Wikipedia
List of territorial disputes
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Territorial disputes have occurred throughout history, over lands around the world. Bold indicates one claimant's full control; italics indicates one or more claimants' partial control.
Ongoing disputes between UN member/observer states
Africa
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Abyei, Heglig, Jodha, Kafia Kingi and Kaka | Sudan South Sudan | Both Sudan and South Sudan have claimed the area after the civil war that led to South Sudan's independence. Heglig was controlled by South Sudan in mid-April 2012 but retaken by Sudan. Abyei was taken in May 2012. |
| Banc du Geyser | Madagascar Comoros France | Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, a district of the French Southern Territories. |
| Bassas da India, Europa Island and Juan de Nova Island | France Madagascar[1] | De facto a part of the French overseas territory of the French Southern Territories. |
| Ceuta,[2] Melilla, and other plazas de soberanía | Spain Morocco | Ceuta and Melilla are administered by Spain as autonomous cities. An incident on Perejil Island happened in 2002, after which both countries agreed to return to status quo.[3] |
| Chagos Archipelago | United Kingdom Mauritius Maldives[4] Seychelles | The United Kingdom administers the archipelago as part of the British Indian Ocean Territory. An advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice has found the United Kingdom administration to be unlawful and called upon the United Kingdom to complete the process of decolonization with respect to Mauritius. |
| Doumeira Mountain, Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island | Eritrea Djibouti | Basis of the Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict of 2008. Disputed territory occupied by Eritrea following withdrawal of Qatari peacekeepers in June 2017.[5][6] Alternatively transliterated as the Dumaira Mountains.[5] |
| Glorioso Islands | France Madagascar Comoros | De facto a part of the French overseas territory of the French Southern Territories. |
| Hala'ib Triangle | Egypt Sudan[7] | Previously under joint administration; Egypt now maintains full de facto control of the Hala'ib Triangle. The boundaries claimed by Egypt and Sudan both include the Hala'ib Triangle. The area of Bir Tawil close to the triangle is unclaimed by both countries. |
| Ilemi Triangle | Kenya South Sudan | De facto controlled by Kenya. Ethiopian tribes have used and made raids in the land, but the Ethiopian government has never made a claim to it, agreeing it was Sudanese in 1902, 1907 and 1972 treaties.[8][9][10] |
| KaNgwane and Ingwavuma | South Africa Eswatini | Eswatini claims territories which it states were confiscated during colonial times.[11] The area claimed by Eswatini is the former bantustan of KaNgwane, which now forms the northern parts of Jozini and uMhlabuyalingana local municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal, and the southern part of Nkomazi, the southeastern part of Umjindi and the far eastern part of Albert Luthuli local municipalities in Mpumalanga. |
| Koalou village and surrounding area | Burkina Faso Benin | Burkina Faso and Benin retain a border dispute at this 7,75 km2 triangular area of land near the tripoint border with Togo.[12][13] In a 2008 meeting, it was declared that the territory was a neutral zone, neither Burkinabé nor Beninese, making it technically unclaimed.[12] According to the UN Refugee Agency in 2015, there were issues of children being born stateless in the area, however a Beninese civil registration office has taken control of registering births in the area.[14] |
| Kpéaba village area (near Sipilou/Siquita) | Ivory Coast Guinea | The Guinean military occupied this village for 1 month from January to February 2013, before withdrawing in preparation of talks.[15] In December 2016, Guinea soldiers and civilians attacked the village, killing 1 and wounding several others, before returning to their side of the border.[16] According to the Guinean Minister of Defence, the Guinean army had been asked not to send any soldiers to this area and had no involvement in this incident.[17] |
| Area near Logoba/Moyo District | South Sudan Uganda | A 1914 British colonial order defined the international border based on the tribal boundary between the Kuku of Kajokeji (South Sudan) and the Ma'di of Moyo (Uganda). However, the border was never formally demarcated.[18] In 2014, a conflict was triggered by the Ugandan national census when Ugandan officials were detained by South Sudan authorities.[19] |
| Area near Chiengi, Lunchinda-Pweto Province | Zambia Democratic Republic of Congo | Zambia and Congo have different interpretations of the borders set out in an 1894 treaty between British settlers and Leopold II, King of the Belgians. There have been incidents between armies of both countries in 1996, 2006, and 2016. In March 2020, Zambia deployed troops on the Congolese side of the border.[20] |
| Right bank of the Lunkinda River (near the village of Pweto)[21] | Democratic Republic of Congo Zambia | |
| Mayotte | France Comoros[1] | Under the 2009 referendum, the population supported becoming an overseas department of France, and so became one on March 31, 2011. |
| Islands in Mbamba Bay, Lake Nyasa | Tanzania Malawi | Lundo Is. and Mbambo Is. are claimed as part of the lake, as Malawi claims to the shore based on 1890 Anglo-German treaty. See Tanzania–Malawi dispute. |
| Mbañie Island, Cocotiers and Congas Island | Gabon Equatorial Guinea | Contested islands in Corisco Bay, valuable for their oil.[22][23] |
| Migingo Island vicinity, and, farther north, the vicinity of the islands of Lolwe, Oyasi, Remba, Ringiti and Sigulu, all a maritime rights dispute in Lake Victoria. | Kenya Uganda | In 2009, Migingo Island became a disputed territory when Uganda raised its national flag. The dispute is related to fishing rights in Lake Victoria. Before 2004 the island was uninhabited, but now is home to Kenyans and Ugandans fisherpeople.[24] |
| Several islands in the Congo River | Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of Congo | Most of the boundary in the Congo River remains undefined.[25] |
| Several islands in the Ntem River | Cameroon Equatorial Guinea | |
| Several villages near the Okpara River | Benin Nigeria | |
| The Rufunzo Valley and Sabanerwa | Rwanda Burundi | In 1965, the Akanyaru River changed course due to heavy rains. Burundians point to Rwandan farmers for contributing to the change of course by rice-growing.[26] |
| Rukwanzi Island and the Semliki River valley | Democratic Republic of Congo Uganda | The dispute is related to fishing rights in Lake Edward and Lake Albert.[27] |
| Sindabezi Island | Zambia Zimbabwe[28] | Tourist island on the Zambezi River, west of the Victoria Falls |
| Socotra Archipelago | Yemen Somalia | Somalia, while not formally claiming the archipelago, asked for the United Nations to look into "the status" of the Socotran archipelago (i.e., whether or not it "should" belong to Yemen or rather Somalia).[29] |
| Tromelin Island | France Mauritius | De facto a part of the French overseas territory of the French Southern Territories. |
| Wadi Halfa Salient | Egypt Sudan | Most of the disputed territory were villages flooded by Lake Nasser after the construction of the Aswan Dam.[30] |
| Western Sahara | Morocco Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Territory controlled by Morocco (80%) since 1975 outside of the international law, and classified by the UN as a Non-Self-Governing Territory. |
Americas
North America
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bajo Nuevo Bank | Colombia Jamaica Nicaragua United States | Honduras has recognized the sovereignty of Colombia; other claimants have not. On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Colombia has sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo.[31] |
| Conejo Island | Honduras El Salvador | |
| Navassa Island[1] | United States Haiti | The U.S. has claimed the island since 1857, based on the Guano Islands Act of 1856.[32] Haiti's claim over Navassa goes back to the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697 that established French possessions in Mainland Hispaniola, that were transferred from Spain by the treaty as well as other specifically named nearby islands. |
| Sapodilla Cay | Belize Guatemala Honduras | Guatemala formerly claimed all of Belize. |
| Serranilla Bank | Colombia Honduras Nicaragua United States | Jamaica has recognized the sovereignty of Colombia; other claimants have not. On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Colombia has sovereignty over Serranilla.[31] |
| Southern half of Belize | Belize Guatemala | Guatemala formerly claimed all of Belize. |
Territorial disputes between Canada and the United States
| Territory | Canadian claimant | U.S. claimant |
|---|---|---|
| Machias Seal Island | New Brunswick | Maine |
| North Rock | New Brunswick | Maine |
South America
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Guayana Esequiba (Guyana west of the Essequibo River) and Ankoko Island/Isla de Anacoco | Guyana Venezuela | Venezuela and Guyana have overlapping maritime area claims as well. Barbados and Guyana have since signed joint cooperation agreement over this area. |
| Arroyo de la Invernada or Rincón de Artigas and Vila Albornoz | Brazil Uruguay | Dispute in the 237 km2 Invernada River region near Masoller, over which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quaraí River/Cuareim River (the UN does not officially recognize the claim) |
| Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[1] | United Kingdom Argentina | Including Shag Rocks. See Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute |
| French Guiana west of the Marouini River | France Suriname | |
| Tigri Area east of the Upper Courantyne River | Guyana Suriname | The Tigri Area (Dutch: Tigri-gebied) is a wooded area that has been disputed since around 1840 by Suriname and Guyana. It involves the area between the Upper Corentyne River (also called New River), the Coeroeni River and the Kutari River. This triangular area in Guyana is known as the New River Triangle. In 1969 the conflict became tense, and since then the Tigri Area has been controlled by Guyana, but claimed by Suriname. In 1971 both governments in Trinidad agreed that they continue talks over the border issue and withdraw their military forces from the disputed Triangle. Guyana has never complied with this agreement. |
| Isla Brasilera/Ilha Brasileira | Brazil Uruguay | Uruguayan officials claim that the island falls under their Artigas Department (the UN does not officially recognize the claim) |
| Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-mirim | Bolivia Brazil | An island in the river Rio Mamoré that serves as a border between Bolivia and Brazil, alongside the other 80 islands that are not assigned to any country. Isla Suárez is geographically closer to Bolivia, however economically dependent on the Brazilian city of Guajará-Mirim. Both countries signed a treaty in 1958 that keeps the island in a status quo |
| Southern Patagonian Ice Field | Argentina Chile | From Mount Fitz Roy to Cerro Murallón the border remains undefined, while on the zone of Murallón and Cerro Daudet both countries already defined a border in 1998, but they difer on their respective cartography. |
Antarctica
The Antarctic Treaty System, formed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica and provides administration for the continent, which is carried out through consultative member meetings. It prevents new territorial claims of all signatories (except the U.S. and Russia) for as long as the treaty is in force. However, it is not a final settlement; parties can choose to withdraw from the System at any time. Furthermore, only a minority of states have signed it, and it is not formally sanctioned by the United Nations. Thus, Antarctica remains the only part of the planet any (non-signatory) state can still lay claim to as terra nullius (on the grounds of it not having been part of any existing state's legal and effective territory).
| Territory | Claimants | Antarctic territory |
|---|---|---|
| Area between 25°W and 53°W | United Kingdom Argentina | British Antarctic Territory Argentine Antarctica |
| Area between 53°W and 74°W | United Kingdom Argentina Chile | British Antarctic Territory Argentine Antarctica Antártica Chilena Province |
| Area between 74°W and 80°W | United Kingdom Chile | British Antarctic Territory Antártica Chilena Province |
Asia
Territorial claims in the South China Sea
Map showing disputed territories of India
The final borders of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict after the 1994 ceasefire was signed
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ashmore and Cartier Islands | Australia Indonesia | Indonesia argues that the islands, known in Indonesian as Kepulauan Pasir, were first discovered and inhabited by local fishermen from Lesser Sunda Islands, which were then part of Dutch East Indies.[33][34][35] |
| Aarsal, Deir El Aachayer, Kfar Qouq, Mazraat Deir al-Ashayer, Qaa, Qasr and Tuffah | Lebanon Syria | Aarsal, Deir El Aachayer, Kfar Qouq, Qaa, Qasr and Tuffah are under Lebanese control while Mazraat Deir al-Ashayer is under Syrian control. |
| Shatt al-Arab | Iran Iraq | The Shatt al-Arab dispute was a territorial dispute that took place in the Shatt al-Arab region from 1936 until 1975. The Shatt al-Arab was considered an important channel for the oil exports of both Iran and Iraq. In 1937, Iran and the newly independent Iraq signed a treaty to settle the dispute. In the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraq made territorial concessions—including the Shatt al-Arab waterway—in exchange for normalized relations. |
| Abu Musa | Iran United Arab Emirates | In 1971, the Iranian navy took control of Abu Musa, while it still belonged to the Emirate of Sharjah, now in the United Arab Emirates. The Emirate of Sharjah later joined the United Arab Emirates, who therefore inherited an official claim on Abu Musa. As of 2022, this is an ongoing dispute, with Iran in control of the island since its takeover in 1971. |
| Greater and Lesser Tunbs | Iran United Arab Emirates | Closely related to the dispute over Abu Musa, Iran had also around the same time seized control over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs while they were under control by the Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah. When Ras al-Khaimah joined the United Arab Emirates, the dispute was also inherited to the UAE. The dispute is still ongoing as of 2022. |
| Bukit Jeli | Thailand Malaysia | |
| Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan | Pakistan India | Administered by Pakistan and claimed by India. Part of the Kashmir conflict. |
| Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh | India Pakistan | Part of the Kashmir conflict. Both India and Pakistan claim the former independent princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (including Ladakh, which India split off from the portion that it controls in 2019), leading to the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947. A UN-mediated ceasefire put a halt to the conflict in January 1949. The UN resolution called for both the countries to demilitarise the region, following which a plebiscite would be held. However, no demilitarisation plan acceptable to both the countries could be agreed. The countries fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971. Following the latter war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a Line of Control between their respective regions and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations. An armed insurgency broke out in 1989 in the Indian administered part of Kashmir, demanding "independence". Pakistan is believed to provide arms and training to the militants.[36][37][38][39] |
| Junagadh and Manavadar | India Pakistan | India annexed Junagadh (located within Gujarat) in 1947, shortly after the partition of India. Junagadh was one of the many princely states that was contested between India and Pakistan; Manavadar was a vassal state of Junagadh, alongside Babariawad and Mangrol. The dispute fell into obscurity over the next few years due to the prioritisation of the Kashmir conflict. In August 2020, Pakistan revived the decades-old dispute by highlighting "Junagadh and Manavadar" as a part of Pakistan in an official map on its "Survey of Pakistan" website. The dispute is largely symbolic in nature and is politically connected to the dispute over Kashmir, which is much more important to Pakistan.[40][41] |
| David Gareja monastery complex boundary dispute | Georgia Azerbaijan | Since the monastery complex is located on the border between Georgia and Azerbaijan, both parties have entered a dispute over which nation it belongs to. |
| Doi Lang | Myanmar Thailand | |
| Fasht ad Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah | Bahrain Qatar | These are island territories that are disputed between Qatar and Bahrain. Controlled by Bahrain, Qatar argues that the territories do not qualify as "islands" and hence are not covered by the International Court of Justice ruling (2001–2003) that handed them over to Bahrain. |
| Several areas in the Fergana Valley | Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan | Kyrgyzstan: Barak is a tiny Kyrgyz village in the Fergana Valley region (where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet). In August 1999, the area around Barak was occupied by Uzbekistan. Barak became a de facto enclave only 1.5 km from the shifted main border.[42][43][44] (Map) In August 2018, Kyrgyz and Uzbek authorities agreed to a land swap that would eliminate the exclave, claiming that the exchange process may take up to two years.[45] As of a February 2022 report, only 85 percent of the land was traded, and then work stopped, leaving only 15 families to preserve Barak.[46] Tajikistan: There are three Tajik exclaves, all of them in the Fergana Valley. One of them, the village of Sarvan, is surrounded by Uzbek territory, whereas the remaining two, the village of Vorukh and a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of Kairagach, are each surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. Uzbekistan: There are four Uzbek exclaves, all inside Kyrgyz territory in the Fergana Valley. Two of them are the towns of Sokh and Shakhimardan and the other two the tiny territories of Chon-Qora and Jani-Ayil. There may be a fifth Uzbek exclave inside of Kyrgyzstan.[47] Most of the border in the area is still not demarcated. |
| Isfara Valley | Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan | In April 2021, a violent disagreement broke out in Isfara Valley, supposedly over the installation of surveillance cameras by the Tajiks at a water intake station of a reservoir.[48] It escalated into an armed conflict that reached hundreds of civilian casualties. The area's dispute is mainly due to faulty allocation of resources during and after the breakup of the Soviet Union and its republics, leading to tense relations between nations over said allocation of resources, namely water. |
| Ambalat | Indonesia Malaysia | |
| Golan Heights | Israel Syria | Syrian territory captured by Israel in 1967 (the Six-Day War), and unilaterally annexed by Israel in 1981. In 2008, a plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly voted by 161–1 in favor of a motion on the "occupied Syrian Golan" that reaffirmed support for UN Resolution 497; United Nations, December 5, 2008). During the Syrian civil war period, Syrian Arab Republic had lost direct control of the Eastern Golan areas and retreated from cease-fire line with Israel (in favor of various rebel and Jihadist groups), though did regain the area in 2018. |
| Hatay Province | Turkey Syria | Annexed by Turkey in 1939, claimed by Syria.[49] |
| Shebaa Farms | Israel Lebanon | |
| Israel within the Green Line | Israel Palestine | See Israeli–Palestinian conflict |
| West Bank and East Jerusalem | Israel
Palestine | See Israeli occupation of the West Bank |
| Kalapani region, the smaller Susta River dispute and Antudanda disputes | India Nepal | Kalapani is administered by India while Susta is administered by Nepal. The few remaining border disagreements with Nepal since delineation was announced 98% complete in 2019.[50] See Territorial disputes of India and Nepal. |
| Artsvashen exclave of Gegharkunik province, de jure part of Armenia; Karki exclave of Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, Yukhari Askipara and Barkhudarli, both exclaves of Qazakh Rayon de jure part of Azerbaijan; "Yaradullu" is controlled by Azerbaijan along with occupying the much larger de jure Armenian territory surrounding it. | Armenia Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan and Armenia have controlled these areas as part of the wider Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. |
| Khuriya Muriya Islands | Oman Yemen | |
| Korean Peninsula | North Korea South Korea | The Democratic People's Republic of Korea administers North Korea, but Article 1 of the Constitution of North Korea reads: "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist State representing the interests of all the Korean people." The Republic of Korea administers South Korea, but Article 3 of the Constitution of South Korea reads: "The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands." |
| South Kuril/Chishima Islands (Northern Territories), Kuril/Chishima Islands, and South Sakhalin[1][51] | Russia Japan | After the end of World War II, the Japanese government renounced its claims of the sovereignty over the Kuril Islands (except for a few islands in the south) and South Sakhalin in The Treaty of San Francisco.[52] However, since the Soviet Union did not sign that treaty and the treaty did not explicitly approve Russian sovereignty over these areas, the Japanese government has stated that attribution of these regions has not yet been determined. Therefore, they do not recognize Soviet rule in those areas (current the Russian Federation).[53] For this reason, these lands are shown as No Man's Land in white color on most official maps in Japan. |
| Dokdo/Takeshima | South Korea North Korea Japan | Formally incorporated into Japan in 1905 and was also declared Japanese territory under the San Francisco Peace Treaty that took effect in 1952. Since 1952, however, Korea has been in effective control of the island. |
| Islands in the Mekong river[21] | Laos Thailand | |
| Certain islands in the Naf River | Bangladesh Myanmar | |
| Noktundo | Russia South Korea | In 1990, the former Soviet Union and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) signed a border treaty which made the border run through the center of the Tumen river, leaving Noktundo in Russia. South Korea refused to acknowledge the treaty. |
| "Pedra Branca"; several islets at the eastern entrance to the Singapore Strait | Singapore Malaysia | The International Court of Justice rendered its decision on 23 May 2008 that sovereignty over Pedra Branca belongs to Singapore; sovereignty over Middle Rocks belongs to Malaysia. It said sovereignty over South Ledge would remain disputed until the states could determine the ownership of the territorial waters in which it is located.[54] |
| "Point 20"; a small area of land reclaimed from the sea by Singapore | Singapore Malaysia | Malaysia claims the land was reclaimed in its territorial waters. |
| O'Tangav area (claimed as part of Stung Treng Province) | Laos Cambodia | [55] |
| Area near Preah Vihear Temple (Khao Phra Wihan) | Thailand Cambodia | Temple complex awarded to Cambodia by an International Court of Justice ruling in 1962; "promontory" measuring 0.3 km2 immediately adjacent to temple awarded to Cambodia by ICJ ruling in 2013; both countries acknowledge continuing dispute over an additional 4.3 km2 immediately northwest of the 2013 ruling's area. |
| Qaruh and Umm al Maradim | Kuwait Saudi Arabia | |
| Part of Sabah (North Borneo) | Malaysia Philippines | The Philippines retains a claim on the eastern part of Sabah (see North Borneo dispute) on the basis claimed by the Government of the Philippines that the territory is only leased by the former Sultanate of Sulu to British North Borneo Company, of which the Philippines argued that it should be the successor state of all Sulu past territories.[1] |
| Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border dispute | United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia | |
| Siachen Glacier and Saltoro Ridge area | India Pakistan | Controlled by India after Operation Meghdoot in 1984.[56] |
| Sir Creek | A dispute over where in the estuary the line falls; only small areas of marsh land are disputed, but significant maritime territory is involved. It is divided mid-creek. | |
| Parts of Three Pagodas Pass | Myanmar Thailand | |
| The islands of Ukatnyy, Zhestky and Malyy Zhemchuzhnyy[57] | Russia Kazakhstan | |
| Ungar-Too (Ungar-Tepa) mountain[58][59] | Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan | |
| Vozrozhdeniya Island (now a peninsula) | Kazakhstan Uzbekistan |
Europe
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Crimea (including Sevastopol) | Russia Ukraine | In 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in a disputed referendum. Russian ownership of Crimea is recognized by a minority of countries.[60] The General Assembly Resolution 68/262 by votes 100 "in favor", 11 "against", 58 "abstained" and 24 abstentions noted that Crimea was part of Ukraine. Nonetheless, Crimea is practically a de facto subdivision of Russia as most of the control is in Russia's hands.[61] Russia and Ukraine both divide Crimea into two subdivisions, including a "republic" (Ukraine's Autonomous Republic and Russia's Republic) and the independent city of Sevastopol (Ukraine's "special city" and Russia's "federal city"). |
| Donetsk Oblast | Ukraine Russia | See 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. |
| Kherson Oblast | ||
| Luhansk Oblast | ||
| Zaporizhzhia Oblast | ||
| ||
| Ukraine Russia | |
| Imia/Kardak | Greece Turkey | Broad number of delimitation disputes about a.o. national airspace, territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. Includes Imia/Kardak dispute. |
| Mont Blanc summit dispute | France Italy | France asserts that the principal peaks on the Mont Blanc massif—Dôme du Goûter, Punta Helbronner, and Mont Blanc lie in French territory, while Italy asserts that the summits are shared.[63] |
| Gibraltar | United Kingdom Spain[1] | Dispute over the interpretation of the Treaty of Utrecht and the location of the border. |
| Rockall | Ireland United Kingdom Denmark Iceland | Disputed uninhabited island in the North Atlantic Ocean.[64] |
| Olivenza and Vila Real (including the municipality of Táliga) | Spain Portugal | In 1801, during the War of the Oranges, Spain, with French military support, occupied the territory of Olivenza (in Portuguese Olivença). During the Vienna Treaty, the signatory powers (including Spain) agreed with the Portuguese arguments concerning its claim on Olivença but Spain never fulfilled its duty of giving the city of Olivença and its territory back to Portugal. |
| Croatia-Serbia border dispute | Croatia Serbia | Limited areas along the Danube Parts of Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Syrmia Counties and West and South Bačka Districts, includes Liberland. |
| Island of Šarengrad | ||
| Island of Vukovar | ||
| Military complex near Sveta Gera | Slovenia Croatia | The complex is in the area of Žumberak/Gorjanci |
| Drina river[21] | Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia | Sections along the Drina in dispute. |
| Prevlaka | Croatia Montenegro | |
| Sastavci | Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||
| An area on the Dragonja River | Slovenia Croatia |
Oceania
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Matthew Island and Hunter Island[1] | France ( New Caledonia) Vanuatu | |
| Minerva Reefs | Tonga Fiji | Fiji claims that the entire reef is submerged at high tide, negating use of Minerva as a basis for any sovereignty or maritime EEZ claim by Tonga under the rules of UNCLOS. |
| Swains Island[1] | United States Tokelau | Tokelau's claim is unsupported by New Zealand, of whom Tokelau is a dependency. New Zealand formally recognises US sovereignty over Swains Island.[65][clarification needed] |
| Wake Island[1] | United States Marshall Islands |
Ongoing disputes involving states outside the UN
| Territory | Claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Abagaitu Islet | Russia People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1][note 2] | Generally held to have been resolved in October 2004 by the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary. However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Abkhazia | Republic of Abkhazia Georgia | |
| Depsang Plains, Aksai Chin | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] India | |
| Arunachal Pradesh / South Tibet | India People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | Controlled by India but claimed by the PRC and ROC who dispute the validity of the McMahon Line. |
| Bạch Long Vĩ Island | Vietnam Republic of China[note 2] | Ceded to Vietnam by the PRC in 1957.[70] However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Chinese side of Baekdu Mountain[71] | People's Republic of China South Korea Republic of China[note 2] | Settled by the PRC and DPRK in 1962. However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China,[note 2] and the Republic of Korea. |
| Korean side of Baekdu Mountain[71] | North Korea South Korea Republic of China[note 2] | Also formerly claimed by the PRC until 1962. |
| Beyul Khenpajong, the Menchuma Valley, and Chagdzom[72] | Bhutan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| Eastern part of Bhutan | Bhutan Republic of China[note 2] | |
| Bhutanese exclaves in western Tibet, namely Cherkip Gompa, Dho, Dungmar, Gesur, Gezon, Itse Gompa, Khochar, Nyanri, Ringung, Sanmar, Darchen, Doklam, and Zuthulphuk | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] Bhutan | |
| Dadivank | Azerbaijan Armenia Artsakh | Under the military control of Russian peacekeepers since 2020. |
| Demchok sector / Parigas region | India People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| Chumar, Gue, Kaurik, Shipki La, Tashigang, Barahoti, Lapthal, Jadhang, Nelang, Pulam Sumda and Sang | India People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | Controlled by India but claimed by Zanda County, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet, China. Disputed areas located between Aksai Chin and Nepal. |
| Gaza Strip | Gaza Strip Palestine Israel | De facto administrated by Hamas since July 2007. |
| A small area of Gilgit-Baltistan | Pakistan India Republic of China[note 2] | |
| 3,700 square miles (9,600 km2) of territory in Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Siachen Glacier[73] | Pakistan India Republic of China[note 1]) | the People's Republic of China relinquished its claim to Pakistan. India and the Republic of China did not. |
| James Shoal | Malaysia People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| North Cyprus | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Republic of Cyprus | Northern Cyprus (a state with limited recognition) controls and administers the northern part of the island. The Republic of Cyprus claims the whole island. |
| Macclesfield Bank | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] Philippines | |
| Mainland China, Hainan, and other areas controlled by the PRC | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| Moldovan-controlled area of Dubăsari district | Moldova Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic | |
| Kokkina/Erenköy exclave | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Republic of Cyprus | Northern Cyprus controls and administers Kokkina, an area separated from the rest of the main land on Northern Cyprus via the land controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. |
| Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (eastern half) | Russia Republic of China[note 2] | Generally held to have been resolved in October 2004 by the Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary. However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (western half) | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| Hong Kong | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui claimed that Hong Kong should have been returned to the ROC instead of the PRC because the ROC government had the original manuscript of the Treaty of Nanking.[74] |
| Jiangxinpo | Myanmar Republic of China[note 2] | Northern parts of Sagaing Region and Kachin State, claimed by the Republic of China as part of Yunnan. Formerly claimed by the People's Republic of China until 1961. |
| 944 km2 of territory on the China–Kazakhstan border | Kazakhstan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1][note 2] | The Kazakh Government ceded 407 km2 to the PRC, and the PRC ceded 537 km2 to Kazakhstan in 1999. However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Khan Tengri peak, the Boz-Tik site, the Bedel pass, the Uzongu-Kuush valley, and the Erkeshtam pass[75] | Kyrgyzstan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1][note 2] | In an agreement signed in 1999, the Khan Tengri peak, the Boz-Tik site, the Bedel pass, and the Erkeshtam pass were ceded to the Kyrgyz government while the Uzongu-Kuush valley was ceded to the PRC. However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Kosovo | Republic of Kosovo Serbia | Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The latter declared independence on 17 February 2008, while Serbia claims it as part of its own sovereign territory. Its independence is recognized by 97 UN member states. |
| Kula Kangri and mountainous areas to the west of this peak, plus the western Haa District of Bhutan | Bhutan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| Kutuzov Island | Russia Republic of China[note 2] | |
| Lachin corridor | Artsakh Azerbaijan Armenia | Under the military control of Russian peacekeepers since 2020. |
| Macau | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | Both the PRC and the ROC officially consider themselves to be the sole legitimate government over the entirety of China. |
| Nagorno-Karabakh region | Artsakh Azerbaijan | Internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan,[76] de facto controlled by the Republic of Artsakh supported by Armenia. |
| Namwan Assigned Tract | Myanmar Republic of China[note 2] | Settled by Myanmar and the PRC in the Sino-Burmese Boundary Treaty in 1960 and officially ceded to Myanmar in 1961.[77] However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Outer Mongolia | Mongolia Republic of China[note 1] | The Republic of China briefly recognized Mongolia's independence between 1945 and 1952, and from 2002 onwards; however, under the Constitution of the Republic of China, the ROC claim on Mongolia cannot be withdrawn without recourse to a referendum. |
| Pamir Mountains | Tajikistan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1][note 2] | The Tajik Government ceded 1,158 km2 to the PRC, while PRC relinquished its 73,000 km2 claim over the remaining territory with final ratification of a treaty in January 2011.[78][note 2] However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Paracel Islands[1] | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] Vietnam | Entirely controlled by the People's Republic of China but claimed by the Republic of China and Vietnam.[79] |
| Parangcho[80] | South Korea People's Republic of China Republic of China[note 2] | |
| Rasu, Kimathanka, Nara Pass, Tingribode, and Mount Everest | Nepal Republic of China[note 2] | Settled by Nepal and the PRC in 1960.[81] However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Scarborough Shoal | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] Philippines | Controlled by the PRC since the 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff. |
| Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary[82] | Bhutan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | |
| Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai or Diaoyu Dao)[1] | Japan People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] | Controlled by Japan but claimed by the PRC and ROC.[83] |
| Shaksgam Valley | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] India | Pakistan was originally a party to the dispute but relinquished its claim and accepted Chinese sovereignty over the area in 1963. |
| Sixty-Four Villages East of the River | Russia Republic of China[note 2] | |
| Republic of Somaliland | Somaliland Somalia | |
| South Ossetia | Republic of South Ossetia Georgia | |
| Spratly Islands | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] Vietnam Philippines (part) Malaysia (part) Brunei (part) | Each of the claimant countries except Brunei controls one or more of the individual islands. |
| 'Border' checkpoint near Strovilia | United Kingdom Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus | Northern Cyprus controls and administers the border checkpoint near Strovilia. UK's claim in regard to its Sovereign Base Areas Technically, of course, this also involves Cyprus; the checkpoint is partially on UN-administered land, and Cyprus claims all of the island. (See: Europe) |
| Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, Pratas Island, and the Vereker Banks | Republic of China[84][note 1] People's Republic of China[85][note 1] | The government of the People's Republic of China claims the entire island of Taiwan, as well as a number of minor islands, such as Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu, that are controlled by the Republic of China. See also: Anti-Secession Law, Political status of Taiwan. |
| Trans-Karakoram Tracts | People's Republic of China[note 1] Republic of China[note 1] India | |
| Transnistria (including Bendery) | Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic Moldova | |
| Tannu Uriankhai | Russia Republic of China[note 1] | Originally part of China during the Qing dynasty but came under Russian influence in the 20th century. Sovereignty over the area has not been officially relinquished by the ROC. However, the claim is not actively pursued by the ROC government. |
| Tumen River (disputed sovereignty of certain islands)[1][note 3] | People's Republic of China[note 1] North Korea Republic of China[note 1][note 2] South Korea | |
| Tumen River mouth | North Korea South Korea Republic of China[note 2] | Navigation and control of the mouth of the river Tumen is disputed between the Republic of China and DPRK along with the Republic of Korea. |
| Varnita and Copanca | Moldova Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic | |
| Eastern part of Wakhan Corridor | Afghanistan Republic of China[note 2] | The border was established between Afghanistan and China in an agreement between the British and the Russians in 1895 as part of the Great Game, although the Chinese and Afghans did not finally agree on the border until 1963.[86][87] The Kingdom of Afghanistan and the People's Republic of China demarcated their border in 1963.[86][88][note 2] However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
| Western Sahara | Morocco Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | The United Nations keeps the Western Sahara in its list of non-self-governing territories and considers the sovereignty issue as unresolved pending a final solution. To that end, the UN sent a mission in the territory to oversee a referendum on self-determination in 1991, but it never happened. Administration was relinquished by Spain in 1976. |
| Yalu River (disputed sovereignty of certain islands)[1][note 3] | People's Republic of China[note 1] North Korea Republic of China[note 1][note 2] South Korea | Generally held to have been resolved in 2005. North Korea is allocated all of the large islands in the lower Yalu River, including Pidan and Sindo at the mouth.[89] The river's maritime rights remain shared between North Korea and the PRC. However, the settlement is not recognized by the Republic of China.[note 2] |
Ongoing disputes within a state by internal entities
| Territory | Country | Internal claimants | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Several islands in the Paraná River | Argentina | Entre Ríos Santa Fe | Islands: Isla de los Mástiles/La Carlota, Isla Ingeniero Sabino Corsi Norte/Sur and Isla General Juan Pistarini. |
| As much as a 2,821 square kilometres (1,089 sq mi) area in and around the Ibiapaba mountain range | Brazil | Ceará Piauí | This dispute originated in an 1880 imperial decree. In 1920 a solution to the dispute was arbitrated but in practice it was never carried out. In 2008 there were new attempted negotiations, but they broke down in 2011, and as of 2013 it is pending either a supreme court decision, a referendum or a possible mutual agreement.[90] |
| Fernando de Noronha | Pernambuco Rio Grande do Norte | The dispute dates from the colonial period.[91] | |
| Lubicon traditional territory between the Peace River and Athabasca River and north of Lesser Slave Lake | Canada | Alberta Lubicon Lake Indian Nation (Cree) | Northern Alberta[citation needed] |
| Southern edge of Labrador | Newfoundland and Labrador Quebec | This was formerly an international dispute between Canada, which includes Quebec, and the Dominion of Newfoundland, then an independent country. Quebec has never accepted the border. | |
| Songling District and Jiagedaqi District | People's Republic of China | Inner Mongolia Heilongjiang | The two districts are owned by Inner Mongolia, but Jiagedaqi District(urban) was established as capital of Daxinganling Prefecture, Heilongjiang Province, resulting it and adjacent Songling District under effective control of Heilongjiang Province. Hulunbuir City(Prefecture), Inner Mongolia actively disputes these two districts, as they formerly belongs to Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir.[citation needed] |
| Belén de Bajirá | Colombia | Antioquia Chocó | Disputed since 2000, both Departments of Antioquia and Chocó have claimed the corregimiento as part of their own respective municipalities. In 2014, amidst a rise of tensions between the claimants, the National Government under the Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi formally started a process to find a solution for the dispute.[92] |
| The kebeles of Adaytu, Undufo, and Gedamaytu | Ethiopia | Afar Somali Region | The three towns have long been fought over by the Issa clan Somalis, backed by the Somali Region government, against the Afar Region and Afar-allied militants. In 2014, the border between the two regions was redrawn by the federal government, placing the three ethnic Somali towns inside the Afar region. In the same year, the presidents of the two regions signed an agreement recognizing the three kebeles as special kebeles within the Afar Region which was rejected by the local people.[93][94] Later in 2019, the Somali Region withdrew from the agreement, claiming the three areas again.[95] The conflict between the two people has also spilled over into Djibouti.[96] |
| 1200 points on the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border | India | Assam Arunachal Pradesh | [97] |
| Parts of the Baitarani River in Jharkhand | Jharkhand Odisha | [98] | |
| Small areas in Balasore district and Mayurbhanj district | Odisha West Bengal | [98] | |
| Belgaum | Karnataka Maharashtra | Belgaum district was made a part of the Karnataka state following the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. However, Maharashtra claims the district and surrounding areas as predominantly Marathi-speaking and should be merged with Maharashtra.[99] | |
| Golaghat district, Jorhat district, and Sibsagar district | Assam Nagaland | [100] | |
| Kotia villages in Koraput district | Odisha Andhra Pradesh | [98] | |
| Langpih, Borduar, Nongwah, Matamur, Deshdemoreah Block I and Block II, and Khanduli | Assam Meghalaya | [101] | |
| Lushai Hills | Assam Mizoram | [102] | |
| Villages in Nabarangpur and Jharsuguda districts | Odisha Chhattisgarh | [98] | |
| Phuldungsei | Tripura Mizoram | [103] | |
| Mount Kerinci | Indonesia | Jambi West Sumatra | [citation needed] |
| Disputed territories of Northern Iraq | Iraq | Iraq proper Iraqi Kurdistan | Iraq's autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan claims and controls parts of the governorates of Nineveh, Arbil, Kirkuk and Diyala. |
| Put Point | Mexico | Campeche Quintana Roo Yucatán | The three states claim three different borders between them.[citation needed] |
| Parts of Fort Bonifacio | Philippines | Makati Taguig Pateros | Disputed since 1983. Taguig claims more than 7.29 square kilometres (2.81 sq mi) of land in Fort Bonifacio, an area administered by Makati. On August 5, 2013, the Court of Appeals Sixth Division ruled that Makati has legal jurisdiction over the area, thus invalidating Taguig's claim.[104] Taguig has not abandoned its claims and will petition the Court of Appeals to have the decision revoked.[105] Pateros also claims the area and has filed a petition before the Taguig Regional Court Branch 271 in 2012 concerning its claim. Pateros reiterated its claims in 2013 following the decision of the Court of Appeals awarding Makati jurisdiction over the area.[106][107] |
| Fiat Auto Poland factory and nearest areas | Poland | Tychy Bieruń | The territory has historically been a part of the town of Bieruń. In years 1975–1991 Bieruń was a part of Tychy. The Fiat Auto Poland (formerly FSM factory) remaining in Tychy was a condition of Bieruń's separation. In the 90s, Bieruń has regained the Homera osiedle which was part of the disputed area.[108] |
| A wide section from the 35th parallel north to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south. | United States | Tennessee Georgia | Based on an inaccurate measurement in 1818, the Georgia–Tennessee border does not match the 35th parallel, which was defined as the border by Congress in 1796. Georgia's claim would give it access to the Tennessee River and mitigate the impact of a severe drought.[109] See Tennessee–Georgia water dispute. |
| California–Oregon border | Oregon California | Location errors in an 1868–1870 survey to demarcate the California–Oregon border created a dispute between Oregon and California, which upon statehood had established the 42nd parallel north as its de jure border, based on the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty between the U.S. and Spain. The dispute continues to this day, as there are about 31,000 acres (13,000 ha) of disputed territory administered by Oregon, and about 20,000 acres (8,100 ha) administered by California.[110] The border should follow the 42nd parallel straight west from the 120th meridian west to the Pacific. Instead it zigzags, and only one of the many surveyor's markers put down in 1868 actually is on the 42nd parallel.[111][112][113] | |
| New Mexico–Texas Panhandle border | Texas New Mexico | The border was defined as the 103rd meridian but an 1859 survey marked it too far west, mistakenly putting present-day towns of Farwell, Texline, and a part of Glenrio in Texas. New Mexico's draft constitution used the 103rd meridian as intended. The New Mexico Senate passed a bill to file a lawsuit to recover the strip, but it has not become law.[114] The land and towns are administered by Texas. | |
| Northwestern portion of Liberty Island | New York New Jersey | [115] |
Historical disputes, subsequently settled
Africa
| Territory | Former claimants | Dispute started | Dispute settled | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agacher Strip | Burkina Faso Mali | c. 1960 | 1986 | Following repeated military clashes between Burkina Faso and Mali over the Agacher Strip, the International Court of Justice resolved the conflict in 1986 by dividing the disputed area approximately equally between the two countries.[116] |
| Aouzou Strip | Chad Libya | c. 1973 | 1994 | In 1994 the International Court of Justice decision found in favour of Chad sovereignty over the Aouzou strip, and ended the Libyan claim. |
| Badme | Ethiopia Eritrea | 1993 | 2018 | Basis of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War which began in 1998. The territory was handed over to Eritrea following a joint statement at the Eritrea–Ethiopia summit in 2018. |
| Bakassi | Cameroon Nigeria | 1913 | 2006 | This area was handed over by Nigeria to Cameroon following an International Court of Justice ruling and the Greentree Agreement. |
| Bure | Ethiopia Eritrea[117] | 2002 | 2008 | Eritrea has accepted the decision and no longer disputes this location.[118] |
| Burkina Faso–Niger border dispute | Burkina Faso Niger | c. 1960 | 2013 | The International Court of Justice redefined the border between Burkina Faso and Niger in 2013. In 2015 the ruling was implemented by exchanging 18 towns between the two countries.[119] |
| Part of the Kahemba region | Angola Democratic Republic of Congo | 2007 | Following a March 2007 report on the disputed area on the joint border in the Kahemba region, the Congolese interior minister admitted the territory was in fact part of Angola and agreed to send a technical team to demarcate the border along colonial era lines.[120] The countries agreed to end the dispute in July 2007.[121] | |
| Lété Island and nearby islands in the Niger River | Niger Benin | c. 1960 | 2005 | In 2005 the International Court of Justice awarded Lété and 15 of the other disputed islands to Niger, and the remaining nine islands to Benin.[122] |
| Sedudu | Botswana Namibia | 1890 | 1999 | In 1999 the International Court of Justice awarded Sedudu to Botswana, ending the Namibian claim.[123] |
| Tindouf Province | Algeria Morocco | 1956 | 1970 | Morocco ( influenced by the Greater Morocco ideology ) claimed that both Tindouf and Béchar historically belong to Morocco after they were annexed by France for the French colony of Algeria. Algeria wasn't supporting the claims since one of the FLN's primary objectives was to prevent France from splitting the strategic Sahara regions from a future Algerian state. It was therefore disinclined to support Morocco's historical claims to Tindouf and Bechar or the concept of a Greater Morocco. King Hassan II of Morocco visited Algiers in March 1963 to discuss the undefined borders, but Algeria's President Ahmed Ben Bella believed the matter should be resolved at a later date. Ben Bella's fledgling administration was still attempting to rebuild the country after the enormous damage caused by the Algerian War. Algerian authorities suspected that Morocco was inciting the revolt, while Hassan was anxious about his own opposition's reverence for Algeria, escalating tensions between the nations. These factors prompted Hassan to begin moving troops towards Tindouf leading to the Sand war which ended with no territorial changes.[124][125][126] |
| Tsorona-Zalambessa | Ethiopia Eritrea[117] | 2002 | 2008 | Eritrea has accepted the decision and no longer disputes this location.[118] |
| Yenga (border hamlet), and left bank of Moa river | Sierra Leone Guinea | c. 1995 | 2013 | The two heads of state settled this dispute in 2013.[127] |
Americas
| Territory | Former claimants | Dispute started | Dispute settled | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alaska boundary dispute | United States Canada | 1821 | 1903 | Disputed between the United States and Canada (then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London). The dispute had been going on between the Russian and British Empires since 1821, and was inherited by the United States as a consequence of the Alaska Purchase in 1867. It was resolved by arbitration in 1903 with a delegation that included 3 Americans, 2 Canadians, and 1 British delegate that became the swing vote. By a 4 to 2 vote, the final resolution favored the American position. Canada did not get an outlet from the Yukon gold fields to the sea. The disappointment and anger in Canada was directed less at the United States, and more at the British government for betraying Canadian interests in pursuit of a friendly relationship between Britain and the United States. |
| Aroostook War | United States British North America | 1838 | 1842 | Disputed border between the state of Maine and the provinces of New Brunswick and Lower Canada. |
| Aves Island | Venezuela Dominica | 1584 | 2007 | Dominica abandoned the claim to the island in 2007, but continues to claim the adjacent seas, as do some neighboring states. |
| Atacama border dispute |