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List of states with limited recognition

February 10, 2023

"Disputed states" redirects here. For a list of territorial disputes including these, see List of territorial disputes.
Not to be confused with Micronations.

A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory. A number of such entities have existed in the past.

  UN member states that at least one other UN member state does not recognise
  Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state
  Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states or not recognized by any other state

There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a sovereign state comes into being. The declarative theory (codified in the 1933 Montevideo Convention) defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria:

  1. a defined territory
  2. a permanent population
  3. a government, and
  4. a capacity to enter into relations with other states.

According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community.[1][2]

Quasi-states often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with de facto partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. Non-recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (as have been the cases of the Republic of China (ROC; commonly called "Taiwan") and the People's Republic of China (PRC), and North and South Korea). Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims.

In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's de facto status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo or the German-created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before and during World War II. In the 1996 case Loizidou v. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus.

There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See (1870–1929), Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (during Soviet annexation), and the State of Palestine at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position. See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.

List criteria

The criteria for inclusion on this list is limited to polities which claim sovereignty, those that lack recognition from at least one UN member state, and either:

Background

 
Women in Somaliland wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag

There are 193 United Nations (UN) member states, while both the Holy See and Palestine have observer state status in the United Nations.[3] However, some countries fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations, but are still included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts.

Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not officially recognise them. The Republic of China (ROC; commonly called "Taiwan") is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows the ROC to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,[4] Italy,[5] the United States,[6] and the United Kingdom,[7] maintain some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan. Kosovo,[8] Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),[9] Northern Cyprus,[10] Abkhazia,[11] Transnistria,[11] the Sahrawi Republic,[12] Somaliland,[13] and Palestine[14] also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad.

Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition

States that are UN members or observers

UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
  Democratic People's Republic of Korea[15][16][17][18][19][20] 1948 North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by 7 UN members states: Botswana, Estonia, France, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and the United States; one UN observer: Vatican City; as well as one non-UN member: Taiwan. Argentina, Canada, and Costa Rica have proposed recognising North Korea in their parliaments but later cancelled their proposals due to South Korean diplomatic pressure.[21][22][15][16][17][20]   South Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea, and claims all territory controlled by North Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
  Republic of Korea[23][24] 1948 South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, North Korea.   North Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea, and claims all territory controlled by South Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
  State of Israel[25][26][27][28]
[29]		 1948 Israel, founded in 1948, is not recognised by 28 UN members. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which enjoys majority international recognition as sole representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993. In January 2018 and October 2018,[30] the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel, but this position has yet to be acted upon by Palestinian President Abbas.[31][32] The   State of Palestine considers itself to be the legitimate government of the West Bank, which is under Israeli occupation.
The   Syrian Arab Republic considers itself to be the legitimate government of the Golan Heights, a territory which Israel controls and claims with limited recognition. 		Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
  People's Republic of China[33] 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949, is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of China, the other being the Republic of China (ROC, also known as Taiwan). The United Nations recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The PRC and the ROC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the One-China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.[a] The states that recognise the ROC (13 UN members and the Holy See as of 9 December 2021) regard it as the sole legitimate government of China and therefore do not recognise the PRC. Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised either the PRC or the ROC. The   Republic of China considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China (including Taiwan), and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the PRC. See also: Two Chinas; One Country on Each Side. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment
  Republic of Cyprus[34][35][36][37] 1960 The Republic of Cyprus, independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member (Turkey) and one non-UN member (Northern Cyprus), due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island. Turkey does not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refers to it as the "Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus".   Northern Cyprus claims the northeastern half of the island of Cyprus. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
  Republic of Armenia[38][39] 1991 Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, Pakistan, which has a position of supporting Azerbaijan since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. None Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state
  State of Palestine[40][41][42][43][44] 1988 Israel gained control of the Palestinian territories as a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, but has never formally annexed them. The State of Palestine (commonly known as Palestine) was declared in 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which is recognised by a majority of UN member states and the UN itself as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. Since the end of the first Palestinian Intifada against Israel the Israeli government has gradually moved its armed forces and settlers out of certain parts of Palestine's claimed territory, while still maintaining varying degrees of control over most of it.[45] The Palestinian National Authority (PNA), which performs limited internal government functions over certain areas of Palestine, was established in 1994. The 2007 split between the Fatah and Hamas political parties resulted in competing governments claiming to represent the PNA and Palestine, with Fatah exercising authority exclusively over the West Bank and enjoying majority recognition from UN member states, and a separate Hamas leadership exercising authority exclusively over the Gaza area (except for a short period from 2014 to 2016).[b] Palestine is currently officially recognised as a state by 138 UN member states, the Holy See,[46] and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[47] The remaining UN member states, including Israel, do not recognise the State of Palestine. The United Nations designates the claimed Palestinian territories as "occupied" by Israel,[48] and accorded Palestine non-member observer state status in 2012[49] (see United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19). Palestine also has membership in the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and UNESCO.[50]   Israel regards the area claimed by Palestine as "disputed" territory (that is, territory not legally belonging to any state).[51][b] Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Israeli–Palestinian peace process, Proposals for a Palestinian state

States that are neither UN members nor UN observers

States recognised by at least one UN member state
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
  Republic of China[60] 1912[c] The Republic of China (ROC), constitutionally formed in 1912, and located primarily in Taiwan since 1949 (resulting in "Taiwan" being frequently used to refer to the state), enjoyed majority recognition as the sole government of China until roughly the late 1950s/1960s, when a majority of UN member states started to gradually switch recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The United Nations itself recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The ROC and PRC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the One-China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.[a] The ROC is currently recognised by 13 UN members and the Holy See. Almost all the remaining UN member states, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue, recognise the PRC instead of the ROC and either accept the PRC's territorial claim over Taiwan, take a non-committal position on Taiwan's status, or sidestep the Taiwan issue entirely. A significant number of PRC-recognising UN member states, as well as the Republic of Somaliland, nonetheless conduct officially non-diplomatic relations with the ROC, designating it as either "Taipei" or "Taiwan". Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised the ROC or the PRC. Since the early 1990s, the ROC has sought separate United Nations membership under a variety of names, including "Taiwan".[63] The   People's Republic of China considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China (including Taiwan) and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the ROC. See also: Two Chinas, One China, One Taiwan. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[64] 1976 Morocco invaded and annexed most of Western Sahara, forcing Spain to withdraw from the territory in 1975.[65] In 1976, the Polisario Front declared the independence of Western Sahara as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). The SADR is largely a government in exile located in Algeria, which claims the entire territory of Western Sahara, but controls only a small fraction of it. The SADR is recognised by 45 UN member states and South Ossetia. 39 other UN member states have recognised the SADR but subsequently retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a referendum on self-determination.[66][67] The remaining UN member states, including Morocco, have never recognised the SADR. The SADR is a member of the African Union. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.[68] Western Sahara is listed on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Other than Morocco and the United States,[69] no state officially recognises Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara, but some states support the Moroccan autonomy plan. The Arab League supports Morocco's claim over the entire territory of Western Sahara.[70]   Morocco claims Western Sahara (including the area controlled by the SADR) as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status
  Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1983 Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983 with its official name being the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC). It is recognised by one UN member, Turkey. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid.[71] The International Court of Justice stated in its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2010 that "the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was, or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force" and "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence".[72] The TRNC is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of   Cyprus. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Cyprus dispute
  Republic of South Ossetia[73][74][75] 1992 South Ossetia declared its independence in 1992.[76] It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and four non-UN member states (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Transnistria and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic).[77][78] One additional UN member state (Tuvalu) had recognised South Ossetia, but subsequently withdrew its recognition.[79][80][81] Both Abkhazia and South Ossetia are generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of   Georgia. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
  Republic of Abkhazia[73][74][75][82] 1999 Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999.[83] It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru[84][85][86][87][88][89]), and three non-UN member states (South Ossetia, Artsakh and Transnistria).[77][90][81] Two additional UN member states (Tuvalu and Vanuatu) had recognised Abkhazia, but subsequently withdrew their recognition.[79][80] Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
  Republic of Kosovo[91][92] 2008 Kosovo declared its independence in 2008. It is currently recognised by 101 UN members, the Republic of China, the Cook Islands and Niue. 13 other UN members have recognised Kosovo and subsequently withdrawn recognition. The United Nations, as stipulated in Security Council Resolution 1244, has administered the territory since 1999 through the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, with cooperation from the European Union since 2008. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank Group, Venice Commission, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Olympic Committee, among others.   Serbia claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status
States recognised only by other non-UN member states
  Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic[93][94] 1990 Transnistria (officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) declared its independence in 1990. It is recognised by three non-UN members: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia. Transnistria is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of   Moldova. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status
  Republic of Artsakh[93][95] 1991 Artsakh (formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) declared its independence in 1991 (roughly at the same time as Azerbaijan itself when the Soviet Union fell). It is recognised by three non-UN members: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.[78] Artsakh is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of   Azerbaijan. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status
States not recognized by any other state
  Republic of Somaliland[93][96] 1991 Somaliland declared its independence in 1991. It claims to be the successor to the State of Somaliland, a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 (when the British Somaliland Protectorate gained full independence from the United Kingdom) to 1 July 1960 (when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the Somali Republic). It is not officially recognised by any state, though it maintains unofficial relations with several UN member states and the Republic of China. Somaliland is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of   Somalia. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)

Excluded entities

  • The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) is a sovereign non-state entity and is not included, as it claims neither statehood nor territory.[97][98][99][100][101] It has established full diplomatic relations with 112 sovereign states as a sovereign subject of international law,[102] and also maintains full diplomatic relations with the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine. The order maintains official, but not diplomatic, relations with Belgium, France, Switzerland, Luxembourg and Canada.[103] Additionally, it participates in the United Nations as an observer entity. Some states recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law. The Republic of San Marino in 1939 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.[104][105][106] Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states".[107] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[101]
  • Uncontacted peoples who either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.
  • Some subnational entities and regions function as de facto independent states, with the central government exercising little or no control over their territory. These entities, however, do not explicitly claim to be independent states and are therefore not included. Examples include Galmudug and Puntland in Somalia, Gaza in Palestine, the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, Rojava in Syria, the Wa State in Myanmar, and the areas under control of the Houthi movement in Yemen.
  • Entities considered to be micronations are not included.[d] Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often debatable whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory.[e] For this reason, micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance. For a list of micronations, see list of micronations.
  • Those areas undergoing current civil wars and other situations with problems over government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with the inclusion criteria (e.g. by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable quasi-states have emerged yet.
  • Rebel groups that have declared independence and exert some control over territory, but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law. Examples include Ambazonia and the Southern Movement; see list of rebel groups that control territory for a more complete list of such groups.
  • Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that do not satisfy the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state.
  • Some states can be slow to establish relations with new UN member states and thus do not explicitly recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list. Examples include Croatia[108] and Montenegro.[109]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China officially claim to represent the whole of China, stating China is a single sovereign entity encompassing both the area controlled by the PRC and the area controlled by the ROC. Neither the PRC nor the ROC officially recognise each other's claim to statehood, and they compete for diplomatic recognition as the only legitimate representative of China among other states. Historically, both the PRC and the ROC have broken off diplomatic relations with any state engaging in diplomatic relations or claiming to recognise the other, though the ROC has in some instances accepted dual recognition since it transitioned to democracy in the 1990s. However, as of 2021 no state officially recognises both the ROC and the PRC.[61][62]
  2. ^ a b Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories, depending on special area classification. Israel maintains minimal interference (retaining control of borders: air,[52] sea beyond internal waters,[52][53] land[54]) in the Gaza strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), maximum in "Area C" and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[55][56][57][58][59] See also Israeli-occupied territories.
    [45][55][56][57][58][59]
  3. ^ Date of constitutional formation
  4. ^ Micronations are not included even if they are recognised by another micronation.
  5. ^ It is far from certain that micronations, which are generally of minuscule size, have sovereign control over their claimed territories, contrasted with the mere disregard and indifference toward micronations' assertions by the states from which they allege to have seceded. By not deeming such declarations (and other acts of the micronation) important enough to react in any way, these states generally consider micronations to be private property and their claims as unofficial private announcements of individuals, who remain subject to the laws of the states in which their properties are located.[citation needed]

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  78. ^ a b (in Russian) Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." – сказал он." English language translation from Microsoft Translator
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  89. ^ "Georgia Says Vanuatu Has Withdrawn Recognition of Abkhazia". Bloomberg L.P. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
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  93. ^ a b c Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States. Oxford University Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780199698394. ...there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.
  94. ^ . BBC 2. 2001. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
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  98. ^ "The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty ..."
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  100. ^ "Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál Independiente". Boletín Oficiál de la República Argentina, Año LIX, Número 16.92. Buenos Aires. 19 June 1951. p. 1. "The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina, in Congress assembled, enact as LAW: Article 1 – The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is hereby recognized as an international independent entity."
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  102. ^ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains embassies around the world and receives accreditations from foreign ambassadors.
  103. ^ Ordine di Malta. . orderofmalta.org. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010.
  104. ^ Cansacchi, Giorgio (1940). Il diritto di legazione attivo e passivo dell'Ordine de Malta. p. 65.
  105. ^ Astraudo, A. (1935). "Saint-marin et l'Ordre de Malta". La Revue Diplomatique. 7.
  106. ^ Cox, Noel S.B., The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (June 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462
  107. ^ "Corte Suprema di Cassazione; Sezioni unite civili; sentenza 6 giugno 1974, n. 1653" (PDF). Il Foro Italiano. 98 (6): 1471/1472–1475/1476. June 1975. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  108. ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations". mvep.gov.hr. Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  109. ^ . mip.gov.me. Montenegran Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2022.

Further reading

February 10, 2023
list, states, with, limited, recognition, disputed, states, redirects, here, list, territorial, disputes, including, these, list, territorial, disputes, confused, with, micronations, number, polities, have, declared, independence, sought, diplomatic, recogniti. Disputed states redirects here For a list of territorial disputes including these see List of territorial disputes Not to be confused with Micronations A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states but have not been universally recognised as such These entities often have de facto control of their territory A number of such entities have existed in the past UN member states that at least one other UN member state does not recognise Non UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state Non UN member states recognised only by other non UN member states or not recognized by any other state There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a sovereign state comes into being The declarative theory codified in the 1933 Montevideo Convention defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria a defined territory a permanent population a government and a capacity to enter into relations with other states According to the declarative theory an entity s statehood is independent of its recognition by other states By contrast the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community 1 2 Quasi states often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood There are for example entities which meet the declarative criteria with de facto partial or complete control over their claimed territory a government and a permanent population but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states Non recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory In other cases two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it as have been the cases of the Republic of China ROC commonly called Taiwan and the People s Republic of China PRC and North and South Korea Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world s states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims In many situations international non recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity making the description of the country s de facto status problematic The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese led Manchukuo or the German created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before and during World War II In the 1996 case Loizidou v Turkey the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist as sovereign entities by at least one other state Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See 1870 1929 Estonia Latvia and Lithuania during Soviet annexation and the State of Palestine at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988 The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed Contents 1 List criteria 2 Background 3 Present geopolitical entities by level of recognition 3 1 States that are UN members or observers 3 2 States that are neither UN members nor UN observers 4 Excluded entities 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further readingList criteriaThe criteria for inclusion on this list is limited to polities which claim sovereignty those that lack recognition from at least one UN member state and either satisfy the declarative theory of statehood or be recognised as a state by at least one UN member state Background Women in Somaliland wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag There are 193 United Nations UN member states while both the Holy See and Palestine have observer state status in the United Nations 3 However some countries fulfill the declarative criteria are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations but are still included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood due to territorial claims or other conflicts Some states maintain informal officially non diplomatic relations with states that do not officially recognise them The Republic of China ROC commonly called Taiwan is one such state as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices which allow regular consular services This allows the ROC to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it A total of 56 states including Germany 4 Italy 5 the United States 6 and the United Kingdom 7 maintain some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan Kosovo 8 Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh 9 Northern Cyprus 10 Abkhazia 11 Transnistria 11 the Sahrawi Republic 12 Somaliland 13 and Palestine 14 also host informal diplomatic missions and or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad Present geopolitical entities by level of recognitionStates that are UN members or observers UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information Democratic People s Republic of Korea 15 16 17 18 19 20 1948 North Korea officially the Democratic People s Republic of Korea independent since 1948 is not recognised by 7 UN members states Botswana Estonia France Israel Japan South Korea and the United States one UN observer Vatican City as well as one non UN member Taiwan Argentina Canada and Costa Rica have proposed recognising North Korea in their parliaments but later cancelled their proposals due to South Korean diplomatic pressure 21 22 15 16 17 20 South Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea and claims all territory controlled by North Korea Foreign relations missions of to Republic of Korea 23 24 1948 South Korea officially the Republic of Korea independent since 1948 is not recognised by one UN member North Korea North Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea and claims all territory controlled by South Korea Foreign relations missions of to State of Israel 25 26 27 28 29 1948 Israel founded in 1948 is not recognised by 28 UN members The Palestine Liberation Organization PLO which enjoys majority international recognition as sole representative of the Palestinian people recognised Israel in 1993 In January 2018 and October 2018 30 the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel but this position has yet to be acted upon by Palestinian President Abbas 31 32 The State of Palestine considers itself to be the legitimate government of the West Bank which is under Israeli occupation The Syrian Arab Republic considers itself to be the legitimate government of the Golan Heights a territory which Israel controls and claims with limited recognition Foreign relations missions of to International recognition People s Republic of China 33 1949 The People s Republic of China PRC proclaimed in 1949 is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of China the other being the Republic of China ROC also known as Taiwan The United Nations recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971 when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 The PRC and the ROC do not recognise each other s statehood and each enforces its own version of the One China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time a The states that recognise the ROC 13 UN members and the Holy See as of 9 December 2021 regard it as the sole legitimate government of China and therefore do not recognise the PRC Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised either the PRC or the ROC The Republic of China considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China including Taiwan and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the PRC See also Two Chinas One Country on Each Side Foreign relations missions of to PRC s diplomatic relations dates of establishment Republic of Cyprus 34 35 36 37 1960 The Republic of Cyprus independent since 1960 is not recognised by one UN member Turkey and one non UN member Northern Cyprus due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island Turkey does not accept the Republic s rule over the whole island and refers to it as the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus Northern Cyprus claims the northeastern half of the island of Cyprus Foreign relations missions of to Republic of Armenia 38 39 1991 Armenia independent since 1991 is not recognised by one UN member Pakistan which has a position of supporting Azerbaijan since the First Nagorno Karabakh War None Foreign relations missions of to UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state State of Palestine 40 41 42 43 44 1988 Israel gained control of the Palestinian territories as a result of the Six Day War in 1967 but has never formally annexed them The State of Palestine commonly known as Palestine was declared in 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization PLO which is recognised by a majority of UN member states and the UN itself as the sole representative of the Palestinian people Since the end of the first Palestinian Intifada against Israel the Israeli government has gradually moved its armed forces and settlers out of certain parts of Palestine s claimed territory while still maintaining varying degrees of control over most of it 45 The Palestinian National Authority PNA which performs limited internal government functions over certain areas of Palestine was established in 1994 The 2007 split between the Fatah and Hamas political parties resulted in competing governments claiming to represent the PNA and Palestine with Fatah exercising authority exclusively over the West Bank and enjoying majority recognition from UN member states and a separate Hamas leadership exercising authority exclusively over the Gaza area except for a short period from 2014 to 2016 b Palestine is currently officially recognised as a state by 138 UN member states the Holy See 46 and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 47 The remaining UN member states including Israel do not recognise the State of Palestine The United Nations designates the claimed Palestinian territories as occupied by Israel 48 and accorded Palestine non member observer state status in 2012 49 see United Nations General Assembly resolution 67 19 Palestine also has membership in the Arab League the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and UNESCO 50 Israel regards the area claimed by Palestine as disputed territory that is territory not legally belonging to any state 51 b Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Israeli Palestinian peace process Proposals for a Palestinian stateStates that are neither UN members nor UN observers States recognised by at least one UN member state Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information Republic of China 60 1912 c The Republic of China ROC constitutionally formed in 1912 and located primarily in Taiwan since 1949 resulting in Taiwan being frequently used to refer to the state enjoyed majority recognition as the sole government of China until roughly the late 1950s 1960s when a majority of UN member states started to gradually switch recognition to the People s Republic of China PRC The United Nations itself recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971 when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 The ROC and PRC do not recognise each other s statehood and each enforces its own version of the One China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time a The ROC is currently recognised by 13 UN members and the Holy See Almost all the remaining UN member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue recognise the PRC instead of the ROC and either accept the PRC s territorial claim over Taiwan take a non committal position on Taiwan s status or sidestep the Taiwan issue entirely A significant number of PRC recognising UN member states as well as the Republic of Somaliland nonetheless conduct officially non diplomatic relations with the ROC designating it as either Taipei or Taiwan Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised the ROC or the PRC Since the early 1990s the ROC has sought separate United Nations membership under a variety of names including Taiwan 63 The People s Republic of China considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China including Taiwan and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the ROC See also Two Chinas One China One Taiwan Foreign relations missions of to Political status Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 64 1976 Morocco invaded and annexed most of Western Sahara forcing Spain to withdraw from the territory in 1975 65 In 1976 the Polisario Front declared the independence of Western Sahara as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic SADR The SADR is largely a government in exile located in Algeria which claims the entire territory of Western Sahara but controls only a small fraction of it The SADR is recognised by 45 UN member states and South Ossetia 39 other UN member states have recognised the SADR but subsequently retracted or suspended recognition pending the outcome of a referendum on self determination 66 67 The remaining UN member states including Morocco have never recognised the SADR The SADR is a member of the African Union United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34 37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people 68 Western Sahara is listed on the United Nations list of non self governing territories Other than Morocco and the United States 69 no state officially recognises Morocco s annexation of Western Sahara but some states support the Moroccan autonomy plan The Arab League supports Morocco s claim over the entire territory of Western Sahara 70 Morocco claims Western Sahara including the area controlled by the SADR as part of its sovereign territory Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Political status Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1983 Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983 with its official name being the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRNC It is recognised by one UN member Turkey The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name Turkish Cypriot State United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid 71 The International Court of Justice stated in its advisory opinion on Kosovo s declaration of independence in 2010 that the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force and general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence 72 The TRNC is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Cyprus Foreign relations missions of to Cyprus dispute Republic of South Ossetia 73 74 75 1992 South Ossetia declared its independence in 1992 76 It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states Russia Syria Nicaragua Venezuela and Nauru and four non UN member states Abkhazia Artsakh Transnistria and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 77 78 One additional UN member state Tuvalu had recognised South Ossetia but subsequently withdrew its recognition 79 80 81 Both Abkhazia and South Ossetia are generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Georgia Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Republic of Abkhazia 73 74 75 82 1999 Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999 83 It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states Russia Syria Nicaragua Venezuela and Nauru 84 85 86 87 88 89 and three non UN member states South Ossetia Artsakh and Transnistria 77 90 81 Two additional UN member states Tuvalu and Vanuatu had recognised Abkhazia but subsequently withdrew their recognition 79 80 Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Republic of Kosovo 91 92 2008 Kosovo declared its independence in 2008 It is currently recognised by 101 UN members the Republic of China the Cook Islands and Niue 13 other UN members have recognised Kosovo and subsequently withdrawn recognition The United Nations as stipulated in Security Council Resolution 1244 has administered the territory since 1999 through the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo with cooperation from the European Union since 2008 Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund World Bank Group Venice Commission European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Olympic Committee among others Serbia claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Political statusStates recognised only by other non UN member states Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic 93 94 1990 Transnistria officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declared its independence in 1990 It is recognised by three non UN members Abkhazia Artsakh and South Ossetia Transnistria is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Moldova Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Political status Republic of Artsakh 93 95 1991 Artsakh formerly known as the Nagorno Karabakh Republic declared its independence in 1991 roughly at the same time as Azerbaijan itself when the Soviet Union fell It is recognised by three non UN members Abkhazia South Ossetia and Transnistria 78 Artsakh is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Azerbaijan Foreign relations missions of to International recognition Political statusStates not recognized by any other state Republic of Somaliland 93 96 1991 Somaliland declared its independence in 1991 It claims to be the successor to the State of Somaliland a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 when the British Somaliland Protectorate gained full independence from the United Kingdom to 1 July 1960 when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the Somali Republic It is not officially recognised by any state though it maintains unofficial relations with several UN member states and the Republic of China Somaliland is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Somalia Foreign relations missions of to Excluded entitiesThe Sovereign Military Order of Malta SMOM is a sovereign non state entity and is not included as it claims neither statehood nor territory 97 98 99 100 101 It has established full diplomatic relations with 112 sovereign states as a sovereign subject of international law 102 and also maintains full diplomatic relations with the European Union the Holy See and the State of Palestine The order maintains official but not diplomatic relations with Belgium France Switzerland Luxembourg and Canada 103 Additionally it participates in the United Nations as an observer entity Some states recognize SMOM as a sovereign state rather than a sovereign subject of international law The Republic of San Marino in 1939 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right 104 105 106 Italy s Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject in all terms equal even if without territory to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations so there is no doubt as already this Supreme Court has warned that it has the legal treatment of foreign states 107 As Italy recognizes in addition to extraterritoriality the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping 101 Uncontacted peoples who either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known Some subnational entities and regions function as de facto independent states with the central government exercising little or no control over their territory These entities however do not explicitly claim to be independent states and are therefore not included Examples include Galmudug and Puntland in Somalia Gaza in Palestine the Kurdistan Region in Iraq Rojava in Syria the Wa State in Myanmar and the areas under control of the Houthi movement in Yemen Entities considered to be micronations are not included d Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent it is often debatable whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory e For this reason micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance For a list of micronations see list of micronations Those areas undergoing current civil wars and other situations with problems over government succession regardless of temporary alignment with the inclusion criteria e g by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government where the conflict is still in its active phase the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable quasi states have emerged yet Rebel groups that have declared independence and exert some control over territory but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law Examples include Ambazonia and the Southern Movement see list of rebel groups that control territory for a more complete list of such groups Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that do not satisfy the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state Some states can be slow to establish relations with new UN member states and thus do not explicitly recognise them despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations These are excluded from the list Examples include Croatia 108 and Montenegro 109 See also Countries portal Politics portal World portalCommunity for Democracy and Rights of Nations Decolonization Diplomatic recognition Exclusive mandate Frozen conflict Gallery of sovereign state flags Government in exile Irredentism List of civil wars List of countries and inhabited areas List of current heads of state of states with limited recognition List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies List of micronations List of modern proto states List of rebel groups that control territory List of sovereign states List of territorial disputes Nation state Rump state Self determination Separatism List of active autonomist and secessionist movements List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations Sovereignty Territorial dispute Territorial integrity Unilateral declaration of independence Unrepresented Nations and Peoples OrganizationNotes a b Both the Republic of China and the People s Republic of China officially claim to represent the whole of China stating China is a single sovereign entity encompassing both the area controlled by the PRC and the area controlled by the ROC Neither the PRC nor the ROC officially recognise each other s claim to statehood and they compete for diplomatic recognition as the only legitimate representative of China among other states Historically both the PRC and the ROC have broken off diplomatic relations with any state engaging in diplomatic relations or claiming to recognise the other though the ROC has in some instances accepted dual recognition since it transitioned to democracy in the 1990s However as of 2021 no state officially recognises both the ROC and the PRC 61 62 a b Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the Palestinian territories depending on special area classification Israel maintains minimal interference retaining control of borders air 52 sea beyond internal waters 52 53 land 54 in the Gaza strip its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control maximum in Area C and varying degrees of interference elsewhere 55 56 57 58 59 See also Israeli occupied territories 45 55 56 57 58 59 Date of constitutional formation Micronations are not included even if they are recognised by another micronation It is far from certain that micronations which are generally of minuscule size have sovereign control over their claimed territories contrasted with the mere disregard and indifference toward micronations assertions by the states from which they allege to have seceded By not deeming such declarations and other acts of the micronation important enough to react in any way these states generally consider micronations to be private property and their claims as unofficial private announcements of individuals who remain subject to the laws of the states in which their properties are located citation needed References Thomas D Grant The recognition of states law and practice in debate and evolution Westport Connecticut Praeger 1999 chapter 1 Lauterpacht Hersch 2012 Recognition in International Law Cambridge University Press p 64 ISBN 9781107609433 Retrieved 19 January 2018 Non member State Un org Archived from the original on 9 February 2007 Retrieved 25 June 2010 Germany Countries A to Z Auswaertiges amt de Retrieved 25 June 2010 Ambasciate Consolati e Uffici di promozione Esteri it Retrieved 29 April 2011 dead link U S Department of State Websites of U S Embassies Consulates and Diplomatic Missions Retrieved 3 February 2011 Find an Embassy Fco gov uk 14 March 2008 Retrieved 25 June 2010 Foreign Missions in Kosovo Government of Kosovo Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 4 November 2010 Permanent Representations Nagorno Karabakh Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 Retrieved 4 November 2010 Representative Offices Abroad Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Public Information Office Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 4 November 2010 a b Abkhazia in the system of international relations Government of Abkhazia Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 12 December 2017 Pagina nueva 1 Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 Contacts and addresses of the Somaliland Representative Offices around the world Government of Somaliland Retrieved 1 August 2015 Embassies Missions General and Special Delegations of Palestine abroad WebGaza net Retrieved 4 November 2010 a b Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea Retrieved 27 October 2008 a b Commission de la defense nationale et des forces armees 30 March 2010 Audition de M Jack Lang envoye special du President de la Republique pour la Coree du Nord in French Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 Retrieved 2 May 2010 a b Goodman David 2015 Handbook of the Politics of China ISBN 9781782544371 Retrieved 29 September 2017 Seoul recognized Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of China Declaration of Independence Time 19 August 1966 Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 Retrieved 29 February 2008 Scofield David 4 January 2005 Seoul s double talk on reunification Asia Times Archived from the original on 4 January 2005 Retrieved 29 February 2008 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b Wertz Oh amp Kim 2016 pp 1 2 sfn error no target CITEREFWertzOhKim2016 help See South Korea Taiwan relations Seung Ho Joo Tae Hwan Kwak Korea in the 21st Century US Library of Congress 7 October 2000 World War II and Korea Country Studies Retrieved 28 February 2008 Sterngold James 3 September 1994 China Backing North Korea Quits Armistice Commission The New York Times Retrieved 29 February 2008 Government of Israel 14 May 1948 Declaration of Israel s Independence 1948 Yale University Retrieved 28 February 2008 United States Congress 5 June 2008 H RES 1249 PDF Reply Online Book Chapter 1 Mythsandfacts org Retrieved 25 June 2010 Khartoum Resolution Council on Foreign Relations Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Government of Israel Israel s Diplomatic Missions Abroad Status of relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 4 April 2011 Bachner Michael Top Palestinian body calls for revoking recognition of Israel nixing agreements www timesofisrael com PA s Mahmoud Abbas declares suspension of all deals with Israel Al Jazeera 26 July 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2019 PLO suspends recognition of Israel Middle East Monitor 30 October 2018 Constitution of the People s Republic of China International Human Rights Treaties and Documents Database Archived from the original on 16 January 2000 Retrieved 28 February 2008 European Parliament Directorate General External Policies Policy Department Turkey and the problem of the recognition of Cyprus 20 January 2005 Retrieved 3 February 2011 CIA World Factbook 28 February 2008 Cyprus Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved 28 February 2008 Cyprus exists without Turkey s recognition president Xinhua Online XINHUA 1 October 2005 Archived from the original on 13 March 2006 Retrieved 7 March 2008 European Parliament s Committee on Foreign Affairs The influence of Turkish military forces on political agenda setting in Turkey analysed on the basis of the Cyprus question 18 February 2008 Retrieved 3 February 2011 Pakistan Worldview Report 21 Visit to Azerbaijan Senate of Pakistan Senate foreign relations committee 2008 Nilufer Bakhtiyar For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country 13 September 2006 14 03 Today Az International Recognition of the State of Palestine Official website of the Palestinian National Authority November 1988 Archived from the original on 10 October 2003 The PNA has publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states including the former Yugoslavia Costa Rica Recognizes Palestine Archived 15 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Journal of Turkish Weekly 26 February 2008 Retrieved 7 February 2011 South African Representative Office to the Palestinian National Authority Sarep org Retrieved 25 June 2010 Embassies of Palestine Webgaza net Retrieved 25 June 2010 Embassy of the State of Palestine in Bratislava Palestine sk Archived from the original on 9 August 2009 Retrieved 25 June 2010 a b Staff writers 20 February 2008 Palestinians may declare state BBC News British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 22 January 2011 Saeb Erekat disagreed arguing that the Palestine Liberation Organisation had already declared independence in 1988 Now we need real independence not a declaration We need real independence by ending the occupation We are not Kosovo We are under Israeli occupation and for independence we need to acquire independence Bannoura Saed 28 August 2011 124 Out Of 193 Countries Recognize Palestinian Independence IMEMC News International Middle East Media Center Retrieved 28 August 2011 Shelley Toby 1988 Spotlight on Morocco West Africa London West Africa Publishing Company Ltd 3712 3723 5 31 December 2282 the SADR was one of the first countries to recognise the state of Palestine Heaney Christopher Committee on Exercise of Inalienable Rights of Palestinian People GA Resolution A RES 73 18 Palestinians win upgraded UN status by wide margin BBC News 29 November 2012 Retrieved 29 November 2012 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Arab States Palestine United Nations Retrieved 3 December 2011 Disputed Territories Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1 February 2003 Retrieved 30 July 2021 a b Israel s control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip btselem org Map of Gaza fishing limits security zones dissidentvoice org December 2009 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Israel s Disengagement Plan Renewing the Peace Process Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip continue to control Gaza air space and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt Philadelphi Route until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement a b Dore Gold 26 August 2005 Legal Acrobatics The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still Occupied Even After Israel Withdraws Jerusalem Issue Brief Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Retrieved 11 February 2016 a b Bell Abraham 28 January 2008 International Law and Gaza The Assault on Israel s Right to Self Defense Jerusalem Issue Brief Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Retrieved 11 February 2016 a b Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference Press release Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel 22 January 2008 Retrieved 11 February 2016 a b Zak M Salih 17 November 2005 Panelists Disagree Over Gaza s Occupation Status University of Virginia School of Law Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2016 a b Israel Disengagement Will Not End Gaza Occupation Human Rights Watch 28 October 2004 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Global Investment and Business Center Inc Staff Taiwan Foreign Policy and National Security Yearbook 2011 Second Edition International Business Publications USA ISBN 0 7397 3660 4 Online version available at Google Books Routledge Handbook of State Recognition Routledge amp CRC Press Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China The New York Times 7 June 2007 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Winkler Sigrid 20 June 2012 Taiwan s UN Dilemma To Be or Not To Be Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 27 February 1976 Archived from the original on 2 May 2008 Retrieved 28 February 2008 Zunes Stephen Mundy Jacob 4 August 2010 Western Sahara War Nationalism and Conflict Irresolution Syracuse University Press pp 5 6 ISBN 978 0 8156 3219 1 Retrieved 3 November 2020 Here the states which recognize the SADR It is a non official list with dates of recognition and cancellation ARSO Retrieved 7 February 2011 About Western Sahara Australia Western Sahara Association November 2006 Retrieved 4 January 2010 Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly at its 34th session United Nations Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The Western Sahara whitehouse gov 10 December 2020 Retrieved 13 January 2021 via National Archives Morocco king rejects independence for Western Sahara Arab News 7 November 2017 Security Council resolution 541 1983 on Cyprus Un int Archived from the original on 28 August 2003 Retrieved 25 June 2010 Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo Paragraph 81 PDF International Court of Justice 22 July 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 21 August 2010 Retrieved 11 February 2016 a b Russia recognises Georgian rebels 26 August 2008 via news bbc co uk a b Venezuela s Chavez draws closer to Moscow Reuters 10 September 2009 Retrieved 20 October 2009 a b Syria formally recognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia Eurasianet 29 May 2018 Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 Retrieved 30 May 2018 A reply of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia to IA Res Question Concerning the Act of Adoption of RSO State Independence on 29 of May 1992 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia 29 May 2010 Retrieved 26 May 2022 a b South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia The Tiraspol Times Archived from the original on 22 April 2008 a b in Russian Vice spiker parlamenta Abhazii Vybory v NKR sootvetstvuyut vsem mezhdunarodnym standartam Abhaziya Yuzhnaya Osetiya NKR i Pridnestrove uzhe davno priznali nezavisimost drug druga i ochen tesno sotrudnichayut mezhdu soboj skazal vice spiker parlamenta Abhazii Abhaziya priznala nezavisimost Nagorno Karabahskoj Respubliki skazal on English language translation from Microsoft Translator a b Tuvalu takes back recognition of independence of Abkhazia and so called South Ossetia 31 March 2014 Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 Retrieved 31 March 2014 a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Ministry s Statements Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 30 September 2014 a b Luhansk Recognizes Abkhazia Civil Georgia 10 March 2022 Retrieved 10 March 2022 Clogg Rachel 2001 Abkhazia Ten Years On PDF Conciliation Resources Archived from the original PDF on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 26 February 2008 Regions and territories Abkhazia BBC News 8 February 2011 Retrieved 31 March 2011 Government of Vanuatu 17 June 2011 Vanuatu s recognition to the Republic of Abkhazia Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 Retrieved 24 September 2011 Vanuatu s initial recognition was invalidated after the Kilman government was annulled by the Supreme Court Kilman was subsequently re elected and its recognition was re confirmed by its Foreign Minister in July 2011 Natapei withdraws recognition of Abkhazia Vanuatu Daily Post 19 June 2011 Vanuatu official denies Abkhazia recognition Solomon Star 6 June 2011 Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 Transparency International Vanuatu press release on recognition of Abkhazia TI Georgia Vanuatu annuls recognition of Abkhazia report Radio New Zealand International 19 June 2011 Retrieved 15 October 2011 Georgia Says Vanuatu Has Withdrawn Recognition of Abkhazia Bloomberg L P 20 May 2013 Retrieved 30 September 2014 Government of Tuvalu 20 September 2011 On the establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 Retrieved 24 September 2011 Kosovo MPs proclaim independence BBC News 17 February 2008 Retrieved 28 February 2008 Kosovo PDF Archived from the original PDF on 16 February 2008 Retrieved 25 June 2010 a b c Ker Lindsay James 2012 The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession Preventing the Recognition of Contested States Oxford University Press p 53 ISBN 9780199698394 there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states Transnistria Nagorny Karabakh and Somaliland Abkhazia Ten Years On BBC 2 2001 Archived from the original on 21 December 2009 Retrieved 16 June 2008 BBC Country Profiles Regions and territories Nagorno Karabakh Retrieved 14 September 2009 BBC Country Profiles Regions and territories Somaliland Retrieved 14 September 2009 La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Juridica Venezuela Analitica 1 May 1999 Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 1 August 2015 English language translation The Order of Malta within the limits that are compatible with its actual position as a subject deprived of territory is in the international community a sovereign entity on par with the States and the Prince Grand Master is comparable from the point of view of international law to the Heads of State Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty Shaw Malcolm Nathan International Law Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003 ISBN 0 521 82473 7 p 218 Searchable text available via Amazon com The Italian Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order noting that the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any single state Nanni v Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta 8 AD p 2 Reconocese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacional Independiente Boletin Oficial de la Republica Argentina Ano LIX Numero 16 92 Buenos Aires 19 June 1951 p 1 The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina in Congress assembled enact as LAW Article 1 The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is hereby recognized as an international independent entity a b Arocha Magaly May 1999 La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Juridica The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature Caracas Distrito Capital Venezuela Analitica com Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 Retrieved 1 October 2012 English language translation T he clear territorial separation of sovereign areas that exists between the Italian State and the State of Vatican City does not exist between the Order of Malta and the Italian State but neither can it be said that the treatment given to the headquarters of the Order Aventine Via Condotti is simply that reserved for the headquarters of diplomatic missions accredited to the Italian State In fact the headquarters of the Order have diplomatic extraterritoriality authoritarian acts of any kind executive acts of inspection judicial cannot take place inside but in addition the Italian State recognizes the exercise in the headquarters of the prerogatives of sovereignty This means that Italian sovereignty and Maltese sovereignty coexist without overlapping because the Order exercises sovereign functions in a wider area than occurs in the diplomatic missions of the States for although those diplomatic missions enjoy extraterritoriality the guarantees deriving from the privilege of immunity are constrained to a purely administrative area the Order instead makes use of extraterritoriality to meet the very acts of sovereign self determination that are the same as the States legislative judicial administrative financial acts The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains embassies around the world and receives accreditations from foreign ambassadors Ordine di Malta Bilateral relations orderofmalta org Archived from the original on 7 August 2010 Cansacchi Giorgio 1940 Il diritto di legazione attivo e passivo dell Ordine de Malta p 65 Astraudo A 1935 Saint marin et l Ordre de Malta La Revue Diplomatique 7 Cox Noel S B The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta June 2008 Available at SSRN https ssrn com abstract 1140462 or http dx doi org 10 2139 ssrn 1140462 Corte Suprema di Cassazione Sezioni unite civili sentenza 6 giugno 1974 n 1653 PDF Il Foro Italiano 98 6 1471 1472 1475 1476 June 1975 Retrieved 10 April 2022 Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations mvep gov hr Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs Retrieved 1 March 2022 Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations mip gov me Montenegran Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 Retrieved 1 March 2022 Further readingAdrian Florea De Facto States Survival and Disappearance 1945 2011 International Studies Quarterly Volume 61 Issue 2 June 2017 Pages 337 351 Florea Adrian 6 May 2020 Rebel governance in de facto states European Journal of International Relations SAGE Publishing 26 4 1004 1031 doi 10 1177 1354066120919481 S2CID 53365477 Geldenhuys Deon 2009 Contested States in World Politics Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 23418 5 Keating Joshua 2018 Invisible Countries Journeys to the Edge of Nationhood Yale ISBN 978 0 300 22162 6 Ker Lindsay James 2012 The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession Preventing the Recognition of Contested States 1st ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199698394 Nationalities Papers Special Issue on the Emergence and Resilience of Parastates Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of states with limited recognition amp oldid 1138461311, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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