Henry Hallett Dale was born in Islington, London, to Charles James Dale, a pottery manufacturer from Staffordshire, and his wife, Frances Anne Hallett, daughter of a furniture manufacturer, from South Devon.[1][9] Henry was the third of seven children, one of whom (his younger brother, Benjamin Dale) became an accomplished composer and warden of the Royal Academy of Music. Henry was educated at the local Tollington Park College and then The Leys School Cambridge (one of the school's houses is named after him) and in 1894 entered Trinity College, Cambridge,[10] working under the physiologist John Langley. For a few months in 1903 he also studied under Paul Ehrlich in Frankfurt, Germany. Also in 1903, Dale assisted Ernest Starling and William Bayliss in the vivisection of a dog, by removing the dog's pancreas and then killing the dog with a knife, which ultimately led to the events of the Brown Dog affair. Dale received his Doctor of Medicine degree from Cambridge in 1909.[11][3]
Although Dale and his colleagues first identified acetylcholine in 1914 as a possible neurotransmitter, Loewi showed its importance in the nervous system. The two men shared the 1936 Nobel Prize for Medicine.
During the 1940s Dale was embroiled in the scientific debate over the nature of signaling at the synapse. Dale and others believed that signaling at the synapse was chemical, while John Carew Eccles and others believed that the synapse was electrical. It was later found that most synaptic signalling is chemical, but there are some synapses that are electrical.
Dale also originated the scheme used to differentiate neurons according to the neurotransmitters they release. Thus, neurons releasing noradrenaline (known in the United States as norepinephrine) are called noradrenergic, neurons releasing GABA are GABAergic, and so on. This is called Dale's principle (sometimes erroneously referred to as Dale's Law), one interpretation of which holds that each neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter. This particular interpretation of Dale's principle has been shown to be false, as many neurons release neuropeptides and amino acids in addition to classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine or biogenic amines (see cotransmission)[citation needed](Bear, et al. 2001). This finding, that numerous neurotransmitters can be released by the same neuron, is referred to as the "coexistence principle." This phenomenon was most popularized by the Swedish neuroanatomist and neuropharmacologist Tomas Hökfelt, who is considered to be the "Father of the Coexistence Principle."
In 1904, Dale had married his first cousin Ellen Harriett Hallett and had a son and two daughters. One of their daughters, Alison Sarah Dale, married Alexander R. Todd, who won the Nobel Prize and served as President of the Royal Society from 1940 to 1945. The Dales lived at Mount Vernon House from 1919 to 1942.[19]
Dales's residency at the house is marked by a Greater London Council blue plaque erected in 1981 on the garden wall of the house.[20]
Dale as a child
Dale in 1904
Dale in 1918
Dale with wife
Son of Henry Hallett Dale
The Nobel Prize diploma of Dale, displayed in the Royal Society, London.
^Waddington, Keir (2003). Medical education at St. Bartholomew's hospital, 1123–1995. Boydell & Brewer. p. 123. ISBN9780851159195. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
^ abTansey, Elizabeth M. (1990). The early scientific career of Sir Henry Dale FRS (1875–1968). ucl.ac.uk (PhD thesis). University of London. OCLC 556469190. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.294137.
^Halpern, B. (1969). "Obituary notice: Henry Hallet Dale". Revue française d'allergologie. 9 (2): 117–119. doi:10.1016/s0370-4688(69)80008-6. PMID 4896522.
^Vogt, M. (1969). "Obituary. Sir Henry Hallett Dale, O.M., F.R.S". International Journal of Neuropharmacology. 8 (2): 83–84. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(69)90001-X. PMID 4890938.
^Abigail O'Sullivan: Henry Dale's Nobel Prize winning 'discovery'. Minerva, 2001; 38: 409–424.[ISBN missing]
^Sabbatini, R.M.E.: Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery. IV. Chemical transmission. Brain & Mind, 2004.
^Feldberg W, rev. Tansey EM (2004–2011). Dale, Sir Henry Hallett (1875–1968), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-08. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32694
^"Dale, Henry Hallett (DL894HH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^Henry Hallett Dale on Nobelprize.org , accessed 1 May 2020
^"DALE, Sir Henry (1875–1968)". English Heritage. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
External linksEdit
Henry Hallett Dale on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1936 Some Recent Extensions of the Chemical Transmission of the Effects of Nerve Impulses
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Hallett Dale.
henry, hallett, dale, june, 1875, july, 1968, english, pharmacologist, physiologist, study, acetylcholine, agent, chemical, transmission, nerve, pulses, neurotransmission, shared, 1936, nobel, prize, physiology, medicine, with, otto, loewi, sirhenry, daleom, f. Sir Henry Hallett Dale OM GBE FRS 1 9 June 1875 23 July 1968 was an English pharmacologist and physiologist 3 For his study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve pulses neurotransmission he shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Otto Loewi 4 5 6 7 8 SirHenry DaleOM GBE FRSBornHenry Hallett Dale 1875 06 09 9 June 1875Islington London EnglandDied23 July 1968 1968 07 23 aged 93 Cambridge Cambridgeshire EnglandEducationTollington SchoolThe Leys SchoolAlma materUniversity of Cambridge St Bartholomew s Hospital 2 Known forAcetylcholine Dale s principleAwardsFRS 1914 1 Royal Medal 1924 Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh 1926 Knight Bachelor 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 Copley Medal 1937 Knight Grand Cross 1943 Order of Merit 1944 Freedom of the City Dundee 1947 Albert Medal 1956 Scientific careerFieldsPharmacology PhysiologyWebsitewww wbr rigb wbr org wbr our history wbr people wbr d wbr henry hallett dale Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career and research 2 1 Awards and honours 3 Personal life 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksEarly life and education EditHenry Hallett Dale was born in Islington London to Charles James Dale a pottery manufacturer from Staffordshire and his wife Frances Anne Hallett daughter of a furniture manufacturer from South Devon 1 9 Henry was the third of seven children one of whom his younger brother Benjamin Dale became an accomplished composer and warden of the Royal Academy of Music Henry was educated at the local Tollington Park College and then The Leys School Cambridge one of the school s houses is named after him and in 1894 entered Trinity College Cambridge 10 working under the physiologist John Langley For a few months in 1903 he also studied under Paul Ehrlich in Frankfurt Germany Also in 1903 Dale assisted Ernest Starling and William Bayliss in the vivisection of a dog by removing the dog s pancreas and then killing the dog with a knife which ultimately led to the events of the Brown Dog affair Dale received his Doctor of Medicine degree from Cambridge in 1909 11 3 Career and research EditWhile working at the University College London he met and became friends with Otto Loewi Dale became the director of the Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology at the National Institute for Medical Research in London in 1914 He became a Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution in 1942 12 During World War II he served on the scientific advisory panel to the Cabinet Although Dale and his colleagues first identified acetylcholine in 1914 as a possible neurotransmitter Loewi showed its importance in the nervous system The two men shared the 1936 Nobel Prize for Medicine During the 1940s Dale was embroiled in the scientific debate over the nature of signaling at the synapse Dale and others believed that signaling at the synapse was chemical while John Carew Eccles and others believed that the synapse was electrical It was later found that most synaptic signalling is chemical but there are some synapses that are electrical Dale also originated the scheme used to differentiate neurons according to the neurotransmitters they release Thus neurons releasing noradrenaline known in the United States as norepinephrine are called noradrenergic neurons releasing GABA are GABAergic and so on This is called Dale s principle sometimes erroneously referred to as Dale s Law one interpretation of which holds that each neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter This particular interpretation of Dale s principle has been shown to be false as many neurons release neuropeptides and amino acids in addition to classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine or biogenic amines see cotransmission citation needed Bear et al 2001 This finding that numerous neurotransmitters can be released by the same neuron is referred to as the coexistence principle This phenomenon was most popularized by the Swedish neuroanatomist and neuropharmacologist Tomas Hokfelt who is considered to be the Father of the Coexistence Principle Between 1938 and 1960 Dale served as chairman of the Wellcome Trust 13 Awards and honours Edit Dale was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS in 1914 1 In 1926 he was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1927 the American Philosophical Society in 1939 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1940 14 15 16 He was knighted in 1932 receiving the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1943 and the Order of Merit in 1944 He served as president of the Royal Society from 1940 to 1945 and president of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1948 to 1950 The Sir Henry Dale Fellowships of the Wellcome Trust are named in his honour 17 and the Society for Endocrinology awards the Dale Medal 18 annually in his honour Personal life EditIn 1904 Dale had married his first cousin Ellen Harriett Hallett and had a son and two daughters One of their daughters Alison Sarah Dale married Alexander R Todd who won the Nobel Prize and served as President of the Royal Society from 1940 to 1945 The Dales lived at Mount Vernon House from 1919 to 1942 19 Dales s residency at the house is marked by a Greater London Council blue plaque erected in 1981 on the garden wall of the house 20 nbsp Dale as a child nbsp Dale in 1904 nbsp Dale in 1918 nbsp Dale with wife nbsp Son of Henry Hallett Dale nbsp The Nobel Prize diploma of Dale displayed in the Royal Society London nbsp Dale Schuster blood pumpSee also EditList of presidents of the Royal SocietyReferences Edit a b c d Feldberg W S 1970 Henry Hallett Dale 1875 1968 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 16 77 174 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1970 0006 PMID 11615480 S2CID 7383038 Waddington Keir 2003 Medical education at St Bartholomew s hospital 1123 1995 Boydell amp Brewer p 123 ISBN 9780851159195 Retrieved 20 March 2016 a b Tansey Elizabeth M 1990 The early scientific career of Sir Henry Dale FRS 1875 1968 ucl ac uk PhD thesis University of London OCLC 556469190 EThOS uk bl ethos 294137 Halpern B 1969 Obituary notice Henry Hallet Dale Revue francaise d allergologie 9 2 117 119 doi 10 1016 s0370 4688 69 80008 6 PMID 4896522 Vogt M 1969 Obituary Sir Henry Hallett Dale O M F R S International Journal of Neuropharmacology 8 2 83 84 doi 10 1016 0028 3908 69 90001 X PMID 4890938 Bynum William 1970 1980 Dale Henry Hallett Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol 15 New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 104 107 ISBN 978 0 684 10114 9 Abigail O Sullivan Henry Dale s Nobel Prize winning discovery Minerva 2001 38 409 424 ISBN missing Sabbatini R M E Neurons and synapses The history of its discovery IV Chemical transmission Brain amp Mind 2004 Feldberg W rev Tansey EM 2004 2011 Dale Sir Henry Hallett 1875 1968 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 online edn Jan 2011 Retrieved 2011 07 08 doi 10 1093 ref odnb 32694 Dale Henry Hallett DL894HH A Cambridge Alumni Database University of Cambridge Henry Hallett Dale on Nobelprize org nbsp accessed 1 May 2020 Fullerian Professorships Anon 2015 Biography of Henry Hallett Dale 1875 1968 rigb org London Royal Institution Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Henry Hallett Dale American Academy of Arts amp Sciences Retrieved 12 May 2023 APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved 12 May 2023 Henry Dale www nasonline org Retrieved 12 May 2023 Anon 2016 Sir Henry Dale Fellowships wellcome ac uk London Wellcome Trust Archived from the original on 22 June 2016 Medals Society for Endocrinology Christopher Hibbert Ben Weinreb John Keay Julia Keay 2010 The London Encyclopaedia Macmillan Publishers pp 563 ISBN 978 1 4050 4925 2 DALE Sir Henry 1875 1968 English Heritage Retrieved 4 July 2020 External links EditHenry Hallett Dale on Nobelprize org nbsp including the Nobel Lecture 12 December 1936 Some Recent Extensions of the Chemical Transmission of the Effects of Nerve Impulses nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Hallett Dale Professional and academic associationsPreceded byWilliam Henry Bragg 47th President of the Royal Society1940 1945 Succeeded byRobert Robinson Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Henry Hallett Dale amp oldid 1171071053, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
