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Trans-Karakoram Tract

March 14, 2023

The Trans-Karakoram Tract (Chinese: 喀喇昆仑走廊; pinyin: Kālǎkūnlún zǒuláng), also known as the Shaksgam Tract (Urdu: شکسگام, romanized: Shaksgām), is an area of approximately 5,180.00 km2 (2,000.009 sq mi)[1] north of the Karakoram watershed, including the Shaksgam valley.[2][3] The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Although the Shaksgam tract was never under the control of Pakistan since 1947, in the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement, Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Shaksgam tract, while China recognized Pakistani sovereignty over the Gilgit Agency, and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan.[4][5] It is claimed by India as part of the Union territory of Ladakh.[6][7]

Trans-Karakoram Tract
Shaksgam Tract
Territory
Trans-Karakoram Tract
Location of the Trans-Karakoram Tract within the Southern Xinjiang region is disputed by India
Coordinates: 36°01′33″N 76°38′46″E / 36.02583°N 76.64611°E / 36.02583; 76.64611Coordinates: 36°01′33″N 76°38′46″E / 36.02583°N 76.64611°E / 36.02583; 76.64611
CountryChina
Autonomous RegionXinjiang
PrefectureKashgar
CountyTaxkorgan and Kargilik
Area
 • Total5,180 km2 (2,000 sq mi)
Central Intelligence Agency map of the former British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir with present-day borders, showing the Trans-Karakoram Tract in the northern part of the state (hatched red)[a]

Most of the tract is composed of the Shaksgam Valley and was formerly administered as part of Shigar, a district (formerly a tehsil) in the Baltistan region. A polo ground in Shaksgam was built by the Amacha Royal family of Shigar, and the Rajas of Shigar used to invite the Amirs of Hotan to play polo there.[8] Most of the names of the mountains, lakes, rivers and passes are in Balti/Ladakhi, suggesting that this land had been part of Baltistan/Ladakh region for a long time.

The tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains. Bounded by the Kun Lun Mountains in the north, and the Karakoram peaks to the south, including Broad Peak, K2 and Gasherbrum, on the southeast it is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world on the Siachen Glacier region which is controlled by India.

History

 
Boundary of Kashmir in the 1888 Survey of India map of India. The undefined boundary shown in dash line from Malubiting, Raskam, Aktagh to Karakunlun Shan 35°16′59″N 80°15′43″E / 35.28312°N 80.261863°E / 35.28312; 80.261863
 
Detailed map showing part of the Trans-Karakoram Tract near the Shaksgam River (United States Army Map Service, 1953)
 
The Shaksgam Valley (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) photographed in August 2008

Historically the people of Hunza cultivated and grazed areas to the north of the Karakoram, and the Mir of Hunza claimed those areas as part of Hunza's territories. Those areas included the Raskam Valley, north of the Shaksgam Valley.[9]

In 1889 the first expedition to the Shaksgam Valley by a European was undertaken by Francis Younghusband (who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang).[10]

In March 1899 the British proposed, in a formal Note from Sir Claude MacDonald to China, a new boundary between China and British India. The Note proposed that China should relinquish its claims to suzerainty over Hunza, and in return Hunza should relinquish its claims to most of the Taghdumbash and Raskam districts.[11] The Note proposed a border which broadly followed the main Karakoram crest dividing the watersheds of the Indus River and the Tarim River, but with a variation to pass through a Hunza post at Darwaza near the Shimshal Pass.[11] The Chinese did not respond to the Note and the Indian government never revisited the boundary in the same form again.[12] The MacDonald line was modified in 1905 to include in India a small area east of the Shimshal Pass, to put the border on a stretch of the Shaksgam River.[13]

At the same time, in view of "The Great Game", Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as Qing dynasty China weakened and so adopted a policy of claiming a border north of the Shaksgam River. This followed a line proposed by Sir John Ardagh in a Memorandum of 1897.[14] That border included the Mir of Hunza's claim over the Raskam Valley. However, British administration never extended north of the Karakoram watershed.[15]

The Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladákh, first published in 1890 and compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch, gives a description and details of places inside Kashmir. It includes a description of the Híñdutásh Pass in north eastern Kashmir in the Aksai Chin. The Gazetteer states in pages 520 and 364 that “The eastern (Kuenlun) range forms the southern boundary of Khotan”, “and is crossed by two passes, the Yangi or Elchi Diwan, .... and the Hindutak (i.e. Híñdutásh ) Díwán”. It describes Khotan as “ A province of the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun range, which here forms the boundary of Ladák".[16]

From 1899 until the independence of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947, the representation of the border on maps varied. In 1926 Kenneth Mason explored and surveyed the Shaksgam Valley.[17] In 1927 the Government of British India abandoned any claim to the area north of the MacDonald line, but the decision did not find its way on to British maps.[18] By 1959, however, Chinese maps were published showing large areas west and south of the MacDonald line in China. That year, the Government of Pakistan announced its willingness to consult on the boundary question.[19]

Since 1947, India has claimed sovereignty over the entire area of the pre-1947 independent state of Jammu and Kashmir and maintains that Pakistan and China do not share a common border.

In 1954 the Times Atlas predominantly depicted the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract (the region between the Karakoram and Kuen Lun mountains) as a part of Kashmir under the caption "Undefined Frontier area". The northern border published by the 1954 Times Atlas more or less followed the watershed of the Kuen Lun range from the Taghdumbash Pamir to the Yangi Dawan pass north of Kulanaldi, but east of the Yangi Dawan Pass, the border deviated from the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on the edge of the highlands of Kashmir.

Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement

Main article: Sino-Pakistan Agreement
 
Official alignment of the Government of Pakistan in 1962. The border is in the extreme north and is depicted as a dotted line with the caption Alignment Official Pakistan Map 1962

In 1959, the Pakistani government became concerned over Chinese maps that showed areas the Pakistanis considered their own as part of China. In 1961, Ayub Khan sent a formal note to China; there was no reply. It is thought that the Chinese might not have been motivated to negotiate with Pakistan because of Pakistan's relations with India.

In 1962 the Government of Pakistan published an official map depicting the alignment of the northern border of Kashmir, which depicted much of the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract as part of Kashmir. The alignment published by the Government of Pakistan was mostly similar to the portrayal of the northern Border of Kashmir depicted in the 1954 Times Atlas, though in places, the Government of Pakistan's position deviated from the 1954 Times Atlas, and included areas as part of Kashmir which were to the north of the border of Kashmir shown in the Times Atlas. Thus the official position of the Government of Pakistan prior to the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Agreement was that the northern border of Pakistan was on the Kuen Lun range, and the territory ceded by the Government of Pakistan was not just restricted to the Shaksgam Valley but extended to the Kuen Lun range. For an idea of the extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract, a view the map (C) from the Joe Schwartzberg's Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption, "The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947" would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans-Karakoram Tract or the Cis-Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines.

 
Broad Peak lies on the border of the Tract

After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations, the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962, agreeing to enter border talks in March. Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13, 1962, and resulted in the Sino-Pakistan Agreement signed on 2 March 1963 by foreign ministers Chen Yi of China and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan.[5]

The Indian government took the view that the agreement resulted in the surrendering of a significant area to China. In the opinion of Jawaharlal Nehru, "According to the survey of Pakistan maps, even those published in 1962, about 11,000 square miles [28,000 km2] of Sinkiang territory formed part of Kashmir. If one goes by these maps, Pakistan has obviously surrendered over 12,810.87 square miles [33,180.0 km2] of territory".[20]

See also

Glaciers
AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line), south to north runs through the following
Borders
Conflicts
Operations
Other related topics

Notes

  1. ^ Siachen Glacier is under Indian administration despite being labelled "contested territory" in the map.

References

  1. ^ Trivei, Abishek (8 July 2019). "Why the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, 2019". www.jurist.org. Retrieved 2021-11-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015, p. 238.
  3. ^ Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003, p. 101.
  4. ^ Noorani, A. G. (20 October 2006). "Facing the truth". Frontline. The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined
  5. ^ a b . Time (magazine). 15 March 1963. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  6. ^ R Chandrashekhar (2017). THE GILGIT AND BALTISTAN REGIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE (PDF). Center for Joint Warfare Studies. New Delhi: Xtreme Office Aids Pvt. Ltd. p. 63. ISBN 978-93-84492-36-6. An area that is legally part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has since 1963 been administered by China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Prior to 1963 the Shaksgam tract had been administered as a part of Shigar.
  7. ^ Complete Atlas Of The World (3 ed.). Penguin Random House. 2016. p. 238 – via Internet Archive. (claimed by India)
  8. ^ Senge Sering, Polo Diplomacy as Part of Indo-Pak CBMs: Any Takers?, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, 1 December 2011.
  9. ^ Lall, J. S. (1989), Aksaichin and Sino-Indian Conflict, Allied Publishers, p. 85
  10. ^ Younghusband, Francis (1896). The Heart of a Continent. pp. 200ff. ISBN 9788120608504.
  11. ^ a b Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970), pp. 102, 366.
  12. ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970), pp. 74–75, 102.
  13. ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970), p. 308.
  14. ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970), p. 107.
  15. ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970), p. 298, citing Alistair Lamb in the Australian Outlook, December 1964
  16. ^ The Gazetteer of Kashmír and Ladák compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch (1890), at page 493
  17. ^ Mason, Kenneth (1928). Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926. pp. 72ff. ISBN 9788120617940.
  18. ^ Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970), pp. 107, 298.
  19. ^ The Geographer. Office of the Geographer. Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Department of State, United States of America (November 15, 1968), China – Pakistan Boundary (PDF), International Boundary Study, vol. 85, Florida State University College of Law
  20. ^ Formal statement of Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru in the Parliament of India on March 5, 1963

Bibliography

External links

  • Jammu and Kashmir Official Website

March 14, 2023
trans, karakoram, tract, chinese, 喀喇昆仑走廊, pinyin, kālǎkūnlún, zǒuláng, also, known, shaksgam, tract, urdu, شکسگام, romanized, shaksgām, area, approximately, north, karakoram, watershed, including, shaksgam, valley, tract, administered, china, part, taxkorgan, . The Trans Karakoram Tract Chinese 喀喇昆仑走廊 pinyin Kalǎkunlun zǒulang also known as the Shaksgam Tract Urdu شکسگام romanized Shaksgam is an area of approximately 5 180 00 km2 2 000 009 sq mi 1 north of the Karakoram watershed including the Shaksgam valley 2 3 The tract is administered by China as part of its Taxkorgan and Yecheng counties in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Although the Shaksgam tract was never under the control of Pakistan since 1947 in the 1963 Sino Pakistan Agreement Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Shaksgam tract while China recognized Pakistani sovereignty over the Gilgit Agency and a border based on actual ground positions was recognized as the international border by China and Pakistan 4 5 It is claimed by India as part of the Union territory of Ladakh 6 7 Trans Karakoram Tract Shaksgam TractTerritoryTrans Karakoram TractLocation of the Trans Karakoram Tract within the Southern Xinjiang region is disputed by IndiaCoordinates 36 01 33 N 76 38 46 E 36 02583 N 76 64611 E 36 02583 76 64611 Coordinates 36 01 33 N 76 38 46 E 36 02583 N 76 64611 E 36 02583 76 64611CountryChinaAutonomous RegionXinjiangPrefectureKashgarCountyTaxkorgan and KargilikArea Total5 180 km2 2 000 sq mi Central Intelligence Agency map of the former British Indian princely state of Jammu and Kashmir with present day borders showing the Trans Karakoram Tract in the northern part of the state hatched red a Most of the tract is composed of the Shaksgam Valley and was formerly administered as part of Shigar a district formerly a tehsil in the Baltistan region A polo ground in Shaksgam was built by the Amacha Royal family of Shigar and the Rajas of Shigar used to invite the Amirs of Hotan to play polo there 8 Most of the names of the mountains lakes rivers and passes are in Balti Ladakhi suggesting that this land had been part of Baltistan Ladakh region for a long time The tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world with some of the highest mountains Bounded by the Kun Lun Mountains in the north and the Karakoram peaks to the south including Broad Peak K2 and Gasherbrum on the southeast it is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world on the Siachen Glacier region which is controlled by India Contents 1 History 2 Sino Pakistan Frontier Agreement 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksHistory Edit Boundary of Kashmir in the 1888 Survey of India map of India The undefined boundary shown in dash line from Malubiting Raskam Aktagh to Karakunlun Shan 35 16 59 N 80 15 43 E 35 28312 N 80 261863 E 35 28312 80 261863 Detailed map showing part of the Trans Karakoram Tract near the Shaksgam River United States Army Map Service 1953 The Shaksgam Valley Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region photographed in August 2008 Historically the people of Hunza cultivated and grazed areas to the north of the Karakoram and the Mir of Hunza claimed those areas as part of Hunza s territories Those areas included the Raskam Valley north of the Shaksgam Valley 9 In 1889 the first expedition to the Shaksgam Valley by a European was undertaken by Francis Younghusband who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang 10 In March 1899 the British proposed in a formal Note from Sir Claude MacDonald to China a new boundary between China and British India The Note proposed that China should relinquish its claims to suzerainty over Hunza and in return Hunza should relinquish its claims to most of the Taghdumbash and Raskam districts 11 The Note proposed a border which broadly followed the main Karakoram crest dividing the watersheds of the Indus River and the Tarim River but with a variation to pass through a Hunza post at Darwaza near the Shimshal Pass 11 The Chinese did not respond to the Note and the Indian government never revisited the boundary in the same form again 12 The MacDonald line was modified in 1905 to include in India a small area east of the Shimshal Pass to put the border on a stretch of the Shaksgam River 13 At the same time in view of The Great Game Britain was concerned at the danger of Russian expansion as Qing dynasty China weakened and so adopted a policy of claiming a border north of the Shaksgam River This followed a line proposed by Sir John Ardagh in a Memorandum of 1897 14 That border included the Mir of Hunza s claim over the Raskam Valley However British administration never extended north of the Karakoram watershed 15 The Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladakh first published in 1890 and compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch gives a description and details of places inside Kashmir It includes a description of the Hindutash Pass in north eastern Kashmir in the Aksai Chin The Gazetteer states in pages 520 and 364 that The eastern Kuenlun range forms the southern boundary of Khotan and is crossed by two passes the Yangi or Elchi Diwan and the Hindutak i e Hindutash Diwan It describes Khotan as A province of the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun range which here forms the boundary of Ladak 16 From 1899 until the independence of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947 the representation of the border on maps varied In 1926 Kenneth Mason explored and surveyed the Shaksgam Valley 17 In 1927 the Government of British India abandoned any claim to the area north of the MacDonald line but the decision did not find its way on to British maps 18 By 1959 however Chinese maps were published showing large areas west and south of the MacDonald line in China That year the Government of Pakistan announced its willingness to consult on the boundary question 19 Since 1947 India has claimed sovereignty over the entire area of the pre 1947 independent state of Jammu and Kashmir and maintains that Pakistan and China do not share a common border In 1954 the Times Atlas predominantly depicted the Cis Kuen Lun Tract the region between the Karakoram and Kuen Lun mountains as a part of Kashmir under the caption Undefined Frontier area The northern border published by the 1954 Times Atlas more or less followed the watershed of the Kuen Lun range from the Taghdumbash Pamir to the Yangi Dawan pass north of Kulanaldi but east of the Yangi Dawan Pass the border deviated from the watershed of the Kuen Lun range on the edge of the highlands of Kashmir Sino Pakistan Frontier Agreement EditMain article Sino Pakistan Agreement Official alignment of the Government of Pakistan in 1962 The border is in the extreme north and is depicted as a dotted line with the caption Alignment Official Pakistan Map 1962 In 1959 the Pakistani government became concerned over Chinese maps that showed areas the Pakistanis considered their own as part of China In 1961 Ayub Khan sent a formal note to China there was no reply It is thought that the Chinese might not have been motivated to negotiate with Pakistan because of Pakistan s relations with India In 1962 the Government of Pakistan published an official map depicting the alignment of the northern border of Kashmir which depicted much of the Cis Kuen Lun Tract as part of Kashmir The alignment published by the Government of Pakistan was mostly similar to the portrayal of the northern Border of Kashmir depicted in the 1954 Times Atlas though in places the Government of Pakistan s position deviated from the 1954 Times Atlas and included areas as part of Kashmir which were to the north of the border of Kashmir shown in the Times Atlas Thus the official position of the Government of Pakistan prior to the 1963 Sino Pakistan Agreement was that the northern border of Pakistan was on the Kuen Lun range and the territory ceded by the Government of Pakistan was not just restricted to the Shaksgam Valley but extended to the Kuen Lun range For an idea of the extent of the Trans Karakoram Tract or the Cis Kuen Lun Tract a view the map C from the Joe Schwartzberg s Historical Atlas of South Asia at DSAL in Chicago with the caption The boundary of Kashmir with China as portrayed and proposed by Britain prior to 1947 would show that the geographical and territorial extent of the Trans Karakoram Tract or the Cis Kuen Lun Tract is more or less the territory enclosed between the northernmost line and the innermost lines Broad Peak lies on the border of the Tract After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962 agreeing to enter border talks in March Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13 1962 and resulted in the Sino Pakistan Agreement signed on 2 March 1963 by foreign ministers Chen Yi of China and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan 5 The Indian government took the view that the agreement resulted in the surrendering of a significant area to China In the opinion of Jawaharlal Nehru According to the survey of Pakistan maps even those published in 1962 about 11 000 square miles 28 000 km2 of Sinkiang territory formed part of Kashmir If one goes by these maps Pakistan has obviously surrendered over 12 810 87 square miles 33 180 0 km2 of territory 20 See also EditGlaciersYinsugaiti Glacier Sarpo Laggo GlacierAGPL Actual Ground Position Line south to north runs through the followingNJ9842 LoC ends and AGPL begins Gyong La Chumik Glacier Saltoro Mountains Saltoro Kangri Ghent Kangri Bilafond La Sia La Indira Col AGPL ends at LACBordersActual Ground Position Line AGPL India Pakistan International Border IB Line of Control LoC Line of Actual Control LAC Sir Creek SC Borders of China Borders of India Borders of PakistanConflictsKashmir conflict Siachen conflict Sino Indian conflict List of disputed territories of China List of disputed territories of India List of disputed territories of Pakistan Northern AreasOperationsOperation Meghdoot by India Operation Rajiv by India Operation Safed Sagar by IndiaOther related topicsAwards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces Bana Singh after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top Dafdar westernmost town in Trans Karakoram Tract India China Border Roads List of extreme points of India Sino Pakistan Agreement for transfer of Trans Karakoram Tract to ChinaNotes Edit Siachen Glacier is under Indian administration despite being labelled contested territory in the map References Edit Trivei Abishek 8 July 2019 Why the 1963 Sino Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago 2019 www jurist org Retrieved 2021 11 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Snedden Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015 p 238 Schofield Kashmir in Conflict 2003 p 101 Noorani A G 20 October 2006 Facing the truth Frontline The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined a b Signing with the Red Chinese Time magazine 15 March 1963 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 28 October 2019 R Chandrashekhar 2017 THE GILGIT AND BALTISTAN REGIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE PDF Center for Joint Warfare Studies New Delhi Xtreme Office Aids Pvt Ltd p 63 ISBN 978 93 84492 36 6 An area that is legally part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has since 1963 been administered by China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region Prior to 1963 the Shaksgam tract had been administered as a part of Shigar Complete Atlas Of The World 3 ed Penguin Random House 2016 p 238 via Internet Archive claimed by India Senge Sering Polo Diplomacy as Part of Indo Pak CBMs Any Takers Centre for Land Warfare Studies 1 December 2011 Lall J S 1989 Aksaichin and Sino Indian Conflict Allied Publishers p 85 Younghusband Francis 1896 The Heart of a Continent pp 200ff ISBN 9788120608504 a b Woodman Himalayan Frontiers 1970 pp 102 366 Woodman Himalayan Frontiers 1970 pp 74 75 102 Woodman Himalayan Frontiers 1970 p 308 Woodman Himalayan Frontiers 1970 p 107 Woodman Himalayan Frontiers 1970 p 298 citing Alistair Lamb in the Australian Outlook December 1964 The Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch 1890 at page 493 Mason Kenneth 1928 Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges 1926 pp 72ff ISBN 9788120617940 Woodman Himalayan Frontiers 1970 pp 107 298 The Geographer Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research Department of State United States of America November 15 1968 China Pakistan Boundary PDF International Boundary Study vol 85 Florida State University College of Law Formal statement of Mr Jawaharlal Nehru in the Parliament of India on March 5 1963Bibliography EditSchofield Victoria 2003 First published in 2000 Kashmir in Conflict London and New York I B Taurus amp Co ISBN 1860648983 Snedden Christopher 2015 Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris Oxford University Press ISBN 978 1 84904 342 7 Woodman Dorothy 1969 Himalayan Frontiers Barrie amp Rockcliff Woodman Dorothy 1970 Himalayan Frontiers A Political Review of British Chinese Indian and Russian Rivalries PraegerExternal links EditJammu and Kashmir Official Website Northern Areas Official Website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trans Karakoram Tract amp oldid 1138094007, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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