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Land speed record

January 20, 2023

For the album by the band Hüsker Dü, see Land Speed Record (album). For the sport of setting land speed records, see land speed racing. For records by rail vehicles, see railway speed record.

The land speed record (or absolute land speed record) is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land. There is no single body for validation and regulation; in practice the Category C ("Special Vehicles") flying start regulations are used, officiated by regional or national organizations under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).[1] The land speed record (LSR) is standardized as the speed over a course of fixed length, averaged over two runs (commonly called "passes").[2] Two runs are required in opposite directions within one hour, and a new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated.[3]

ThrustSSC, driven by Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green, holds the current land speed record at 1,220 km/h (760 mph) set October 15, 1997.

History

Further information: Railway speed record

The first regulator was the Automobile Club de France, which proclaimed itself arbiter of the record in about 1902.[4]

 
Ralph DePalma in his Packard '905' Special at Daytona Beach in 1919

Until 1903, trains held the land speed record for fastest vehicles in which people could travel.[5]

Different clubs had different standards and did not always recognize the same world records[6] until 1924, when the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) introduced new regulations: two passes in opposite directions (to negate the effects of wind) averaged with a maximum of 30 minutes (later more) between runs, average gradient of the racing surface not more than 1 percent, timing gear accurate within 0.01sec, and cars must be wheel-driven.[7] National or regional auto clubs (such as AAA and SCTA) had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized.[8] The AIACR became the FIA in 1947. Controversy arose in 1963: Spirit of America was not recognized due to its being a three-wheeler (leading the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme to certify it as a three-wheel motorcycle record when the FIA refused) and not wheel-driven so the FIA introduced a special jet and rocket propelled class.[9] No holder of the absolute record since has been wheel-driven.

In the U.S. and Australia, record runs are often done on salt flats, so the cars are often called salt cars.[citation needed]

Women's land speed record

 
Dorothy Levitt, in a 19 kW (26 hp) Napier, at Brooklands, England, in 1908

The FIA does not recognize separate men's and women's land speed records, however, unofficial women's records have long been claimed, seemingly starting with Dorothy Levitt's 1906 record in Blackpool, England, and, unlike the FIA and other car-racing organisations, the Guinness Book of World Records does recognize gender-based land speed records.[10]

In 1906, Dorothy Levitt broke the women's world speed record for the flying kilometer, recording a speed of 154 km/h (96 mph) and receiving the sobriquet the "Fastest Girl on Earth". She drove a six-cylinder Napier motorcar, a 75 kW (100 hp) development of the K5, in a speed trial in Blackpool.[11][12][13]

in 1963, Paula Murphy drove a Studebaker Avanti to 262 km/h (163 mph) at Bonneville Salt Flats as part of Andy Granatelli's attempt on the overall record.[10] In 1964, she was asked by the tire company Goodyear to try to improve her own record, which she raised to 364.31 km/h (226.37 mph) in Walt Arfons's jet dragster Avenger.[10][14] The rival tire company Firestone and Art Arfons hit back against Goodyear and Walt Arfons when Betty Skelton drove Art's Cyclops to achieve a two-way average of 446.63 km/h (277.52 mph) in September 1965.[10]

Five weeks later, Goodyear hit back against Firestone with Lee Breedlove.[10] While recordkeeping has not been as extensive, a report in 1974 confirmed that a record was held by Lee Breedlove, the wife of then overall record holder Craig Breedlove, who piloted her husband's Spirit of America – Sonic 1 to a record 496.492 km/h (308.506 mph) in 1965.[15] According to author Rachel Kushner, Craig Breedlove had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt.[16]

In 1976, the women's absolute record was set by Kitty O'Neil, in the jet-powered, three-wheeled SMI Motivator, at the Alvord Desert.[17] Held back by her contract with a sponsor and using only 60 percent of her car's power, O'Neil reached 825.127 km/h (512.710 mph).[18][19]

On October 9, 2013, driver Jessi Combs, in a vehicle of the North American Eagle Project running at the Alvord Desert, raised the women's four-wheel land speed class record with an official run of 632.40 km/h (392.954 mph), surpassing Breedlove's 48-year-old record.[20] Combs continued with the North American Eagle Project, whose ongoing target is the overall land speed record; as part of that effort, Combs was killed, on August 27, 2019, during an attempt to raise the four-wheel record.[21] In late June 2020, the Guinness Book of Records reclassified the August 27, 2019 speed runs as meeting its requirements, and Combs was credited with the record at 841.338 km/h (522.783 mph), noting she was the first to break the record in 40 years.[22]

Records

1898–1964 (wheel-driven)

See also: Land speed racing § Records by class
Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed Comments
Over 1 km Over 1 mile
(mph) (km/h) (mph) (km/h)
December 18, 1898   Achères, France   Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat Jeantaud Duc[23] Electric 39.24 63.15 [5] Conducted over 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from a flying start.[24]
January 17, 1899   Achères, France   Camille Jenatzy[23] GCA Dogcart Electric 41.42 66.66 [5]
January 17, 1899   Achères, France   Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat Jeantaud Duc Electric 43.93 70.31 [5]
January 27, 1899   Achères, France   Camille Jenatzy GCA Dogcart Electric 49.93 80.35 [5]
March 4, 1899   Achères, France   Gaston de Chasseloup-Laubat Jeantaud Duc Profilée Electric 57.65 92.78 [5]
April 29, 1899   Achères, France   Camille Jenatzy CITA No 25 La Jamais Contente Electric 65.79 105.88 First purpose-designed land speed racer[25] First record over 100 km/h (62 mph)[5]
April 13, 1902   Nice, France   Léon Serpollet Gardner-Serpollet
Œuf de Pâques (Easter Egg)		 Steam[4] 75.06 120.80
August 5, 1902   Ablis, France   William Kissam Vanderbilt II Mors Z Paris-Vienne Internal combustion 76.03 122.438 First internal combustion powered record[4]
November 5, 1902   Dourdan, France   Henri Fournier Mors Z Paris-Vienne Internal combustion
V4, 9.2-litre, 60 bhp 		76.59 123.25 [26]
November 17, 1902   Dourdan, France   Maurice Augières Mors Z Paris-Vienne Internal combustion 77.13 124.13 [5]
July 17, 1903   Ostend, Belgium   Arthur Duray Gobron Brillié Paris-Madrid Internal combustion 83.46 132.32 First time railway speed record exceeded [5]
November 5, 1903   Dourdan, France   Arthur Duray Gobron Brillié Paris-Madrid Internal combustion 84.73 136.35 [26]
January 12, 1904   New Baltimore, United States   Henry Ford Ford 999 Racer Internal combustion 91.37 147.05 [27]
March 31, 1904   Nice, France   Louis Rigolly Gobron-Brillié Paris-Madrid Internal combustion 94.78 152.53 [5]
May 25, 1904   Ostend, Belgium   Pierre de Caters Mercedes Simplex 90 Internal combustion 97.25 156.50 [5]
July 21, 1904[26]   Ostend, Belgium   Louis Rigolly Gobron-Brillié Gordon Bennett Internal combustion 103.56 166.66 First record over 100 mph (161 km/h),[5] 2 months after City of Truro's.
November 13, 1904   Ostend, Belgium   Paul Baras Darracq Gordon Bennett Internal combustion 104.53 168.22 [5]
December 30, 1905   Arles, France   Victor Hémery Darracq Special Internal combustion 109.59 176.37 [5]
January 26, 1906   Daytona Beach, United States   Fred Marriott Stanley Rocket[7] Steam 127.66 205.44 First record over 200 km/h (124 mph). First faster than contemporary rail speed record. Fastest steam-powered land vehicle until 2009.[28]
November 8, 1909[29]   Brooklands, United Kingdom   Victor Hémery Benz No. 1
200 hp (150 kW)		 Internal combustion:
21.5 L (1,310 cu in) inline-4 Benz engine		 125.94 202.68 115.93 186.57 First run using electronic timing[7]
June 24, 1914   Brooklands, United Kingdom   Lydston Hornsted Benz No. 3
200 hp (150 kW)		 Internal combustion:
21.5 L (1,310 cu in) inline-4 Benz engine 		— 124.09 199.70 First 2-way record, set at Brooklands under new Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) 2-way rule[7]
May 17, 1922   Brooklands, United Kingdom   Kenelm Lee Guinness Sunbeam 350 hp V12, single ohc, 18.3 litre,
350 b.h.p. engine		 133.75 215.25 The third and last time the record was set at Brooklands[26]
July 6, 1924   Arpajon, France   René Thomas Délage Internal combustion, V12, ohv, 10.6 litre, 280 bhp engine 143.31 230.634 [26]
July 12, 1924   Arpajon, France   Ernest Eldridge FIAT Mephistopheles Internal combustion:
21.7 L (1,320 cu in) inline-6 FIAT A.12 aero engine 		— 145.89 234.98 Fastest land speed record ever on a public road[7]
September 25, 1924   Pendine, United Kingdom   Malcolm Campbell Sunbeam 350HP Internal combustion:
18.3 L (1,120 cu in) V12 Sunbeam aero engine 		— 146.16 235.22 First land speed record by Malcolm Campbell[30]
July 21, 1925   Pendine, United Kingdom   Malcolm Campbell Sunbeam 350HP Internal combustion:
18.3 L (1,120 cu in) V12 Sunbeam aero engine 		— 150.87 242.8 First person to travel on land at over 150 mph (241 km/h)[30]
March 16, 1926   Ainsdale beach at Southport, United Kingdom   Henry Segrave Ladybird Internal combustion: a 4-litre Sunbeam Tiger
 152.33 245.15
April 27, 1926   Pendine, United Kingdom   J. G. Parry-Thomas Babs Internal combustion:
27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engine 		169.29 270.864 168.74 269.984 [31]
April 28, 1926   Pendine, United Kingdom   J. G. Parry-Thomas Babs Internal combustion:
27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engine 		172.09 275.341 171.69 274.590 [32]
February 4, 1927   Pendine, United Kingdom   Malcolm Campbell Napier-Campbell Blue Bird Internal combustion:
22.3 L (1,360 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine 		— 174.88 281.44 [30]
March 29, 1927   Daytona Beach, United States   Henry Segrave Mystery
(aka "Sunbeam 1000 hp")		 Internal combustion:
2 × 22.4 L (1,370 cu in) V12 Sunbeam Matabele aero engines		 203.79 327.97 The first car to reach a speed over 200 mph (320 km/h)[33]
February 19, 1928   Daytona Beach, United States   Malcolm Campbell Napier-Campbell Blue Bird Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine		 206.956 333.048 [8]
April 22, 1928   Daytona Beach, United States   Ray Keech Triplex Special Internal combustion:
3 × 27 L (1,600 cu in) V12 Liberty L-12 aero engines		 207.552 334.007 [34]
March 11, 1929   Daytona Beach, United States   Henry Segrave Golden Arrow Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion aero engine		 231.446 372.459 Segrave was knighted for this effort[35]
February 5, 1931   Daytona Beach, United States[26]   Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine		 246.09 396.025 Campbell was knighted for this effort[35]
February 24, 1932   Daytona Beach, United States   Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine		 253.97 408.73 First 250 mph (400 km/h) pass.[30]
February 22, 1933   Daytona Beach, United States   Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		 272.46 438.48 [30]
March 7, 1935   Daytona Beach, United States   Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		 276.816 445.472 [35]
September 3, 1935   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Malcolm Campbell Campbell-Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion:
36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engine		 301.129 484.598 First 300 mph (480 km/h) pass, first absolute record set at Bonneville[35]
November 19, 1937   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion:
2 × 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		 311.42 501.16 [35]
August 27, 1938   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion:
2 × 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines 		345.49 [35] 556.012
September 15, 1938   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   John Cobb Railton Internal combustion:
2 × 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines		 350.2 563.566 [35]
September 16, 1938   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion:
2 × 36.7 L (2,240 cu in) V12 Rolls-Royce R supercharged aero engines		 357.5 575.314 [35]
August 23, 1939   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   John Cobb Railton Special Internal combustion:
2 × 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 		369.74 [35] 595.04 367.91 592.091
September 16, 1947   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   John Cobb Railton Mobil Special Internal combustion:
2 × 23.9 L (1,460 cu in) W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 		394.196 [7] 634.397 394.19 634.39 First single pass at over 400 mph (402 mph)
July 17, 1964   Lake Eyre, Australia   Donald Campbell Bluebird CN7 Turboshaft: 1 × 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) Bristol Proteus gas turbine 403.10 [36][37] 648.73 Last wheel-driven absolute record that was superseded by the ratification of Spirit of America (see below)

1963–present (jet and rocket propulsion)

Craig Breedlove's mark of 407.447 miles per hour (655.722 km/h),[9][38] set in Spirit of America in September 1963, was initially considered unofficial. The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds: it had only three wheels, and it was not wheel-driven, since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles. Some time later, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme created a non-wheel-driven category, and ratified Spirit of America's time for this mark.[9] On July 17, 1964, Donald Campbell's Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of 403.10 miles per hour (648.73 km/h) on Lake Eyre, Australia. This became the official FIA LSR, although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedlove's time.[39] In October, several four-wheel jet-cars surpassed the 1963 mark, but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification.[39] The confusion of having three different LSRs lasted until December 11, 1964, when the FIA and FIM met in Paris and agreed to recognize as an absolute LSR the higher speed recorded by either body, by any vehicles running on wheels, whether wheel-driven or not.[40]

Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed Comments
Over 1 km Over 1 mile
(mph) (km/h) (mph) (km/h)
August 5, 1963   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 407.447 655.722 [9][38] Initially considered unofficial since the vehicle had 3 wheels. Later ratified by FIM.
October 2, 1964   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Tom Green Wingfoot Express Turbojet 413.2 665.0 [9]
October 5, 1964   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 434.03 698.50 [9]
October 13, 1964   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 468.719 754.330 [5]
October 15, 1964   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 526.277 846.961 [5]
October 27, 1964   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 536.710 863.751 [5]
November 2, 1965   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Craig Breedlove Spirit of America – Sonic 1 Turbojet 555.485 893.966 555.485 893.966 [41]
November 7, 1965   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 576.553 927.872 576.553 927.872 [5]
November 15, 1965   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Craig Breedlove Spirit of America – Sonic 1 Turbojet 594 955.950 600.601 966.574 [42]
October 23, 1970   Bonneville Salt Flats, United States   Gary Gabelich Blue Flame Rocket 630.478 1014.656 622.407 1001.667 [43]
October 4, 1983   Black Rock Desert, United States   Richard Noble Thrust2 Turbojet: 1 × Rolls-Royce Avon 634.051 1020.406 633.47 1019.47 [43]
September 25, 1997   Black Rock Desert, United States   Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan: 2 × Rolls-Royce Spey 713.990 1149.055 714.144 1149.303 [43]
October 15, 1997   Black Rock Desert, United States   Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan: 2 × Rolls-Royce Spey 760.343 1223.657 763.035 1227.986 [44] First to break the speed of sound

See also

References

  1. ^ . FIA. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  2. ^ Regulations for Record Attempts – CHAPTER 2 November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine – FIA
  3. ^ . Sporting Code: Chapter 7: Records. FIA. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c Northey, Tom (1974). "Land Speed Record: The Fastest Men on Earth". In Ian Ward (ed.). World of Automobiles. Vol. 10. London: Orbis. p. 1162.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Fowler, Dave (2019). "Land Speed Record Holders Timeline". Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  6. ^ Martin, James A.; Saal, Thomas F. (2004). "Ch 17: Land Speed Record to 1939". American Auto Racing: The Milestones and Personalities of a Century of Speed. McFarland. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-7864-1235-8.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Northey, p.1163.
  8. ^ a b Northey, p.1164.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Northey, p.1166.
  10. ^ a b c d e Strohl, Daniel (September 26, 2019). "What exactly is the women's world land-speed record?". Hemmings. Retrieved June 25, 2021. ... the Fédération Internationale de L'Automobile, which oversees world land-speed record attempts, doesn't recognize separate men's and women's records. ... The Guinness Book of World Records – to which the North American Eagle team submitted Combs's data – appears to be the only record-keeping entity that does recognize gender-separated land-speed records ... The idea of creating a separate, though unofficial, category for women's land-speed records likely originated with Levitt ... Goodyear and Firestone didn't place Murphy, Skelton, and Lee Breedlove in those cars to empower women; they did it instead to market to women ... That the women's land-speed record does not officially exist may be a relic of less enlightened times when men believed women to be inferior and incapable of handling an automobile, but it may also, ironically, serve the interests of gender equality.
  11. ^ Hull, Peter G. "Napier: The Stradivarius of the Road", in Northey, Tom, ed. The World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 13, p.1483.
  12. ^ G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).
  13. ^ "Women in Motorsport – Timeline". Btinternet.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
  14. ^ Samuel Hawley (2011). Speed Duel: The Inside Story of the Land Speed Record in the Sixties. Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-77088-007-8.
  15. ^ Twite, Mike (1974), "Breedlove: Towards the sound barrier", World of Automobiles, Orbis Publishing, 2: 231
  16. ^ "Knowingly Navigating the Unknown October 31, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", Maria Russo, The New York Times, May 7, 2013
  17. ^ Ellen Jares, Sue. . People. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  18. ^ Phinizy, Coles. "A Rocket Ride To Glory And Gloom". SI Vault. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  19. ^ . History. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  20. ^ "Female land speed record broken by Jessi Combs after 48 years". SlashGear. October 15, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  21. ^ Asmelash, Leah (August 28, 2019). "Race car driver Jessi Combs, known as the 'fastest woman on four wheels,' dies while trying to beat record". CNN. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  22. ^ "American jet-car racer and Mythbusters host Jessi Combs posthumously awarded world land-speed record for a woman". US: ABC/AP. June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Northey, p.1161.
  24. ^ Ross, Frank (1976). Car racing against the clock : the story of the world land speed record. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. pp. 10–13. ISBN 978-0-688-41743-7.
  25. ^ Nagy, Attila (July 18, 2014). "The Blazing Fast Evolution Of Land Speed Record Cars". Gizmodo. Australia. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Posthumus, Cyril. Land Speed Record: A complete history of the record-breaking cars from 39 to 600+ mph (Osprey Publishing, Reading, 1971)
  27. ^ Cars Against the Clock, The World Land Speed Record, Robert B. Jackson (New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc.), p.19, ISBN 0-8098-2078-1
  28. ^ [1] July 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine – The British Steam Car Challenge
  29. ^ Seherr-Thoss (October 1987). "History of Automobile World Records". FIA.
  30. ^ a b c d e Scott A. G. M. Crawford, "Campbell, Sir Malcolm (1885–1948)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011 accessed 20 April 2013 October 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Hier, sur la plage de Pendine, l'Anglais J. P. Thomas a atteint la formidable vitesse de 277 kil. à l'heure!". L'Auto: 1. April 28, 1926 – via BnF/Gallica.
  32. ^ "A nouveau, J. P. Thomas a battu hier les records du monde du mille et du kilomètre qu'il s'était appropriés la veille!". L'Auto: 1. April 29, 1926 – via BnF/Gallica.
  33. ^ Holthusen, Peter J.R. (1986). The Land Speed Record ISBN 0-85429-499-6
  34. ^ Northey, Tom (1974). "Land Speed Record: The Fastest Men on Earth". In Tom Northey. World of Automobiles. Vol. 10 (London: Orbis), pp.1164–5.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i Northey, p.1165.
  36. ^ "Proteus Bluebird CN7". The National Motor Museum Trust. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  37. ^ "Bluebird CN7 – Donald Campbell". Land Speed Record. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  38. ^ a b Twite, Mike. "Craig Breedlove: Toward the Sound Barrier", in World of Automobiles (Volume 2, p.231).
  39. ^ a b . Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  40. ^ "Land Speed Record Agreement". The Times. No. 56193. December 12, 1964. p. 7, col E.
  41. ^ Cars Against the Clock, The Fastest Men on Earth, Clifton, Paul, New York, The John Day Company, page 238, L.C. 66-15097
  42. ^ Spirit of America, Breedlove, Craig, Chicago, Illinois, Henry Regnery Company, pages 183–184, L.C. 71-143833
  43. ^ a b c "FIA land speed records, Cat C" (PDF). FIA. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  44. ^ . FIA. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
  45. ^ "June 2016 Newsletter". Retrieved July 4, 2016.

External links

  • Autoracing Speed Records at Curlie
  • Aussie Invader official website – Australian challengers to the supersonic showdown
  • Speed Record Club – The Speed Record Club seeks to promote an informed and educated enthusiast identity, reporting accurately and impartially to the best of its ability on record-breaking engineering, events, attempts and history.
  • The Land Speed Record in the Sixties: an on-line collection

January 20, 2023
land, speed, record, album, band, hüsker, land, speed, record, album, sport, setting, land, speed, records, land, speed, racing, records, rail, vehicles, railway, speed, record, land, speed, record, absolute, land, speed, record, highest, speed, achieved, pers. For the album by the band Husker Du see Land Speed Record album For the sport of setting land speed records see land speed racing For records by rail vehicles see railway speed record The land speed record or absolute land speed record is the highest speed achieved by a person using a vehicle on land There is no single body for validation and regulation in practice the Category C Special Vehicles flying start regulations are used officiated by regional or national organizations under the auspices of the Federation Internationale de l Automobile FIA 1 The land speed record LSR is standardized as the speed over a course of fixed length averaged over two runs commonly called passes 2 Two runs are required in opposite directions within one hour and a new record mark must exceed the previous one by at least one percent to be validated 3 ThrustSSC driven by Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green holds the current land speed record at 1 220 km h 760 mph set October 15 1997 Contents 1 History 2 Women s land speed record 3 Records 3 1 1898 1964 wheel driven 3 2 1963 present jet and rocket propulsion 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditFurther information Railway speed record The first regulator was the Automobile Club de France which proclaimed itself arbiter of the record in about 1902 4 Ralph DePalma in his Packard 905 Special at Daytona Beach in 1919 Until 1903 trains held the land speed record for fastest vehicles in which people could travel 5 Different clubs had different standards and did not always recognize the same world records 6 until 1924 when the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus AIACR introduced new regulations two passes in opposite directions to negate the effects of wind averaged with a maximum of 30 minutes later more between runs average gradient of the racing surface not more than 1 percent timing gear accurate within 0 01sec and cars must be wheel driven 7 National or regional auto clubs such as AAA and SCTA had to be AIACR members to ensure records would be recognized 8 The AIACR became the FIA in 1947 Controversy arose in 1963 Spirit of America was not recognized due to its being a three wheeler leading the Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme to certify it as a three wheel motorcycle record when the FIA refused and not wheel driven so the FIA introduced a special jet and rocket propelled class 9 No holder of the absolute record since has been wheel driven In the U S and Australia record runs are often done on salt flats so the cars are often called salt cars citation needed Women s land speed record Edit Dorothy Levitt in a 19 kW 26 hp Napier at Brooklands England in 1908 The FIA does not recognize separate men s and women s land speed records however unofficial women s records have long been claimed seemingly starting with Dorothy Levitt s 1906 record in Blackpool England and unlike the FIA and other car racing organisations the Guinness Book of World Records does recognize gender based land speed records 10 In 1906 Dorothy Levitt broke the women s world speed record for the flying kilometer recording a speed of 154 km h 96 mph and receiving the sobriquet the Fastest Girl on Earth She drove a six cylinder Napier motorcar a 75 kW 100 hp development of the K5 in a speed trial in Blackpool 11 12 13 in 1963 Paula Murphy drove a Studebaker Avanti to 262 km h 163 mph at Bonneville Salt Flats as part of Andy Granatelli s attempt on the overall record 10 In 1964 she was asked by the tire company Goodyear to try to improve her own record which she raised to 364 31 km h 226 37 mph in Walt Arfons s jet dragster Avenger 10 14 The rival tire company Firestone and Art Arfons hit back against Goodyear and Walt Arfons when Betty Skelton drove Art s Cyclops to achieve a two way average of 446 63 km h 277 52 mph in September 1965 10 Five weeks later Goodyear hit back against Firestone with Lee Breedlove 10 While recordkeeping has not been as extensive a report in 1974 confirmed that a record was held by Lee Breedlove the wife of then overall record holder Craig Breedlove who piloted her husband s Spirit of America Sonic 1 to a record 496 492 km h 308 506 mph in 1965 15 According to author Rachel Kushner Craig Breedlove had talked Lee into taking the car out for a record attempt in order to monopolize the salt flats for the day and block one of his competitors from making a record attempt 16 In 1976 the women s absolute record was set by Kitty O Neil in the jet powered three wheeled SMI Motivator at the Alvord Desert 17 Held back by her contract with a sponsor and using only 60 percent of her car s power O Neil reached 825 127 km h 512 710 mph 18 19 On October 9 2013 driver Jessi Combs in a vehicle of the North American Eagle Project running at the Alvord Desert raised the women s four wheel land speed class record with an official run of 632 40 km h 392 954 mph surpassing Breedlove s 48 year old record 20 Combs continued with the North American Eagle Project whose ongoing target is the overall land speed record as part of that effort Combs was killed on August 27 2019 during an attempt to raise the four wheel record 21 In late June 2020 the Guinness Book of Records reclassified the August 27 2019 speed runs as meeting its requirements and Combs was credited with the record at 841 338 km h 522 783 mph noting she was the first to break the record in 40 years 22 Records Edit1898 1964 wheel driven Edit See also Land speed racing Records by class Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed CommentsOver 1 km Over 1 mile mph km h mph km h December 18 1898 Acheres France Gaston de Chasseloup Laubat Jeantaud Duc 23 Electric 39 24 63 15 5 Conducted over 1 kilometre 0 62 mi from a flying start 24 January 17 1899 Acheres France Camille Jenatzy 23 GCA Dogcart Electric 41 42 66 66 5 January 17 1899 Acheres France Gaston de Chasseloup Laubat Jeantaud Duc Electric 43 93 70 31 5 January 27 1899 Acheres France Camille Jenatzy GCA Dogcart Electric 49 93 80 35 5 March 4 1899 Acheres France Gaston de Chasseloup Laubat Jeantaud Duc Profilee Electric 57 65 92 78 5 April 29 1899 Acheres France Camille Jenatzy CITA No 25 La Jamais Contente Electric 65 79 105 88 First purpose designed land speed racer 25 First record over 100 km h 62 mph 5 April 13 1902 Nice France Leon Serpollet Gardner Serpollet Œuf de Paques Easter Egg Steam 4 75 06 120 80August 5 1902 Ablis France William Kissam Vanderbilt II Mors Z Paris Vienne Internal combustion 76 03 122 438 First internal combustion powered record 4 November 5 1902 Dourdan France Henri Fournier Mors Z Paris Vienne Internal combustionV4 9 2 litre 60 bhp 76 59 123 25 26 November 17 1902 Dourdan France Maurice Augieres Mors Z Paris Vienne Internal combustion 77 13 124 13 5 July 17 1903 Ostend Belgium Arthur Duray Gobron Brillie Paris Madrid Internal combustion 83 46 132 32 First time railway speed record exceeded 5 November 5 1903 Dourdan France Arthur Duray Gobron Brillie Paris Madrid Internal combustion 84 73 136 35 26 January 12 1904 New Baltimore United States Henry Ford Ford 999 Racer Internal combustion 91 37 147 05 27 March 31 1904 Nice France Louis Rigolly Gobron Brillie Paris Madrid Internal combustion 94 78 152 53 5 May 25 1904 Ostend Belgium Pierre de Caters Mercedes Simplex 90 Internal combustion 97 25 156 50 5 July 21 1904 26 Ostend Belgium Louis Rigolly Gobron Brillie Gordon Bennett Internal combustion 103 56 166 66 First record over 100 mph 161 km h 5 2 months after City of Truro s November 13 1904 Ostend Belgium Paul Baras Darracq Gordon Bennett Internal combustion 104 53 168 22 5 December 30 1905 Arles France Victor Hemery Darracq Special Internal combustion 109 59 176 37 5 January 26 1906 Daytona Beach United States Fred Marriott Stanley Rocket 7 Steam 127 66 205 44 First record over 200 km h 124 mph First faster than contemporary rail speed record Fastest steam powered land vehicle until 2009 28 November 8 1909 29 Brooklands United Kingdom Victor Hemery Benz No 1200 hp 150 kW Internal combustion 21 5 L 1 310 cu in inline 4 Benz engine 125 94 202 68 115 93 186 57 First run using electronic timing 7 June 24 1914 Brooklands United Kingdom Lydston Hornsted Benz No 3 200 hp 150 kW Internal combustion 21 5 L 1 310 cu in inline 4 Benz engine 124 09 199 70 First 2 way record set at Brooklands under new Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus AIACR 2 way rule 7 May 17 1922 Brooklands United Kingdom Kenelm Lee Guinness Sunbeam 350 hp V12 single ohc 18 3 litre 350 b h p engine 133 75 215 25 The third and last time the record was set at Brooklands 26 July 6 1924 Arpajon France Rene Thomas Delage Internal combustion V12 ohv 10 6 litre 280 bhp engine 143 31 230 634 26 July 12 1924 Arpajon France Ernest Eldridge FIAT Mephistopheles Internal combustion 21 7 L 1 320 cu in inline 6 FIAT A 12 aero engine 145 89 234 98 Fastest land speed record ever on a public road 7 September 25 1924 Pendine United Kingdom Malcolm Campbell Sunbeam 350HP Internal combustion 18 3 L 1 120 cu in V12 Sunbeam aero engine 146 16 235 22 First land speed record by Malcolm Campbell 30 July 21 1925 Pendine United Kingdom Malcolm Campbell Sunbeam 350HP Internal combustion 18 3 L 1 120 cu in V12 Sunbeam aero engine 150 87 242 8 First person to travel on land at over 150 mph 241 km h 30 March 16 1926 Ainsdale beach at Southport United Kingdom Henry Segrave Ladybird Internal combustion a 4 litre Sunbeam Tiger 152 33 245 15April 27 1926 Pendine United Kingdom J G Parry Thomas Babs Internal combustion 27 L 1 600 cu in V12 Liberty L 12 aero engine 169 29 270 864 168 74 269 984 31 April 28 1926 Pendine United Kingdom J G Parry Thomas Babs Internal combustion 27 L 1 600 cu in V12 Liberty L 12 aero engine 172 09 275 341 171 69 274 590 32 February 4 1927 Pendine United Kingdom Malcolm Campbell Napier Campbell Blue Bird Internal combustion 22 3 L 1 360 cu in W12 Napier Lion aero engine 174 88 281 44 30 March 29 1927 Daytona Beach United States Henry Segrave Mystery aka Sunbeam 1000 hp Internal combustion 2 22 4 L 1 370 cu in V12 Sunbeam Matabele aero engines 203 79 327 97 The first car to reach a speed over 200 mph 320 km h 33 February 19 1928 Daytona Beach United States Malcolm Campbell Napier Campbell Blue Bird Internal combustion 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion aero engine 206 956 333 048 8 April 22 1928 Daytona Beach United States Ray Keech Triplex Special Internal combustion 3 27 L 1 600 cu in V12 Liberty L 12 aero engines 207 552 334 007 34 March 11 1929 Daytona Beach United States Henry Segrave Golden Arrow Internal combustion 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion aero engine 231 446 372 459 Segrave was knighted for this effort 35 February 5 1931 Daytona Beach United States 26 Malcolm Campbell Campbell Napier Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine 246 09 396 025 Campbell was knighted for this effort 35 February 24 1932 Daytona Beach United States Malcolm Campbell Campbell Napier Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engine 253 97 408 73 First 250 mph 400 km h pass 30 February 22 1933 Daytona Beach United States Malcolm Campbell Campbell Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion 36 7 L 2 240 cu in V12 Rolls Royce R supercharged aero engine 272 46 438 48 30 March 7 1935 Daytona Beach United States Malcolm Campbell Campbell Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion 36 7 L 2 240 cu in V12 Rolls Royce R supercharged aero engine 276 816 445 472 35 September 3 1935 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Malcolm Campbell Campbell Railton Blue Bird Internal combustion 36 7 L 2 240 cu in V12 Rolls Royce R supercharged aero engine 301 129 484 598 First 300 mph 480 km h pass first absolute record set at Bonneville 35 November 19 1937 Bonneville Salt Flats United States George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion 2 36 7 L 2 240 cu in V12 Rolls Royce R supercharged aero engines 311 42 501 16 35 August 27 1938 Bonneville Salt Flats United States George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion 2 36 7 L 2 240 cu in V12 Rolls Royce R supercharged aero engines 345 49 35 556 012September 15 1938 Bonneville Salt Flats United States John Cobb Railton Internal combustion 2 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 350 2 563 566 35 September 16 1938 Bonneville Salt Flats United States George Eyston Thunderbolt Internal combustion 2 36 7 L 2 240 cu in V12 Rolls Royce R supercharged aero engines 357 5 575 314 35 August 23 1939 Bonneville Salt Flats United States John Cobb Railton Special Internal combustion 2 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 369 74 35 595 04 367 91 592 091September 16 1947 Bonneville Salt Flats United States John Cobb Railton Mobil Special Internal combustion 2 23 9 L 1 460 cu in W12 Napier Lion supercharged aero engines 394 196 7 634 397 394 19 634 39 First single pass at over 400 mph 402 mph July 17 1964 Lake Eyre Australia Donald Campbell Bluebird CN7 Turboshaft 1 4 000 hp 3 000 kW Bristol Proteus gas turbine 403 10 36 37 648 73 Last wheel driven absolute record that was superseded by the ratification of Spirit of America see below 1963 present jet and rocket propulsion Edit Craig Breedlove s mark of 407 447 miles per hour 655 722 km h 9 38 set in Spirit of America in September 1963 was initially considered unofficial The vehicle breached the FIA regulations on two grounds it had only three wheels and it was not wheel driven since its jet engine did not supply power to its axles Some time later the Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme created a non wheel driven category and ratified Spirit of America s time for this mark 9 On July 17 1964 Donald Campbell s Bluebird CN7 posted a speed of 403 10 miles per hour 648 73 km h on Lake Eyre Australia This became the official FIA LSR although Campbell was disappointed not to have beaten Breedlove s time 39 In October several four wheel jet cars surpassed the 1963 mark but were eligible for neither FIA nor FIM ratification 39 The confusion of having three different LSRs lasted until December 11 1964 when the FIA and FIM met in Paris and agreed to recognize as an absolute LSR the higher speed recorded by either body by any vehicles running on wheels whether wheel driven or not 40 Date Location Driver Vehicle Power Speed CommentsOver 1 km Over 1 mile mph km h mph km h August 5 1963 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 407 447 655 722 9 38 Initially considered unofficial since the vehicle had 3 wheels Later ratified by FIM October 2 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Tom Green Wingfoot Express Turbojet 413 2 665 0 9 October 5 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 434 03 698 50 9 October 13 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 468 719 754 330 5 October 15 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Turbojet 526 277 846 961 5 October 27 1964 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 536 710 863 751 5 November 2 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Sonic 1 Turbojet 555 485 893 966 555 485 893 966 41 November 7 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Art Arfons Green Monster Turbojet 576 553 927 872 576 553 927 872 5 November 15 1965 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Craig Breedlove Spirit of America Sonic 1 Turbojet 594 955 950 600 601 966 574 42 October 23 1970 Bonneville Salt Flats United States Gary Gabelich Blue Flame Rocket 630 478 1014 656 622 407 1001 667 43 October 4 1983 Black Rock Desert United States Richard Noble Thrust2 Turbojet 1 Rolls Royce Avon 634 051 1020 406 633 47 1019 47 43 September 25 1997 Black Rock Desert United States Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan 2 Rolls Royce Spey 713 990 1149 055 714 144 1149 303 43 October 15 1997 Black Rock Desert United States Andy Green ThrustSSC Turbofan 2 Rolls Royce Spey 760 343 1223 657 763 035 1227 986 44 First to break the speed of soundSee also EditList of vehicle speed records British land speed record Production car speed record Land speed record for rail vehicles Motorcycle land speed record Aero engined car Pioneer 2M Soviet Union attempt at the land speed record in early 1960s Budweiser Rocket Claimed but not verified to have reached 739 666 miles per hour 1 190 377 km h and to have broken the sound barrier in 1979 North American Eagle Project An abandoned project that had been aiming for 808 mph 1 300 km h Bloodhound LSR Project aiming for 1 050 mph 1 690 km h Rosco McGlashan Australia s fastest man on the land His Aussie Invader team is building a fully rocket powered LSR car with an attempt at the record currently on hold pending funding 45 References Edit FIA land speed records FIA Archived from the original on October 11 2008 Retrieved October 16 2008 Regulations for Record Attempts CHAPTER 2 Archived November 23 2010 at the Wayback Machine FIA 105 Conditions for the recognition of international or world records Sporting Code Chapter 7 Records FIA Archived from the original on December 21 2008 Retrieved October 16 2008 a b c Northey Tom 1974 Land Speed Record The Fastest Men on Earth In Ian Ward ed World of Automobiles Vol 10 London Orbis p 1162 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Fowler Dave 2019 Land Speed Record Holders Timeline Retrieved February 23 2020 Martin James A Saal Thomas F 2004 Ch 17 Land Speed Record to 1939 American Auto Racing The Milestones and Personalities of a Century of Speed McFarland p 39 ISBN 978 0 7864 1235 8 a b c d e f Northey p 1163 a b Northey p 1164 a b c d e f Northey p 1166 a b c d e Strohl Daniel September 26 2019 What exactly is the women s world land speed record Hemmings Retrieved June 25 2021 the Federation Internationale de L Automobile which oversees world land speed record attempts doesn t recognize separate men s and women s records The Guinness Book of World Records to which the North American Eagle team submitted Combs s data appears to be the only record keeping entity that does recognize gender separated land speed records The idea of creating a separate though unofficial category for women s land speed records likely originated with Levitt Goodyear and Firestone didn t place Murphy Skelton and Lee Breedlove in those cars to empower women they did it instead to market to women That the women s land speed record does not officially exist may be a relic of less enlightened times when men believed women to be inferior and incapable of handling an automobile but it may also ironically serve the interests of gender equality Hull Peter G Napier The Stradivarius of the Road in Northey Tom ed The World of Automobiles London Orbis 1974 Volume 13 p 1483 G N Georgano Cars Early and Vintage 1886 1930 London Grange Universal 1985 Women in Motorsport Timeline Btinternet com Archived from the original on July 24 2012 Retrieved October 17 2010 Samuel Hawley 2011 Speed Duel The Inside Story of the Land Speed Record in the Sixties Firefly Books ISBN 978 1 77088 007 8 Twite Mike 1974 Breedlove Towards the sound barrier World of Automobiles Orbis Publishing 2 231 Knowingly Navigating the Unknown Archived October 31 2015 at the Wayback Machine Maria Russo The New York Times May 7 2013 Ellen Jares Sue The Renaissance Woman of Danger That s Tiny Kitty O Neil People Archived from the original on December 2 2013 Retrieved January 7 2014 Phinizy Coles A Rocket Ride To Glory And Gloom SI Vault Retrieved August 28 2019 Deaf stuntwoman Kitty O Neil sets women s land speed record History Archived from the original on June 12 2019 Retrieved January 7 2014 Female land speed record broken by Jessi Combs after 48 years SlashGear October 15 2013 Retrieved October 26 2019 Asmelash Leah August 28 2019 Race car driver Jessi Combs known as the fastest woman on four wheels dies while trying to beat record CNN Retrieved October 26 2019 American jet car racer and Mythbusters host Jessi Combs posthumously awarded world land speed record for a woman US ABC AP June 25 2020 Retrieved June 26 2020 a b Northey p 1161 Ross Frank 1976 Car racing against the clock the story of the world land speed record Lothrop Lee amp Shepard Co pp 10 13 ISBN 978 0 688 41743 7 Nagy Attila July 18 2014 The Blazing Fast Evolution Of Land Speed Record Cars Gizmodo Australia Retrieved February 23 2020 a b c d e f Posthumus Cyril Land Speed Record A complete history of the record breaking cars from 39 to 600 mph Osprey Publishing Reading 1971 Cars Against the Clock The World Land Speed Record Robert B Jackson New York Henry Z Walck Inc p 19 ISBN 0 8098 2078 1 1 Archived July 25 2009 at the Wayback Machine The British Steam Car Challenge Seherr Thoss October 1987 History of Automobile World Records FIA a b c d e Scott A G M Crawford Campbell Sir Malcolm 1885 1948 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 online edn Jan 2011 accessed 20 April 2013 Archived October 22 2022 at the Wayback Machine Hier sur la plage de Pendine l Anglais J P Thomas a atteint la formidable vitesse de 277 kil a l heure L Auto 1 April 28 1926 via BnF Gallica A nouveau J P Thomas a battu hier les records du monde du mille et du kilometre qu il s etait appropries la veille L Auto 1 April 29 1926 via BnF Gallica Holthusen Peter J R 1986 The Land Speed Record ISBN 0 85429 499 6 Northey Tom 1974 Land Speed Record The Fastest Men on Earth In Tom Northey World of Automobiles Vol 10 London Orbis pp 1164 5 a b c d e f g h i Northey p 1165 Proteus Bluebird CN7 The National Motor Museum Trust Retrieved June 17 2019 Bluebird CN7 Donald Campbell Land Speed Record Retrieved June 17 2019 a b Twite Mike Craig Breedlove Toward the Sound Barrier in World of Automobiles Volume 2 p 231 a b Land Speed Record History Bloodhound SSC Risbridger Archived from the original on September 12 2017 Retrieved September 9 2017 Land Speed Record Agreement The Times No 56193 December 12 1964 p 7 col E Cars Against the Clock The Fastest Men on Earth Clifton Paul New York The John Day Company page 238 L C 66 15097 Spirit of America Breedlove Craig Chicago Illinois Henry Regnery Company pages 183 184 L C 71 143833 a b c FIA land speed records Cat C PDF FIA Retrieved July 12 2009 Introduction FIA Archived from the original on December 30 2011 Retrieved January 17 2011 June 2016 Newsletter Retrieved July 4 2016 External links EditAutoracing Speed Records at Curlie Aussie Invader official website Australian challengers to the supersonic showdown Speed Record Club The Speed Record Club seeks to promote an informed and educated enthusiast identity reporting accurately and impartially to the best of its ability on record breaking engineering events attempts and history The Land Speed Record in the Sixties an on line collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Land speed record amp oldid 1133916330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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