Badme
Badme (Tigrinya: ባድመ, Arabic: بادم) is a town in Gash-Barka region of Eritrea. Control of the town was at the centre of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict, which lasted from the beginning of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, in 1998, to the signing of a joint statement at the Eritrea–Ethiopia summit in 2018, twenty years later.
Badme ባድመ بادم | |
|---|---|
Badme Location in Eritrea[1] | |
| Coordinates: 14°43′34″N 37°48′12″E / 14.72611°N 37.80333°E | |
| Country | Eritrea |
| Region | Gash-Barka |
| Population (2005) | |
| • Total | 1,563 |
| Climate | BSh |
Territorial dispute edit
The boundaries of Ethiopia and Eritrea follow a frontier defined by the Treaty of Addis Ababa between Ethiopia and Italy, which ruled Eritrea as a colony at the time.[2] However, the frontier near Badme was poorly defined in the treaty, and since Eritrea became a separate nation in 1993, each nation has disputed where the boundary actually runs. The town of Badme was ceded[citation needed] by the TPLF (the predecessor of the EPRDF, Ethiopia's former ruling party) to the EPLF (the predecessor of the PFDJ, Eritrea's ruling organization) in November 1977.[3][page needed]
The Ethiopian government considered Badme as one of four towns in Tahtay Adiyabo woreda. In addition to Badme, other disputed areas along the Eritrean–Ethiopian border include Tsorona-Zalambessa and Bure.
In 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia signed the Algiers Agreement, which forwarded the border dispute to a Hague boundary commission. In the agreement, both parties agreed in advance to comply with the ruling of the border commission. In 2002, the commission ruled on where the boundary ran, placing Badme inside Eritrean territory.
Despite initially agreeing to abide by the terms of the Algiers Agreement, Ethiopia rejected its ruling and refused to withdraw to the border established by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission. As a result, thousands of internally displaced people were in refugee camps and there was a threat of renewed war.
In 2005, Badme residents voted in Ethiopian elections for the first time since Eritrean independence in 1991.[4][5][6]
In June 2018, following a meeting of the executive council of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), the ruling party in Ethiopia, the government of Ethiopia announced plans to withdraw from Badme and cede it to Eritrea.[7] A bilateral summit the following month ended the border conflict.
Tigray War edit
During the Tigray War, attacks were carried out on Badme by the joint Ethiopian and Eritrean armies. On 19 December 2020, a foreign diplomat stated that "thousands" of Eritrean soldiers are engaged in Tigray. Two diplomats claimed that Eritrean troops entered Ethiopia through three northern border towns: Zalambessa, Rama, and Badme.[8]
Demographics edit
The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia in 2005 reported that this town has an estimated total population of 1,563, of whom 834 are men and 729 are women.[9]
References edit
- ^ CIA – The World Factbook – Eritrea
- ^ Ullendorff, Edwakd (October 1967). "The Anglo-Ethiopian treaty of 1902". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 30 (3): 641–654. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00132100. ISSN 1474-0699.
- ^ Kendie, Daniel (2005). The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941-2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. Signature Book Printing. ISBN 1-932433-47-3.
- ^ Abbink 2003, p. 223: "In various UN documents, Badme is also mentioned as an Ethiopian place and as a recipient of food aid. People of Badme voted in all Ethiopian elections after 1991. Another indication is that until the moment of the outbreak of war in May 1998, Eritrean currency (the naqfa, introduced a year earlier) was never in use in Badme, only the Ethiopian birr."
- ^ Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Kathleen Young & David Quinn 2007, p. 61.
- ^ Ethiopian general elections, January 2005 - Sudan Tribune
- ^ Ashine, Argaw (5 June 2018). "Ethiopia to withdraw from disputed border region". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 31 - 20 December Europe External Programme with Africa
- ^ CSA 2005 National Statistics, Table B.4 23 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Bibliography edit
- Abbink, Jan (2003). "Badme and the Ethio-Eritrean border: the challenge of demarcation in the post-war period". Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 58 (2): 219–231. JSTOR 40761693.
- Jonathan Wilkenfeld; Kathleen Young; David Quinn (7 May 2007). Mediating International Crises. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-99479-2.
External links edit
- Border a geographer's nightmare