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Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

February 09, 2023

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict[f] is an ethnic[53][54] and territorial[49] conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians,[55][56][57][58] and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[59][60] The Nagorno-Karabakh region is entirely claimed by and partially de facto controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but is recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan controls the remainder of the Nagorno-Karabakh region (in which the Armenian population was expelled during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war[61][62]) as well as the seven surrounding districts. The conflict has its origins in the early 20th century, but the present conflict began in 1988, when the Karabakh Armenians demanded transferring Karabakh from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia. The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s which later transformed into a low-intensity conflict until four-day escalation in April 2016 and then into another full-scale war in 2020.

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Part of the post-Soviet conflicts

Current military situation in the region
Date20 February 1988 – present
(34 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact, Armenia–Azerbaijan border
Status

Ceasefire agreement signed, Russian peacekeeping forces deployed in the region[18]

Territorial
changes		 Independence of the Armenian-majority Republic of Artsakh, subsequent unification with Armenia (de facto)[32]
Belligerents
 Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh)[a]
 Armenia[b]
Foreign fighters
Arms suppliers
Diplomatic support

 Azerbaijan[c]

 Soviet Union (1988–1991)[d]
 Turkey (2020) (alleged by Armenia)[7][8][9]
Foreign fighters
Arms suppliers
Diplomatic support
Units involved
Artsakh Defence Army
Armed Forces of Armenia		 Azerbaijani Armed Forces
Strength
2018: 65,000 (active servicemen)[33][e]
1993–1994: 30,000–40,000[36][37]		 2019: 66,950 (active servicemen)[38]
1993–1994: 42,000–56,000[37][36][39]
Casualties and losses
28,000–38,000 killed (1988–1994)[44]
3,000 killed (May 1994 – August 2009)[45]
541–547+ killed (2010–2019)[46]
7,717 killed (2020)[47]
44 killed (2021–2022)[48]

A ceasefire signed in 1994 in Bishkek was followed by two decades of relative stability, which significantly deteriorated along with Azerbaijan's increasing frustration with the status quo, at odds with Armenia's efforts to cement it.[63] A four-day escalation in April 2016 became the deadliest ceasefire violation until the 2020 conflict.[64] A tentative armistice was established by the tripartite ceasefire agreement on November 10, 2020, by which most of the territories lost by Azerbaijan during the First Nagorno-Karabakh war were returned Azerbaijan's control. The president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, claimed that the conflict has thus ended;[65] however the ceasefire agreement was followed by various incidents in Nagorno-Karabakh and on the Armenian-Azerbaijani border crisis in the 2021–2023 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis from May 2021 onwards, with continued casualties from both sides.

Background

Main articles: History of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920), and Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

Following the breakup of the Russian Empire, the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh formed an unrecognised polity known as the Karabakh Council in 1918. Due to Azerbaijani–British pressure, the Karabakh Council in August 1919 was forced to provisionally recognise the authority of Azerbaijan pending the Paris Peace Conference's decision on the South Caucasus republics' international borders.[66] As the peace conference was inconclusive regarding Nagorno-Karabakh, the Azerbaijani governor-general Khosrov bey Sultanov, issued an ultimatum to the Armenians of Karabakh in early 1920, stipulating their acceptance of permanent inclusion into Azerbaijan. Armenia responded by dispatching its agents to organize a rebellion in Nagorno-Karabakh against Azerbaijani rule—the subversive preparations culminated in an abortive uprising that led to the massacre and displacement of Shusha's Armenian population.[67][g] By 1921, Nagorno-Karabakh was in the control of Soviet authorities who decided on the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within Soviet Azerbaijan.[69]

In 1964, the Armenians of Karabakh sent a letter to leader of the USSR, Nikita Khrushchev, complaining about the economic management of the NKAO and asking for their region and "all adjacent Armenian regions" to be joined to the Armenian SSR, "or to make them [a part of the] RSFSR."[70] The conflict continued to simmer under the surface until Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms.

Amid the gradual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1988–89, ethnic tensions between Armenians and Azerbaijanis exploded in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. According to the 1979 Soviet census, 160,841 Azeris lived in Armenia and 352,410 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan outside of Nagorno-Karabakh.[71] The 1989 Soviet census showed a decline of those minorities to 84,860 Azeris in Armenia and 245,045 Armenians in Azerbaijan outside of Nagorno-Karabakh.[71] De Waal writes that in the mid-1980s, there were approximately 350,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan outside of Nagorno-Karabakh, and 200,000 Azerbaijanis in Armenia.[72]

According to Stuart Kaufman, a professor of political science and international relations,[73] and Thomas de Waal, the first instance of violence in the conflict occurred in October 1987 when an Azerbaijani official "punished" the Armenian-populated village of Chardakhly (present-day Çardaqlı) with a raid for protesting against the appointment of a new collective-farm director.[72] During the raid, the village's women, children, and elderly were beaten up.[74] In his 2003 book Black Garden, Thomas de Waal speculated that "[p]ossibly in reaction to such incidents", Azerbaijanis in Armenia (specifically in the districts of Ghapan and Meghri) were in November 1987 driven out of their homes, arriving at Baku in two freight cars.[75] A number of Armenian scholars and investigative journalists, however, have scrutinized these alleged incidents and argued that, outside the claims made by Azerbaijani officials, there is no evidence, archival or otherwise, to corroborate such instances of mass violence taking place, at least prior to February 1988.[76][77]

Timeline

First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)

Main article: First Nagorno-Karabakh War
 
Graves of Azerbaijani soldiers

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War, also known as the Artsakh Liberation War in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, was an armed conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Soviet Republics, entangled themselves in a protracted, undeclared war in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh.

The enclave's parliament had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia. A referendum, boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno-Karabakh, was held, whereby most of the voters voted in favor of independence. The demand to unify with Armenia, which began anew in 1988, began in a relatively peaceful manner. As the Soviet Union's dissolution neared, the tensions gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between ethnic Armenians and ethnic Azerbaijanis. Both sides made claims of ethnic cleansing and pogroms conducted by the other.[78][79]

 
Photos of fallen Armenian soldiers in Stepanakert, Nagorno Karabakh

Inter-ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in Azerbaijan voted to unify the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988. The circumstances of the dissolution of the Soviet Union facilitated an Armenian separatist movement in Soviet Azerbaijan. The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the final result of a territorial conflict regarding the land.[80] As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave's government, the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan. In the process they proclaimed the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.[81]

Full-scale fighting erupted in the late winter of 1992. International mediation by several groups, including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), failed to bring resolution. In the spring of 1993, Armenian forces captured territory outside the enclave itself, threatening to catalyze the involvement of other countries in the region.[82] By the end of the war in 1994, the Armenians were in full control of most of the enclave and also held and currently control approximately 9% of Azerbaijan's territory outside the enclave.[83] As many as 230,000 Armenians from Azerbaijan and 800,000 Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Karabakh have been displaced as a result of the conflict, essentially cleansing Armenia and Karabakh from Azerbaijanis and Azerbaijan of Armenians.[84] a Russian-brokered ceasefire was signed in May 1994, leading to diplomatic mediation.[85]

Some clashes occurred in the years following the 1994 ceasefire.[86]

Border clashes (1994–2020)

Main article: 2008 Mardakert clashes
 
The situation in the area after the 1994 ceasefire

The 2008 Mardakert clashes began on 4 March after the 2008 Armenian election protests. It involved the heaviest fighting between ethnic Armenian[87] and Azerbaijani forces[88] over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh[88][89] since the 1994 ceasefire after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Armenian sources accused Azerbaijan of trying to take advantage of ongoing unrest in Armenia.[90] Azerbaijani sources blamed Armenia, claiming that the Armenian government was trying to divert attention from internal tensions in Armenia.[90]

Following the incident, on March 14 the United Nations General Assembly by a recorded vote of 39 in favour to 7 against adopted Resolution 62/243, demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan.[91]

2010 violence

Main articles: 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes and 2010 Mardakert clashes

The 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clash was a scattered exchange of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers.[92][93] As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded.[94]

The 2010 Mardakert clashes were a series of violations of the ceasefire that ended the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. They took place across the line of contact dividing Azerbaijan and the ethnic Armenian military forces of the unrecognized but de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Both sides accused the other of violating the ceasefire regime. These were the worst violations of the cease-fire (which has been in place since 1994) in two years and left Armenian forces with the heaviest casualties since the Mardakert clashes of March 2008.[95]

Between 2008 and 2010, 74 soldiers were killed on both sides.[96]

2011–2013 continued fighting

See also: 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes

In late April 2011, border clashes left three Nagorno-Karabakh soldiers dead,[97] while on 5 October, two Azerbaijani and one Armenian soldier were killed.[98] In all during the year, 10 Armenian soldiers were killed.[99]

The following year, border clashes between the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan took place from late April through early June. The clashes resulted in the deaths of five Azerbaijani and four Armenian soldiers. In all during 2012, 19 Azerbaijani and 14 Armenian soldiers were killed.[100] Another report put the number of Azerbaijani dead at 20.[86]

Throughout 2013, 12 Azerbaijani and 7 Armenian soldiers were killed in border clashes.[100]

2014 clashes and helicopter shootdown

See also: 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes and 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown

In 2014, several border clashes erupted that had resulted in 16 fatalities on both sides by 20 June.[101]

On 2 August, Azerbaijani authorities announced that eight of their soldiers had been killed in three days of clashes with NKO forces, the biggest single death toll for the country's military since the 1994 war.[102] NKO denied any casualties on their side, while saying the Azerbaijanis had suffered 14 dead and many more injured.[102] Local officials in Nagorno-Karabakh reported at least two Armenian military deaths in what was the largest incident in the area since 2008.[103] Five more Azerbaijani troops were killed the following night, bringing the death toll from the August clashes to at least 15. The violence prompted Russia to issue a strong statement, warning both sides not to escalate the situation further.[104]

By August 5, 2014, the fighting that started on 27 July had left 14 Azerbaijani and 5 Armenian soldiers dead. Overall, 27 Azerbaijani soldiers had died since the start of the year in border clashes.[105]

In a separate incident in July 2014, the NKR Defense Army announced that troops had killed one and arrested two members of an Azerbaijani subversive group that had penetrated the contact line.[106] In addition to spying on Armenian troop movements and military installations and civilian settlements in Karvachar (Kelbajar), the team was charged with the murder of Smbat Tsakanyan, a seventeen-year-old Armenian boy and resident of the village of Jumen. Both surviving members of the group were sentenced to life in prison by an Armenian court. In July 2015, video footage recorded by the team was released to the public and aired on Armenian state television.[107]

On November 12, 2014, the Azerbaijani armed forces shot down a Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army Mil Mi-24 helicopter over Karabakh's Agdam district. Three servicemen were killed in the incident. Armenia's Defense Ministry stated the aircraft was unarmed and called its downing an "unprecedented provocation". Azerbaijani authorities claimed the helicopter was "trying to attack" Azerbaijani army positions.[108] Armenian authorities stated that Azerbaijan will face "grave consequences".[109] With the crash, 2014 became the deadliest year for Armenian forces since the 1994 ceasefire agreement, with 27 soldiers killed in addition to 34 fatalities on the Azerbaijani side.[110] Six Armenian civilians also died in 2014, while by the end of the year the number of Azerbaijanis killed rose to 39 (37 soldiers and 2 civilians).[86]

2015 sporadic fighting

In 2015, 42 Armenian soldiers and 5 civilians were killed as border clashes continued.[111] In addition, at least 64 Azerbaijani soldiers also died.[112][113]

Sporadic fighting primarily took place in: January,[114] June,[115] August,[116] September,[117][118] November[119] and throughout December.[113][120]

Over the years, Azerbaijan had been growing impatient with the status quo. In this regard, propelled by oil and gas windfall, the country embarked in a military build-up. In 2015 alone, Baku spent $3bn on its military, more than Armenia's entire national budget.[63]

Early 2016 clashes

Throughout January and February 2016, four Armenian and four Azerbaijani soldiers were killed in fighting at the Nagorno-Karabakh border.[121] The first casualty of 2016 was a Nagorno-Karabakh soldier Aramayis Voskanian, who was killed by Azerbaijani sniper fire while serving in the eastern direction of the Line of Contact.[122][123] In mid-February, Hakob Hambartsumyan, an Armenian herdsman from Vazgenashen, was killed by an Azerbaijani sniper.[124] In March, two Azerbaijani and one Armenian soldier were killed in clashes along the border between Azerbaijan and Armenia.[125][126]

2016 April conflict

Main article: 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Between 1 and 5 April 2016, heavy fighting along the Nagorno-Karabakh frontline left 88 Armenian and 31–92 Azerbaijani soldiers dead. One Armenian and three Azerbaijani soldiers were also missing. In addition, 10 civilians (six Azerbaijani and four Armenian) were also killed.[127][128] During the clashes, an Azerbaijani military helicopter and 13 unmanned drones were shot down[129] and an Azerbaijani tank was destroyed,[130] while Nagorno-Karabakh lost 14 tanks.[131]

2016–2017 renewed border clashes

Between 8 April and 16 June 2016, sporadic fighting left 14 Armenian and three Azerbaijani soldiers dead, as well as one Azerbaijani civilian.[132][133] On 5 October 2016, Armenian artillery shelled Azerbaijani positions on the line of contact with one Azerbaijani soldier being killed.[134] One Armenian soldier was killed on 11 October 2016 in a skirmish on the line of contact.[135] On 15 November, an Azerbaijani soldier was killed on the line of contact.[136] On 27 November, Azerbaijani forces reported shooting down an Armenian drone which had crossed the line of contact.[137]

A Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed in action with Azerbaijiani forces on 6 February 2017.[138] On 8 February 2017, one Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed and another wounded in a firefight with Azerbajiani troops along the line of contact.[138] On 24 February 2017, Azerbaijani forces shelled the Armenian positions near the village of Talish with artillery.[139] The next day a large firefight broke out with Azerbajiani forces approaching Armenian lines in the same area, 5 Azerbaijani soldiers were killed in the ensuing engagement.[139][140]

On 15 May 2017, a Karabakh Osa air defense system was damaged or destroyed by a guided missile launched by Azerbaijani forces.[141] On 20 May 2017, an Armenian soldier was killed in a firefight with Azeri troops, the Azerbaijani military utilized anti-tank grenades and 60mm mortar fire in the action.[142] On 26 May 2017, a Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed in a skirmish with Azerbajiani forces involving mortars and grenade launches.[143][144] On 16 June 2017, three Nagorno-Karabakh soldiers were killed by Azeri forces.[145] On 22 June 2017, four Azeri soldiers were killed by Nagorno-Karakakh soldiers.[146] On July 4, 2017, an Azeri woman and her two-year-old grandchild were killed as a result of shelling by Armenian forces.[147] On 10 July 2017, a Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed in shelling by the Azerbaijani forces.[148] On 25 July 2017, Azerbaijan claimed that one of its soldiers was wounded by a munition dropped from an Armenian UCAV.[149] On 31 August 2017, Azerbaijani military positions were fired at and shelled at from Armenian military positions. The Armenian military were using large-caliber machine guns.[150]

2018 clashes

Main article: 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes

A Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed by an Azerbaijani sniper near the line of contact on 7 January 2018.[151] A Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed by Azerbaijani fire on 7 February 2018.[152] Three civilian volunteers were killed in a demining operation in Nagorno-Karabakh on 29 March 2018.[153] A Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed by Azerbaijani fire on 9 April 2018.[154] A Nagorno-Karabakh soldier was killed in a firefight with Azeri forces on 10 June 2018.[155] In September 2018 a soldier of the Armenian Army was killed by Azeri gunfire whilst serving at a border post.[156] In the same month, two Nagorno-Karabakh soldiers were killed by the Azeri army.[157][158]

2020 clashes

Main article: July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes

Further clashes near Tavush took place in July 2020.[159] Thirteen Azeris, including one civilian, and five Armenians were killed.[160]

In a minor border skirmish on 16 September, one Armenian soldier was killed;[161] five days later, an Azerbaijani soldier was killed.[162]

Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020)

Main article: Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

On 27 September 2020, serious clashes in Nagorno-Karabakh re-erupted, leading to Armenia declaring martial law and mobilization.[163] On the same day, Azerbaijan's Parliament declared a martial law and established curfews in several cities and regions following the clashes.[164] In terms of casualties, the clashes were the worst since the 1994 ceasefire and caused alarm in the international community.[165]

 
A truck with the slogan "Karabakh is Azerbaijan" at the Baku Victory Parade on 10 December. The parade was held in honor of the Azeri victory in the 2020 conflict.

44 days of fighting ended on November 10 the same year, with a peace deal brokered by Russia. Armenian forces agreed to return to Azerbaijan all occupied territory outside of the former Soviet Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, with Russian peacekeepers guaranteeing safe passage through the region of Lachin which separates Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia.[166]

Border crisis (2021–present)

Main article: 2021–2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis

An ongoing border crisis started on 12 May 2021, when Azerbaijani soldiers crossed several kilometers into Armenia in the provinces of Syunik and Gegharkunik, occupying about 41 square kilometres (16 sq mi) of Armenian territory.[28][167][168][169] Azerbaijan has not withdrawn its troops from internationally recognised Armenian territory despite calls to do so by European Parliament, United States and France – two of the three co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group.[170][171]

The crisis further escalated in July 2021, with clashes taking place on the Armenia–Nakhchivan border. The clashes then spread to the Gegharkunik–Kalbajar area, with casualties being reported from both sides. Joint statement on 17 November 2021 by the Chair of the Delegation for relations with the South Caucasus, Marina Kaljurand, the European Parliament's Standing Rapporteur on Armenia Andrey Kovatchev and the European Parliament's Standing Rapporteur on Azerbaijan, Željana Zovko called the military operation launched by Azerbaijan on 16 November 2021 the worst violation to-date since the 2020 ceasefire agreement.[172]

Renewed clashes in August 2022 resulted in three people being killed, with Russia accusing Azerbaijan of breaking the ceasefire.[173] On the morning of 13 September 2022, large-scale[174] clashes erupted between Azerbaijani and Armenian troops.[175] The Armenian Defense Ministry said Azerbaijan had attacked Armenian positions near the cities of Vardenis, Goris, Sotk and Jermuk with artillery and heavy weapons.[176][177] The Azerbaijani Defence Ministry said that Armenia had staged a "large-scale provocations" near the Dashkasan, Kalbajar, and Lachin regions.[178][179] At least 49 Armenian soldiers and 50 Azeri military personnel were killed.[180][181]

Blockade of Artsakh (2022-Present)

Main article: 2022–2023 blockade of the Republic of Artsakh

On 12 December 2022, citizens of Azerbaijan claiming to be "eco-activists" launched a blockade of the Lachin corridor(precisely the Shusha–Dashalty intersection, patrolled by Russian peacekeepers),[182] the only road connecting Artsakh to the outside world and to Armenia.[183] Despite the claims of peaceful intentions, the blockade has had devastating consequences for the people of Artsakh, preventing the importation of food, fuel, and medicine into Artsakh.[184][185] Shortages are widespread,[186] and emergency reserves are being rationed.[187] In the first days of the blockade (between 13 and 16 December), Azerbaijan cut off the gas supply to Artsakh.[188][189]

It is widely believed that the blockade has been orchestrated by the Azerbaijani government as a form of hybrid warfare in its quest to subdue and eventually annex Artsakh.[190][191][192][193] Many countries, international organizations, and political analysts have condemned the blockade and scrutinised the legitimacy of the eco-activism claims.[194][185][195] The individuals involved in the blockade have little to no record of eco-activism,[194] work for Azerbaijani state organs,[196][197] are sponsored by the government,[198][199][200] and display nationalist symbols and slogans (some of which are from the Grey Wolves).[201][202] Critics have also pointed out that freedom of assembly is not a right normally exercised freely in Azerbaijan.[203][204][188][205][206] The individuals involved in the blockade have demanded that Azerbaijan establish state control over the Lachin corridor.[207][208]

Fatalities

1988–1994

An estimated 28,000–38,000 people were killed between 1988 and 1994.[210]

Armenian military fatalities were reported to be between 5,856[211] and 6,000,[209] while 1,264 Armenian civilians were also killed.[211] Another 196 Armenian soldiers[211] and 400 civilians were missing.[212] According to the Union of Relatives of the Artsakh War Missing in Action Soldiers, as of 2014, 239 Karabakhi soldiers remain officially unaccounted for.[213]

Azerbaijan stated 11,557 of its soldiers were killed,[214] while Western and Russian estimates of dead combatants on the Azerbaijani side were 25,000–30,000.[209][215][211] 4,210 Azerbaijani soldiers[212] and 749 civilians were also missing.[212] The total number of Azerbaijani civilians killed in the conflict is unknown, although 167–763 were killed on one day in 1992 by the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh's forces.[216]

1994–2019

Although no precise casualty figures exist, between 1994 and 2009, as many as 3,000 people, mostly soldiers, had been killed, according to most observers.[45] In 2008, the fighting became more intense and frequent.[217] With 72 deaths in 2014, the year became the bloodiest since the war had ended.[86] Two years later, between 1 and 5 April 2016, heavy fighting along the Nagorno-Karabakh front left 91 Armenian (11 non-combat)[218][127] and 94 Azerbaijani soldiers dead, with two missing.[128] In addition, 15 civilians (nine Armenians and six Azerbaijanis) were killed.[219][220]

Azerbaijan stated 398 of its soldiers and 31 civilians were killed between 1994 and up to September 2020, right before the start of the 2020 conflict.[221] In comparison, the Caspian Defense Studies Institute NGO reported 1,008 Azerbaijani soldiers and more than 90 civilians were killed between 1994 and 2016.[222]

Year Armenia Azerbaijan Total
2008 N/A N/A 30 soldiers[96]
2009 N/A N/A 19 soldiers[96]
2010 7 soldiers[223] 18 soldiers 25 soldiers[96]
2011 10 soldiers[99] 4+ soldiers,[96][98] 1 civilian[224] 14+ soldiers, 1 civilian
2012 14 soldiers 20 soldiers 34 soldiers[86]
2013 7 soldiers 12 soldiers 19 soldiers[100]
2014 27 soldiers, 6 civilians 37 soldiers, 2 civilians 64 soldiers, 8 civilians[86]
2015 42 soldiers, 5 civilians[111] 64 soldiers[112][113] 77 soldiers, 5 civilians
2016 108–112 soldiers,[218][225] 9 civilians[219] 109 soldiers,[225] 6 civilians[220] 217–221 soldiers, 15 civilians
2017 22 soldiers[226] 19 soldiers[227] 41 soldiers
2018 5–7 soldiers[228][229] 6 soldiers[229] 11–13 soldiers
2019 4 soldiers[230] 6+ soldiers[231][232] 10+ soldiers

2020

In the two-month 2020 fighting, thousands were killed, primarily soldiers, but also almost two hundred civilians.[233]

Between January and September 2020, 16 Azerbaijani[234] and 8 Armenian soldiers,[235] as well as an Azerbaijani civilian, were killed in sporadic clashes.[236] On 27 September 2020, a new large-scale war erupted that lasted until 10 November. According to Azerbaijan, the fighting left 2,906 Azerbaijani soldiers[237] and 100 civilians dead,[238] while six servicemen were still missing.[239] Armenian authorities stated the fighting had left 3,825 Armenian soldiers[240] and 85 civilians dead,[241] while 187 servicemen and 21 civilians were still missing.[242] Additionally, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights documented the deaths of 541 Syrian mercenaries fighting for Azerbaijan.[243] Two Russian soldiers were also killed when their helicopter was shot down by Azerbaijan by accident while flying in Armenian airspace near the border.[244] In addition, a 13-year-old Russian citizen was killed during an Armenian missile strike on the city of Ganja.[245]

Following the end of the war, eleven more Azerbaijani soldiers, six Azerbaijani civilians and one Russian peacekeeper were killed in clashes and landmine explosions in the region by the end of the year.[246][247][248][249]

2021–present

Twelve Azerbaijani civilians[250] and two soldiers were killed in 2021, by landmine explosions.[251][252][253] Seventeen Armenian[254] and ten Azerbaijani soldiers were also killed in shoot-outs in the border area,[255][256][257][258] while 38 Armenian soldiers were captured.[259][260] Twenty-eight of the captured Armenian soldiers were subsequently released.[261][262]

In 2022, three Armenian soldiers were killed and 14 wounded in an attack by Azerbaijani drones in Nagorno-Karabakh on 25 March.[263]

Foreign involvement

States

Russia

 
Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan on 23 January 2012

Russia is officially neutral and has sought to play the role of a mediator.[264][265][266] In its official statements, Russia calls for a peaceful settlement and restraint during skirmishes.[267] British journalist Thomas de Waal has argued that there is an Azerbaijani narrative that Russia has "consistently supported the Armenian side." According to de Waal, Russia "has more supported the Armenian side," but there have been various "different Russian actors at different times supporting both sides in this conflict." He argues that President Boris Yeltsin did not "want to see the Armenian side be defeated, but he also didn't want to supply them with too many weapons." De Waal concluded in 2012 that "Russia [is] playing both sides", but "ultimately more in the Armenian side."[268] Other commentators have argued that Russia plays both sides in the conflict.[269][270] Svante Cornell argued in 2018 that Russia "had been playing both sides of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict to gain maximum control over both, a policy that continues to this day."[271]

During the war, "Russia was widely viewed as supporting the Armenian position. Much of this perception stemmed from the fact that Russia transferred military support to Armenia."[272] According to Razmik Panossian, Russian forces indirectly supported the Armenian side by "supplying arms, fuel and logistical support."[2] Russia supplied around $1 billion worth of weapons and, thus, "made a vital contribution to the Armenian victory."[1] According to de Waal, "greater Russian support for the Armenians" was one of the main factors behind the Armenian victory.[273] De Waal notes, "Yet it is not entirely clear how this support for the Armenians was translated on to the battlefield; to complicate things further, the Russians also gave some assistance to Azerbaijan."[274]

In the post-war period, Russia is Armenia's main arms supplier and the two countries are military allies.[275][276] Russia is sometimes described as Armenia's supporter in the conflict,[277][278] however, this view is widely challenged as Russia extensively sells arms to Azerbaijan.[50][279][280][281] At the same time, Armenia buys Russian weaponry at a discount, while Azerbaijan pays the full price.[282]

Turkey

 
Ilham Aliyev and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on 25 February 2020

Turkey is widely considered Azerbaijan's main supporter in the conflict.[283][284][285] Svante Cornell wrote in 1998 that Turkey is the "only country that constantly expressed its support for Azerbaijan."[286] It provided Azerbaijan "active military help" during the war.[287] Turkey also supports Azerbaijan diplomatically.[288][289] Turkish and Azerbaijani armed forces cooperate extensively[290] and regularly hold military exercises.[291][292] Azerbaijan has also bought weapons from Turkey.[293]

Turkey closed its border with Armenia in April 1993 after Armenian forces captured Kalbajar.[294] Prior to that, the border was only open "on demand and only for transferring the humanitarian aid (mainly wheat delivery) to Armenia and for the operation of the weekly Kars-Gyumri train, which had been crossing the Turkish-Armenian border since the days of the Soviet Union."[295] Turkey has repeatedly refused to normalize and establish diplomatic relations with Armenia in solidarity with Azerbaijan over Karabakh.[296][297]

Iran

Iran is officially neutral and has sought to play the role of a mediator,[298] most notably in 1992. In its official statements, Iran calls for a peaceful settlement[299] and restraint during skirmishes.[300] At the same time, Iranian officials have repeatedly reaffirmed their support for Azerbaijan's territorial integrity.[h] Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated in 2020 that "While respecting the territorial integrity of the Azerbaijan Republic, Iran is fundamentally opposed to any move that would fuel conflict between the two neighbouring countries of the Azerbaijan Republic and Armenia."[306]

During the war, "Iran was domestically torn in devising a policy", but de facto "pursued a policy that combined official neutrality with growing support for Armenia," according to Svante Cornell.[307] Cornell argues that Iran has "pursued policies in the conflict inclined towards Armenia."[286] However, Iran's tacit support for the Armenian side[308][309][310] was limited to economic cooperation.[311][312] Terhi Hakala noted in 1998 that "as a geopolitical counter-weight to Turkey, Iran has strongly supported Armenia, especially by alleviating the effects of the Turkish blockade."[313] Cornell notes that during the war, Iran served as Armenia's "main purveyor of electricity and goods, and once the Armenian conquest of Karabakh had been completed, Iranian trucks began to supply most of the secessionist enclave's needs."[307] According to Bahruz Balayev, "Iran supported the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and gave some humanitarian aid to the [Azerbaijani] refugees, but in the meantime widely cooperates with Armenia and even Karabakh Armenian authorities."[314] Brenda Shaffer wrote that "Iran's cooperation with Armenia and its tacit support in the conflict with Azerbaijan over Karabagh strengthened Yerevan's actual and perceived power and consequently may have lessened its sense of urgency to resolve the conflict."[315]

In 2013, Mohsen Rezaee, who was commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) during the war, claimed that he "personally issued an order [...] for the Republic of Azerbaijan army to be equipped appropriately and for it to receive the necessary training." Rezaee added that "Many Iranians died in the Karabakh War. In addition to the wounded, who were transported to [Iran], many of the Iranian martyrs of the Karabakh War are buried in Baku."[316] In 2011, Hassan Ameli, a leading Iranian cleric, claimed that Iran provided Azerbaijan with arms and helped Afghan mujaheddin move to Azerbaijan.[317][318] The Iranian embassy in Armenia stated that they would not like unreliable information to affect friendly Armenian-Iranian relations: "We do not exclude the possibility that there are forces, which aim to create hindrances for our friendly relations."[319] In October 2020, several protests erupted in Iranian cities, including the capital Tehran and Tabriz, in support of Azerbaijan,[320][321] with many Iranian Azerbaijanis chanting pro-Azerbaijan slogans and protesting Iran's alleged arms support to Armenia via the Nordooz border crossing.[322]

United States

 
Joseph Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, with Azerbaijani Minister of Defense Zakir Hasanov on 16 February 2017

Thomas Ambrosio suggested in 2000 that the US "supported Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, but enacted policies that effectively supported Armenia's irredentist policies."[323] Sergo Mikoyan argued in 1998 that the US response to the conflict has been "inconsistent, pulled in different directions by the legislative and executive branches of power." Congress was under the influence of the Armenian lobby, while the executive branch (the White House and the State Department) pursued a pro-Azerbaijani policy, which "reflects Turkish influence and the interests of oil companies."[324] Richard C. Longworth and Argam DerHartunian expressed similar views.[325][326]

Congress's pro-Armenian position was expressed in passing the Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act in 1992, which banned any assistance to Azerbaijan. It was effectively amended by the Senate in 2001 and waived by President George W. Bush starting from 2002.[327] The US provides military aid to both countries. Between 2005 and 2016 Azerbaijan received $8.5 million for counternarcotics assistance and $11.5 million for counterterrorism aid. In the same period, Armenia received only $41,000 for counternarcotics assistance and none for counterterrorism aid. According to EurasiaNet, "Much of the money for Azerbaijan has been targeted toward naval forces, to reduce the risk that it could be used against Armenia."[328] The Trump administration greatly increased the US military aid to Azerbaijan to around $100 million in fiscal years 2018–19, compared to less than $3 million in a year in FY 2016–17. The US aid is primarily "offered in the context of U.S. policy to increase pressure on Iran and focuses on Azerbaijan's Iranian border, but it also has implications for Armenia," according to Emil Sanamyan. In FY 2018, Armenia received $4.2 million in U.S. security assistance.[329]

The US has also provided humanitarian aid to Artsakh (some $36 million between 1998 and 2010),[330] including for demining.[331] The humanitarian aid has been criticized by Azerbaijan for legitimizing the "illegal regime in the occupied lands and damages the reputation of the US as a neutral mediator."[332]

Arms suppliers

In 1992, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) "requested its participating states to impose an embargo on arms deliveries to forces engaged in combat in the Nagorno-Karabakh area." However, it is a "voluntary multilateral arms embargo, and a number of OSCE participating states have supplied arms to Armenia and Azerbaijan since 1992."[333] The UN Security Council Resolution 85, passed in July 1993, called on states to "refrain from the supply of any weapons and munitions which might lead to an intensification of the conflict or the continued occupation of territory." According to SIPRI, "since 2002, the UN Security Council has no longer listed that it is 'actively seized of the matter'. As such, since 2002, it is assumed that the non-mandatory UN embargo is no longer active."[334]

Armenia

Russia has long been Armenia's primary arms supplier. Smaller suppliers include China,[335][336] India,[337][338] Ukraine,[339] Greece,[340][311] Serbia,[341] Jordan (per Armenian MoD sources,[342][343] denied by Jordan).[344] In March 1992, Yagub Mammadov, chairman of Azerbaijani parliament, accused Syria and Lebanon of supplying weapons to Armenia.[345]

Azerbaijan

According to SIPRI, Russia supplied 55% of Azerbaijan's weaponry in 2007–11,[346] 85% in 2010–14[347] and 31% in 2015–19.[348] Israel has become a major supplier,[349] accounting for 60% of Azerbaijan's arms imports in 2015–19.[348] Azerbaijan's other suppliers include Turkey,[293] Belarus,[350] Canada (via Turkey),[351][352] Ukraine,[339][353] Serbia,[354] and Czech Republic[355][356] (denied by the Czech authorities).[357]

Foreign fighters

Several foreign groups fought on both sides in the intense period of fighting in 1992–94. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), both sides used mercenaries during the war, namely "Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian mercenaries or rogue units of the Soviet/Russian Army have fought on both sides."[358]

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan made extensive use of mercenary pilots. According to HRW, "Most informed observers believe that mercenaries pilot most of Azerbaijan's air force."[359]

Several foreign groups fought on the Azerbaijani side: Chechen militants, Afghan mujahideen,[360] members of the Turkish nationalist Grey Wolves,[361] and the Ukrainian nationalist UNA-UNSO.[362] The Chechen fighters in Karabakh were led by Shamil Basayev, who later became Prime Minister of Ichkeria (Chechnya), and Salman Raduyev.[363] Basayev famously participated in the battle of Shusha in 1992.[363][364] Saudi-born Ibn al-Khattab may have also joined them.[365] The Afghan mujahideen were mostly affiliated with the Hezb-e Islami, led by Afghan Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.[366][367] According to HRW, they were "clearly not motivated by religious or ideological reasons" and were, thus, mercenaries.[367] The recruitment of Afghan mujahideen, reportedly handled by paramilitary police chief Rovshan Javadov, was denied by Azerbaijani authorities.[367][368] They first arrived to Azerbaijan in fall 1993 and numbered anywhere between 1,500 and 2,500[367] or 1,000 and 3,000.[369] Armenia alleged that they were paid for by Saudi Arabia.[366] Afghan mujahideen constituted the most considerable influx of foreign fighters during the war.[369] Some 200 Grey Wolves were still present in the conflict zone as of September 1994 and were engaged in training Azerbaijani units.[370]

Artsakh and Armenia

Some 85 Russian Kuban Cossacks and around 30 Ossetian volunteers fought on the Armenian side.[371][372] In May 2011, a khachkar was inaugurated in the village of Vank in memory of 14 Kuban Cossacks who died in the war.[373] Ossetian volunteers reportedly came from both South Ossetia (Georgia) and North Ossetia (Russia).[374][375] No less than 12 diaspora Armenian volunteers fought and four diaspora fighters died in the war.[376][377] According to David Rieff, members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaks), "including a substantial number of volunteers from the diaspora, did a great deal of the fighting and dying."[378] Former members of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) also participated in the war.[379]

Diplomatic support

Artsakh and Armenia

Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) has received diplomatic recognition[380] and diplomatic support, especially during the 2016 clashes, from three partially recognized states: Abkhazia,[i][381][382] South Ossetia,[j][383] and Transnistria.[k][384]

During the war, Greece adopted a pro-Armenian position[385] and supported it in international forums.[386][311] During the April 2016 and July 2020 clashes, Cyprus condemned Azerbaijan for violating the ceasefire.[387][388]

Armenian President Levon Ter-Petrosyan reportedly told the Greek ambassador in 1993 that France and Russia were Armenia's only allies at the time.[389] According to a US State Department cable released in 2020, the French ambassador to the UN, Jean-Bernard Mérimée, succeeded in changing the wording of the UNSC Resolution 822 to state that it was "local Armenian forces", not "Armenian forces" that occupied Kalbajar. He also suggested treating the Armenian capture of Kalbajar not under Chapter VII of the UN Charter (an act of aggression), but Chapter VI (a dispute that should be settled peacefully).[390]

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan has received explicit diplomatic support in the conflict from several countries and international organizations. Azerbaijan's strongest diplomatic supporters are Turkey and Pakistan,[391][392] which is the only UN member state not to have recognized Armenia's independence in support for Azerbaijan.[393] Turkish-backed unrecognized Northern Cyprus (Turkish Cyprus) also supports Azerbaijan.[394] The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)[395] and the Turkic Council[396] have repeatedly supported the Azerbaijani position. Some member states of these organizations, namely Uzbekistan[397] and Saudi Arabia[398] have voiced support for Azerbaijan's position on their own repeatedly. Lebanon, on the other hand, has not supported OIC's pro-Azerbaijani resolutions.[399]

Azerbaijan has received diplomatic support, namely for its territorial integrity, from three post-Soviet states that have territorial disputes: Ukraine,[400] Georgia,[401] and Moldova.[402] These three countries and Azerbaijan form the GUAM organization and support the Azerbaijani position in the format as well.[403] Serbia, with its own territorial dispute over Kosovo, also explicitly supports Azerbaijan's territorial integrity.[404][405][406]

Two other post-Soviet states, Kazakhstan[407] and Belarus[408] tacitly support Azerbaijan's position, especially within the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), despite nominal alliance with Armenia.[409]

Both Palestine[410] and Israel[411][412] have voiced support for Azerbaijan.

2008 UN vote

On March 14, 2008, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution which "reaffirmed Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognized borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there." It was adopted by a vote of 39 in favor to 7 against, while most countries either abstained or were absent. It was backed mostly by Muslim states[413][414] (31 were members of the OIC).[l] Non-Muslim states that supported the resolution included three post-Soviet states: Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, and five other nations: Cambodia, Colombia, Myanmar, Serbia, and Tuvalu. Thus, it was supported by seven OSCE members;[m] one NATO member (Turkey) and no EU member state.[415]

It was opposed by Angola, Armenia, France, India, Russia, United States, Vanuatu.[415] The OSCE Minsk Group co-chair countries (France, US, Russia) voted against the resolution. They argued that it "selectively propagates only certain of [the basic] principles to the exclusion of others, without considering the Co-Chairs' proposal in its balanced entirety." The co-chair countries called it a unilateral resolution, which "threatens to undermine the peace process," but reaffirmed their "support for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, and thus do not recognize the independence of NK."[416]

Ceasefire and international mediation

Main article: Madrid Principles

A Russian-brokered ceasefire was signed in May 1994 and peace talks, mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group (Russia, US, France) have been held ever since by Armenia and Azerbaijan.[85] Azerbaijan has repeatedly accused the Minsk Group (Russia, US, France) of being pro-Armenian.[417][418][419] In 1996, when France was chosen by the OSCE to co-chair the Minsk Group, Azerbaijan asked the OSCE to reconsider the decision because France was perceived by Azerbaijan as pro-Armenian.[420] Svante Cornell argued in 1997 that France, the US and Russia are "more or less biased towards Armenia in the conflict."[421][422] In 2018 Azerbaijan accused the US and France of bias for allowing Bako Sahakyan, the then president of Artsakh, to visit their countries.[423][424]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) until 1991.
  2. ^ Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence).
  3. ^ Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Azerbaijan) until 1991.
  4. ^ "Throughout the Soviet period, Moscow supported the Azerbaijani authorities against Armenian secessionists."[1] "Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. [...] Soviet troops sent to the conflict area [...] on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue."[2] "Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for 2 1/2 years [...] The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region..."[3] Soviet troops directly intervened during Operation Ring in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side.[4][5] It was essentially a "combined Soviet-Azerbaijan operation."[6]
  5. ^ Armenia: 44,800 active servicemen (2019, IISS)[34]
    Artsakh: 18,000–20,000 active servicemen (2008, ARAG)[35]
  6. ^ Also called the Karabakh conflict,[49] Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict,[50] or Armenian–Azerbaijani conflict. Usually referred to as the Artsakh conflict in Armenia[51] and the Armenia-Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in Azerbaijan.[52]
  7. ^ According to the Caucasian Calendar for 1917, in 1916 Shusha had an Armenian population of 23,396, forming 53.3% of the city's population.[68]
  8. ^ These include, among others, President Mohammad Khatami in 2004,[301] Chief of Staff of Iran's Armed Forces Mohammad Bagheri in 2019,[302] Chief of Staff of the President of Iran Mahmoud Vaezi in 2020,[303] and Iran's ambassadors in Azerbaijan.[304][305]
  9. ^ The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992, Abkhazia is formally recognised as an independent state by 5 UN member states (two other states recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while Georgia continues to claim it as part of its own territory, designating it as Russian-occupied territory.
  10. ^ South Ossetia's status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is recognised by only a few other countries. The Georgian government and most of the world's other states consider South Ossetia de jure a part of Georgia's territory.
  11. ^ Transnistria's political status is disputed. It considers itself to be an independent state, but this is not recognised by any UN member state. The Moldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova's territory.
  12. ^ Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Djibouti, Gambia, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen.
  13. ^ Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

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  46. ^ See here
  47. ^ See here
  48. ^ See here
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  234. ^ 1 killed (7 Jan.),[12] 1 killed (15 Feb.),[13] 1 killed (5 March),[14] 12 killed (12–16 July),[15] 1 killed (21 Sep.),[16] total of 16 reported killed
  235. ^ 1 killed (10 March),[17] 1 killed (4 April),[18] 4 killed (12–16 July),[19] 1 killed (23 July),[20] 1 killed (27 July),[21] total of 8 reported killed
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February 09, 2023
nagorno, karabakh, conflict, ethnic, territorial, conflict, between, armenia, azerbaijan, over, disputed, region, nagorno, karabakh, inhabited, mostly, ethnic, armenians, seven, surrounding, districts, inhabited, mostly, azerbaijanis, until, their, expulsion, . The Nagorno Karabakh conflict f is an ethnic 53 54 and territorial 49 conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno Karabakh inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians 55 56 57 58 and seven surrounding districts inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the First Nagorno Karabakh War 59 60 The Nagorno Karabakh region is entirely claimed by and partially de facto controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh but is recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan controls the remainder of the Nagorno Karabakh region in which the Armenian population was expelled during the Second Nagorno Karabakh war 61 62 as well as the seven surrounding districts The conflict has its origins in the early 20th century but the present conflict began in 1988 when the Karabakh Armenians demanded transferring Karabakh from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia The conflict escalated into a full scale war in the early 1990s which later transformed into a low intensity conflict until four day escalation in April 2016 and then into another full scale war in 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflictPart of the post Soviet conflictsCurrent military situation in the regionDate20 February 1988 present 34 years 11 months 2 weeks and 6 days Guerrilla warfare 1988 1991 10 First Nagorno Karabakh War 1992 1994 11 12 Low intensity conflict 1994 2020 13 14 Second Nagorno Karabakh War 2020 15 16 Low intensity conflict 2020 present 17 LocationNagorno Karabakh Line of Contact Armenia Azerbaijan borderStatusCeasefire agreement signed Russian peacekeeping forces deployed in the region 18 Armenian victory in 1994 19 Political stalemate 20 and cold war from 1994 to 2020 21 22 23 Arms race 24 and militarization 25 26 Azerbaijani victory in 2020 27 Ongoing border crisis 28 29 30 31 TerritorialchangesIndependence of the Armenian majority Republic of Artsakh subsequent unification with Armenia de facto 32 Belligerents Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh a Armenia b Foreign fightersArms suppliersDiplomatic support Azerbaijan c Soviet Union 1988 1991 d Turkey 2020 alleged by Armenia 7 8 9 Foreign fightersArms suppliersDiplomatic supportUnits involvedArtsakh Defence ArmyArmed Forces of ArmeniaAzerbaijani Armed ForcesStrength2018 65 000 active servicemen 33 e 1993 1994 30 000 40 000 36 37 2019 66 950 active servicemen 38 1993 1994 42 000 56 000 37 36 39 Casualties and losses28 000 38 000 killed 1988 1994 44 3 000 killed May 1994 August 2009 45 541 547 killed 2010 2019 46 7 717 killed 2020 47 44 killed 2021 2022 48 A ceasefire signed in 1994 in Bishkek was followed by two decades of relative stability which significantly deteriorated along with Azerbaijan s increasing frustration with the status quo at odds with Armenia s efforts to cement it 63 A four day escalation in April 2016 became the deadliest ceasefire violation until the 2020 conflict 64 A tentative armistice was established by the tripartite ceasefire agreement on November 10 2020 by which most of the territories lost by Azerbaijan during the First Nagorno Karabakh war were returned Azerbaijan s control The president of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev claimed that the conflict has thus ended 65 however the ceasefire agreement was followed by various incidents in Nagorno Karabakh and on the Armenian Azerbaijani border crisis in the 2021 2023 Armenia Azerbaijan border crisis from May 2021 onwards with continued casualties from both sides Contents 1 Background 2 Timeline 2 1 First Nagorno Karabakh War 1988 1994 2 2 Border clashes 1994 2020 2 2 1 2010 violence 2 2 2 2011 2013 continued fighting 2 2 3 2014 clashes and helicopter shootdown 2 2 4 2015 sporadic fighting 2 2 5 Early 2016 clashes 2 2 6 2016 April conflict 2 2 7 2016 2017 renewed border clashes 2 2 8 2018 clashes 2 2 9 2020 clashes 2 3 Second Nagorno Karabakh War 2020 2 4 Border crisis 2021 present 2 5 Blockade of Artsakh 2022 Present 3 Fatalities 3 1 1988 1994 3 2 1994 2019 3 3 2020 3 4 2021 present 4 Foreign involvement 4 1 States 4 1 1 Russia 4 1 2 Turkey 4 1 3 Iran 4 1 4 United States 4 2 Arms suppliers 4 2 1 Armenia 4 2 2 Azerbaijan 4 3 Foreign fighters 4 4 Diplomatic support 4 4 1 Artsakh and Armenia 4 4 2 Azerbaijan 4 4 3 2008 UN vote 5 Ceasefire and international mediation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 BibliographyBackgroundMain articles History of Nagorno Karabakh Armenian Azerbaijani war 1918 1920 and Armenia Azerbaijan relations Following the breakup of the Russian Empire the Armenians of Nagorno Karabakh formed an unrecognised polity known as the Karabakh Council in 1918 Due to Azerbaijani British pressure the Karabakh Council in August 1919 was forced to provisionally recognise the authority of Azerbaijan pending the Paris Peace Conference s decision on the South Caucasus republics international borders 66 As the peace conference was inconclusive regarding Nagorno Karabakh the Azerbaijani governor general Khosrov bey Sultanov issued an ultimatum to the Armenians of Karabakh in early 1920 stipulating their acceptance of permanent inclusion into Azerbaijan Armenia responded by dispatching its agents to organize a rebellion in Nagorno Karabakh against Azerbaijani rule the subversive preparations culminated in an abortive uprising that led to the massacre and displacement of Shusha s Armenian population 67 g By 1921 Nagorno Karabakh was in the control of Soviet authorities who decided on the formation of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast NKAO within Soviet Azerbaijan 69 In 1964 the Armenians of Karabakh sent a letter to leader of the USSR Nikita Khrushchev complaining about the economic management of the NKAO and asking for their region and all adjacent Armenian regions to be joined to the Armenian SSR or to make them a part of the RSFSR 70 The conflict continued to simmer under the surface until Mikhail Gorbachev s reforms Amid the gradual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1988 89 ethnic tensions between Armenians and Azerbaijanis exploded in the Nagorno Karabakh region According to the 1979 Soviet census 160 841 Azeris lived in Armenia and 352 410 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan outside of Nagorno Karabakh 71 The 1989 Soviet census showed a decline of those minorities to 84 860 Azeris in Armenia and 245 045 Armenians in Azerbaijan outside of Nagorno Karabakh 71 De Waal writes that in the mid 1980s there were approximately 350 000 Armenians in Azerbaijan outside of Nagorno Karabakh and 200 000 Azerbaijanis in Armenia 72 According to Stuart Kaufman a professor of political science and international relations 73 and Thomas de Waal the first instance of violence in the conflict occurred in October 1987 when an Azerbaijani official punished the Armenian populated village of Chardakhly present day Cardaqli with a raid for protesting against the appointment of a new collective farm director 72 During the raid the village s women children and elderly were beaten up 74 In his 2003 book Black Garden Thomas de Waal speculated that p ossibly in reaction to such incidents Azerbaijanis in Armenia specifically in the districts of Ghapan and Meghri were in November 1987 driven out of their homes arriving at Baku in two freight cars 75 A number of Armenian scholars and investigative journalists however have scrutinized these alleged incidents and argued that outside the claims made by Azerbaijani officials there is no evidence archival or otherwise to corroborate such instances of mass violence taking place at least prior to February 1988 76 77 TimelineFirst Nagorno Karabakh War 1988 1994 Main article First Nagorno Karabakh War Graves of Azerbaijani soldiers The First Nagorno Karabakh War also known as the Artsakh Liberation War in Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh was an armed conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994 in the enclave of Nagorno Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan As the war progressed Armenia and Azerbaijan both former Soviet Republics entangled themselves in a protracted undeclared war in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno Karabakh The enclave s parliament had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia A referendum boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno Karabakh was held whereby most of the voters voted in favor of independence The demand to unify with Armenia which began anew in 1988 began in a relatively peaceful manner As the Soviet Union s dissolution neared the tensions gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between ethnic Armenians and ethnic Azerbaijanis Both sides made claims of ethnic cleansing and pogroms conducted by the other 78 79 Photos of fallen Armenian soldiers in Stepanakert Nagorno Karabakh Inter ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in Azerbaijan voted to unify the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988 The circumstances of the dissolution of the Soviet Union facilitated an Armenian separatist movement in Soviet Azerbaijan The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the final result of a territorial conflict regarding the land 80 As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave s government the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan In the process they proclaimed the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno Karabakh 81 Full scale fighting erupted in the late winter of 1992 International mediation by several groups including the Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe OSCE failed to bring resolution In the spring of 1993 Armenian forces captured territory outside the enclave itself threatening to catalyze the involvement of other countries in the region 82 By the end of the war in 1994 the Armenians were in full control of most of the enclave and also held and currently control approximately 9 of Azerbaijan s territory outside the enclave 83 As many as 230 000 Armenians from Azerbaijan and 800 000 Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Karabakh have been displaced as a result of the conflict essentially cleansing Armenia and Karabakh from Azerbaijanis and Azerbaijan of Armenians 84 a Russian brokered ceasefire was signed in May 1994 leading to diplomatic mediation 85 Some clashes occurred in the years following the 1994 ceasefire 86 Border clashes 1994 2020 Main article 2008 Mardakert clashes The situation in the area after the 1994 ceasefire The 2008 Mardakert clashes began on 4 March after the 2008 Armenian election protests It involved the heaviest fighting between ethnic Armenian 87 and Azerbaijani forces 88 over the disputed region of Nagorno Karabakh 88 89 since the 1994 ceasefire after the First Nagorno Karabakh War Armenian sources accused Azerbaijan of trying to take advantage of ongoing unrest in Armenia 90 Azerbaijani sources blamed Armenia claiming that the Armenian government was trying to divert attention from internal tensions in Armenia 90 Following the incident on March 14 the United Nations General Assembly by a recorded vote of 39 in favour to 7 against adopted Resolution 62 243 demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan 91 2010 violence Main articles 2010 Nagorno Karabakh clashes and 2010 Mardakert clashes The 2010 Nagorno Karabakh clash was a scattered exchange of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu Qiziloba Qapanli Yusifcanli and Cavahirli villages as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers 92 93 As a result three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded 94 The 2010 Mardakert clashes were a series of violations of the ceasefire that ended the First Nagorno Karabakh War They took place across the line of contact dividing Azerbaijan and the ethnic Armenian military forces of the unrecognized but de facto independent Nagorno Karabakh Republic Both sides accused the other of violating the ceasefire regime These were the worst violations of the cease fire which has been in place since 1994 in two years and left Armenian forces with the heaviest casualties since the Mardakert clashes of March 2008 95 Between 2008 and 2010 74 soldiers were killed on both sides 96 2011 2013 continued fighting See also 2012 Armenian Azerbaijani border clashes In late April 2011 border clashes left three Nagorno Karabakh soldiers dead 97 while on 5 October two Azerbaijani and one Armenian soldier were killed 98 In all during the year 10 Armenian soldiers were killed 99 The following year border clashes between the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan took place from late April through early June The clashes resulted in the deaths of five Azerbaijani and four Armenian soldiers In all during 2012 19 Azerbaijani and 14 Armenian soldiers were killed 100 Another report put the number of Azerbaijani dead at 20 86 Throughout 2013 12 Azerbaijani and 7 Armenian soldiers were killed in border clashes 100 2014 clashes and helicopter shootdown See also 2014 Armenian Azerbaijani clashes and 2014 Armenian Mil Mi 24 shootdown In 2014 several border clashes erupted that had resulted in 16 fatalities on both sides by 20 June 101 On 2 August Azerbaijani authorities announced that eight of their soldiers had been killed in three days of clashes with NKO forces the biggest single death toll for the country s military since the 1994 war 102 NKO denied any casualties on their side while saying the Azerbaijanis had suffered 14 dead and many more injured 102 Local officials in Nagorno Karabakh reported at least two Armenian military deaths in what was the largest incident in the area since 2008 103 Five more Azerbaijani troops were killed the following night bringing the death toll from the August clashes to at least 15 The violence prompted Russia to issue a strong statement warning both sides not to escalate the situation further 104 By August 5 2014 the fighting that started on 27 July had left 14 Azerbaijani and 5 Armenian soldiers dead Overall 27 Azerbaijani soldiers had died since the start of the year in border clashes 105 In a separate incident in July 2014 the NKR Defense Army announced that troops had killed one and arrested two members of an Azerbaijani subversive group that had penetrated the contact line 106 In addition to spying on Armenian troop movements and military installations and civilian settlements in Karvachar Kelbajar the team was charged with the murder of Smbat Tsakanyan a seventeen year old Armenian boy and resident of the village of Jumen Both surviving members of the group were sentenced to life in prison by an Armenian court In July 2015 video footage recorded by the team was released to the public and aired on Armenian state television 107 On November 12 2014 the Azerbaijani armed forces shot down a Nagorno Karabakh Defense Army Mil Mi 24 helicopter over Karabakh s Agdam district Three servicemen were killed in the incident Armenia s Defense Ministry stated the aircraft was unarmed and called its downing an unprecedented provocation Azerbaijani authorities claimed the helicopter was trying to attack Azerbaijani army positions 108 Armenian authorities stated that Azerbaijan will face grave consequences 109 With the crash 2014 became the deadliest year for Armenian forces since the 1994 ceasefire agreement with 27 soldiers killed in addition to 34 fatalities on the Azerbaijani side 110 Six Armenian civilians also died in 2014 while by the end of the year the number of Azerbaijanis killed rose to 39 37 soldiers and 2 civilians 86 2015 sporadic fighting In 2015 42 Armenian soldiers and 5 civilians were killed as border clashes continued 111 In addition at least 64 Azerbaijani soldiers also died 112 113 Sporadic fighting primarily took place in January 114 June 115 August 116 September 117 118 November 119 and throughout December 113 120 Over the years Azerbaijan had been growing impatient with the status quo In this regard propelled by oil and gas windfall the country embarked in a military build up In 2015 alone Baku spent 3bn on its military more than Armenia s entire national budget 63 Early 2016 clashes Throughout January and February 2016 four Armenian and four Azerbaijani soldiers were killed in fighting at the Nagorno Karabakh border 121 The first casualty of 2016 was a Nagorno Karabakh soldier Aramayis Voskanian who was killed by Azerbaijani sniper fire while serving in the eastern direction of the Line of Contact 122 123 In mid February Hakob Hambartsumyan an Armenian herdsman from Vazgenashen was killed by an Azerbaijani sniper 124 In March two Azerbaijani and one Armenian soldier were killed in clashes along the border between Azerbaijan and Armenia 125 126 2016 April conflict Main article 2016 Nagorno Karabakh conflict Between 1 and 5 April 2016 heavy fighting along the Nagorno Karabakh frontline left 88 Armenian and 31 92 Azerbaijani soldiers dead One Armenian and three Azerbaijani soldiers were also missing In addition 10 civilians six Azerbaijani and four Armenian were also killed 127 128 During the clashes an Azerbaijani military helicopter and 13 unmanned drones were shot down 129 and an Azerbaijani tank was destroyed 130 while Nagorno Karabakh lost 14 tanks 131 2016 2017 renewed border clashes Between 8 April and 16 June 2016 sporadic fighting left 14 Armenian and three Azerbaijani soldiers dead as well as one Azerbaijani civilian 132 133 On 5 October 2016 Armenian artillery shelled Azerbaijani positions on the line of contact with one Azerbaijani soldier being killed 134 One Armenian soldier was killed on 11 October 2016 in a skirmish on the line of contact 135 On 15 November an Azerbaijani soldier was killed on the line of contact 136 On 27 November Azerbaijani forces reported shooting down an Armenian drone which had crossed the line of contact 137 A Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed in action with Azerbaijiani forces on 6 February 2017 138 On 8 February 2017 one Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed and another wounded in a firefight with Azerbajiani troops along the line of contact 138 On 24 February 2017 Azerbaijani forces shelled the Armenian positions near the village of Talish with artillery 139 The next day a large firefight broke out with Azerbajiani forces approaching Armenian lines in the same area 5 Azerbaijani soldiers were killed in the ensuing engagement 139 140 On 15 May 2017 a Karabakh Osa air defense system was damaged or destroyed by a guided missile launched by Azerbaijani forces 141 On 20 May 2017 an Armenian soldier was killed in a firefight with Azeri troops the Azerbaijani military utilized anti tank grenades and 60mm mortar fire in the action 142 On 26 May 2017 a Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed in a skirmish with Azerbajiani forces involving mortars and grenade launches 143 144 On 16 June 2017 three Nagorno Karabakh soldiers were killed by Azeri forces 145 On 22 June 2017 four Azeri soldiers were killed by Nagorno Karakakh soldiers 146 On July 4 2017 an Azeri woman and her two year old grandchild were killed as a result of shelling by Armenian forces 147 On 10 July 2017 a Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed in shelling by the Azerbaijani forces 148 On 25 July 2017 Azerbaijan claimed that one of its soldiers was wounded by a munition dropped from an Armenian UCAV 149 On 31 August 2017 Azerbaijani military positions were fired at and shelled at from Armenian military positions The Armenian military were using large caliber machine guns 150 2018 clashes Main article 2018 Armenian Azerbaijani clashes A Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed by an Azerbaijani sniper near the line of contact on 7 January 2018 151 A Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed by Azerbaijani fire on 7 February 2018 152 Three civilian volunteers were killed in a demining operation in Nagorno Karabakh on 29 March 2018 153 A Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed by Azerbaijani fire on 9 April 2018 154 A Nagorno Karabakh soldier was killed in a firefight with Azeri forces on 10 June 2018 155 In September 2018 a soldier of the Armenian Army was killed by Azeri gunfire whilst serving at a border post 156 In the same month two Nagorno Karabakh soldiers were killed by the Azeri army 157 158 2020 clashes Main article July 2020 Armenian Azerbaijani clashes Further clashes near Tavush took place in July 2020 159 Thirteen Azeris including one civilian and five Armenians were killed 160 In a minor border skirmish on 16 September one Armenian soldier was killed 161 five days later an Azerbaijani soldier was killed 162 Second Nagorno Karabakh War 2020 Main article Second Nagorno Karabakh War On 27 September 2020 serious clashes in Nagorno Karabakh re erupted leading to Armenia declaring martial law and mobilization 163 On the same day Azerbaijan s Parliament declared a martial law and established curfews in several cities and regions following the clashes 164 In terms of casualties the clashes were the worst since the 1994 ceasefire and caused alarm in the international community 165 A truck with the slogan Karabakh is Azerbaijan at the Baku Victory Parade on 10 December The parade was held in honor of the Azeri victory in the 2020 conflict 44 days of fighting ended on November 10 the same year with a peace deal brokered by Russia Armenian forces agreed to return to Azerbaijan all occupied territory outside of the former Soviet Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with Russian peacekeepers guaranteeing safe passage through the region of Lachin which separates Nagorno Karabakh from Armenia 166 Border crisis 2021 present Main article 2021 2022 Armenia Azerbaijan border crisis An ongoing border crisis started on 12 May 2021 when Azerbaijani soldiers crossed several kilometers into Armenia in the provinces of Syunik and Gegharkunik occupying about 41 square kilometres 16 sq mi of Armenian territory 28 167 168 169 Azerbaijan has not withdrawn its troops from internationally recognised Armenian territory despite calls to do so by European Parliament United States and France two of the three co chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group 170 171 The crisis further escalated in July 2021 with clashes taking place on the Armenia Nakhchivan border The clashes then spread to the Gegharkunik Kalbajar area with casualties being reported from both sides Joint statement on 17 November 2021 by the Chair of the Delegation for relations with the South Caucasus Marina Kaljurand the European Parliament s Standing Rapporteur on Armenia Andrey Kovatchev and the European Parliament s Standing Rapporteur on Azerbaijan Zeljana Zovko called the military operation launched by Azerbaijan on 16 November 2021 the worst violation to date since the 2020 ceasefire agreement 172 Renewed clashes in August 2022 resulted in three people being killed with Russia accusing Azerbaijan of breaking the ceasefire 173 On the morning of 13 September 2022 large scale 174 clashes erupted between Azerbaijani and Armenian troops 175 The Armenian Defense Ministry said Azerbaijan had attacked Armenian positions near the cities of Vardenis Goris Sotk and Jermuk with artillery and heavy weapons 176 177 The Azerbaijani Defence Ministry said that Armenia had staged a large scale provocations near the Dashkasan Kalbajar and Lachin regions 178 179 At least 49 Armenian soldiers and 50 Azeri military personnel were killed 180 181 Blockade of Artsakh 2022 Present Main article 2022 2023 blockade of the Republic of Artsakh On 12 December 2022 citizens of Azerbaijan claiming to be eco activists launched a blockade of the Lachin corridor precisely the Shusha Dashalty intersection patrolled by Russian peacekeepers 182 the only road connecting Artsakh to the outside world and to Armenia 183 Despite the claims of peaceful intentions the blockade has had devastating consequences for the people of Artsakh preventing the importation of food fuel and medicine into Artsakh 184 185 Shortages are widespread 186 and emergency reserves are being rationed 187 In the first days of the blockade between 13 and 16 December Azerbaijan cut off the gas supply to Artsakh 188 189 It is widely believed that the blockade has been orchestrated by the Azerbaijani government as a form of hybrid warfare in its quest to subdue and eventually annex Artsakh 190 191 192 193 Many countries international organizations and political analysts have condemned the blockade and scrutinised the legitimacy of the eco activism claims 194 185 195 The individuals involved in the blockade have little to no record of eco activism 194 work for Azerbaijani state organs 196 197 are sponsored by the government 198 199 200 and display nationalist symbols and slogans some of which are from the Grey Wolves 201 202 Critics have also pointed out that freedom of assembly is not a right normally exercised freely in Azerbaijan 203 204 188 205 206 The individuals involved in the blockade have demanded that Azerbaijan establish state control over the Lachin corridor 207 208 Fatalities1988 1994 An estimated 28 000 38 000 people were killed between 1988 and 1994 210 Armenian military fatalities were reported to be between 5 856 211 and 6 000 209 while 1 264 Armenian civilians were also killed 211 Another 196 Armenian soldiers 211 and 400 civilians were missing 212 According to the Union of Relatives of the Artsakh War Missing in Action Soldiers as of 2014 239 Karabakhi soldiers remain officially unaccounted for 213 Azerbaijan stated 11 557 of its soldiers were killed 214 while Western and Russian estimates of dead combatants on the Azerbaijani side were 25 000 30 000 209 215 211 4 210 Azerbaijani soldiers 212 and 749 civilians were also missing 212 The total number of Azerbaijani civilians killed in the conflict is unknown although 167 763 were killed on one day in 1992 by the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh s forces 216 1994 2019 Although no precise casualty figures exist between 1994 and 2009 as many as 3 000 people mostly soldiers had been killed according to most observers 45 In 2008 the fighting became more intense and frequent 217 With 72 deaths in 2014 the year became the bloodiest since the war had ended 86 Two years later between 1 and 5 April 2016 heavy fighting along the Nagorno Karabakh front left 91 Armenian 11 non combat 218 127 and 94 Azerbaijani soldiers dead with two missing 128 In addition 15 civilians nine Armenians and six Azerbaijanis were killed 219 220 Azerbaijan stated 398 of its soldiers and 31 civilians were killed between 1994 and up to September 2020 right before the start of the 2020 conflict 221 In comparison the Caspian Defense Studies Institute NGO reported 1 008 Azerbaijani soldiers and more than 90 civilians were killed between 1994 and 2016 222 Year Armenia Azerbaijan Total2008 N A N A 30 soldiers 96 2009 N A N A 19 soldiers 96 2010 7 soldiers 223 18 soldiers 25 soldiers 96 2011 10 soldiers 99 4 soldiers 96 98 1 civilian 224 14 soldiers 1 civilian2012 14 soldiers 20 soldiers 34 soldiers 86 2013 7 soldiers 12 soldiers 19 soldiers 100 2014 27 soldiers 6 civilians 37 soldiers 2 civilians 64 soldiers 8 civilians 86 2015 42 soldiers 5 civilians 111 64 soldiers 112 113 77 soldiers 5 civilians2016 108 112 soldiers 218 225 9 civilians 219 109 soldiers 225 6 civilians 220 217 221 soldiers 15 civilians2017 22 soldiers 226 19 soldiers 227 41 soldiers2018 5 7 soldiers 228 229 6 soldiers 229 11 13 soldiers2019 4 soldiers 230 6 soldiers 231 232 10 soldiers2020 In the two month 2020 fighting thousands were killed primarily soldiers but also almost two hundred civilians 233 Between January and September 2020 16 Azerbaijani 234 and 8 Armenian soldiers 235 as well as an Azerbaijani civilian were killed in sporadic clashes 236 On 27 September 2020 a new large scale war erupted that lasted until 10 November According to Azerbaijan the fighting left 2 906 Azerbaijani soldiers 237 and 100 civilians dead 238 while six servicemen were still missing 239 Armenian authorities stated the fighting had left 3 825 Armenian soldiers 240 and 85 civilians dead 241 while 187 servicemen and 21 civilians were still missing 242 Additionally the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights documented the deaths of 541 Syrian mercenaries fighting for Azerbaijan 243 Two Russian soldiers were also killed when their helicopter was shot down by Azerbaijan by accident while flying in Armenian airspace near the border 244 In addition a 13 year old Russian citizen was killed during an Armenian missile strike on the city of Ganja 245 Following the end of the war eleven more Azerbaijani soldiers six Azerbaijani civilians and one Russian peacekeeper were killed in clashes and landmine explosions in the region by the end of the year 246 247 248 249 2021 present Twelve Azerbaijani civilians 250 and two soldiers were killed in 2021 by landmine explosions 251 252 253 Seventeen Armenian 254 and ten Azerbaijani soldiers were also killed in shoot outs in the border area 255 256 257 258 while 38 Armenian soldiers were captured 259 260 Twenty eight of the captured Armenian soldiers were subsequently released 261 262 In 2022 three Armenian soldiers were killed and 14 wounded in an attack by Azerbaijani drones in Nagorno Karabakh on 25 March 263 Foreign involvementStates Russia Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan on 23 January 2012 Russia is officially neutral and has sought to play the role of a mediator 264 265 266 In its official statements Russia calls for a peaceful settlement and restraint during skirmishes 267 British journalist Thomas de Waal has argued that there is an Azerbaijani narrative that Russia has consistently supported the Armenian side According to de Waal Russia has more supported the Armenian side but there have been various different Russian actors at different times supporting both sides in this conflict He argues that President Boris Yeltsin did not want to see the Armenian side be defeated but he also didn t want to supply them with too many weapons De Waal concluded in 2012 that Russia is playing both sides but ultimately more in the Armenian side 268 Other commentators have argued that Russia plays both sides in the conflict 269 270 Svante Cornell argued in 2018 that Russia had been playing both sides of the Armenia Azerbaijan conflict to gain maximum control over both a policy that continues to this day 271 During the war Russia was widely viewed as supporting the Armenian position Much of this perception stemmed from the fact that Russia transferred military support to Armenia 272 According to Razmik Panossian Russian forces indirectly supported the Armenian side by supplying arms fuel and logistical support 2 Russia supplied around 1 billion worth of weapons and thus made a vital contribution to the Armenian victory 1 According to de Waal greater Russian support for the Armenians was one of the main factors behind the Armenian victory 273 De Waal notes Yet it is not entirely clear how this support for the Armenians was translated on to the battlefield to complicate things further the Russians also gave some assistance to Azerbaijan 274 In the post war period Russia is Armenia s main arms supplier and the two countries are military allies 275 276 Russia is sometimes described as Armenia s supporter in the conflict 277 278 however this view is widely challenged as Russia extensively sells arms to Azerbaijan 50 279 280 281 At the same time Armenia buys Russian weaponry at a discount while Azerbaijan pays the full price 282 Turkey Ilham Aliyev and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on 25 February 2020 Turkey is widely considered Azerbaijan s main supporter in the conflict 283 284 285 Svante Cornell wrote in 1998 that Turkey is the only country that constantly expressed its support for Azerbaijan 286 It provided Azerbaijan active military help during the war 287 Turkey also supports Azerbaijan diplomatically 288 289 Turkish and Azerbaijani armed forces cooperate extensively 290 and regularly hold military exercises 291 292 Azerbaijan has also bought weapons from Turkey 293 Turkey closed its border with Armenia in April 1993 after Armenian forces captured Kalbajar 294 Prior to that the border was only open on demand and only for transferring the humanitarian aid mainly wheat delivery to Armenia and for the operation of the weekly Kars Gyumri train which had been crossing the Turkish Armenian border since the days of the Soviet Union 295 Turkey has repeatedly refused to normalize and establish diplomatic relations with Armenia in solidarity with Azerbaijan over Karabakh 296 297 Iran Iran is officially neutral and has sought to play the role of a mediator 298 most notably in 1992 In its official statements Iran calls for a peaceful settlement 299 and restraint during skirmishes 300 At the same time Iranian officials have repeatedly reaffirmed their support for Azerbaijan s territorial integrity h Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated in 2020 that While respecting the territorial integrity of the Azerbaijan Republic Iran is fundamentally opposed to any move that would fuel conflict between the two neighbouring countries of the Azerbaijan Republic and Armenia 306 During the war Iran was domestically torn in devising a policy but de facto pursued a policy that combined official neutrality with growing support for Armenia according to Svante Cornell 307 Cornell argues that Iran has pursued policies in the conflict inclined towards Armenia 286 However Iran s tacit support for the Armenian side 308 309 310 was limited to economic cooperation 311 312 Terhi Hakala noted in 1998 that as a geopolitical counter weight to Turkey Iran has strongly supported Armenia especially by alleviating the effects of the Turkish blockade 313 Cornell notes that during the war Iran served as Armenia s main purveyor of electricity and goods and once the Armenian conquest of Karabakh had been completed Iranian trucks began to supply most of the secessionist enclave s needs 307 According to Bahruz Balayev Iran supported the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and gave some humanitarian aid to the Azerbaijani refugees but in the meantime widely cooperates with Armenia and even Karabakh Armenian authorities 314 Brenda Shaffer wrote that Iran s cooperation with Armenia and its tacit support in the conflict with Azerbaijan over Karabagh strengthened Yerevan s actual and perceived power and consequently may have lessened its sense of urgency to resolve the conflict 315 In 2013 Mohsen Rezaee who was commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC during the war claimed that he personally issued an order for the Republic of Azerbaijan army to be equipped appropriately and for it to receive the necessary training Rezaee added that Many Iranians died in the Karabakh War In addition to the wounded who were transported to Iran many of the Iranian martyrs of the Karabakh War are buried in Baku 316 In 2011 Hassan Ameli a leading Iranian cleric claimed that Iran provided Azerbaijan with arms and helped Afghan mujaheddin move to Azerbaijan 317 318 The Iranian embassy in Armenia stated that they would not like unreliable information to affect friendly Armenian Iranian relations We do not exclude the possibility that there are forces which aim to create hindrances for our friendly relations 319 In October 2020 several protests erupted in Iranian cities including the capital Tehran and Tabriz in support of Azerbaijan 320 321 with many Iranian Azerbaijanis chanting pro Azerbaijan slogans and protesting Iran s alleged arms support to Armenia via the Nordooz border crossing 322 United States Joseph Dunford chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with Azerbaijani Minister of Defense Zakir Hasanov on 16 February 2017 Thomas Ambrosio suggested in 2000 that the US supported Azerbaijan s territorial integrity but enacted policies that effectively supported Armenia s irredentist policies 323 Sergo Mikoyan argued in 1998 that the US response to the conflict has been inconsistent pulled in different directions by the legislative and executive branches of power Congress was under the influence of the Armenian lobby while the executive branch the White House and the State Department pursued a pro Azerbaijani policy which reflects Turkish influence and the interests of oil companies 324 Richard C Longworth and Argam DerHartunian expressed similar views 325 326 Congress s pro Armenian position was expressed in passing the Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act in 1992 which banned any assistance to Azerbaijan It was effectively amended by the Senate in 2001 and waived by President George W Bush starting from 2002 327 The US provides military aid to both countries Between 2005 and 2016 Azerbaijan received 8 5 million for counternarcotics assistance and 11 5 million for counterterrorism aid In the same period Armenia received only 41 000 for counternarcotics assistance and none for counterterrorism aid According to EurasiaNet Much of the money for Azerbaijan has been targeted toward naval forces to reduce the risk that it could be used against Armenia 328 The Trump administration greatly increased the US military aid to Azerbaijan to around 100 million in fiscal years 2018 19 compared to less than 3 million in a year in FY 2016 17 The US aid is primarily offered in the context of U S policy to increase pressure on Iran and focuses on Azerbaijan s Iranian border but it also has implications for Armenia according to Emil Sanamyan In FY 2018 Armenia received 4 2 million in U S security assistance 329 The US has also provided humanitarian aid to Artsakh some 36 million between 1998 and 2010 330 including for demining 331 The humanitarian aid has been criticized by Azerbaijan for legitimizing the illegal regime in the occupied lands and damages the reputation of the US as a neutral mediator 332 Arms suppliers In 1992 the Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe OSCE requested its participating states to impose an embargo on arms deliveries to forces engaged in combat in the Nagorno Karabakh area However it is a voluntary multilateral arms embargo and a number of OSCE participating states have supplied arms to Armenia and Azerbaijan since 1992 333 The UN Security Council Resolution 85 passed in July 1993 called on states to refrain from the supply of any weapons and munitions which might lead to an intensification of the conflict or the continued occupation of territory According to SIPRI since 2002 the UN Security Council has no longer listed that it is actively seized of the matter As such since 2002 it is assumed that the non mandatory UN embargo is no longer active 334 Armenia Russia has long been Armenia s primary arms supplier Smaller suppliers include China 335 336 India 337 338 Ukraine 339 Greece 340 311 Serbia 341 Jordan per Armenian MoD sources 342 343 denied by Jordan 344 In March 1992 Yagub Mammadov chairman of Azerbaijani parliament accused Syria and Lebanon of supplying weapons to Armenia 345 Azerbaijan According to SIPRI Russia supplied 55 of Azerbaijan s weaponry in 2007 11 346 85 in 2010 14 347 and 31 in 2015 19 348 Israel has become a major supplier 349 accounting for 60 of Azerbaijan s arms imports in 2015 19 348 Azerbaijan s other suppliers include Turkey 293 Belarus 350 Canada via Turkey 351 352 Ukraine 339 353 Serbia 354 and Czech Republic 355 356 denied by the Czech authorities 357 Foreign fighters Several foreign groups fought on both sides in the intense period of fighting in 1992 94 According to Human Rights Watch HRW both sides used mercenaries during the war namely Russian Ukrainian and Belorussian mercenaries or rogue units of the Soviet Russian Army have fought on both sides 358 AzerbaijanAzerbaijan made extensive use of mercenary pilots According to HRW Most informed observers believe that mercenaries pilot most of Azerbaijan s air force 359 Several foreign groups fought on the Azerbaijani side Chechen militants Afghan mujahideen 360 members of the Turkish nationalist Grey Wolves 361 and the Ukrainian nationalist UNA UNSO 362 The Chechen fighters in Karabakh were led by Shamil Basayev who later became Prime Minister of Ichkeria Chechnya and Salman Raduyev 363 Basayev famously participated in the battle of Shusha in 1992 363 364 Saudi born Ibn al Khattab may have also joined them 365 The Afghan mujahideen were mostly affiliated with the Hezb e Islami led by Afghan Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 366 367 According to HRW they were clearly not motivated by religious or ideological reasons and were thus mercenaries 367 The recruitment of Afghan mujahideen reportedly handled by paramilitary police chief Rovshan Javadov was denied by Azerbaijani authorities 367 368 They first arrived to Azerbaijan in fall 1993 and numbered anywhere between 1 500 and 2 500 367 or 1 000 and 3 000 369 Armenia alleged that they were paid for by Saudi Arabia 366 Afghan mujahideen constituted the most considerable influx of foreign fighters during the war 369 Some 200 Grey Wolves were still present in the conflict zone as of September 1994 and were engaged in training Azerbaijani units 370 Artsakh and ArmeniaSome 85 Russian Kuban Cossacks and around 30 Ossetian volunteers fought on the Armenian side 371 372 In May 2011 a khachkar was inaugurated in the village of Vank in memory of 14 Kuban Cossacks who died in the war 373 Ossetian volunteers reportedly came from both South Ossetia Georgia and North Ossetia Russia 374 375 No less than 12 diaspora Armenian volunteers fought and four diaspora fighters died in the war 376 377 According to David Rieff members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Dashnaks including a substantial number of volunteers from the diaspora did a great deal of the fighting and dying 378 Former members of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ASALA also participated in the war 379 Diplomatic support Artsakh and Armenia Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh Republic has received diplomatic recognition 380 and diplomatic support especially during the 2016 clashes from three partially recognized states Abkhazia i 381 382 South Ossetia j 383 and Transnistria k 384 During the war Greece adopted a pro Armenian position 385 and supported it in international forums 386 311 During the April 2016 and July 2020 clashes Cyprus condemned Azerbaijan for violating the ceasefire 387 388 Armenian President Levon Ter Petrosyan reportedly told the Greek ambassador in 1993 that France and Russia were Armenia s only allies at the time 389 According to a US State Department cable released in 2020 the French ambassador to the UN Jean Bernard Merimee succeeded in changing the wording of the UNSC Resolution 822 to state that it was local Armenian forces not Armenian forces that occupied Kalbajar He also suggested treating the Armenian capture of Kalbajar not under Chapter VII of the UN Charter an act of aggression but Chapter VI a dispute that should be settled peacefully 390 Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has received explicit diplomatic support in the conflict from several countries and international organizations Azerbaijan s strongest diplomatic supporters are Turkey and Pakistan 391 392 which is the only UN member state not to have recognized Armenia s independence in support for Azerbaijan 393 Turkish backed unrecognized Northern Cyprus Turkish Cyprus also supports Azerbaijan 394 The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC 395 and the Turkic Council 396 have repeatedly supported the Azerbaijani position Some member states of these organizations namely Uzbekistan 397 and Saudi Arabia 398 have voiced support for Azerbaijan s position on their own repeatedly Lebanon on the other hand has not supported OIC s pro Azerbaijani resolutions 399 Azerbaijan has received diplomatic support namely for its territorial integrity from three post Soviet states that have territorial disputes Ukraine 400 Georgia 401 and Moldova 402 These three countries and Azerbaijan form the GUAM organization and support the Azerbaijani position in the format as well 403 Serbia with its own territorial dispute over Kosovo also explicitly supports Azerbaijan s territorial integrity 404 405 406 Two other post Soviet states Kazakhstan 407 and Belarus 408 tacitly support Azerbaijan s position especially within the Eurasian Economic Union EEU and the Collective Security Treaty Organization CSTO despite nominal alliance with Armenia 409 Both Palestine 410 and Israel 411 412 have voiced support for Azerbaijan 2008 UN vote On March 14 2008 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution which reaffirmed Azerbaijan s territorial integrity expressing support for that country s internationally recognized borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there It was adopted by a vote of 39 in favor to 7 against while most countries either abstained or were absent It was backed mostly by Muslim states 413 414 31 were members of the OIC l Non Muslim states that supported the resolution included three post Soviet states Georgia Moldova Ukraine and five other nations Cambodia Colombia Myanmar Serbia and Tuvalu Thus it was supported by seven OSCE members m one NATO member Turkey and no EU member state 415 It was opposed by Angola Armenia France India Russia United States Vanuatu 415 The OSCE Minsk Group co chair countries France US Russia voted against the resolution They argued that it selectively propagates only certain of the basic principles to the exclusion of others without considering the Co Chairs proposal in its balanced entirety The co chair countries called it a unilateral resolution which threatens to undermine the peace process but reaffirmed their support for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and thus do not recognize the independence of NK 416 Ceasefire and international mediationMain article Madrid Principles A Russian brokered ceasefire was signed in May 1994 and peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group Russia US France have been held ever since by Armenia and Azerbaijan 85 Azerbaijan has repeatedly accused the Minsk Group Russia US France of being pro Armenian 417 418 419 In 1996 when France was chosen by the OSCE to co chair the Minsk Group Azerbaijan asked the OSCE to reconsider the decision because France was perceived by Azerbaijan as pro Armenian 420 Svante Cornell argued in 1997 that France the US and Russia are more or less biased towards Armenia in the conflict 421 422 In 2018 Azerbaijan accused the US and France of bias for allowing Bako Sahakyan the then president of Artsakh to visit their countries 423 424 See alsoArmenia Azerbaijan border List of ongoing armed conflictsNotes Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast NKAO until 1991 Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Soviet Armenia until 1990 renamed Republic of Armenia 1991 declared independence Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Soviet Azerbaijan until 1991 Throughout the Soviet period Moscow supported the Azerbaijani authorities against Armenian secessionists 1 Until the dissolution of the USSR the Soviet authorities sided in general with Azerbaijan Soviet troops sent to the conflict area on numerous occasions took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to punish the Armenians for raising the NK issue 2 Soviet troops have been in Nagorno Karabakh for 2 1 2 years The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region 3 Soviet troops directly intervened during Operation Ring in April May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side 4 5 It was essentially a combined Soviet Azerbaijan operation 6 Armenia 44 800 active servicemen 2019 IISS 34 Artsakh 18 000 20 000 active servicemen 2008 ARAG 35 Also called the Karabakh conflict 49 Armenia Azerbaijan conflict 50 or Armenian Azerbaijani conflict Usually referred to as the Artsakh conflict in Armenia 51 and the Armenia Azerbaijan Nagorno Karabakh conflict in Azerbaijan 52 According to the Caucasian Calendar for 1917 in 1916 Shusha had an Armenian population of 23 396 forming 53 3 of the city s population 68 These include among others President Mohammad Khatami in 2004 301 Chief of Staff of Iran s Armed Forces Mohammad Bagheri in 2019 302 Chief of Staff of the President of Iran Mahmoud Vaezi in 2020 303 and Iran s ambassadors in Azerbaijan 304 305 The political status of Abkhazia is disputed Having unilaterally declared independence from Georgia in 1992 Abkhazia is formally recognised as an independent state by 5 UN member states two other states recognised it but then withdrew their recognition while Georgia continues to claim it as part of its own territory designating it as Russian occupied territory South Ossetia s status is disputed It considers itself to be an independent state but this is recognised by only a few other countries The Georgian government and most of the world s other states consider South Ossetia de jure a part of Georgia s territory Transnistria s political status is disputed It considers itself to be an independent state but this is not recognised by any UN member state The Moldovan government and the international community consider Transnistria a part of Moldova s territory Afghanistan Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Comoros Djibouti Gambia Indonesia Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Malaysia Maldives Morocco Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Serbia Turkey Ukraine UzbekistanReferences a b Matveeva Anna 2002 The South Caucasus Nationalism Conflict and Minorities PDF Minority Rights Group International p 11 ISBN 189769344 3 Archived from the original PDF on 23 August 2020 a b 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denied those accusations Tsvetkova Maria Auyezov Olzhas 9 November 2020 Analysis Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno Karabakh conflict Reuters Retrieved 4 March 2021 Turkey s support for Azerbaijan has been vital and Azerbaijan s superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F 16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides Rudolph Joseph Russell ed 2003 Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts Greenwood Press p 208 ISBN 978 0313313813 When the Soviet Union broke up in 1991 the Karabakh conflict escalated further from guerrilla warfare to full scale conventional combat Tharoor Ishaan April 5 2016 The crisis over Nagorno Karabakh explained Washington Post Archived from the original on 24 July 2020 The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict A Visual 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Armenia Seeks Distracted Russia s Aid in Renewed Azerbaijan Clashes The Moscow Times 13 September 2022 Archived from the original on 13 September 2022 Retrieved 13 September 2022 Tetrault Farber Gabrielle 2022 09 13 Putin calls for calm amid deadliest Azerbaijan Armenia clashes since 2020 Reuters Retrieved 2022 09 14 Armenia Azerbaijan tensions rise over blocked road news yahoo com 15 December 2022 PROTECTION MONITORING ARMENIA REPORT 1 PDF United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees The UN Refugee Agency November December 2020 Retrieved January 5 2023 On 24th November 2020 the Martakert Karvachar Vardenis highway was closed thus the only operational route between NK and Armenia now is via the Lachin corridor Supplies begin to run low as Nagorno Karabakh blockade continues Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2022 12 22 a b Kitachayev Bashir 16 December 2022 Azerbaijani roadblock cuts tens of thousands off from food fuel and medicine openDemocracy Retrieved 21 December 2022 Artsakh Blockade Nearing 1 Month Shortages Widespread Atlas News 2023 01 09 Retrieved 2023 01 10 amartikian 2023 01 09 Azerbaijan is playing with fire Armenian political scientist English Jamnews Retrieved 2023 01 09 a b Azeriqaz IB ermeni metbuatinin dezinformasiyasina cavab verdi Azeriqaz 14 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 Gas restored to Karabakh but road remains closed for fifth day Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 19 December 2022 Ahmedbeyli Samira 2022 12 12 Azerbaijan is gradually moving towards Khankendi Opinion from Baku English Jamnews Retrieved 2022 12 27 Gavin Gabriel 2022 12 13 Nagorno Karabakh protestors cause crisis in Russia s backyard Reaction Retrieved 2022 12 27 Europe watches on as humanitarian crisis unfolds in Nagorno Karabakh POLITICO 2023 01 07 Retrieved 2023 01 08 Armenians turn fire toward Russia as Nagorno Karabakh blockade enters third week Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2022 12 29 a b Supplies begin to run low as Nagorno Karabakh blockade continues Eurasianet 19 December 2022 Retrieved 19 December 2022 Bulut Uzay 2022 12 30 Azerbaijan amp Turkey s Ominous Assault against Armenians Providence Retrieved 2022 12 31 Blockade of Nagorno Karabakh enters second day Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2022 12 26 Nagorno Karabakh Azerbaijani roadblock cuts off food openDemocracy Retrieved 2022 12 28 Azerbaijanis again block the road to Karabakh Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2023 01 07 As Azerbaijani blockade drags on Azerbaijan denies that it s a blockade Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2023 01 05 UN Security Council opts not to issue statement on Karabakh blockade Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2023 01 05 Supplies begin to run low as Nagorno Karabakh blockade continues Eurasianet eurasianet org Retrieved 2022 12 24 Who Are The Azerbaijani Eco Activists Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան in Armenian Retrieved 2022 12 24 Inside Stepanakert As Azerbaijani Blockade Continues RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Retrieved 2022 12 22 Armenia Caucus Co Chairs Issue Statement on Escalation of Azerbaijani Humanitarian Abuses in Artsakh Congressman Frank Pallone 2022 12 13 Retrieved 2022 12 24 Human Rights Watch 2019 12 10 Azerbaijan Events of 2019 English retrieved 2022 12 22 Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Countries at the Crossroads 2006 Azerbaijan Refworld Retrieved 2022 12 22 ahmedbeyli samira 2022 12 15 Fourth day of protests by Azerbaijani activists JAMnews English Jamnews Retrieved 2022 12 23 Armenia Warns That Blockade Of Nagorno Karabakh Link Is Causing Dire Situation RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Retrieved 2022 12 23 a b c De Waal 2003 p 285 See 209 41 42 43 a b c d in Russian Melik Shahnazarov Arsen Nagornyj Karabah fakty protiv lzhi Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine a b c Ohanyan Karine Zarema Velikhanova 12 May 2004 Investigation Karabakh Missing in Action Alive or Dead Institute for War and Peace Reporting Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 StephenMBland Archived from the original on 26 November 2016 Retrieved 26 February 2017 Nazvano chislo azerbajdzhanskih voennosluzhashih pogibshih vo vremya I Karabahskoj vojny Archived from the original on 24 July 2018 Retrieved 12 May 2019 Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Euronews 28 November 2009 Uppsala Conflict Data Program Republic of Nagorno Karabakh civilians viewed 3 May 2013 Armenialiberty 5 February 2013 Armenialiberty Two Azeri Soldiers Killed In Armenian Truce Violation ecoi net European Country of Origin Information Network Archived from the original on 2015 04 14 Retrieved 2015 04 11 a b 165 Armenian Servicemen Died in 2016 Asbarez com 1 February 2020 Archived from the original on 1 February 2020 a b Serj Tankian calls on supporting families of killed Armenian soldiers Archived from the original on 11 April 2016 Retrieved 9 April 2016 a b Baku says Armenia s military dictatorship threats values that civilized world stands for AZERNEWS 6 April 2016 Archived from the original on 13 May 2016 Retrieved 6 April 2016 Ateskes dovrunden beri ermeni texribati neticesinde helak olan Azerbaycan herbcilerinin ve mulki sexslerin sayi aciqlandi 3 October 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2020 Baku reports 63 Azeri civilians dead since situation in Nagorno Karabakh escalated Caspian Defense Studies Institute More than 2000 injured or dead in Karabakh war Meydan TV Archived from the original on 6 August 2016 Retrieved 18 May 2016 44 smertnyh sluchaya v Vooruzhennyh Silah Armenii 1in am Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 Retrieved 4 July 2015 Azerbaijani child killed near Karabakh ministry says Hurriyet Daily News Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 4 July 2015 a b Military casualties in 2016 10 January 2017 Uzel Kavkazskij Armenian rights defenders note a decrease in military losses in 2017 Caucasian Knot Azeri military losses in 2017 59 servicemen Nagorno Karabakh Observer Death cases of soldiers in Armenia s Armed Forces and Artsakh Defense Army decrease by 2 armenpress am a b Azerbaijan Lost 37 Military Men Armenia Lost 45 in 2018 www turan az Uzel Kavkazskij Prokuratura Armenii naschitala 49 pogibshih v 2019 godu voennosluzhashih Kavkazskij Uzel Uzel Kavkazskij CDSI reports 20 perished Azerbaijani soldiers in 2019 Caucasian Knot Body of Azerbaijan soldier killed on the frontline returned from neutral zone ONA Washington to host talks on Nagorno Karabakh warring sides say Reuters 20 October 2020 Retrieved 2020 10 20 1 killed 7 Jan 12 1 killed 15 Feb 13 1 killed 5 March 14 12 killed 12 16 July 15 1 killed 21 Sep 16 total of 16 reported killed 1 killed 10 March 17 1 killed 4 April 18 4 killed 12 16 July 19 1 killed 23 July 20 1 killed 27 July 21 total of 8 reported killed Clashes resume on volatile Armenian Azerbaijani border AP NEWS 16 July 2020 By 21 October 2021 the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan MN published a list of 2 908 servicemen who were confirmed killed during the war 22 although at least two of the soldiers named were killed after the conflict ended 23 24 leaving a total of 2 906 servicemen confirmed killed in the war Ayya Lmahamad 8 December 2020 Civilian death toll in Armenian attacks reaches 100 azernews az List of the servicemen fallen Shehids in the Patriotic War MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan s speech at the National Assembly during the discussion of the performance report of the Government Action Plan for 2021 primeminister am The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia 13 April 2022 Archived from the original on 14 April 2022 The number of victims of the 44 day war is 3825 by today s data By 27 September 2021 84 civilians were confirmed killed in the conflict 80 of which died in the Republic of Artsakh and 4 were killed in Armenia 25 26 Another 22 were still missing 27 Subsequently the number of civilians missing was updated to 21 by 21 March 2022 28 bringing the total number of confirmed civilian fatalities to 85 187 Armenian troops still MIA 21 civilians missing in 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war armenpress m Armenpress 21 March 2022 Retrieved 21 March 2022 SOHR exclusive Death toll of mercenaries in Azerbaijan is higher than that in Libya while Syrian fighters given varying payments Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 3 December 2020 Retrieved 3 December 2020 Azerbaijan admits shooting down Russian helicopter in Armenia BBC News 9 November 2020 Russian teenager dies in missile attack on Ganja NEWSru 24 October 2020 Retrieved 17 November 2020 Azvision Xeberler Son xeberler Xeberler Son xeberler Azerbaijan discloses number of people killed in mine explosions azvision az Azerbaycan MN 4 herbi qulluqcumuz oldurulub BBC News Azerbaycanca Azerbaijan says one serviceman killed in attack in Karabakh Reuters 28 December 2020 via www reuters com First Russian soldier killed in Karabakh mission 19 December 2020 18 civilians were killed by landmines between November 2020 and July 2021 29 of which six died in 2020 30 leaving a total of 12 reported killed in 2021 Azerbaijani civilian killed by Armenian landmine blast www aa com tr Azerbaijani soldier killed during explosion in Aghdam district menafn com Azerbaijani serviceman killed in mine explosion in liberated settlement AzerNews az April 16 2021 2021 76 Soldier Deaths in Armenia Artsakh Hetq am Armenia says soldier killed in border shoot out with Azeri forces www aljazeera com Armenian soldier killed by Azeri sniper fire on border TASS Reuters September 1 2021 via www reuters com Armenia Says Six Of Its Soldiers Killed In Latest Clashes With Azerbaijan RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Armenia Azerbaijan trade blame for border clashes AP NEWS December 9 2021 Yerevan Wants International Observers Deployed on Armenian Azeri Border Archived from the original on 27 May 2021 Retrieved 27 May 2021 Avedian Lillian December 1 2021 Armenia and Azerbaijan agree to create commission to demarcate border The Armenian 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Institute of Armenian Studies Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 People reasonably argue that Russia is playing both sides Larsen Joseph 1 December 2016 Russia is Stacking Both Decks in Armenia and Azerbaijan gip ge Georgian Institute of Politics Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Russia perhaps the conflict s most important party is neutral but very openly playing both sides Cornell Svante 26 April 2018 Armenia s Crisis of Legitimacy The American Interest Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Benson Brett V 2012 Constructing International Security Alliances Deterrence and Moral Hazard Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 67 ISBN 978 1107027244 De Waal 2003 p 206 De Waal 2003 p 200 Buniatian Heghine February 28 2019 Armenia Russia Sign More Arms Deals azatutyun am RFE RL The military alliance with Russia entitles Armenia to buying Russian weapons at discounted prices Moscow lent the Armenian government 200 million for such arms acquisitions in 2015 Bhutia Sam October 28 2019 Armenia Azerbaijan Who s the big defense spender EurasiaNet Russia one of the largest arms exporters in the world sells weapons to both sides in the conflict though Armenia as a member of the Russia led Collective Security Treaty Organization gets a discount Jones Dorian July 16 2020 Azerbaijan Armenia Clashes Highlight Turkey Russia Rift Voice of America Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 The latest clashes indirectly pit Turkey against Russia Turkey backs Azerbaijan while Russia supports Armenia Sofuoglu Murat July 23 2020 Why Russia supports Armenia against Azerbaijan in the Caucasus conflict TRT World Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Nemtsova Anna April 13 2017 In Nagorno Karabakh a Bloody New War With Putin on Both Sides The Daily Beast Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Russia says won t halt arms sales to arch foes Armenia and Azerbaijan Reuters April 9 2016 Archived from the original on 4 August 2020 Agayev Zulfugar August 13 2013 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Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 Baku has bought arms from Turkey and imported Altay tanks T129 ATAK helicopters unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs and armed unmanned aerial vehicles AUAV Hakobyan Tatul 3 April 2006 Ankara s Response to Yerevan Hetq Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Grigoryan Aleksandr Khachatryan Knar Ter Matevosyan Vahram 2019 Armenia Turkey border opening what determines the attitude of Armenians Caucasus Survey 7 1 3 4 doi 10 1080 23761199 2018 1499298 S2CID 159017448 Yackley Ayla Jean September 17 2018 Feted in Baku Turkey s Erdogan rules out restoring ties with Armenia EurasiaNet Archived from the original on 19 August 2020 Landler Mark Arsu Sebnem October 10 2009 After Hitch Turkey and Armenia Normalize Ties The New York Times Ayatollah Khamenei Iran Armenia should have solid amicable ties despite U S opposition Tehran Times February 27 2019 Archived from the original on 14 August 2020 Ayatollah Khamenei reiterated Iran s long held position that the Islamic Republic is ready to help resolve the conflict between Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan Iran proposes to mediate in Karabakh Tehran Times October 6 2008 Archived from the original on 14 August 2020 Spokesman Urges Peaceful Settlement of Karabakh Dispute en mfa ir Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran 31 March 2020 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Iran calls on Azerbaijan Armenia to exercise self restraint en irna ir Islamic Republic News Agency 3 April 2016 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Iran Report rferl org RFE RL August 17 2004 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Khatami said Iran is ready to contribute to a peaceful solution of the conflict He added that Iran considers Nagorno Karabakh part of Azerbaijan and that the use of force in settling international problems is unacceptable General Iran Azerbaijan borders secure en irna ir Islamic Republic News Agency January 17 2019 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 General Baqeri further said Iran decisively supports territorial integrity of Azerbaijan Republic Vaezi Preserving territorial integrity of countries is Iran s regional strategy en irna ir Islamic Republic News Agency July 14 2020 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Vaezi said preserving the territorial integrity of other countries namely Azerbaijan has been Iran s regional strategy Iran s policy to support Azerbaijan Republic territorial integrity unchangeable Envoy en irna ir Islamic Republic News Agency March 30 2017 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 Iran Azerbaijan keen on boosting relations en irna ir Islamic Republic News Agency Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 Reaffirming Iran s support to Azerbaijan Republic s territorial integrity outgoing ambassador said that concerns of Azerbaijan Republic are also concerns of Iran Iranian Azeri Diplomats Hold Phone Talks en mfa ir Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran 16 April 2020 Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 a b Cornell Svante E 2015 Azerbaijan Since Independence Routledge pp 321 322 ISBN 978 1317476214 Vatanka Alex January 15 2013 Tangle in the Caucasus Iran and Israel Fight for Influence in Azerbaijan Foreign Affairs Iran provided vital backing to Armenia in its war against Azerbaijan Ehrmann Maya Kraus Josef Souleimanov Emil 2013 The Iran Israel Azerbaijan Triangle Implications on Regional Security Revista de Estudos Politicos Fluminense Federal University 4 7 215 228 Iran s support of Armenia in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict Herszenhorn David M June 5 2012 Iran and Azerbaijan Already Wary Neighbors Find Even Less to Agree On The New York Times Iran s support of Armenia Azerbaijan s western neighbor and sworn enemy in the long running war over the disputed territory of Nagorno Karabakh a b c Dinu Mihai Ștefan 2010 The ethnical religious context of the armed conflicts from the Caucasus between 1990 and 2002 Strategic Impact Bucharest Romanian National Defence University Carol I Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies 4 35 Archived from the original on 2013 09 21 However Russia was not the only ally of Armenia but also Greece and Iran both with a long history of tense relations with Turkey Greece supported Armenia both by delivering military and economic assistance and diplomatic representation by promoting Armenia s interests in the EU and NATO Iran provided trade opportunities and an opening to the maritime space Rudolph Joseph Russell 2008 Hot Spot North America and Europe ABC CLIO pp 185 186 ISBN 978 0313336218 Iran supports Armenia To be sure the assistance provided to Armenia and Azerbaijan respectively by these neighboring states has been limited to diplomatic support and occasional economic favors Hakala Terhi 1998 The OSCE Minsk Process A balance after five years Helsinki Monitor Netherlands Helsinki Committee 9 1 13 doi 10 1163 157181498X00015 ISSN 0925 0972 Balayev Bahruz 2013 Islamic Republic of Iran The Right to Self determination in the South Caucasus Nagorno Karabakh in Context Rowman amp Littlefield p 69 ISBN 978 0739178270 Shaffer Brenda October 31 2000 It s not about ancient hatreds it s about current policies Islam and stability in the Caucasus Caucasian Regional Studies Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs 1 2 5 Kucera Joshua March 8 2013 Iranian Official We Helped Azerbaijan In Karabakh War EurasiaNet Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Iran snabzhal oruzhiem Azerbajdzhan i dostavlyal v Karabah bojcov iz Afganistana iranskij ayatolla regnum ru in Russian REGNUM News Agency 9 May 2011 Archived from the original on 19 August 2019 Top Iran Cleric Says Afghan Rebels Fought for Azerbaijan Asbarez May 10 2011 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Iranian embassy in Yerevan avoids commenting on weapons supply to Baku PanArmenian Net May 10 2011 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Protests Erupt In Iran Backing Azerbaijan In Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 2 October 2020 Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Iran fears spillover from Nagorno Karabakh Deutsche Welle 12 October 2020 Iran on edge as Azeri minority backs Karabakh war Asia Times 8 October 2020 Ambrosio Thomas 2000 Irredentism Ethnic Conflict and International Politics Greenwood Publishing Group p 147 ISBN 978 0275972608 Mikoyan Sergo 1998 Russia the US and regional conflict in Eurasia Survival International Institute for Strategic Studies 40 3 120 doi 10 1080 00396338 1998 9688528 Longworth Richard C June 1998 Boomtown Baku Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 54 3 37 Bibcode 1998BuAtS 54c 34L doi 10 1080 00963402 1998 11456843 Washington has two foreign policies toward the region one pro Azeri the other anti Azeri The pro Azeri policy belongs to the administration which listens to the oil companies The anti Azeri policy belongs to Congress which listens to the Armenian lobby DerHartunian Argam 2007 Negotiation and Settlement in Nagorno Karabak Maintaining Territorial Integrity or Promoting Self Determination Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal Pepperdine University 7 2 301 PDF archived While the executive department favors Azerbaijan in the conflict Congress has partially sided with Armenia because of the Armenian American lobbying efforts Presidential Determination on Azerbaijan georgewbush whitehouse archives gov January 25 2002 Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 Kucera Joshua May 17 2016 Azerbaijan Has Advantage Over Armenia In U S Military Aid EurasiaNet Archived from the original on 15 July 2020 Sanamyan Emil July 17 2019 US Allocates 100 million in Security Aid to Azerbaijan in 2018 19 armenian usc edu USC Institute of Armenian Studies Archived from the original on 14 July 2020 Legislative History of U S Assistance to Nagorno Karabakh PDF anca org Armenian National Committee of America Archived from the original PDF on 11 August 2020 Kucera Joshua March 19 2020 U S ends funding for Karabakh demining EurasiaNet Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 Mir Ismail Alman January 11 2010 US Azerbaijani Relations Cooling jamestown org Jamestown Foundation Archived from the original on 11 August 2020 OSCE arms embargo on Nagorno Karabakh Azerbaijan sipri org Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2 September 2018 Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 Non mandatory UN arms embargo on Nagorno Karabakh Azerbaijan sipri org Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4 October 2012 Archived from the original on 14 August 2020 Harutyunyan Sargis August 19 2013 New Chinese Rockets Acquired By Armenia azatutyun am RFE RL Archived from the original on 24 July 2020 Rolland Nadege December 2018 China s Ambitions in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus PDF Notes de l Ifri Institut francais des relations internationales 112 8 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 01 07 In 1999 China made its first arms sale in the Caucasus by supplying WM 80 rocket launchers to Armenia India pips Russia and Poland for 40m Armenia defence deal The Times of India March 2 2020 Upadhyaya Shishir March 18 2020 India Wins Defense Deal With Armenia in Bid to Chasten Turkey The Diplomat Archived from the original on 28 June 2020 a b Kucera Joshua August 8 2011 Tajikistan Buying Guns Ukraine Selling Weapons to Both Armenia and Azerbaijan EurasiaNet Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 Meanwhile Ukraine reports that it has engaged in the time honored tradition of selling weapons to both sides of a conflict Harutyunyan Garik November 27 2015 Հայաստանը հակատանկային Միլան համակարգերը գնել է Հունաստանից զեկույց Report Armenia Purchased Anti tank MILAN Systems from Greece razm info in Armenian Archived from the original on 17 April 2017 Stamboltsian Gevorg 22 July 2020 Serbia Admits Arms Deals With Armenia azatutyun am RFE RL Archived from the original on 24 July 2020 Հորդանան Հայաստան զենքի տրանզիտ ՕՍԱ ԱԿՄ ՀՕՊ երի գնման գործարքի մանրամասներ մաս 2 The Armenian Times in Armenian 21 June 2020 Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 ՊՆ աղբյուրների ինչպես նաև այլ հետազոտությունների արդյունքում հայտնի է դարձել որ համակարգերը Հայաստանը միջնորդ ընկերության միջոցով ձեռք է բերել Հորդանանից Atanesian Grigor February 6 2020 Armenia s MOD spokesman replied to my FB post saying the info is not necessarily 100 correct but it is very close to the reality Twitter Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 Atanesian Grigor February 6 2020 sources tell Jane s Defense Weekly that Armenia bought 35 Soviet made OSA AK missile systems from Jordan Twitter Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 Petrenko Alexander 5 February 2020 Armenia to receive more Su 30SM fighters Jane s Defence Weekly Archived from the original on 6 February 2020 Al jnaidi Laith Topcu Gulsen 29 July 2020 Jordan denies reports it sent arms to Armenia Anadolu Agency Archived from the original on 7 August 2020 Vaserman Arie Ginat Rami 1994 National Territorial or Religious Conflict The Case of Nagorno Karabakh Studies in Conflict amp Terrorism 17 4 358 doi 10 1080 10576109408435961 Original source S Mitin and M Madza Russia with Armenia s Help Tries to Put Pressure on Azerbaijan an interview with Yagub Mamedov the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan Izvestiia March 25 1992 p 2 Zolyan Mikayel 19 July 2013 Karabakh statements and arms deals balcanicaucaso org Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa Archived from the original on 25 August 2020 Kucera Joshua March 18 2015 Report Azerbaijan Gets 85 Percent Of Its Weapons From Russia EurasiaNet Archived from the original on 23 August 2020 Retrieved 28 July 2020 a b USA and France dramatically increase major arms exports Saudi Arabia is largest arms importer says SIPRI sipri org Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 9 March 2020 Archived from the original on 14 August 2020 Murinson Alexander October 2014 The Ties Between Israel and Azerbaijan PDF Mideast Security and Policy Studies No 110 Begin Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Archived from the original PDF on 3 November 2014 Israel supported the Azeri side in this conflict by supplying Stinger missiles to Azerbaijani troops during the war Kucera Joshua February 27 2012 Azerbaijan Makes Massive Israeli Weapons Purchase But Not Because of Iran EurasiaNet these weapons are destined to be used not against Iran but against Armenia link, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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