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List of British innovations and discoveries

November 10, 2023

The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom. This list covers, but is not limited to, innovation and invention in the mechanical, electronic, and industrial fields, as well as medicine, military devices and theory, artistic and scientific discovery and innovation, and ideas in religion and ethics.

Engineers during World War Two test a model of a Halifax bomber in a wind tunnel, an invention that dates back to 1871.

Factors that historians note spurred innovation and discovery include the 17th century scientific revolution and the 18th/19th century industrial revolution.[1][2] Another possible influence is the British patent system which had medieval origins and was codified with the Patent Act of 1852.[3]

17th century edit

 
The 1698 Savery Engine
1605
1614
1620
1625
1657
1667
1668
1698

18th century edit

 
The Watt steam engine was conceived in 1765. James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications. Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine.
1701
  • An improved seed drill is designed by Jethro Tull.[12] It is used to spread seeds around a field with a rotating handle which makes seed planting a lot easier.
1705
1712
1718
1730
  • The Rotherham plough, the first plough to be widely built in factories and commercially successful, is patented by Joseph Foljambe.[16]
1737
1740
1744
  • The earliest known reference to baseball is made in a publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and a woodcut that shows a field set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases.[18]
1753
  • Invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple who died in 1753.[19]

1761

1765
1767
1776
  • Scottish economist Adam Smith, often known as 'The father of modern economics',[22] publishes his seminal text The Wealth of Nations.[23][24]
  • The Watt steam engine, conceived in 1765, goes into production. It is the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric.
1779
1781
1783
1786
1798

19th century edit

 
A trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine, first described by Charles Babbage in 1837[28]
1802
1804
1807
1814
c1820
1822
1823
1824
1825
1828
1831
1835
1836
1837
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1846
  • A design for a chemical telegraph is patented by Alexander Bain. Bain's telegraph is installed on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company on one line. Later, in 1850, it was used in America by Henry O'Reilly.[43]
1847
1851
1852
1853
  • Scottish physician Alexander Wood develops a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin.[47]
1854
1868
1869
1873
1876
1878
1883
1884
1885
  • The first commercially successful safety bicycle, called the Rover, is designed by John Kemp Starley. The following year Dan Albone produces a derivative of this called the Ivel Safety cycle.
1886
1892
1897

20th century edit

 
A Colossus computer, developed by British codebreakers in 1943–1945
1901
  • The first wireless signal across the Atlantic is sent from Cornwall in England and received in Newfoundland in Canada (a distance of 2,100 miles) by Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi.[56]
  • The first commercially successful light farm tractor is patented by Dan Albone.[57][58]
1902
1906
1907
1910
1916
  • The first use in battle of the military tank (although the tank was also developed independently elsewhere).
1918
  • The Royal Air Force becomes the first independent air force in the world[61]
  • The introduction of HMS Argus the first example of the standard pattern of aircraft carrier, with a full-length flight deck that allowed wheeled aircraft to take off and land.
1922
  • In Sorbonne, France, Englishman Edwin Belin demonstrates a mechanical scanning device, an early precursor to modern television.
1926
1930
1932
  • The Anglepoise lamp is patented by George Carwardine, a design consultant specialising in vehicle suspension systems.
1933
1936
1937
1939
1943
1949
1951
  • The concept of microprogramming is developed by Maurice Wilkes from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer could be controlled by a miniature, highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM.
  • LEO is the first business application (a payroll system) on an electronic computer.
1952
1953
1955
  • The first accurate atomic clock, a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, is built by Louis Essen at the National Physical Laboratory. This clock enabled further development of general relativity, and started a basis for an enhanced SI unit system.[69]
1956
1961
1963
1964
1965
  • A pioneer of the development of dairy farming systems, Rex Paterson, set out his principles for labour management.[73]
  • The Touchscreen was invented by E. A. Johnson working at the Radar Research Establishment, Malvern, Worcestershire.[74]
1966
1969
1970
1973
1976
1977
1979
1984
1989
1991
1992
  • The first SMS message in the world is sent over the UK's GSM network.
1995
1996
  • Animal cloning, a female domestic sheep became the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, by scientists at the Roslin institute.[87]
1997
  • Scottish scientists at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, produce the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.[88]
  • The ThrustSSC jet-propelled car, designed and built in England, sets the land speed record.

21st century edit

2003
  • Beagle 2, a British landing spacecraft that forms part of the European Space Agency's 2003 Mars Express mission lands on the surface of Mars but fails to communicate. It is located twelve years later in a series of images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter that suggest two of Beagle's four solar panels failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.
2004
2005
2012
  • Raspberry Pi, a single-board computer, is launched and quickly becomes popular for education in programming and computer science.[93]
2014
  • The European Space Agency's Philae lander leaves the Rosetta spacecraft and makes the first ever landing on a comet. The Philae lander was built with significant British expertise and technology, alongside that of several other countries.[94][95]
2016
  • SABRE or Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine is an example of a Rocket-Jet hybrid hypersonic air-breathing rocket engine.
2020
  • Became the first country in the world to deploy an approved COVID-19 vaccine

Ceramics edit

Clock making edit

Clothing manufacturing edit

Communications edit

Computing edit

Engineering edit

Household appliances edit

Ideas, religion and ethics edit

Industrial processes edit

Medicine edit

Military edit

Mining edit

Musical instruments edit

Photography edit


Publishing firsts edit

Science edit

Astronomy edit

Chemistry edit

Sport edit

Transport edit

Aviation edit

Railways edit

Locomotives edit

Other railway developments edit

Roads edit

Sea edit

Scientific innovations edit

Miscellaneous edit

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Berg, Dr Maxine (2005). The Age of Manufactures, 1700–1820: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134914739.
  • David, Paul A. (1975). Technical choice innovation and economic growth : essays on American and British experience in the nineteenth century. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521098755.
  • Walker, William (1993). "National Innovation Systems: Britain". In Nelson, Richard R. (ed.). National innovation systems : a comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195076172.

November 10, 2023
list, british, innovations, discoveries, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templa. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including predecessor states in the history of the formation of the United Kingdom This list covers but is not limited to innovation and invention in the mechanical electronic and industrial fields as well as medicine military devices and theory artistic and scientific discovery and innovation and ideas in religion and ethics Engineers during World War Two test a model of a Halifax bomber in a wind tunnel an invention that dates back to 1871 Factors that historians note spurred innovation and discovery include the 17th century scientific revolution and the 18th 19th century industrial revolution 1 2 Another possible influence is the British patent system which had medieval origins and was codified with the Patent Act of 1852 3 Contents 1 17th century 2 18th century 3 19th century 4 20th century 5 21st century 6 Ceramics 7 Clock making 8 Clothing manufacturing 9 Communications 10 Computing 11 Engineering 12 Household appliances 13 Ideas religion and ethics 14 Industrial processes 15 Medicine 16 Military 17 Mining 18 Musical instruments 19 Photography 20 Publishing firsts 21 Science 21 1 Astronomy 21 2 Chemistry 22 Sport 23 Transport 23 1 Aviation 23 2 Railways 23 2 1 Locomotives 23 2 2 Other railway developments 23 3 Roads 23 4 Sea 24 Scientific innovations 25 Miscellaneous 26 See also 27 References 28 Further reading17th century edit nbsp The 1698 Savery Engine1605Bacon s cipher a method of steganography hiding a secret message is devised by Sir Francis Bacon 4 1614John Napier publishes his work Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio introducing the concept of logarithms which simplifies mathematical calculations 5 6 1620The first navigable submarine is designed by William Bourne and built by Dutchman Cornelius Drebbel 1625Early experiments in water desalination are conducted by Sir Francis Bacon 7 1657Anchor escapement for clock making is invented by Robert Hooke 8 1667A tin can telephone is devised by Robert Hooke 9 1668Sir Isaac Newton invents the first working reflecting telescope 10 1698The first commercial steam powered device a water pump is developed by Thomas Savery 11 18th century edit nbsp The Watt steam engine was conceived in 1765 James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine 1701An improved seed drill is designed by Jethro Tull 12 It is used to spread seeds around a field with a rotating handle which makes seed planting a lot easier 1705Edmond Halley makes the first prediction of a comet s return 13 1712The first practical steam engine is designed by Thomas Newcomen 11 14 1718Edmond Halley discovers stellar motion 15 1730The Rotherham plough the first plough to be widely built in factories and commercially successful is patented by Joseph Foljambe 16 1737Andrew Rodger invents the winnowing machine 1740The first electrostatic motors are developed by Andrew Gordon in the 1740s 17 1744The earliest known reference to baseball is made in a publication A Little Pretty Pocket Book by John Newbery It contains a rhymed description of base ball and a woodcut that shows a field set up somewhat similar to the modern game though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration and with posts instead of ground level bases 18 1753Invention of hollow pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple who died in 1753 19 1761 The marine chronometer is invented by John Harrison enabling accurate nautical navigation and effectively establishing Greenwich as the de facto universal prime meridian 1765James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny which was a multi spindle spinning frame and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution James Small advances the design of the plough using mathematical methods to improve on the Scotch plough of James Anderson of Hermiston 20 1767Adam Ferguson 1767 often known as The Father of Modern Sociology publishes his work An Essay on the History of Civil Society 21 1776Scottish economist Adam Smith often known as The father of modern economics 22 publishes his seminal text The Wealth of Nations 23 24 The Watt steam engine conceived in 1765 goes into production It is the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric 1779Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule which improved the industrialised production of thread for textile manufacture The spinning mule combined features of James Hargreaves spinning jenny and Richard Arkwright s water frame 1781The Iron Bridge the first arch bridge made of cast iron is built by Abraham Darby III 11 1783A pioneer of selective breeding and artificial selection Robert Bakewell forms the Dishley Society to promote and advance the interests of livestock breeders 25 26 1786The threshing machine is invented by Andrew Meikle 27 1798Edward Jenner invents the first vaccine 19th century edit nbsp A trial model of a part of the Analytical Engine first described by Charles Babbage in 1837 28 1802Sir Humphry Davy creates the first incandescent light by passing a current from a battery at the time the world s most powerful through a thin strip of platinum 1804The world s first locomotive hauled railway journey is made by Richard Trevithick s steam locomotive 29 1807Alexander John Forsyth invents percussion ignition the foundation of modern firearms 1814Robert Salmon patents the first haymaking machine c1820John Loudon McAdam develops the Macadam road construction technique 1822Charles Babbage proposes the idea for a Difference engine an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society entitled Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables 30 1823An improved system of soil drainage is developed by James Smith 31 1824William Aspdin obtains a patent for Portland cement concrete 1825William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet 1828A mechanical reaping machine is invented by Patrick Bell 32 1831Electromagnetic induction the operating principle of transformers and nearly all modern electric generators is discovered by Michael Faraday 1835Scotsman James Bowman Lindsay invents the incandescent light bulb 33 1836The Marsh test for detecting arsenic poisoning is developed by James Marsh 34 1837Charles Babbage describes an Analytical Engine the first mechanical general purpose programmable computer 35 36 The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph first commercially successful electric telegraph is designed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and Sir William Fothergill Cooke 37 38 39 1839A pedal bicycle is invented by Kirkpatrick Macmillan 40 1840Sir Rowland Hill reforms the postal system with Uniform Penny Post and introduces the first postage stamp the Penny Black on 1 May 41 1841Alexander Bain patents his design produced the prior year for an electric clock 42 1842Superphosphate the first chemical fertiliser is patented by John Bennet Lawes citation needed 1843SS Great Britain the world s first steam powered screw propeller driven passenger liner with an iron hull is launched Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel it was at the time the largest ship afloat Alexander Bain patents a design for a facsimile machine 1846A design for a chemical telegraph is patented by Alexander Bain Bain s telegraph is installed on the wires of the Electric Telegraph Company on one line Later in 1850 it was used in America by Henry O Reilly 43 1847Boolean algebra the basis for digital logic is introduced by George Boole in his book The Mathematical Analysis of Logic 44 1851Improvements to the facsimile machine are demonstrated by Frederick Bakewell at the 1851 World s Fair in London 1852A steam driven ploughing engine is invented by John Fowler 45 46 1853Scottish physician Alexander Wood develops a medical hypodermic syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin 47 1854The Playfair cipher the first literal digraph substitution cipher is invented by Charles Wheatstone and later promoted for use by Lord Playfair 39 1868Mushet steel the first commercial steel alloy is invented by Robert Forester Mushet Thomas Humber develops a bicycle design with the pedals driving the rear wheel The first manually operated gas lamp traffic lights are installed outside the Houses of Parliament on 10 December 1869A bicycle design is developed by Thomas McCall 1873Discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith This led to the invention of photoelectric cells solar panels including those used in the earliest television systems 1876Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone in the U S 48 The first safety bicycle is designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson also called Henry Unlike the penny farthing the rider s feet were within reach of the ground making it safer to stop 1878Demonstration of an incandescent light bulb by Joseph Wilson Swan 49 50 1883The Fresno scraper which became a model for modern earth movers is invented in California by Scottish emigrant James Porteous 51 1884The light switch is invented by John Henry Holmes Quaker of Newcastle Reaction steam turbine invented by Anglo Irish engineer Charles Algernon Parsons 1885The first commercially successful safety bicycle called the Rover is designed by John Kemp Starley The following year Dan Albone produces a derivative of this called the Ivel Safety cycle 1886Walter Parry Haskett Smith often called the Father of Rock Climbing in Britain completes his first ascent of the Napes Needle solo and without any protective equipment 1892Sir Francis Galton devises a method for classifying fingerprints that proved useful in forensic science 52 1897Sir Joseph John Thomson discovers the electron 53 The world s first wireless station is established on the Isle of Wight 54 55 20th century edit nbsp A Colossus computer developed by British codebreakers in 1943 19451901The first wireless signal across the Atlantic is sent from Cornwall in England and received in Newfoundland in Canada a distance of 2 100 miles by Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi 56 The first commercially successful light farm tractor is patented by Dan Albone 57 58 1902Edgar Purnell Hooley develops Tarmac1906The introduction of HMS Dreadnought a revolutionary capital ship design 1907Henry Joseph Round discovers electroluminescence the principle behind LEDs 1910The first formal driving school the British School of Motoring is founded in London 59 Frank Barnwell establishes the fundamentals of aircraft design at the University of Glasgow 60 having made the first powered flight in Scotland the previous year 1916The first use in battle of the military tank although the tank was also developed independently elsewhere 1918The Royal Air Force becomes the first independent air force in the world 61 The introduction of HMS Argus the first example of the standard pattern of aircraft carrier with a full length flight deck that allowed wheeled aircraft to take off and land 1922In Sorbonne France Englishman Edwin Belin demonstrates a mechanical scanning device an early precursor to modern television 1926John Logie Baird makes the first public demonstration of a mechanical television on 26 January the first successful transmissions were in early 1923 and February 1924 Later in July 1928 he demonstrated the first colour television 62 63 1930The jet engine is patented by Sir Frank Whittle 64 1932The Anglepoise lamp is patented by George Carwardine a design consultant specialising in vehicle suspension systems 1933The Cat s eye road marking is invented by Percy Shaw and patented the following year 1936English economist John Maynard Keynes publishes his work The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money which challenged the established classical economics and led to the Keynesian Revolution in the way economists thought The world s first public broadcasts of high definition television are made from Alexandra Palace North London by the BBC Television Service It is the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting 65 1937First available in the London area the 999 telephone number is introduced as the world s first emergency telephone service 1939The initial design of the Bombe an electromechanical device to assist with the deciphering of messages encrypted by the Enigma machine is produced by Alan Turing at the Government Code and Cypher School GC amp CS 66 1943Colossus computer begins working the world s first electronic digital programmable computer 67 1949The Manchester Mark 1 computer significant because of its pioneering inclusion of index registers ran its first programme error free Its chief designers are Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn 1951The concept of microprogramming is developed by Maurice Wilkes from the realisation that the Central Processing Unit CPU of a computer could be controlled by a miniature highly specialised computer program in high speed ROM LEO is the first business application a payroll system on an electronic computer 1952The introduction of the de Havilland Comet the world s first commercial jet airliner Autocode regarded as the first compiled programming language is developed for the Manchester Mark 1 by Alick Glennie 1953Englishman Francis Crick and American James Watson of Cavendish Laboratory in the University of Cambridge analysed X ray crystallography data taken by Rosalind Franklin of King s College London to decipher the double helical structure of DNA They share the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their work 68 1955The first accurate atomic clock a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium 133 atom is built by Louis Essen at the National Physical Laboratory This clock enabled further development of general relativity and started a basis for an enhanced SI unit system 69 1956Metrovick 950 the first commercial transistor computer is built by the Metropolitan Vickers company 1961The first electronic desktop calculators the ANITA Mk7 and ANITA Mk8 are manufactured by the Bell Punch Company and marketed by its Sumlock Comptometer division 1963High strength carbon fibre is invented by engineers at the Royal Aircraft Establishment 70 The Lava lamp is invented by British accountant Edward Craven Walker 1964The first theory of the Higgs boson is put forward by Peter Higgs a particle physics theorist at the University of Edinburgh and five other physicists 71 72 The particle is discovered in 2012 at CERN s Large Hadron Collider and its existence is confirmed in 2013 1965A pioneer of the development of dairy farming systems Rex Paterson set out his principles for labour management 73 The Touchscreen was invented by E A Johnson working at the Radar Research Establishment Malvern Worcestershire 74 1966The cash machine and personal identification number system are patented by James Goodfellow 75 1969The first carbon fibre fabric in the world is weaved in Stockport England 76 1970One of the first handheld televisions the MTV 1 is developed by Sir Clive Sinclair 1973Clifford Cocks develops the algorithm for the RSA cipher while working at the Government Communications Headquarters approximately three years before it was independently developed by Rivest Shamir and Adleman at MIT The British government declassified the 1973 invention in 1997 77 1976M Stanley Whittingham develops the first Lithium ion battery while working as a researcher for ExxonMobil 78 1977Steptoe and Edwards successfully carried out a pioneering conception which resulted in the birth of the world s first baby to be conceived by IVF Louise Brown on 25 July 1978 in Oldham General Hospital Greater Manchester UK 79 80 81 1979The tree shelter is invented by Graham Tuley to protect tree seedlings 82 One of the first laptop computers the GRiD Compass is designed by Bill Moggridge 1984DNA profiling is discovered by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester One of the world s first computer games to use 3D graphics Elite is developed by David Braben and Ian Bell 1989Sir Tim Berners Lee writes a proposal for what will become the World Wide Web The following year he specified HTML the hypertext language and HTTP the protocol 83 The Touchpad pointing device is first developed for Psion computers 1991A patent for an iris recognition algorithm is filed by John Daugman while working at the University of Cambridge which became the basis of all publicly deployed iris recognition systems 84 85 The source code for the world s first web browser called WorldWideWeb later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web is released into the public domain by Sir Tim Berners Lee 1992The first SMS message in the world is sent over the UK s GSM network 1995The world s first national DNA database is developed 86 1996Animal cloning a female domestic sheep became the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell by scientists at the Roslin institute 87 1997Scottish scientists at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh produce the first mammal cloned from an adult cell 88 The ThrustSSC jet propelled car designed and built in England sets the land speed record 21st century edit2003Beagle 2 a British landing spacecraft that forms part of the European Space Agency s 2003 Mars Express mission lands on the surface of Mars but fails to communicate It is located twelve years later in a series of images from NASA s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter that suggest two of Beagle s four solar panels failed to deploy blocking the spacecraft s communications antenna 2004Graphene is isolated from graphite at the University of Manchester by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov 89 2005The design for a machine to lay rail track the Trac Rail Transposer is patented and goes on to be used by Network Rail in the United Kingdom and the New York City Subway in the United States 90 91 92 2012Raspberry Pi a single board computer is launched and quickly becomes popular for education in programming and computer science 93 2014The European Space Agency s Philae lander leaves the Rosetta spacecraft and makes the first ever landing on a comet The Philae lander was built with significant British expertise and technology alongside that of several other countries 94 95 2016SABRE or Synergetic Air Breathing Rocket Engine is an example of a Rocket Jet hybrid hypersonic air breathing rocket engine 2020Became the first country in the world to deploy an approved COVID 19 vaccineCeramics editBone china Josiah Spode 96 Ironstone china Charles James Mason 97 Jasperware Josiah WedgwoodClock making editAnchor escapement Robert Hooke 98 99 Balance wheel Robert Hooke 100 Coaxial escapement George Daniels 101 Grasshopper escapement H1 H2 H3 and H4 watches a watch built to solve the longitude measurement problem 102 John Harrison Gridiron pendulum John Harrison 100 Lever escapement The greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches Thomas Mudge 100 Longcase clock or grandfather clock William Clement 103 Marine chronometer John Harrison 100 Self winding watch John Harwood 104 Clothing manufacturing editDerby Rib stocking manufacture Jedediah Strutt Flying shuttle John Kay Mauveine the first synthetic organic dye William Henry Perkin Power loom Edmund Cartwright Spinning frame John Kay Spinning jenny James Hargreaves Spinning mule Samuel Crompton Sewing machine Thomas Saint in 1790 105 Water frame Richard Arkwright Stocking frame William Lee Warp loom and Bobbinet John HeathcoatCommunications editChristmas card 106 Sir Henry Cole Clockwork radio 107 Trevor Baylis Electromagnetic induction amp Faraday s law of induction Began as a series of experiments by Faraday that later became some of the first ever experiments in the discovery of radio waves and the development of radio Michael Faraday 108 Fiber optics pioneer in telecommunications Charles K Kao and George Hockham Geostationary satellites concept originator for the use of telecommunications relays Arthur C Clarke Kennelly Heaviside layer first proposed a layer of ionised gas that reflects radio waves around the Earth s curvature Oliver Heaviside Light signalling between ships Admiral Philip H Colomb 1831 1899 109 Mechanical pencil Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in 1822 110 Pencil Cumbria England Pitman Shorthand Isaac Pitman Adhesive postage stamp and the postmark James Chalmers 1782 1853 111 Radar Robert Watson Watt 1892 1973 112 Radio the first transmission using a Spark Transmitter achieving a range of approximately 500 metres David E Hughes Underlying principles of Radio James Clerk Maxwell 1831 1879 113 Radio communication development pioneer William Eccles Roller printing Thomas Bell patented 1783 114 Long lasting materials for today s liquid crystal displays Team headed by Sir Brynmor Jones and Developed by Scotsman George Gray and Englishman Ken Harrison In conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment and the University of Hull 115 Shorthand Timothy Bright 1550 1 1615 Invented first modern shorthand Developed binaural sound for the Stereo Alan Blumlein 116 Print stereotyping William Ged 1690 1749 117 Teletext Information Service The British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Totalisator George Julius Typewriter First patent for a device similar to a typewriter granted to Henry Mill in 1714 118 Teleprinter Frederick G Creed 1871 1957 119 Universal Standard Time Sir Sandford Fleming 1827 1915 120 Valentines card 121 Modern card 18th century EnglandComputing editACE and Pilot ACE 66 Alan Turing ARM architecture The ARM CPU design is the microprocessor architecture of 98 of mobile phones and every smartphone 122 Atlas an early supercomputer and was the fastest computer in the world until the release of the American CDC 6600 This machine introduced many modern architectural concepts spooling interrupts instruction pipelining interleaved memory virtual memory and paging Team headed by Tom Kilburn The first graphical computer game OXO on the EDSAC at Cambridge University A S Douglas First computer generated music was played by the Ferranti Mark 1 computer Christopher Strachey Denotational semantics Christopher Strachey pioneer in programming language design Deutsch Jozsa algorithm and first universal quantum computer described David Deutsch Digital audio player Kane Kramer EDSAC was the first complete fully functional computer to use the von Neumann architecture the basis of every modern computer Maurice Wilkes EDSAC 2 the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or EDSAC It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed Microcode control unit and a bit slice hardware architecture Team headed by Maurice Wilkes Ferranti Mark 1 Also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer was the first computer to use the principles of early CPU design Central processing unit Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn Also the world s first successful commercially available general purpose electronic computer Flip flop circuit which became the basis of electronic memory Random access memory in computers William Eccles and F W Jordan Conceptualised Integrated Circuit Geoffrey W A Dummer Josephson effect and theorised Pi Josephson junction and Josephson junction Brian David Josephson Heavily involved in the development of the Linux kernel Andrew Morton amp Alan Cox Manchester Baby was the world s first electronic stored program computer Developed by Frederic Calland Williams amp Tom Kilburn 123 Osborne 1 The first commercially successful portable computer the precursor to the Laptop computer Adam Osborne Packet switching co invented by British engineer Donald Davies and American Paul Baran National Physical Laboratory London England First PC compatible palmtop computer Atari Portfolio Ian H S Cullimore First programmer Ada Lovelace First Programming Language Analytical Engine ordercode Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace Psion Organiser world s first handheld computer Psion PLC First experimental quantum algorithm demonstrated on a working 2 qubit NMR quantum computer used to solve Deutsch s problem Jonathan A Jones The first rugged computer Husky computer Sumlock ANITA calculator the world s first all electronic desktop calculator Bell Punch Co Sinclair Executive was the first slimline pocket calculator amongst other electrical electronic innovations Sir Clive Sinclair Co Inventor of the first trackball device developed by Tom Cranston Fred Longstaff and Kenyon Taylor Universal Turing machine The UTM model is considered to be the origin of the stored program computer used by John von Neumann in 1946 for his Electronic Computing Instrument that now bears von Neumann s name the von Neumann architecture also UTM is considered the first operating system Alan Turing Williams tube a cathode ray tube used to electronically store binary data Can store roughly 500 to 1 000 bits of data Freddie Williams amp Tom Kilburn Wolfram s 2 state 3 symbol Turing machine Stephen WolframEngineering editAdjustable spanner Edwin Beard Budding Backhoe loader Joseph Cyril Bamford First coke consuming Blast Furnace Abraham Darby I 11 First working and volume production Brushless Alternator Newage Engineers Carey Foster bridge Carey Foster 124 Cavity magnetron John Randall and Harry Boot critical component for Microwave generation in Microwave ovens and high powered Radios Radar 125 First compression ignition engine aka the Diesel Engine Herbert Akroyd Stuart Hydraulic crane William George Armstrong Crookes tube the first cathode ray tubes William Crookes 11 The first electrical measuring instrument the electroscope William Gilbert Fourdrinier machine Henry Fourdrinier Francis turbine James B Francis Gas turbine John Barber engineer Hot air engine open system George Cayley Hot bulb engine or heavy oil engine Herbert Akroyd Stuart Hydraulic accumulator The world s first house powered with hydroelectricity Cragside Northumberland 126 Hydrogen Fuel Cell William Robert Grove Internal combustion engine Samuel Brown light emitting diode did not invent the first visible light only theorised H J Round Linear motor is a multi phase alternating current AC electric motor Charles Wheatstone then improved by Eric Laithwaite 39 First person to person to publicly predict and describe although not the inventor of the Microchip Geoffrey W A Dummer Microturbines Chris and Paul Bladon of Bladon Jets The world s first oil refinery and a process of extracting paraffin from coal laying the foundations for the modern oil industry James Young 1811 1883 127 Pendulum governor Frederick Lanchester Modified version of the Newcomen steam engine Pickard engine James Pickard Contributed to the development of Radar Scotsman Robert Watson Watt and Englishman Arnold Frederic Wilkins Pioneer of radio guidance systems Archibald Low Screw cutting lathe Henry Hindley The first industrially practical screw cutting lathe Henry Maudslay Devised a standard for screw threads leading to its widespread acceptance Joseph Whitworth Rectilinear Slide rule William Oughtred 100 Compound steam turbine Charles Algernon Parsons 11 Stirling engine Robert Stirling Supercharger Dugald Clerk Electric transformer Michael Faraday 128 Two stroke engine Joseph Day The Wimshurst machine is an Electrostatic generator for producing high voltages James Wimshurst Wind tunnel Francis Herbert Wenham 100 Vacuum diode also known as a vacuum tube John Ambrose FlemingHousehold appliances editPerambulator William Kent designed a baby carriage in 1733 129 Collapsible baby buggy Owen Maclaren Domestic dishwasher key modifications by William Howard Livens 130 Bagless vacuum cleaner James Dyson 131 Puffing Billy First powered vacuum cleaner Hubert Cecil Booth 132 133 134 Fire extinguisher George William Manby 129 Folding carton Charles Henry Foyle Lawn mower Edwin Beard Budding 135 Rubber band Stephen Perry 136 Daniell cell John Frederic Daniell 137 Tin can Peter Durand Corkscrew Reverend Samuell Henshall Mouse trap James Henry Atkinson Modern flushing toilet John Harington 138 The pay toilet John Nevil Maskelyne Maskelyne invented a lock for London toilets which required a penny to operate hence the euphemism spend a penny Electric toaster Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton Teasmade Albert E Richardson Magnifying glass Roger Bacon Thermosiphon which forms the basis of most modern central heating systems Thomas Fowler Automatic electric kettle Russell Hobbs Thermos Flask James Dewar 139 Toothbrush William Edward Addis Sunglasses James Ayscough 140 The Refrigerator William Cullen 1748 141 The Flush toilet Alexander Cummings 1775 142 The first distiller to triple distill Irish whiskey 143 John Jameson Whisky distiller The first automated can filing machine John West 1809 1888 144 The waterproof Mackintosh Charles Macintosh 1766 1843 145 The kaleidoscope Sir David Brewster 1781 1868 146 Keiller s marmalade Janet Keiller 1797 The first recipe of rind suspended marmalade or Dundee marmalade produced in Dundee The modern lawnmower Edwin Beard Budding 1830 147 The Lucifer friction match Sir Isaac Holden 1807 1897 148 The self filling pen Robert Thomson 1822 1873 149 Cotton reel thread J amp J Clark of Paisley 150 Lime Cordial Peter Burnett in 1867 151 Bovril beef extract John Lawson Johnston in 1874 152 Wellington Boots Can Opener Robert Yeates 1855Ideas religion and ethics editAgnosticism by Thomas Henry Huxley Anglicanism by Henry VIII of England Classical Liberalism John Locke known as the Father of Classical Liberalism 153 154 Malthusianism and the groundwork for the study of population dynamics Thomas Robert Malthus with his work An Essay on the Principle of Population Methodism by John Wesley and Charles Wesley Quakerism by George Fox Utilitarianism by Jeremy BenthamIndustrial processes editEnglish crucible steel Benjamin Huntsman Steel production Bessemer process Henry Bessemer Hydraulic press Joseph Bramah Parkesine the first man made plastic Alexander Parkes Portland cement Joseph Aspdin Sheffield plate Thomas Boulsover Water frame Richard Arkwright Stainless steel Harry Brearley Rubber Masticator Thomas Hancock Power Loom Edmund Cartwright Parkes process Alexander Parkes Lead chamber process John Roebuck Development of the world s first commercially successful manufacture of high quality flat glass using the float glass process Alastair Pilkington The first commercial electroplating process George Elkington The Wilson Yarn Clearer Peter Wilson Float Glass Alastair Pilkington Modern Glass manufacturing process Contact Process Froth Flotation William Haynes and A H Higgins Extrusion Joseph BramahMedicine editFirst correct description of circulation of the blood William Harvey 155 Smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner with his discovery is said to have saved more lives than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history 156 157 Surgical forceps Stephen Hales 158 Antisepsis in surgery Joseph Lister Artificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients Harold Ridley 159 Clinical thermometer Thomas Clifford Allbutt 160 isolation of fibrinogen coagulable lymph investigation of the structure of the lymphatic system and description of red blood cells by the surgeon William Hewson surgeon Credited with discovering how to culture embryonic stem cells in 1981 Martin Evans First blood pressure measurement and first cardiac catheterisation Stephen Hales 161 Pioneer of anaesthesia and father of epidemiology for locating the source of cholera John Snow physician 162 pioneered the use of sodium cromoglycate as a remedy for asthma Roger Altounyan citation needed The first scientist to demonstrate that a cancer may be caused by an environmental carcinogen and one of the founders of orthopedy Percivall Pott 163 Performed the first successful blood transfusion James Blundell 164 Discovered the active ingredient of Aspirin Edward Stone Discovery of Protein crystallography Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin The world s first successful stem cell transplant 165 John Raymond Hobbs 166 First typhoid vaccine Almroth Wright 167 Pioneer of the treatment of epilepsy Edward Henry Sieveking discovery of Nitrous oxide entonox laughing gas and its anaesthetic properties Humphry Davy 168 Computed Tomography CT scanner Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield Gray s Anatomy widely regarded as the first complete human anatomy textbook Henry Gray Discovered Parkinson s disease James Parkinson 169 General anaesthetic Pioneered by Scotsman James Young Simpson and Englishman John Snow 162 Contributed to the development of magnetic resonance imaging MRI Sir Peter Mansfield Statistical parametric mapping Karl J Friston Nasal cannula Wilfred Jones The development of in vitro fertilisation Patrick Christopher Steptoe and Robert Geoffrey Edwards 170 First baby genetically selected to be free of a breast cancer University College London Viagra Peter Dunn Albert Wood Dr Nicholas Terrett citation needed Acetylcholine Henry Hallett Dale EKG underlying principles various vague Discovery of vitamins Frederick Gowland Hopkins Earliest pharmacopoeia in English 171 The hip replacement operation in which a stainless steel stem and 22mm head fit into a polymer socket and both parts are fixed into position by PMMA cement pioneered by John Charnley In vitro fertilisation Developed by Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards with a first successful birth in 1978 as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made Description of Hay fever John Bostock physician in 1819 Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform Sir James Young Simpson 1811 1870 172 Discovery of hypnotism November 1841 James Braid 1795 1860 173 Identifying the mosquito as the carrier of malaria Sir Ronald Ross 1857 1932 174 Identifying the cause of brucellosis Sir David Bruce 1855 1931 175 Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever Sir William B Leishman 1865 1926 176 Discovering insulin John Macleod 1876 1935 with others 177 Ambulight PDT light emitting sticking plaster used in photodynamic therapy PDT for treating non melanoma skin cancer Developed by Ambicare Dundee s Ninewells Hospital and St Andrews University 2010 178 Primary creator of the artificial kidney Professor Kenneth Lowe Later Queen s physician in Scotland 179 Developing the first beta blocker drugs Sir James W Black in 1964 180 Glasgow Coma Scale Graham Teasdale and Bryan J Jennett 1974 181 EKG Electrocardiography Alexander Muirhead 1911 182 Pioneering the use of surgical anaesthesia with Chloroform Sir James Young Simpson 1811 1870 172 Discovery of hypnotism November 1841 James Braid 1795 1860 173 Identifying the cause of brucellosis Sir David Bruce 1855 1931 175 Development of ibuprofen Discovering the vaccine for typhoid fever Sir William B Leishman 1865 1926 176 The earliest discovery of an antibiotic penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming 1881 1955 183 Discovering an effective tuberculosis treatment Sir John Crofton in the 1950s 184 Primary creator of the artificial kidney Professor Kenneth Lowe Later Queen s physician in Scotland 179 Developing the first beta blocker drugs Sir James W Black in 1964 180 EKG Electrocardiography Alexander Muirhead 1911 182 Discovering secretin the first hormone and its role as a chemical messenger William Bayliss and Ernest Starling 185 Military editAngled Flight Deck Optical Landing System and Steam catapult for Aircraft Carriers Dennis Cambell CB DSC Nicholas Goodhart and Commander Colin C Mitchell RNVR respectively Armstrong Gun Sir William Armstrong Bailey bridge Donald Bailey Battle Tank The tank During WWI developed separately in Britain and France and first used in combat by the British In Britain designed by Walter Gordon Wilson and William Tritton Bouncing bomb Barnes Wallis Bullpup firearm configuration Thorneycroft carbine Chobham armour Congreve rocket William Congreve Depth charge Dreadnought battleship HMS Dreadnought The side by side Boxlock action AKA the double barrelled shotgun Anson and Deeley Percussion ignition Turret ship Although designs for a rotating gun turret date back to the late 18th century HMS Trusty was the first warship to be outfitted with one Fairbairn Sykes fighting knife William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A Sykes Fighter aircraft The Vickers F B 5 Gunbus of 1914 was the first of its kind Safety fuse William Bickford H2S radar airborne radar to aid bomb targeting Alan Blumlein Harrier jump jet VTOL Vertical take off and landing aircraft High explosive squash head Sir Charles Dennistoun Burney Livens Projector William Howard Livens 186 The first self powered machine gun Maxim gun Sir Hiram Maxim Although the Inventor is American the Maxim gun was financed by Albert Vickers of Vickers Limited company and produced in Hatton Garden London Mills bomb the first modern fragmentation grenade Nuclear fission chain reaction Leo Szilard whilst crossing the road near Russell Square Puckle Gun James Puckle Rubber bullet and Plastic bullet Developed by the Ministry of Defence during The Troubles in Northern Ireland Self propelled gun The Gun Carrier Mark I was the first piece of Self propelled artillery ever to be produced Shrapnel shell Henry Shrapnel Smokeless propellant to replace gunpowder with the use of Cordite Frederick Abel The world s first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus the ASDIC Active Sonar Developed by Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle and English physicist Albert Beaumont Wood Special forces SAS Founded by Sir David Stirling Stun grenades invented by the Special Air Service in the 1960s Torpedo Robert Whitehead The Whitworth rifle considered the first sniper rifle During the American Civil War the Whitworth rifle had been known to kill at ranges of about 800 yards 730 m Sir Joseph WhitworthMining editBeam engine Used for pumping water from mines Davy lamp Humphry Davy Geordie lamp George Stephenson Tunnel boring machine James Henry Greathead and Isambard Kingdom BrunelMusical instruments editConcertina Charles Wheatstone 39 Theatre organ Robert Hope Jones Logical bassoon an electronically controlled version of the bassoon Giles Brindley Northumbrian smallpipes Tuning fork John Shore The piano footpedal John Broadwood 1732 1812 187 Photography editAmbrotype Frederick Scott Archer 188 Calotype William Fox Talbot 189 Cinematography William Friese Greene Collodion process Frederick Scott Archer 188 Collodion albumen process Joseph Sidebotham in 1861 Dry plate process also known as gelatine process is the first economically successful durable photographic medium Richard Leach Maddox First Film called The Horse in Motion in 1878 Eadweard Muybridge Kinetoscope the first Motion picture camera William Kennedy Laurie Dickson Kinemacolor was the first successful colour motion picture process used commercially from 1909 to 1915 George Albert Smith 190 The first movie projector the Zoopraxiscope Eadweard Muybridge Photographic negative William Fox Talbot Thomas Wedgwood pioneer of photography devised the method to copy visible images chemically to permanent media Single lens reflex camera and earliest Panoramic Camera with wide angle lens Thomas Sutton Stereoscope Charles Wheatstone 38 39 Publishing firsts editOldest publisher and printer in the world having been operating continuously since 1584 Cambridge University Press first book printed in English The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye by Englishman William Caxton in 1475 The first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1768 81 191 The first English textbook on surgery 1597 192 The first modern pharmacopoeia William Cullen 1776 The book became Europe s principal text on the classification and treatment of disease 193 The first postcards and picture postcards in the UK 194 Science editTriple achromatic lens Peter Dollond Joint first to discover alpha decay via quantum tunnelling Ronald Wilfred Gurney Alpha and Beta rays discovered Ernest Rutherford Argon element discovered John Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh with Scotsman William Ramsay Atom nuclear model of discovered Ernest Rutherford Atomic theory Considered the father of modern chemistry John Dalton s experiments with gases led to the development of what is called the modern atomic theory 11 195 Atwood machine used for illustrating the law of uniformly accelerated motion George Atwood Barometer Marine Robert Hooke 100 Bell s theorem John Stewart Bell Calculus Sir Isaac Newton Cell biology Credit for the discovery of the first cells is given to Robert Hooke who described the microscopic compartments of cork cells in 1665 195 Chromatography Partition Richard Laurence Millington Synge and Archer J P Martin 196 Coggeshall slide rule Henry Coggeshall Correct theory of combustion Robert Hooke Coumarin synthesised one of the first synthetic perfumes and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction William Henry Perkin Dew Point Hygrometer John Frederic Daniell Earnshaw s theorem Samuel Earnshaw Electrical generator dynamo Michael Faraday 128 Electromagnet William Sturgeon in 1823 195 Electron and isotopes discovered J J Thomson Equals sign Robert Recorde Erbium doped fibre amplifier Sir David N Payne Faraday cage Michael Faraday 128 First Law of Thermodynamics demonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy Also the unit of energy the Joule is named after him James Prescott Joule Hawking radiation Stephen Hawking Helium Norman Lockyer Holography First developed by Dennis Gabor in Rugby England Improved by Nicholas J Phillips who made it possible to record multi colour reflection holograms Hooke s Law equation describing elasticity Robert Hooke 100 Infrared radiation discovery commonly attributed to William Herschel Iris diaphragm Robert Hooke The Law of Gravity Sir Isaac Newton Magneto optical effect Michael Faraday 128 Mass spectrometer invented J J Thomson Maxwell s equations James Clerk Maxwell Micrometer William Gascoigne Micrometer first bench one that was capable of measuring to one ten thousandth of an inch Henry Maudslay Neutron discovered James Chadwick Newtonian telescope Sir Isaac Newton Newton s laws of motion Sir Isaac Newton First full scale commercial Nuclear Reactor at Calder Hall opened in 1956 197 Nuclear transfer Is a form of cloning first put into practice by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell to clone Dolly the Sheep Oxygen gas O2 discovered Joseph Priestley Pell s equation John Pell Penrose graphical notation Roger Penrose Periodic Table John Alexander Reina Newlands pion and pi meson discovered Cecil Frank Powell Pre empting elements of General Relativity theory William Kingdon Clifford Proton discovered Ernest Rutherford Radar pioneering development Arnold Frederic Wilkins Rayleigh scattering form of Elastic scattering discovered John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh Seismograph John Milne Sinclair Executive the world s first small electronic pocket calculator Sir Clive Sinclair Slide rule William Oughtred 198 Standard deviation Francis Galton Symbol for is less than and is greater than Thomas Harriot 1630 Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin Thomson scattering J J Thomson Weather map 199 Sir Francis Galton Wheatstone bridge Samuel Hunter Christie symbol for multiplication as well as the abbreviations sin and cos for the sine and cosine functions William OughtredAstronomy edit Discovery of the White Spot on Saturn Will Hay Discovery of Proxima Centauri the closest known star to the Sun by Robert Innes 1861 1933 200 Discovery of the planet Uranus 201 and the moons Titania Oberon Enceladus Mimas 202 by Sir William Herschel German born astronomer later in life British Discovery of Triton 203 and the moons Hyperion Ariel and Umbriel William Lassell 204 Planetarium John Theophilus Desaguliers Predicts the existence and location of Neptune from irregularities in the orbit of Uranus John Couch Adams 205 Important contributions to the development of radio astronomy Bernard Lovell 206 Newtonian telescope Sir Isaac Newton 207 Achromatic doublet lens John Dollond 208 Coining the phrase Big Bang Fred Hoyle 209 First theorised existence of black holes binary stars invented torsion balance John Michell 210 Stephen Hawking World renowned theoretical physicist made many important contributions to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity especially in the context of black holes Spiral galaxies William Parsons 3rd Earl of Rosse 211 Discovery of Halley s Comet Edmond Halley 212 Discovery of pulsars Antony Hewish 213 Discovery of Sunspots and was the first person to make a drawing of the Moon through a telescope Thomas Harriot 214 The Eddington limit the natural limit to the luminosity of stars or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object Arthur Stanley Eddington 215 Aperture synthesis used for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources in the field of Radio astronomy Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish 216 Chemistry edit Aluminium first discovered Sir Humphry Davy Concept of atomic number introduced to fix inadequacies of Mendeleev s periodic table which had been based on atomic weight Henry Moseley 217 Baconian method an early forerunner of the scientific method Sir Francis Bacon 218 Benzene first isolated the first known aromatic hydrocarbon Michael Faraday 219 Boron first isolated Humphry Davy 11 Bragg s law and establish the field of X ray crystallography an important tool for elucidating the crystal structure of substances William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg 220 Buckminsterfullerene discovered Sir Harry Kroto 221 Callendar effect the theory that linked rising carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere to global temperature Global warming Guy Stewart Callendar Chemical Oceanography established Robert Boyle 222 Dalton s law and Law of multiple proportions John Dalton 223 The structure of DNA and pioneering the field of molecular biology co developed by Francis Crick 224 and the American James Watson DNA sequencing by chain termination Frederick Sanger 225 Electrolysis and electrochemistry discovered William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle 226 Chemical Fertilizer invented John Lawes Structure of Ferrocene discovered Geoffrey Wilkinson amp others 227 Pioneer of the Fuel Cell Francis Thomas Bacon 228 Henderson limit Richard Henderson Hydrogen discovered as a colourless odourless gas that burns and can form an explosive mixture with air Henry Cavendish 229 Introns discovered in eukaryotic DNA and the mechanism of gene splicing Richard J Roberts 230 Concept of Isotopes first proposed elements with the same chemical properties may have differing atomic weights Frederick Soddy 11 Josephson voltage standard Brian Josephson Kerosene invented Abraham Gesner and James Young Kinetic theory of gases developed James Maxwell 231 Proposes the law of octaves a precursor to the Periodic Law John Newlands 232 Pioneer of Meteorology by developing a nomenclature system for clouds in 1802 Luke Howard 233 Potassium first isolated Humphry Davy 11 Rayleigh scattering explains why the sky is blue and predicted the existence of the surface waves John Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh 234 Silicones discovered Frederic Kipping 235 Publishes Opus Maius which among other things proposes an early form of the Scientific Method and contains results of his experiments with Gunpowder Roger Bacon 236 Publishes several Aristotelian commentaries an early framework for the Scientific Method Robert Grosseteste 237 Sodium first isolated Humphry Davy 238 Thallium discovered William Crookes 11 Valence discovered Edward Frankland 239 Chemical composition of Water discovered Henry Cavendish 240 Weston cell Edward Weston chemist citation needed The synthesising of Xenon hexafluoroplatinate the first time to show that noble gases can form chemical compounds Neil BartlettSport editFootball The rules as we know them today were established in 1848 at Cambridge University Sheffield F C is acknowledged by The Football Association and FIFA as the world s first and oldest football club 241 Rugby William Webb Ellis Cricket the world s second most popular sport citation needed can be traced back to the 13th century Tennis widely known to have originated in England 242 Boxing England played a key role in the evolution of modern boxing Boxing was first accepted as an Olympic sport in Ancient Greece in 688 BC Golf Modern game invented in Scotland Billiards Badminton Darts a traditional pub game the numbering layout was devised by Brian Gamlin Table Tennis was invented on the dinner tables of Britain as an indoor version of tennis Snooker Invented by the British Army in India 243 Ping pong The game has its origins in England in the 1880s Bowls has been traced to 13th century England 244 Field hockey the modern game grew from English public schools in the early 19th century Netball the sport emerged from early versions of women s basketball at Madame Osterberg s College in England during the late 1890s 245 Rounders the game originates in England most likely from an older game known as stool ball The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race the first race was in 1829 on the River Thames in London 246 Thoroughbred Horseracing Was first developed in 17th and 18th century England Polo its roots began in Persia as a training game for cavalry units the formal codification of the rules of modern Polo as a sport were established in 19th century England The format of Modern Olympics William Penny Brookes The first Paralympic games competition were held in England in 1948 Ludwig Guttmann 247 Hawk Eye ball tracking system Transport editPedal driven bicycle Kirkpatrick MacmillanAviation edit Aeronautics and flight As a pioneer of glider development amp first well documented human flight he discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight weight lift drag and thrust Modern aeroplane design is based on those discoveries including cambered wings He is sometimes called the Father of aviation George Cayley 248 Steam powered flight with the Aerial Steam Carriage John Stringfellow The world s first powered flight took place at Chard in Somerset 55 years before the Wright brothers attempt at Kitty Hawk 249 VTOL vertical take off and landing fighter bomber aircraft Hawker P 1127 designed by Sydney Camm 250 The first commercial jet airliner de Havilland Comet 251 The first Supersonic Airliner Concorde Developed by the British Aircraft Corporation in partnership with Aerospatiale 1969 The first aircraft capable of supercruise English Electric Lightning Ailerons Matthew Piers Watt Boulton Head up display HUD The Royal Aircraft Establishment RAE designed the first equipment and it was built by Cintel with the system first integrated into the Blackburn Buccaneer Pioneer of parachute design Robert Cocking The first human powered aircraft to make an officially authenticated take off and flight SUMPAC The University of Southampton 252 Hale rockets improved version of the Congreve rocket design that introduced Thrust vectoring William Hale SABRE engine The first hypersonic jet rocket capable of working in air and space to allow the possibility of HOTOL Air Force Royal Air ForceRailways edit Great Western Railway Isambard Kingdom Brunel Stockton and Darlington Railway the world s first operational steam passenger railway First inter city steam powered railway Liverpool and Manchester RailwayLocomotives edit Blucher George Stephenson Puffing Billy William Hedley Locomotion No 1 Robert Stephenson Sans Pareil Timothy Hackworth Stourbridge Lion Foster Rastrick and Company Stephenson s Rocket George and Robert Stephenson Salamanca Matthew Murray Flying Scotsman Sir Nigel Gresley 253 Other railway developments edit Displacement lubricator Ramsbottom safety valve the water trough the split piston ring John Ramsbottom Maglev transport rail system Eric Laithwaite World s first underground railway and the first rapid transit system It was also the first underground railway to operate electric trains London Underground Advanced Passenger Train APT was an experimental High Speed Train that introduced tilting British Rail Anti trespass panels modern rubber version developed by Rosehill Rail in conjunction with Network Rail 254 Roads edit Bowden cable Frank Bowden Hansom cab Joseph Hansom Seat belt George Cayley 255 Sinclair C5 Sir Clive Sinclair Tarmac E Purnell Hooley Tension spoke wire wheels George Cayley 248 LGOC B type the first mass produced bus Pneumatic tyre Robert William Thomson is deemed to be inventor despite John Boyd Dunlop being initially credited Disc brakes Frederick W Lanchester 11 Belisha beacon Leslie Hore Belisha Lotus 25 considered the first modern F1 race car designed for the 1962 Formula One season a revolutionary design the first fully stressed monocoque chassis to appear in Formula One Colin Chapman Team Lotus Bus Rapid Transit the Runcorn Busway Arthur Ling 256 257 258 Horstmann suspension tracked armoured fighting vehicle suspension Sidney Horstmann Steam fire engine John Braithwaite Penny farthing James Starley Dynasphere John Archibald Purves Caterpillar track Richard Lovell Edgeworth Mini roundabout Frank Blackmore Quadbike Standard Motor Company patented the Jungle Airborne Buggy JAB in 1944 259 Sea edit Plimsoll Line Samuel Plimsoll Hovercraft Christopher Cockerell Lifeboat Lionel Lukin Resurgam George Garrett Transit ship Richard Hall Gower Turbinia the first steam turbine powered steamship designed by the engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and built in Newcastle upon Tyne Diving Equipment Scuba Gear Henry Fleuss Diving bell Edmund Halley Sextant John Bird Octant instrument Independently developed by Englishman John Hadley and the American Thomas Godfrey Whirling speculum This device can be seen as a precursor to the gyroscope John Serson Screw propeller Francis Pettit Smith The world s first patent for an underwater echo ranging device Sonar Lewis Fry Richardson hydrophone Before the invention of Sonar convoy escort ships used them to detect U boats greatly lessening the effectiveness of the submarine Research headed by Ernest Rutherford Hydrofoil John Isaac Thornycroft Inflatable boat HMS Warrior The world s first iron armoured and iron hulled warship Scientific innovations editThe theory of electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell 1831 1879 260 The Gregorian telescope James Gregory 1638 1675 261 The concept of latent heat Joseph Black 1728 1799 262 The pyroscope atmometer and aethrioscope scientific instruments Sir John Leslie 1766 1832 263 Identifying the nucleus in living cells Robert Brown 1773 1858 264 Hypnotism James Braid 1795 1860 265 Transplant rejection Professor Thomas Gibson 1940s the first medical doctor to understand the relationship between donor graft tissue and host tissue rejection and tissue transplantation by his work on aviation burns victims during World War II 266 Colloid chemistry Thomas Graham 1805 1869 267 The kelvin SI unit of temperature William Thomson Lord Kelvin 1824 1907 268 Devising the diagramatic system of representing chemical bonds Alexander Crum Brown 1838 1922 269 Criminal fingerprinting Henry Faulds 1843 1930 270 The noble gases Sir William Ramsay 1852 1916 271 The Cloud chamber Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1869 1959 272 Pioneering work on nutrition and poverty John Boyd Orr 1880 1971 273 The ultrasound scanner Ian Donald 1910 1987 274 Ferrocene synthetic substances Peter Ludwig Pauson in 1955 275 The MRI body scanner John Mallard and James Huchinson from 1974 1980 276 The first cloned mammal Dolly the Sheep Was conducted in The Roslin Institute research centre in 1996 277 Seismometer innovations thereof James David Forbes 278 Metaflex fabric innovations thereof University of St Andrews 2010 application of the first manufacturing fabrics that manipulate light in bending it around a subject Before this such light manipulating atoms were fixed on flat hard surfaces The team at St Andrews are the first to develop the concept to fabric 279 Macaulayite Dr Jeff Wilson of the Macaulay Institute Aberdeen 280 Miscellaneous editOldest police force in continuous operation Marine Police Force founded in 1798 and now part of the Metropolitan Police Service Oldest life insurance company in the world Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office founded 1706 First Glee Club founded in Harrow School in 1787 281 Oldest arts festival Norwich 1772 282 Oldest music festival The Three Choirs Festival Oldest literary festival The Cheltenham Literature Festival Bayko Charles Plimpton Linoleum Frederick Walton 283 Chocolate bar J S Fry amp Sons 284 Meccano Frank Hornby Crossword puzzle Arthur Wynne Gas mask disputed John Tyndall and others Graphic telescope Cornelius Varley Steel ribbed Umbrella Samuel Fox Plastic Alexander Parkes Plasticine William Harbutt Carbonated soft drink Joseph Priestley Friction Match John Walker Invented the rubber balloon Michael Faraday The proposal of a new decimal metrology which predated the Metric system John Wilkins 285 Edmondson railway ticket Thomas Edmondson The world s first Nature Reserve Charles Waterton Public Park Joseph Paxton Scouts Robert Baden Powell 1st Baron Baden Powell Spirograph Denys Fisher The Young Men s Christian Association YMCA was founded in London George Williams 286 The Salvation Army known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid Methodist minister William Booth Prime meridian George Biddell Airy Produced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English Myles Coverdale Founder of the Bank of Scotland John Holland Venn diagram John Venn Vulcanisation of rubber Thomas Hancock Silicone Frederick Kipping Pykrete Geoffrey Pyke Vantablack The world s blackest known substance Stamp collecting John Edward Gray bought penny blacks on first day of issue in order to keep them lorgnette George Adams Boys Brigade 287 Bank of England devised by William Paterson Bank of France devised by John Law Colour photography the first known permanent colour photograph was taken by James Clerk Maxwell 1831 1879 288 Barnardos Boy Scouts Girl Guides RSPCA RSPB RNLISee also editEconomic history of the United Kingdom List of English inventions and discoveries List of English inventors and designers List of Scottish inventions and discoveries List of Welsh inventors Manufacturing in the United Kingdom Science and technology 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Misra Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Society Great Britain Bureau of Chemical Abstracts Great Britain The Society 1920 A history of neurosurgery in its scientific and professional contexts By Samuel H Greenblatt T Forcht Dagi From Sea Urchins to Dolly the Sheep Discovering Cloning Sally Morgan Heinemann Raintree 2007 Transactions of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Royal Scottish Society of Arts Neill amp Co 1883 Scientists reveal material for invisibility cloak Technology STV News Archived from the original on 2010 11 10 Retrieved 2011 09 11 A Handbook of determinative methods in clay mineralogy Michael Jeffrey Wilson Michael John Wilson Blackie 1987 Bacon Richard Mackenzie 1820 The Catch and Glee Clubs The Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review II VII 328ff Key Facts about Norwich Archived 2007 06 21 at the Wayback Machine Frederick Walton Oxford Biography Index entry http downloads bbc co uk tv fiftygreatestinventions 50 greatest inventions pdf bare URL PDF Quinn Terry 2012 From artefacts to atoms the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards Oxford University Press p xxvii ISBN 978 0 19 530786 3 OCLC 705716998 he Wilkins proposed essentially what became the French decimal metric system My Dear Home I Love You You re a House for Each of Us and Home for All of Us World Digital Library 1918 Retrieved 2013 10 26 Raynor Tauria 2008 10 30 Boys Brigade want alumni to return for a special anniversary The Royal Gazette 1 Retrieved 2008 10 30 The Focal encyclopedia of photography By Leslie Stroebel Richard D ZakiaFurther reading editBerg Dr Maxine 2005 The Age of Manufactures 1700 1820 Industry Innovation and Work in Britain Routledge ISBN 978 1134914739 David Paul A 1975 Technical choice innovation and economic growth essays on American and British experience in the nineteenth century London Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521098755 Walker William 1993 National Innovation Systems Britain In Nelson Richard R ed National innovation systems a comparative analysis New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195076172 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of British innovations and discoveries amp oldid 1183816443, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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