if elected 107 His daughter Sara Duterte subsequently announced on social media that she was a rape victim but would still vote for her father He said that he doubted her story and called her a drama queen 113 2016 Philippine electoral vote results Human rights In a campaign speech on April 27 2016 where he spoke to business leaders he said his presidency would be a bloody one but that he would issue a thousand pardons a day to police and soldiers accused of human rights abuses and would also issue a presidential pardon to himself for mass murder at the end of his six year term 107 Election to the presidency On May 30 2016 the 16th Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Duterte as the president elect of the Philippines after he topped the official count by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016 presidential election with 16 601 997 votes 6 6 million more than his closest rival Mar Roxas 114 115 116 Camarines Sur representative Leni Robredo on the other hand was proclaimed as the vice president elect of the Philippines with 14 418 817 votes narrowly defeating Senator Bongbong Marcos by 263 473 votes 117 Presidency 2016 2022 Main article Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte See also Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte and Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte Presidential styles of Rodrigo Duterte 118 119 Reference stylePresident Duterte His Excellency rarely used 119 Spoken styleYour Excellency rarely used Alternative styleMr President President Mayor 120 Early actions Further information First 100 days of Rodrigo Duterte s presidency President elect Duterte left and outgoing President Benigno Aquino III at Malacanang Palace on inauguration day June 30 2016 The presidency of Duterte began at noon on June 30 2016 when he became the sixteenth president of the Philippines succeeding Benigno Aquino III At the age of 71 Duterte became the oldest person ever elected to the presidency Duterte is also the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the Office of the President the second Cebuano to become president after Sergio Osmena the third Cebuano speaking president after Osmena and Carlos P Garcia the first Visayan from Mindanao and the fourth Visayan overall after Osmena Manuel Roxas and Garcia 121 Shortly after his inauguration on June 30 Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda which included the country s disaster risk reduction management decongesting Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila the country s main gateway and expressed his ideas and concerns regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea prior to the announcement of the verdict of the Philippines arbitration case against China over the issue 122 which the Philippines later won 123 Four days later on July 4 he issued his first executive order allowing his Cabinet Secretary to supervise over several agencies that focus on poverty reduction 124 He called for the reimposition of capital punishment in the country to execute criminals involved in heinous crimes such as illegal drug trade insisting on hanging 125 During his first 100 days in office Duterte issued an executive order on freedom of information 126 launched an intensified campaign against illegal drugs sought to resume peace talks with communist insurgents formulated a comprehensive tax reform plan led efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law made efforts to streamline government transactions launched the nationwide 9 1 1 rescue and 8888 complaint hotlines established a one stop service center for overseas Filipino workers and increased in the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel 127 Duterte made moves to limit US visiting troops in the country and has reached out to China and Russia to improve relations He launched tirades against international critics particularly United States President Barack Obama the US government the United Nations and the European Union which expressed condemnation to his unprecedented war on drugs that led to the deaths of about 3 300 people half of which were killed by unknown assailants and the arrest of 22 000 drug suspects and surrender of about 731 000 people 127 128 source source source source source source source source source source source Duterte takes his oath of office as the 16th president of the Philippines on June 30 2016 Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city s central business district on September 3 Duterte declared a state of lawlessness and on the following day issued Proclamation No 55 to officially declare a state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in Mindanao 129 130 On December 7 Duterte signed Executive Order No 10 creating a consultative committee to review the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines 131 While adjusting to working and residing at the Malacanang Palace Duterte divides his workweek between Manila and Davao City by spending three days in each city utilizing the Malacanang of the South while in Davao 132 A Pulse Asia survey conducted from July 2 8 showed that Duterte had a trust rating of 91 the highest of the six presidents since the Marcos dictatorship the previous highest was Duterte s predecessor Benigno Aquino III with 87 133 One year after taking office his trust rating was 81 134 In December 2016 Duterte was ranked 70th on Forbes list of The World s Most Powerful People 135 136 Domestic policy Economic policy Further information DuterteNomics Duterte s socioeconomic policies referred to as DuterteNomics include tax reform infrastructure development social protection programs and other policies to promote economic growth and human development in the country 137 138 Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III has said that the government required what he describes as an audacious economic strategy in order for the Philippines to catch up with its more vibrant neighbors by 2022 and help it achieve high income economy status within a generation The term DuterteNomics was coined to describe the economic policy of the Duterte administration Duterte initiated liberal economic reforms to attract foreign investors 139 In March 2022 he signed Republic Act No 11647 which amended the Foreign Investment Act of 1991 effectively relaxing restrictions on foreign investments by allowing foreigners to invest in a local enterprise up to 100 of its capital 140 He signed Republic Act No 11659 amending the 85 year old Public Service Act allowing full foreign ownership of public services which include airports expressways railways telecommunications and shipping industries in the country 141 Duterte reformed the country s tax system in an effort to make the country s tax system fairer simpler and more efficient 142 In December 2017 he signed Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law TRAIN Law which excludes those earning an annual taxable income of 250 000 and below from paying the personal income tax while raising higher excise taxes on vehicles sugar sweetened beverages petroleum products tobacco and other non essential goods 143 Revenues collected from the TRAIN law will help fund the administration s massive infrastructure program 144 145 In March 2021 to attract more investments and maintain fiscal stability Duterte signed the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises CREATE Act reducing the 30 percent corporate income tax rate to 25 percent for firms with assets above 100 million and to 20 percent for smaller firms 146 Duterte raised sin taxes on tobacco and vapor products in July 2019 and alcohol beverages and electronic cigarettes in January 2020 to fund the Universal Health Care Act and reduce incidence of deaths and diseases associated with smoking and alcohol consumption 147 148 Infrastructure development Main article Build Build Build The Athletic Stadium of the New Clark City sports complex completed on October 12 2019 50 days before the opening of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games 149 To reduce poverty encourage economic growth and reduce congestion in Metro Manila the Duterte administration launched its comprehensive infrastructure program Build Build Build 150 on April 18 2017 151 The program which forms part of the administration s socioeconomic policy 150 aimed to usher in the country s Golden Age of Infrastructure by increasing the share of spending on public infrastructure in the country s gross domestic product GDP from 5 4 percent in 2017 to 7 4 percent in 2022 152 153 The administration in 2017 shifted its infrastructure funding policy from public private partnerships PPPs of previous administrations to government revenues and official development assistance ODA particularly from Japan and China 154 but has since October 2019 engaged with the private sector for additional funding 155 156 The administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects IFPs under the Build Build Build program from 75 to 100 in November 2019 157 158 then to 104 and finally to 112 in 2020 159 expanding its scope to include health information and communications technology and water infrastructure projects to support the country s economic growth and recovery from the COVID 19 pandemic Some major projects include 158 the Subic Clark Railway 160 the North South Commuter Railway from New Clark City to Calamba Laguna 160 the Metro Manila Subway 161 the expansion of Clark International Airport 160 the Mindanao Railway Tagum Davao Digos Segment 162 and the Luzon Spine Expressway Network 163 164 By April 2022 12 IFPs have been completed by the administration while 88 IFPs which were on their advanced stage have been passed on to the succeeding administration for completion 159 From June 2016 to July 2021 a total of 29 264 kilometres 18 184 mi of roads 5 950 bridges 11 340 flood control projects 222 evacuation centers and 150 149 elementary and secondary classrooms and 653 COVID 19 facilities under the Build Build Build program had been completed 165 166 War on drugs Main article Philippine Drug War Duterte during an ocular inspection of the seized shabu laboratory in Arayat Pampanga on September 27 2016 Following his inauguration Duterte started a nationwide anti drug campaign urging the Filipinos including the New People s Army to join the fight against illegal drugs 167 According to former Philippine National Police Chief and future senator Ronald dela Rosa the policy is aimed at the neutralization of illegal drug personalities nationwide 168 Estimates of the death toll vary Officially 5 100 drug personalities have been killed as of January 2019 169 Some news organizations and human rights groups claim the death toll is over 12 000 170 171 or over 20 000 172 Duterte campaigned to eliminate illegal drugs in the country within three to six months but later admitted he miscalculated the gravity of the drug problem after taking office as he based his approach to that of Davao City during his tenure as the city s mayor He cited the difficulty in border control against illegal drugs due to the country s long coastline and lamented that government officials and law enforcers themselves were involved in the drug trade 173 Part of the Duterte administration s strategy on anti illegal drugs is the Barangay Drug Clearing Program which aims to eradicate illegal drugs in the country s remaining drug affected barangays 174 As of February 2022 update the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency reported that a total of 24 379 58 out of the 42 045 barangays have been declared drug cleared 6 606 16 barangays were drug unaffected drug free while 11 060 26 have yet to be cleared of illegal drugs 175 Mindanao insurgency Further information Bangsamoro peace process and Moro conflict Duterte welcomes Norwegian Kjartan Sekkingstad following his release from Abu Sayyaf captivity Duterte center with other officials during the presentation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law to the MILF at Malacanang Palace on August 6 2018 Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are struggling for and that they are not terrorists He acknowledged that the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing historical and in territory 176 Duterte was endorsed in the election by Moro National Liberation Front MNLF leader Nur Misuari 177 due to his background in Mindanao 178 Other Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas the Aquino supported pick 179 On November 6 2016 Duterte signed an executive order to expand the Bangsamoro Transition Commission to 21 members from 15 in which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by the government The commission was formed in December 2013 and is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro 180 Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law on July 26 2018 181 182 which abolished the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and provided for the basic structure of government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014 183 Duterte oversaw the five month long Battle of Marawi starting May 2017 declaring martial law throughout Mindanao 184 and extending it for two years to ensure order in the island 185 186 187 188 In June 2017 Duterte ordered the creation of an inter agency task force to facilitate the rehabilitation recovery and reconstruction efforts in the conflict torn city 189 In July 2020 Duterte signed the controversial 190 Anti Terrorism Act of 2020 which aims to give more surveillance powers to government forces in order to curb terror threats and acts 191 Duterte signed proclamations granting amnesty to members of the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in February 2021 192 Communist insurgency Duterte 2nd from right presides over a meeting with the NTF ELCAC at the Malacanang Palace on April 15 2019 Duterte initially pursued peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines CPP and appointed several left leaning individuals to government positions 193 194 195 but cancelled all negotiations in February 2017 following attacks and kidnapping of soldiers by New Peoples Army NPA rebels officially declaring the CPP NPA as a terrorist organization 196 Several officials with leftist affiliations initially appointed by Duterte have either resigned been fired or rejected by the Commission on Appointments 195 197 Duterte created the Task Force Balik Loob in April 2018 for the reintegration of former communist rebels 198 In December 2018 he ordered the creation of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict NTF ELCAC and institutionalized a whole of nation approach in combating extremism and terrorism 199 Duterte officially announced the permanent termination of the peace negotiations with the CPP NPA NDF on March 21 2019 and said the communist rebels call for land reform is already being done under his administration 200 201 On June 23 2021 the Anti Terrorism Council designated the National Democratic Front NDF as a terrorist organization citing it as an integral and inseparable part of the CPP NPA 202 203 On November 29 2021 the NTF ELCAC reported that a total of 20 579 communist rebels surrendered since the start of the Duterte administration 204 Energy and climate The Duterte administration initially adopted a technology neutral policy in energy generation 205 Earlier in his term Duterte stressed that coal remains the most viable source of energy if the Philippines is to accelerate industrialization 206 and questioned the sanctions imposed by the United States and European Union on smaller countries including the Philippines when the country s carbon footprint is not significant compared to the superpowers 207 The administration shifted its energy policy to prefer renewable sources of energy later in Duterte s term 208 At his fourth State of the Nation address in July 2019 Duterte issued an order to cut coal dependence and hasten a transition to renewable energy 209 210 In October 2020 the energy department issued a moratorium on the construction of new coal power plants and favored renewable energy sources 211 On February 28 2022 Duterte issued an executive order approving the inclusion of nuclear power in the country s energy mix 212 213 To hasten the expansion of the nation s power capacity Duterte established the inter agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council tasked with simplifying and streamlining the approval process of big ticket projects 205 On January 21 2022 he signed a law promoting the use of microgrid systems in unserved and underserved areas to accelerate total electrification of the country 214 The administration made initiatives to liberalize the energy sector 208 215 allowing 100 foreign ownership in large scale geothermal projects starting October 2020 216 217 Duterte signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in March 2017 after initially having misgivings about the deal which he says might limit the country s industrialization 218 The Agreement was ratified by the Senate on March 15 2017 219 Duterte said that rich countries producing the most carbon emissions must pay smaller countries for damage caused by climate change 220 Government streamlining Duterte signs the Freedom of Information executive order in Davao City on July 24 2016 Duterte introduced reforms to eliminate red tape in the government 221 and ordered government agencies to remove all processes which are redundant or burdensome to the public 222 Three weeks after assuming office he issued his second executive order establishing Freedom of Information allowing citizens to obtain documents and records from public offices under the executive branch to promote transparency in the government 223 224 In May 2018 Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business Act which aims to create a better business environment by reducing processing time cutting bureaucratic red tape and eliminating corrupt practices in all government agencies 225 226 In December 2020 he enacted a law authorizing the President to expedite the processing and issuance of national and local permits licenses and certifications by suspending its requirements in times of national emergency 227 Duterte institutionalized the 8888 Citizens Complaint Hotline in October 2016 allowing the public to report complaints on poor government front line services and corrupt practices in all government agencies 228 Health care Duterte vowed to improve the health care system 229 230 certifying the Universal Healthcare Bill as an urgent measure as early as July 2018 231 In February 2019 he signed the Universal Health Care Act which automatically enrolls all Filipinos under the government s health insurance program 232 He also enacted the National Integrated Cancer Control Act which establishes a national integrated program to control and prevent cancer by making treatment more accessible and affordable 233 234 and the Philippine Mental Health Law which provides free mental health services down to the barangay level while requiring hospitals to provide psychiatric psychosocial and neurologic services 235 236 In December 2019 Duterte signed a law institutionalizing Malasakit Centers in all hospitals run by the Department of Health allowing indigent patients to efficiently access financial medical assistance from various government agencies 237 Duterte ordered the full implementation of the Reproductive Health Law 238 banned smoking in public places nationwide 239 and set a price cap on select medicines 240 Education Duterte signed the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act in August 2017 providing free college education in all state universities and colleges nationwide 241 He signed a law establishing transnational higher education in the country allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines in an effort to bring international quality standards and expertise into the country 242 243 He also signed medical scholarships for deserving students in state universities and colleges or partner private higher education institutions through the Doktor Para sa Bayan Act on December 23 2020 244 Duterte approved in January 2021 a law institutionalizing the alternative learning system ALS providing free education to those out of school 245 246 In March 2022 he enacted a law granting inclusive education for learners with disabilities 247 On June 9 2020 Duterte signed a law establishing the country s first National Academy of Sports in New Clark City Capas Tarlac 248 Foreign policy See also List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte International trips made by Duterte during his presidency The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue what it describes as an independent foreign policy that would reject any meddling by foreign governments reiterating Article II Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty territorial integrity national interest and the right to self determination In September 2016 Duterte said We will observe and must insist on the time honored principle of sovereignty sovereign equality non interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the interests of our country 249 Duterte made his first international trips as president to Vientiane Laos and Jakarta Indonesia on September 5 9 2016 250 Duterte pursued improved relations with China and Russia 251 and lessened the country s dependence on its traditional ally the United States 252 253 He has adopted a cautious pragmatic and conciliatory stance towards China compared to his predecessor 254 and has set aside the previous administration s confrontational policy of asserting the Philippines claims over the South China Sea and its islands 255 Administration and cabinet Main article List of administration members in the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte Duterte presides over the 29th Cabinet Meeting at the Malacanang Palace on September 11 2018 This paragraph is an excerpt from Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte Administration and cabinet edit On May 31 2016 a few weeks before his presidential inauguration Duterte named his Cabinet 256 which consisted of former military generals childhood friends classmates and leftist politicians 257 Following his presidential inauguration he administered a mass oath taking for his Cabinet officials and held his first Cabinet meeting on June 30 258 259 He appointed his long time personal aide Bong Go as Special Assistant to the President to provide general supervision to the Presidential Management Staff 260 Criticisms See also Protests against Rodrigo Duterte President Duterte and his administration have been criticized for numerous reasons These include his anti drug campaign foreign policies human rights record and extrajudicial killings Duterte has also been criticized for his political views controversial comments and others 261 262 Despite the criticisms on his administration Duterte has relatively high trust and approval ratings In the first half of his six year term with a record net satisfaction rating of 68 263 Duterte s approval rating was at 79 in April 2019 264 and 87 on a December 2019 survey conducted by Pulse Asia 265 Duterte and his administration also got high approval ratings in handling the COVID 19 pandemic 266 267 Anti drug campaign Duterte s anti drug campaign has been criticized both locally and internationally Senator Risa Hontiveros a political opponent of Duterte said that the drug war was a political strategy intended to persuade people that suddenly the historically most important issue of poverty was no longer the most important 268 Various international publications and media companies had claimed that Duterte s War on Drugs was a war against the poor due to the abject poverty of those arrested or killed 269 270 On June 19 2018 38 United Nations member states released a collective statement through the United Nations Human Rights Council UNHRC calling on the Philippines and President Duterte to end the killings in its war on drugs and cooperate in probing in investigating human rights abuses 271 272 273 Duterte believes that the number of deaths are a measure of his success in his war against drugs 274 275 276 and despite constant criticism of his war on drugs Duterte had staunchly defended his administration s efforts at getting rid of filth from the streets 277 278 A large number of Filipinos support Duterte s war on drugs with a 2019 SWS survey showing 82 of 1 200 interviewed Filipinos were overwhelmingly satisfied due to the perception of less drugs and crime in the country 279 280 On August 18 2017 Duterte admitted his mistake in trying to end drugs in six months and it would take him his entire term to end it citation needed Human rights concerns Human Rights Watch HRW called the first year of Duterte in office a human rights calamity HRW estimates that there has been 7 000 deaths from the day Duterte first took office to January 2017 281 The Duterte administration suspended the drugs war in February 2017 in an effort to cleanse the police ranks of supposed corruption also halting the disclosure of figures on deaths related to drug arrests and raids 282 In March 2017 HRW released a special investigation and report on the state of police related shooting titled License To Kill 283 The New York Times had also released a video documentary When A President Says I ll Kill You which depicts Duterte s war on drugs through a local photographer s eyes 284 On August 17 2017 HRW called Duterte a threat to the human rights community after he made threats against human rights activists 285 In January 2020 the International Criminal Court confirmed that an investigation into Duterte s involvement with the death squads was ongoing despite the Philippines having withdrawn from the ICC two years prior because it continued to have jurisdiction over crimes committed when the country was still a member Duterte had withdrawn the country just one month after the opening of the investigation 42 In September 2021 the ICC authorized an official probe after reviewing evidence related to at least 204 victims 286 COVID 19 pandemic Main article Philippine government response to the COVID 19 pandemic Controversies and criticisms Members of the opposition have criticized the government s efforts against the COVID 19 pandemic in the country 287 288 Amid the COVID 19 pandemic the first case of SARS CoV 2 infection in the Philippines was confirmed on January 30 2020 289 This triggered outrage on local social media platforms 290 Other criticisms include Duterte s remarks of ordering to shoot persons who violate quarantine protocols 291 292 and the delay of the vaccines to arrive in the Philippines were also condemned 293 In May 2021 Duterte was criticized for publicly taking the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine before it was approved for use by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration when the general population had access only to a limited supply of Pfizer BioNTech COVID 19 vaccines from Pfizer and lower efficacy CoronaVac vaccines from Sinovac 294 295 296 International policy Militant groups decry the ties between President Duterte and China over the Chinese occupation of contested waters and the reported harassment of the fishermen amidst the territorial disputes in the South China Sea 297 298 Also while the United States is one of the countries critical to Philippine drug war campaign 299 300 301 most of the militant groups 302 particularly left wing groups 303 also criticize Philippine US relations due to the United States imperialism 303 304 and neoliberal policies 305 Tax reform Duterte s tax reform program has garnered both support and criticism Critics have argued that the administration s tax policy would burden the poor 306 The implementation of the TRAIN Law triggered protests from various left wing groups On January 15 protesters gathered at various public market sites calling for the revocation of TRAIN 307 However proponents of the program cite its appeal to foreign investors and economic benefits as the main reasons behind tax reform Controversial remarks Duterte s records on human rights and his long history of comments that have widely been considered to be offensive provocative threatening and undiplomatic have received sharp international criticism He has been portrayed by his critics in the media as having a dirty mouth 308 He had however promised to behave in a prim and proper manner on the national and international stage once he was to be inaugurated as president to the point that almost I would become holy 309 Throughout his presidency Duterte has made controversial comments about rape 310 311 312 human rights his views on media killings 313 and has used slurs 314 315 he has also made controversial statements to international leaders and institutions 316 317 He has also repeatedly criticized the Catholic Church which has expressed alarm over deaths linked to the war on drugs 318 319 320 321 2022 Philippine presidential election Further information Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go 2022 presidential campaigns Duterte left endorsing Bong Go who filed his certificate of candidacy for vice president on October 2 2021 Duterte right during Sara s oath of office as vice president in Davao City on June 19 2022 In an earlier June 8 interview with Pastor Apollo Quiboloy on SMNI News Channel Duterte stated that he sees nobody deserving to replace him as next Philippine President but that he would either remain neutral or endorse a candidate 322 In June 2021 Duterte stated he may run in the 2022 Philippine presidential election as Vice President 323 Critics raised the possibility of Duterte extending his term after he announced his candidacy for vice president 324 325 The PDP Laban Cusi faction fielded former Philippine National Police chief and Senator Ronald dela Rosa as president 326 who was widely suspected to be a placeholder for Duterte s daughter Davao City mayor Sara Duterte 327 On October 2 2021 Duterte withdrew his candidacy and announced his retirement from politics with long time aide and Senator Bong Go replacing him as the vice presidential candidate 328 On November 13 2021 hours after Sara unexpectedly decided instead to run as vice president under the Lakas CMD party dela Rosa withdrew and was replaced by Go 329 Duterte later backtracked on his planned retirement and announced his plan to run for vice president as an expression of dismay for Sara s decision to settle for the vice presidential race when polls showed she was the preferred candidate for presidency 330 He later withdrew after deciding not to face his daughter in the vice presidential race and instead announced his intent on running as senator 331 while endorsing a Go Sara tandem 332 Sara however decided to run in tandem with Bongbong Marcos who announced his presidential candidacy 333 Go expressed his disinterest in the presidential position and said his heart and mind contradicted his actions 334 On December 14 2021 hours after Go withdrew his candidacy for president Duterte officially withdrew his senate bid 335 Duterte remained influential before the national elections as several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement due to his high popularity 336 337 338 Allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates after the Cusi faction was left without a standard bearer following Go s withdrawal The PDP Laban Cusi faction endorsed presidential candidate Marcos 339 with some officials calling for Duterte to do the same 340 Duterte however insisted on endorsing only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates 341 342 and stressed that he will remain neutral deciding not to endorse any presidential bet 339 and prohibiting his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate 343 to avoid suspicion that he will use public funds for his preferred successor s campaign 344 and to prevent cabinet members from compromising their integrity 343 Duterte said the next president should be decisive compassionate a good judge of a person and preferably a lawyer 339 which a PDP Laban official interpreted as a virtual endorsement for his rival Vice President Leni Robredo who also decided to run for president 345 In March 2022 Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency but could not say whether Duterte gave Marcos an endorsement 346 339 On May 5 2022 Duterte created a transition committee led by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea to oversee the transition of power to the next administration 347 According to analysts Duterte s popularity was inherited by Marcos and Sara who both won landslides in the election 348 Impeachment efforts Main article Efforts to impeach Rodrigo Duterte This section is an excerpt from Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte Impeachment attempt edit On March 16 2017 opposition politician Gary Alejano filed an impeachment complaint against Duterte citing thousands of deaths in Duterte s anti drug campaign alleged leadership of vigilante group Davao Death Squad and allegations of graft and corruption 349 350 Alejano on March 30 filed a supplemental complaint over Duterte s alleged inaction and defeatist stance in the West Philippine Sea Panatag Shoal and Benham Rise 351 352 On May 15 the House Justice Committee officially dismissed the charge by unanimous vote due to insufficient evidence after Alejano said he had no personal knowledge of the alleged offenses having based his impeachment complaint on news reports and witness testimonies 353 354 Public image Duterte meets with the Filipino community in Jakarta September 9 2016 Ardent supporters of Duterte have been labeled as Diehard Duterte Supporters alternatively known as Digong Duterte Supporters which shares the acronym with the Davao Death Squad DDS 355 This label has been applied to the 16 million people who voted for him in the 2016 presidential election 356 Duterte developed a reputation as a protector and savior in his hometown of Davao City as mayor of the city for more than two decades This is despite reports of death squads in the city 357 Duterte has been described as a populist with his foul mouthed remarks against the country s elite which positioned him as a man of the people as critical to his victory in the 2016 presidential election 358 He has also been compared to U S President Donald Trump for his rhetorical style 357 Throughout his career Duterte s remained hugely popular attributed to his man of the people style and a perception of strong leadership and success in fighting crime and corruption while opponents reproach him for his authoritarian style and low tolerance of dissent 359 Analysts attribute his continued popularity to his emotional connection to the public citing his charisma and humor tough talking manner his image as a father figure as Tatay Digong Father Digong and Filipinos general interest in strong leaders 360 361 A Social Weather Stations study concluded that there are multiple reasons for Duterte s high satisfaction ratings in surveys these include his strong base support satisfaction with the administration s overall governance pamamalakad and with some policy issues which include helping the poor and the drug war and his character Poll respondents who relate to or are attracted to some aspects of his character such as his perceived decisiveness and diligence tend to be satisfied On the other hand those who feel he is vulgar bastos tend to be less satisfied 362 Supporters See also Mocha Uson Blog and Thinking Pinoy Several other Facebook groups with the acronym DDS supported Duterte as early as 2011 Among these groups is the Duterte Defense Squad which was created on July 5 2011 Other examples include Digong Duterte Supporters Registered Nurses Group Duterte s Destiny is to Serve the Country Digong Duterte Swerte lit Digong Duterte is Good Luck and Davsur Duterte Supporters In 2015 members of the various groups urged Duterte to run for president 363 Approval ratings SWS Net satisfaction ratings of Rodrigo Duterte September 2016 June 2022 Date 364 RatingSep 2016 64Dec 2016 63Mar 2017 63Jun 2017 66Sep 2017 48Dec 2017 58Mar 2018 56Jun 2018 45Sep 2018 54Dec 2018 60Mar 2019 66Jun 2019 68Sep 2019 65Dec 2019 72Nov 2020 79May 2021 65Jun 2021 62Sep 2021 52Dec 2021 365 60Apr 2022 366 65Jun 2022 367 81Duterte s approval rating has been relatively high throughout his presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti narcotics drive 44 Two weeks into Duterte s presidency on July 13 2016 the Social Weather Stations SWS conducted the first survey on his presidency since his inauguration on June 30 where Duterte received an excellent trust rating of 79 among 1 200 adults nationwide 368 369 A week later on July 20 Pulse Asia released a poll conducted on July 2 8 showing 91 of Filipinos trust Duterte making him the most trusted official in the Philippines since 1999 370 371 Duterte s net satisfaction rating plunged to its lowest at 45 in July 2018 372 which recovered to 54 in September 2018 373 and 60 in December 2018 374 Duterte finished the first half of his six year term with a record net satisfaction rating of 68 263 An SWS survey conducted in April 2019 puts Duterte s approval ratings at 79 higher than any of his predecessors at this stage in their presidencies 375 Duterte earned an approval rating of 87 on a December 2019 survey conducted by Pulse Asia this is credited to poverty reduction and the general success in hosting the 2019 SEA Games 376 Amid the COVID 19 pandemic a Pulse Asia September 2020 Ulat ng Bayan Survey Report to the Nation Survey showed that 84 of Filipinos approve of the government s work to control the spread of the coronavirus disease and the government efforts in assisting those who lost their jobs due to the pandemic the same survey showed that 92 of survey respondents said that Duterte has done well in preventing the spread of COVID 19 in the country 266 267 Duterte s approval rating rose to 60 in December 2021 365 higher than the 52 rating in September 2021 377 and slightly lower than the 62 rating in June 2021 362 the survey also noted higher net satisfaction among those vaccinated and those willing to get vaccinated 365 Duterte retained his high approval and trust ratings toward the end of his term according to a PUBLiCUS Asia survey conducted between March 30 to April 6 2022 the survey showed 67 2 of the 1 500 respondents approved of Duterte s performance over the past 12 months while only 15 2 disapproved 378 45 Another survey conducted in 2021 by WR Numero Research revealed that 54 59 of voters want soft continuity of the Duterte s policies 29 57 want full continuity while only 15 84 preferred change 379 Duterte left office with his highest net satisfaction rating of 81 according to an SWS survey held between June 26 to 29 2022 367 A nationwide survey of 1 500 respondents conducted by PUBLiCUS Asia between June 16 to 22 during Duterte s last month in office revealed that Duterte is the most popular post EDSA president receiving 75 approval of his performance during his six year tenure while only 10 expressed disapproval 380 46 Political viewsMain article Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte Duterte described himself as left leaning during his campaign and presidency but has stressed that he is for democracy and is not a communist 381 382 He was once a member of the leftist Kabataang Makabayan during the 1970s 383 He himself is a student of prominent Philippine leftist figure and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines Jose Maria Sison 384 385 However his relationship with the communists deteriorated during his presidency due to continued rebel attacks on soldiers despite the peace talks 195 197 Personal lifeDuterte is known for being an avid fan of big bikes but detests luxury cars He once owned a second hand Harley Davidson and a Yamaha Virago He was once a habitual smoker but he eventually quit after a doctor s suggestion due to health concerns Duterte is an avid reader of Robert Ludlum and Sidney Sheldon novels 386 Duterte is also known for his straightforward and vocal attitude in public especially in interviews showing no hesitation in profusely using profanity live on screen on numerous occasions despite formal requests by media groups and schools beforehand to abstain 387 Duterte has his own local show in Davao City called Gikan Sa Masa Para Sa Masa From the Masses For the Masses which is aired as a blocktimer on ABS CBN Davao He is also a member of Lex Talionis Fraternitas a fraternity based in the San Beda College of Law and the Ateneo de Davao University 388 Aside from his native Cebuano Duterte is also fluent in Filipino and English 389 While criticizing political opponent Antonio Trillanes in a 2019 speech Duterte said that he was once gay but had cured himself before meeting his partner Zimmerman 314 Since being the mayor of Davao City Duterte has held an annual tradition of visiting children with cancer in the city and giving them Christmas gifts 390 Family Duterte seated left with his first family after delivering his 3rd State of the Nation Address in 2018 Duterte with Avancena along with their daughter Veronica Duterte s father Vicente died in 1968 while his mother Soledad died on February 4 2012 at the age of 95 391 Zimmerman was diagnosed with stage 3 breast cancer in 2015 392 Duterte was once married to Elizabeth Abellana Zimmerman a flight attendant of Jewish and German American descent from Davao City 393 394 She traces her roots in Tuburan Cebu 395 They together have three children from eldest to youngest Paolo Pulong Sara Inday Sara and Sebastian Baste 393 Paolo and Sara entered politics while Baste with no interest in politics concentrated on business and surfing but eventually ran and won as Davao City Vice Mayor in 2019 396 397 Duterte has been publicly very open about his infidelity and philandering while married to Zimmerman and cited it as the reason for his failed first marriage when asked in interviews In 1998 Zimmerman filed a petition in the Regional Trial Court in Pasig to nullify her marriage Duterte never appeared in court and did not contest Zimmerman s petition Two years later the court decided in her favor ending the 27 year marriage of Duterte and Zimmerman Duterte and Zimmerman have been on good terms in recent years with Zimmerman stating Yes Rodrigo is really a very good leader That is all he is But when it comes to family he is not capable of taking care of it In 2001 Zimmerman eventually ran for a seat on the city council but lost Duterte and Zimmerman are said to have patched things up and appear to be civil to each other 15 years after their marriage was declared null and void Zimmerman eventually joined the campaign trail for Duterte s presidential candidacy in early 2016 called Byaheng Du30 in which she would travel by bus to major cities together with her daughter Sara and a number of delegates 392 Duterte is currently living with his common law wife Cielito Honeylet Avancena a nurse with whom he has one daughter named Veronica Kitty Duterte has eleven grandchildren half of whom are Muslims and the other half Christian 398 and one great grandchild 399 On his paternal side he shares familial ties with some of the prominent families of the Visayas particularly the Almendrases and Duranos of Danao Cebu c Religion Duterte center and his cabinet members pray before the start of the 6th Cabinet Meeting on September 14 2016 Despite being raised as a communicant of the Catholic Church on January 19 2016 while meeting with businessmen in Binondo Manila Duterte clarified that he has not attended Mass for quite some time already since he deemed it incompatible with his mayoral responsibilities If I listened to the Ten Commandments or to the priests said Duterte I would not be able to do anything as a mayor He then clarified that he still believed in God but not in religion 401 On June 26 2016 Duterte said he is Christian but also said that he believes in one God Allah 402 403 Later he challenged the Catholic Church to show evidence of the existence of God while claiming he is neither an atheist nor an agnostic but happens to be a human being believing in that there s a universal mind somewhere which controls the universe 404 He has also called God stupid 405 In July 2018 he called himself spiritual and expressed his belief in one Supreme God but stated he can t accept Catholicism or organized religion 406 In 2019 he was quoted as saying a part of me which is Islam 407 Health Duterte distributes awards to Filipino athletes on October 16 2019 Duterte has Buerger s disease an inflammation of blood vessels mostly in the limbs and Barrett s esophagus wherein esophageal cells are gradually replaced by gastrointestinal cells He has denied rumors of throat cancer 408 Duterte admitted in December 2016 that he had been a user of the addictive opioid drug Fentanyl He said that a doctor prescribed the drug to alleviate back pain and headaches but that he would take more than he was prescribed 409 Fentanyl is described by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse as a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic that is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent 410 Duterte later denied that he was a drug addict and a spokesman stated that he was not affected by side effects of the drug which include confusion anxiety and hallucinations 411 Duterte has boasted about his use of Viagra When I was young I could do overnight which is more expensive When I got old I could do short time only because I have such a short time left After one erection that s it No more Without Viagra it s even more difficult 412 413 A psychological assessment of Duterte was commissioned by Dr Natividad Dayan during Duterte s marriage annulment to Elizabeth Zimmerman in July 1998 The result was that Duterte then Davao City mayor was found to have antisocial narcissistic personality disorder exemplified by gross indifference insensitivity and self centeredness and a grandiose sense of self entitlement and manipulative behaviours According to the assessment he had a pervasive tendency to demean humiliate others and violate their rights and feelings and was unable to reflect on the consequences of his actions 414 In a speech to the Filipino community in Russia Duterte revealed that he has myasthenia gravis a neuromuscular disease which makes his eye droop 415 416 Honors and awardsNational honors Philippines Knight Grand Cross of Rizal KGCR 2017 417 Foreign honors Duterte was conferred an honorary doctorate degree for international relations or foreign diplomacy 418 from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations on October 5 2019 419 Malaysia Johor Grand Knight of The Most Esteemed Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor 1st Class SMIJ Dato 2019 420 Brunei Sultan of Brunei Golden Jubilee Medal 2017 See alsoList of presidents of the Philippines List of presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience Political positions of Rodrigo DuterteNotes Officer in charge from 1986 to 1987 According to Duterte he never left PDP Laban he was the Davao City chairman of the Liberal Party in 2009 and was nationally affiliated with the Liberal Party in the 2010 and 2013 elections 1 2 Brothers Facundo amp Severo Duterte both married women from Danao Severo s daughter Beatriz married post War business magnate Ramon M Durano Sr Their descendants constitute the modern day political family of the Duranos of Danao Cebu Ramon M Durano Sr s sister Elisea married Paulo Almendras and their descendants constitute the modern day Almendrases of Cebu One of their descendants Jose Rene Almendras is a former Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs acting 400 References a b c Espejo Edwin March 18 2015 Could Duterte be the Liberal Party s wild card bet Rappler Archived from the original on August 6 2020 Retrieved July 16 2020 a b c Esmaquel Paterno II February 21 2015 Duterte re enters PDP Laban amid 2016 prospects Rappler Archived from the original on July 16 2020 Retrieved July 16 2020 Punzalan Jamaine May 3 2016 Duterte eyeing revolutionary gov t with Joma Sison Trillanes News ABS CBN News Manila Retrieved July 2 2016 PNA January 5 1988 Anti communist crusader Manila Standard Davao City Standard Publications Inc p 3 Retrieved June 17 2021 former vice mayor Rodrigo Duterte of the Lakas ng Dabaw a new political party a b c Bigornia Amante E December 29 1990 Davao politics now polarized Manila Standard Kagitingan Publications Inc p 4 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July 4 2020 Retrieved February 10 2022 Gita Carlos Ruth Abbey February 16 2021 Duterte grants amnesty to communist Moro rebels Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on February 16 2021 Retrieved February 10 2022 Andolong Ina June 3 2016 Duterte announces more Cabinet appointments CNN Philippines Archived from the original on June 5 2016 Retrieved March 14 2022 He has so far appointed to his Cabinet two other nominees of the Communist Party of the Philippines National Democratic Front CPP NDF former Anakpawis Rep Rafael Mariano as agrarian reform secretary and Alliance of Concerned Teachers ACT women s committee head Judy Taguiwalo as secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development Lopez Virgil June 3 2016 Joma Sison welcomes Duterte s Cabinet appointees GMA News Online Archived from the original on March 14 2022 Retrieved March 14 2022 a b c Santos Eimor P October 3 2018 Duterte fires left leaning Labor official CNN Philippines Archived from the original on 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March 27 2019 Retrieved February 24 2022 Govt designates NDFP as terrorist organization CNN Philippines July 19 2021 Archived from the original on July 19 2021 Retrieved March 26 2022 Torres Tupas Tetch July 19 2021 Gov t anti terrorism body names NDF as terrorist group Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on July 19 2021 Retrieved March 26 2022 Over 20K rebels abandoned CPP NPA NDF since 2016 NTF ELCAC Philippine News Agency November 29 2021 Archived from the original on November 29 2021 Retrieved February 27 2022 a b Lim Yvonne July 12 2017 The Philippines is aiming for an energy boom with Duterte s latest reform CNBC Archived from the original on July 12 2017 Retrieved March 4 2022 Dela Cruz Enrico Elona Julian July 4 2016 New Philippine Energy Minister Says Can t Afford to Ditch Coal Jakarta Globe Archived from the original on October 20 2020 Retrieved March 4 2022 Duterte Green energy is good but we need coal SunStar December 9 2016 Archived from the original on 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national policy on nuclear energy CNN Philippines March 3 2022 Archived from the original on March 4 2022 Retrieved March 4 2022 Atienza K A T January 24 2022 Duterte signs law to accelerate Philippines total electrification BusinessWorld Archived from the original on January 24 2022 Retrieved March 4 2022 Petty Martin November 23 2016 Philippines president vows to free economy from clutches of oligarchs Reuters Archived from the original on November 23 2016 Retrieved March 4 2022 The outspoken populist leader said it was high time to change regulations and liberalize sectors like energy power and telecoms to make the country more competitive and give Filipinos better services and a share of the wealth Cordero Ted November 1 2020 Philippines allows 100 foreign ownership in large scale geothermal projects Cusi GMA News Online Archived from the original on November 1 2020 Retrieved March 4 2022 Cordero Ted October 31 2020 Right to develop Philippines geothermal resources to be given thru 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from the original on February 18 2020 Retrieved March 20 2022 Corrales Nestor August 4 2017 Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on August 4 2017 Retrieved February 28 2022 Parrocha Azer September 25 2019 Duterte signs Transnational Higher Education Act into law Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on February 28 2022 Retrieved February 28 2022 Balinbin Arjay L September 25 2019 Duterte signs law allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in Philippines BusinessWorld BusinessWorld Publishing Archived from the original on September 26 2019 Retrieved February 28 2022 Parrocha Azer January 5 2021 Duterte signs Doktor Para sa Bayan Act Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on January 5 2021 Retrieved March 17 2022 Duterte OKs Alternative Learning System Act ABS CBN News January 5 2021 Archived from the original on January 22 2021 Retrieved February 28 2022 Cervantes Filane Mikee 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Retrieved December 5 2019 Heydarian Richard Javad May 2 2019 Philippine midterms could extend Duterte s rule Asia Times Vera Ben O de December 20 2019 Duterte approval rating of 87 percent in December attributed to poverty reduction SEA Games high Philippine Daily Inquirer a b Parrocha Azer October 8 2020 8 in 10 Pinoys approve Duterte admin s Covid 19 response Philippine News Agency Archived from the original on November 1 2020 Retrieved November 1 2020 a b Malindog Uy Anna October 11 2020 In Duterte We Trust The ASEAN Post Archived from the original on October 12 2020 Retrieved November 1 2020 Philippines Inside Duterte s killer drug war Al Jazeera September 8 2016 Retrieved October 2 2016 Manila Rishi Iyengar The Killing Time Inside Rodrigo Duterte s Drug War Time Retrieved August 18 2017 Philippines Duterte s war on drugs is a war on the poor Amnesty International February 4 2017 Retrieved August 18 2017 38 nations ask PH Stop killings probe abuses Philippine Daily Inquirer 38 nations seek end to killings Mateo Janvic Mendez Christina June 24 2018 Philippines does not need call from 38 states on HR The Philippine Star Retrieved March 4 2019 Duterte brags about beautiful drug war after deadliest day yet Vice News Retrieved August 17 2017 32 killed in drug war s bloodiest day Duterte says Let s kill 32 every day Malaya Business Insight Archived from the original on October 10 2017 Retrieved August 17 2017 32 alleged criminals killed in shootouts in Philippine province police say CBC News Retrieved August 17 2017 Bunachita Jose Santino S Duterte renews attack on Church as he defends war on drugs Retrieved August 18 2017 seokhwai st December 16 2016 Duterte defends war on drugs slams US in Singapore speech The Straits Times Retrieved August 18 2017 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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