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Charles K. Kao

April 27, 2023

In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Kao. In accordance with Hong Kong custom, the Western-style name is Charles Kao and the Chinese-style name is Kao Kuen.
This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Sir Charles Kao Kuen GBM KBE FRS FREng[5][6][7][8][9] (November 4, 1933 – September 23, 2018) was an electrical engineer and physicist who pioneered the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. In the 1960s, Kao created various methods to combine glass fibers with lasers in order to transmit digital data, which laid the groundwork for the evolution of the Internet.

The Honorable Sir

Charles K. Kao

GBM KBE FRS FREng
高錕
Charles K. Kao receiving an honorary degree from Princeton University in 2004
Born
Charles Kuen Kao

(1933-11-04)November 4, 1933
Shanghai, China[1]
DiedSeptember 23, 2018(2018-09-23) (aged 84)
Sha Tin, Hong Kong
CitizenshipUnited Kingdom[1]
United States
Alma materUniversity College London[2] (PhD 1965, issued by University of London[1])
Woolwich Polytechnic (BSc 1957 issued by University of London[citation needed])
Known forFiber optics
Fiber-optic communication
Spouse
Gwen May-Wan Kao
​
(m. 1959)​
Children2
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsChinese University of Hong Kong
Standard Telephones and Cables
ITT Corporation
Yale University
Doctoral advisorHarold Barlow

Kao was born in Shanghai. His family settled in British Hong Kong in 1949. He graduated from a Hong Kong high school in 1953 and went to London to study electrical engineering. In the 1960s, Kao worked at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) in Harlow, and it was here in 1966 that he laid the groundwork for fiber optics in communication.[10] Known as the "godfather of broadband",[11] the "father of fiber optics",[12][13][14][15][16] and the "father of fiber optic communications",[17] he continued his work in Hong Kong at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and in the United States at ITT (the parent corporation for STC) and Yale University. Kao was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".[18] In 2010, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for “services to fiber optic communications”.[7]

A permanent resident of Hong Kong,[19] Kao was a citizen of the United Kingdom and the United States.[1]

Early life and education

Charles Kao was born in Shanghai in 1933 and lived with his parents in the Shanghai French Concession.[20]: 1  He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother, under a tutor.[21][20]: 41  He also studied English and French at the Shanghai World School (上海世界學校)[22] that was founded by a number of progressive Chinese educators, including Cai Yuanpei.[23]

During the Chinese Civil War, Kao's family settled in British Hong Kong in 1949. Much of his mother's siblings moved to Hong Kong in the late 1930s, among them, his mother's youngest brother took good care of him.[20]: 1 [24] Kao's family lived in Lau Sin Street, at the edge of the North Point, a neighbourhood of Shanghai immigrants.[20] In Hong Kong, he spent four years at St. Joseph's College.[25] At the time there were no electrical engineering major at the University of Hong Kong, hence, in 1953, he went to London to retake high school and went to Woolwich Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich).[26][20]: 1 [27][non-primary source needed] He then pursued research and received his PhD in electrical engineering in 1965 from University of London, under Professor Harold Barlow of University College London as an external student while working at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) in Harlow, England, the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables.[2]

Ancestry and family

Kao's father Kao Chun-Hsiang [zh] (高君湘),[20]: 13  originated from Jinshan County, Jiangsu, obtained his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1925.[28] He was a judge at the Shanghai Concession and later a professor at Soochow University (then in Shanghai) Comparative Law School of China.[29][30] Kao's mother originated from Baoshan County, Jiangsu.


His grandfather Kao Hsieh was a scholar, poet, artist,[21] and a leading figure of the South Society during the late Qing Dynasty.[31] Several writers including Kao Hsü, Yao Kuang [zh] (姚光), and Kao Tseng [zh] (高增) were also Kao's close relatives.[citation needed]

His father's cousin was astronomer Kao Ping-tse[21][32] (Kao crater is named after him[33]). Kao's younger brother Timothy Wu Kao (高鋙) is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America. His research is in hydrodynamics.[34]

Kao met his future wife Gwen May-Wan Kao (née Wong; 黃美芸) in London after graduation, when they worked together as engineers at Standard Telephones and Cables.[20]: 23 [35][unreliable source?] She is British Chinese.[20]: 17  They were married in 1959 in London,[20]: 15–17 [36] and had a son and a daughter,[36] both of whom reside and work in Silicon Valley, California.[11][35][37][unreliable source?] According to Kao's autobiography, Kao was a Catholic who attended Catholic Church while his wife attended the Anglican Communion.[20]: 14–15 

Academic career

Fiber optics and communications

 
A bundle of silica glass fibers for optical communication, which are the de facto worldwide standard. Kao also first publicly suggested that silica glass of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication.[38]

In the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) based in Harlow, Essex, England, Kao and his coworkers did their pioneering work in creating fiber optics as a telecommunications medium, by demonstrating that the high-loss of existing fiber optics arose from impurities in the glass, rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself.[39]

In 1963, when Kao first joined the optical communications research team he made notes summarising the background[40] situation and available technology at the time, and identifying the key individuals[40] involved. Initially Kao worked in the team of Antoni E. Karbowiak (Toni Karbowiak), who was working under Alec Reeves to study optical waveguides for communications. Kao's task was to investigate fiber attenuation, for which he collected samples from different fiber manufacturers and also investigated the properties of bulk glasses carefully. Kao's study primarily convinced him that the impurities in material caused the high light losses of those fibers.[41] Later that year, Kao was appointed head of the electro-optics research group at STL.[42] He took over the optical communication program of STL in December 1964, because his supervisor, Karbowiak, left to take the Chair in Communications in the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.[43]

Although Kao succeeded Karbowiak as manager of optical communications research, he immediately decided to abandon Karbowiak's plan (thin-film waveguide) and overall change research direction with his colleague George Hockham.[41][43] They not only considered optical physics but also the material properties. The results were first presented by Kao to the IEE in January 1966 in London, and further published in July with George Hockham (1964–1965 worked with Kao).[44][a] This study first theorized and proposed to use glass fibers to implement optical communication, the ideas (especially structural features and materials) described are largely the basis of today's optical fiber communications.[citation needed]

"What Kao did in Harlow transformed the world and provided a backbone for the internet. He was the father of fiber optics."

—Harlow Museum's David Devine on Kao's pioneering work in fiber optics at STC's Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow[45]

In 1965,[42][46][b] Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 dB/km (decibels per kilometer, is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance), which is a key threshold value for optical communications.[47] However, at the time of this determination, optical fibers commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1,000 dB/km and even more. This conclusion opened the intense race to find low-loss materials and suitable fibres for reaching such criteria.[citation needed]

Kao, together with his new team (members including T. W. Davies, M. W. Jones and C. R. Wright), pursued this goal by testing various materials. They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials. During this period, Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica (SiO2) made it an ideal candidate for optical communication. Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fiber, rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering as many physicists thought at that time, and such impurity could be removed. This led to a worldwide study and production of high-purity glass fibers.[48] When Kao first proposed that such glass fiber could be used for long-distance information transfer and could replace copper wires which were used for telecommunication during that era, his ideas were widely disbelieved; later people realized that Kao's ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry.[49]

He also played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication.[50] In spring 1966, Kao traveled to the U.S. but failed to interest Bell Labs, which was a competitor of STL in communication technology at that time.[51] He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support.[51] Kao visited many glass and polymer factories, discussed with various people including engineers, scientists, businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fiber manufacture. In 1969, Kao with M. W. Jones measured the intrinsic loss of bulk-fused silica at 4 dB/km, which is the first evidence of ultra-transparent glass. Bell Labs started considering fiber optics seriously.[51] As of 2017, fiber optic losses (from both bulk and intrinsic sources) are as low as 0.1419 dB/km at the 1.56 µm wavelength.[52]

Kao developed important techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides, and contributed to the development of different fiber types and system devices which met both civil and military[c] application requirements, and peripheral supporting systems for optical fiber communication.[50] In mid-1970s, he did seminal work on glass fiber fatigue strength.[50] When named the first ITT Executive Scientist, Kao launched the "Terabit Technology" program in addressing the high frequency limits of signal processing, so Kao is also known as the "father of the terabit technology concept".[50][53] Kao has published more than 100 papers and was granted over 30 patents,[50] including the water-resistant high-strength fibers (with M. S. Maklad).[54]

At an early stage of developing optic fibers, Kao already strongly preferred single-mode for long-distance optical communication, instead of using multi-mode systems. His vision later was followed and now is applied almost exclusively.[48][55] Kao was also a visionary of modern submarine communications cables and largely promoted this idea. He predicted in 1983 that world's seas would be littered with fiber optics, five years ahead of the time that such a trans-oceanic fiber-optic cable first became serviceable.[56]

Ali Javan's introduction of a steady helium–neon laser and Kao's discovery of fiber light-loss properties now are recognized as the two essential milestones for the development of fiber-optic communications.[43]

Later work

Kao joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) in 1970 to found the Department of Electronics, which later became the Department of Electronic Engineering. During this period, Kao was the reader and then the chair Professor of Electronics at CUHK; he built up both undergraduate and graduate study programs of electronics and oversaw the graduation of his first students. Under his leadership, the School of Education and other new research institutes were established. He returned to ITT Corporation in 1974 (the parent corporation of STC at that time) in the United States and worked in Roanoke, Virginia, first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering. In 1982, he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in Connecticut.[15] While there, he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at Yale University. In 1985, Kao spent one year in West Germany, at the SEL Research Center. In 1986, Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT.

He was one of the earliest to study the environmental effects of land reclamation in Hong Kong, and presented one of his first related studies at the conference of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) in Edinburgh in 1972.[57]

Kao was the vice-chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996.[58] From 1991, Kao was an Independent Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong.[59][60] From 1993 to 1994, he was the President of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL).[61] In 1996, Kao donated to Yale University, and the Charles Kao Fund Research Grants was established to support Yale's studies, research and creative projects in Asia.[62] The fund currently is managed by Yale University Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies.[63] After his retirement from CUHK in 1996, Kao spent his six-month sabbatical leave at the Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; from 1997 to 2002, he also served as visiting professor in the same department.[64]

Kao was chairman and member of the Energy Advisory Committee (EAC) of Hong Kong for two years, and retired from the position on July 15, 2000.[65][66] Kao was a Member of the Council of Advisors on Innovation and Technology of Hong Kong, appointed on April 20, 2000.[67] In 2000, Kao co-founded the Independent Schools Foundation Academy, which is located in Cyberport, Hong Kong.[68] He was its founding chairman in 2000, and stepped down from the board of the ISF in December 2008.[68] Kao was the keynote speaker at IEEE GLOBECOM 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan.[69] In 2003, Kao was named a Chair Professor by special appointment at the Electronics Institute of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Taiwan University.[69] Kao then worked as the chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd., a telecommunication consultancy in Hong Kong. He was the founder, chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited. From 2003 to January 30, 2009, Kao was an independent non-executive director and member of the audit committee of Next Media.[70][71]

Awards

Kao received numerous awards such as the Nobel Prize in Physics.[72], Grand Bauhinia Medal, Marconi Prize, Prince Philip Medal, Charles Stark Draper Award, Bell Award, SPIE Gold Medal, Japan International Award, Faraday Medal, James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials......

Honors

Society and academy recognition

Honorary degrees

 
Alexander Graham Bell, pioneer of telecommunication and an alumnus of University College London (UCL), was awarded the first U.S. patent for telephone in 1876. After 90 years in 1966, Kao and Hockham published their groundbreaking article in fiber-optic communication. Kao is also an alumnus of UCL, and was awarded the prestigious Alexander Graham Bell Medal of IEEE in 1985. Kao was awarded an honorary doctorate by UCL in 2010.

Awards

 
Guglielmo Marconi, pioneer of wireless telecommunication, was awarded half of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 2009, the century anniversary of Marconi's Nobel, Kao was awarded half of the same prize for his pioneer work on optical fiber which has "rewired the world". Kao was also awarded the Marconi Prize in 1985, and is a Fellow of the Marconi Society.

Kao donated most of his prize medals to the Chinese University of Hong Kong.[73]

Namesakes

 
The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao on December 30, 2009.
  • The minor planet 3463 Kaokuen, discovered in 1981, was named after Kao in 1996.
  • 1996 (November 7): The north wing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Science Center was named the Charles Kuen Kao Building.[86]
  • 2009 (December 30): The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao – the Charles K. Kao Auditorium.[113][114]
  • 2010 (March 18): Professor Charles Kao Square, a square of the Independent Schools Foundation Academy[115]
  • 2014 (September): Sir Charles Kao UTC (now known as BMAT STEM Academy) was opened.[116]
  • 2014: Kao Data, a data center operator based on the former site of Sir Charles Kao's work on fiber optics cables, was founded.[117]

Others

Later life and death

Kao's international travels led him to opine that he belonged to the world instead of any country.[137][138] An open letter published by Kao and his wife in 2010 later clarified that "Charles studied in Hong Kong for his high schooling, he has taught here, he was the Vice-Chancellor of CUHK and retired here too. So he is a Hong Kong belonger."[139]

Pottery making was a hobby of Kao's. Kao also enjoyed reading wuxia (Chinese martial fantasy) novels.[140]

Kao suffered from Alzheimer's disease from early 2004 and had speech difficulty, but had no problem recognising people or addresses.[141] His father suffered from the same disease. Beginning in 2008, he resided in Mountain View, California, United States, where he moved from Hong Kong in order to live near his children and grandchild.[11]

On October 6, 2009, when Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibers and for fiber communication,[142] he said, "I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honor."[143] Kao's wife Gwen told the press that the prize will primarily be used for Charles's medical expenses.[144] In 2010 Charles and Gwen Kao founded the Charles K. Kao Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease to raise public awareness about the disease and provide support for the patients.

In 2016, Kao lost the ability to maintain his balance. At the end-stage of his dementia he was cared for by his wife and intended not to be kept alive with life support or have CPR performed on him.[145] Kao died at Bradbury Hospice in Hong Kong on 23 September 2018 at the age of 84.[146][147][148][149]

Works

  • Optical fiber technology; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981.
  • Optical Fiber Technology, II; by Charles K. Kao. IEEE Press, New York, USA; 1981, 343 pages. ISBN 0-471-09169-3 ISBN 978-0-471-09169-1.
  • Optical Fiber Systems: Technology, Design, and Applications; by Charles K. Kao. McGraw-Hill, USA; 1982; 204 pages. ISBN 0-07-033277-0 ISBN 978-0-07-033277-5.
  • Optical fiber (IEE materials & devices series, Volume 6); by Charles K. Kao. Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of IEEE; 1988; University of Michigan; 158 pages. ISBN 0-86341-125-8 ISBN 978-0-86341-125-0
  • A Choice Fulfilled: the Business of High Technology; by Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press/ Palgrave Macmillan; 1991, 203 pages. ISBN 962-201-521-2 ISBN 978-962-201-521-0
  • Tackling the Millennium Bug Together: Public Conferences; by Charles K. Kao. Central Policy Unit, Hong Kong; 48 pages, 1998.
  • Technology Road Maps for Hong Kong: a Preliminary Study; by Charles K. Kao. Office of Industrial and Business Development, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; 126 pages, 1990.
  • Nonlinear Photonics: Nonlinearities in Optics, Optoelectronics and Fiber Communications; by Yili Guo, Kin S. Chiang, E. Herbert Li, and Charles K. Kao. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong; 2002, 600 pages.

Notes

^ a: Kao's major task was to investigate light-loss properties in materials of optic fibers, and determine whether they could be removed or not. Hockham's was investigating light-loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fiber.
^ b: Some sources show around 1964,[150][151] for example, "By 1964, a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr. Charles K. Kao for long-range communication devices, the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard." from Cisco Press.[150]
^ c: In 1980, Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, "for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications".[50]
^ d: In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website, Kao's country is indicated as "People's Republic of China".[84]
^ e: OFC/NFOEC – Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference[130]

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Further reading

  • Kao, Charles (1982). Optical Fibre Systems: Technology, Design and Application. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., US. ISBN 978-0070332775.
  • Hecht, Jeff (1999). City of Light, The Story of Fiber Optics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510818-7.
  • Kao, K. C.; Hockham, G. A. (1966). "Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies". Proc. IEE. 113 (7): 1151–1158. doi:10.1049/piee.1966.0189.
  • Kao, K. C.; Davies, T. W. (1968). "Spectrophotometric Studies of Ultra Low Loss Optical Glasses – I: Single Beam Method". Journal of Physics E. 2 (1): 1063–1068. Bibcode:1968JPhE....1.1063K. doi:10.1088/0022-3735/1/11/303. PMID 5707856.
  • K. C. Kao (June 1986), "1012 bit/s Optoelectronics Technology", IEE Proceedings 133, Pt.J, No 3, 230–236. doi:10.1049/ip-j.1986.0037
  • 高錕. 傑出華人系列 (documentary and oral history) (in Cantonese, Chinese, and English). Radio Television Hong Kong. 2000. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  • "Oral-History:Charles Kao". Engineering and Technology History Wiki (oral history transcript). Interview Conducted by Robert Colburn. September 26, 2018 [interview conducted in 2004]. Retrieved September 27, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  • Kao, Charles K. (2010). A Time and A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir (autobiography). Chinese University Press. ISBN 9789629969721.
    • Kao, Charles K. (2005). 潮平岸闊——高錕自傳 [A Time And A Tide: Charles K. Kao ─ A Memoir] (autobiography) (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Translated by 許迪鏘. Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN 978-962-04-3444-0.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles K. Kao.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles K. Kao.
  • Optical Fibre History at STL
  • Charles K. Kao on Nobelprize.org   including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2009 Sand from centuries past; Send future voices fast
  • BBC: Lighting the way to a revolution
  • Mountain View Voice: The legacy of Charles Kao
  • Ingenia, Issue 43, June 2010
Awards and achievements
Preceded by IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal
1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Japan Prize
1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics
with Willard Boyle and George E. Smith
2009 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
1987–1996 		Succeeded by

April 27, 2023
charles, this, hong, kong, name, surname, accordance, with, hong, kong, custom, western, style, name, charles, chinese, style, name, kuen, this, article, uses, western, name, order, when, mentioning, individuals, charles, kuen, freng, november, 1933, september. In this Hong Kong name the surname is Kao In accordance with Hong Kong custom the Western style name is Charles Kao and the Chinese style name is Kao Kuen This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals Sir Charles Kao Kuen GBM KBE FRS FREng 5 6 7 8 9 November 4 1933 September 23 2018 was an electrical engineer and physicist who pioneered the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications In the 1960s Kao created various methods to combine glass fibers with lasers in order to transmit digital data which laid the groundwork for the evolution of the Internet The Honorable SirCharles K KaoGBM KBE FRS FREng高錕Charles K Kao receiving an honorary degree from Princeton University in 2004BornCharles Kuen Kao 1933 11 04 November 4 1933Shanghai China 1 DiedSeptember 23 2018 2018 09 23 aged 84 Sha Tin Hong KongCitizenshipUnited Kingdom 1 United StatesAlma materUniversity College London 2 PhD 1965 issued by University of London 1 Woolwich Polytechnic BSc 1957 issued by University of London citation needed Known forFiber opticsFiber optic communicationSpouseGwen May Wan Kao m 1959 wbr Children2AwardsStuart Ballantine Medal 1977 IEEE Morris N Liebmann Memorial Award 1978 IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal 1985 Marconi Prize 1985 C amp C Prize 1987 Faraday Medal 1989 James C McGroddy Prize for New Materials 1989 FREng 3 1989 SPIE Gold Medal 1992 CBE 1992 Prince Philip Medal 1996 Japan Prize 1996 3463 Kaokuen 1996 FRS 1997 4 Charles Stark Draper Prize 1999 Asian of the Century 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Grand Bauhinia Medal 2010 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire 2010 Scientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsChinese University of Hong KongStandard Telephones and CablesITT Corporation Yale UniversityDoctoral advisorHarold BarlowCharles K KaoTraditional Chinese高錕Simplified Chinese高锟TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGao KunWade GilesKao1 K un1IPA ka ʊ kʰwe n Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationGōu KwanJyutpingGou1 Kwan1IPA ko u kʷʰɐ n Kao was born in Shanghai His family settled in British Hong Kong in 1949 He graduated from a Hong Kong high school in 1953 and went to London to study electrical engineering In the 1960s Kao worked at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables STC in Harlow and it was here in 1966 that he laid the groundwork for fiber optics in communication 10 Known as the godfather of broadband 11 the father of fiber optics 12 13 14 15 16 and the father of fiber optic communications 17 he continued his work in Hong Kong at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and in the United States at ITT the parent corporation for STC and Yale University Kao was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication 18 In 2010 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to fiber optic communications 7 A permanent resident of Hong Kong 19 Kao was a citizen of the United Kingdom and the United States 1 Contents 1 Early life and education 1 1 Ancestry and family 2 Academic career 2 1 Fiber optics and communications 2 2 Later work 3 Awards 3 1 Honors 3 2 Society and academy recognition 3 3 Honorary degrees 3 4 Awards 3 5 Namesakes 3 6 Others 4 Later life and death 5 Works 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksEarly life and education EditCharles Kao was born in Shanghai in 1933 and lived with his parents in the Shanghai French Concession 20 1 He studied Chinese classics at home with his brother under a tutor 21 20 41 He also studied English and French at the Shanghai World School 上海世界學校 22 that was founded by a number of progressive Chinese educators including Cai Yuanpei 23 During the Chinese Civil War Kao s family settled in British Hong Kong in 1949 Much of his mother s siblings moved to Hong Kong in the late 1930s among them his mother s youngest brother took good care of him 20 1 24 Kao s family lived in Lau Sin Street at the edge of the North Point a neighbourhood of Shanghai immigrants 20 In Hong Kong he spent four years at St Joseph s College 25 At the time there were no electrical engineering major at the University of Hong Kong hence in 1953 he went to London to retake high school and went to Woolwich Polytechnic now the University of Greenwich 26 20 1 27 non primary source needed He then pursued research and received his PhD in electrical engineering in 1965 from University of London under Professor Harold Barlow of University College London as an external student while working at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories STL in Harlow England the research center of Standard Telephones and Cables 2 Ancestry and family Edit Kao s father Kao Chun Hsiang zh 高君湘 20 13 originated from Jinshan County Jiangsu obtained his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1925 28 He was a judge at the Shanghai Concession and later a professor at Soochow University then in Shanghai Comparative Law School of China 29 30 Kao s mother originated from Baoshan County Jiangsu His grandfather Kao Hsieh was a scholar poet artist 21 and a leading figure of the South Society during the late Qing Dynasty 31 Several writers including Kao Hsu Yao Kuang zh 姚光 and Kao Tseng zh 高增 were also Kao s close relatives citation needed His father s cousin was astronomer Kao Ping tse 21 32 Kao crater is named after him 33 Kao s younger brother Timothy Wu Kao 高鋙 is a civil engineer and Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America His research is in hydrodynamics 34 Kao met his future wife Gwen May Wan Kao nee Wong 黃美芸 in London after graduation when they worked together as engineers at Standard Telephones and Cables 20 23 35 unreliable source She is British Chinese 20 17 They were married in 1959 in London 20 15 17 36 and had a son and a daughter 36 both of whom reside and work in Silicon Valley California 11 35 37 unreliable source According to Kao s autobiography Kao was a Catholic who attended Catholic Church while his wife attended the Anglican Communion 20 14 15 Academic career EditFiber optics and communications Edit A bundle of silica glass fibers for optical communication which are the de facto worldwide standard Kao also first publicly suggested that silica glass of high purity is an ideal material for long range optical communication 38 In the 1960s at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories STL based in Harlow Essex England Kao and his coworkers did their pioneering work in creating fiber optics as a telecommunications medium by demonstrating that the high loss of existing fiber optics arose from impurities in the glass rather than from an underlying problem with the technology itself 39 In 1963 when Kao first joined the optical communications research team he made notes summarising the background 40 situation and available technology at the time and identifying the key individuals 40 involved Initially Kao worked in the team of Antoni E Karbowiak Toni Karbowiak who was working under Alec Reeves to study optical waveguides for communications Kao s task was to investigate fiber attenuation for which he collected samples from different fiber manufacturers and also investigated the properties of bulk glasses carefully Kao s study primarily convinced him that the impurities in material caused the high light losses of those fibers 41 Later that year Kao was appointed head of the electro optics research group at STL 42 He took over the optical communication program of STL in December 1964 because his supervisor Karbowiak left to take the Chair in Communications in the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales UNSW Sydney Australia 43 Although Kao succeeded Karbowiak as manager of optical communications research he immediately decided to abandon Karbowiak s plan thin film waveguide and overall change research direction with his colleague George Hockham 41 43 They not only considered optical physics but also the material properties The results were first presented by Kao to the IEE in January 1966 in London and further published in July with George Hockham 1964 1965 worked with Kao 44 a This study first theorized and proposed to use glass fibers to implement optical communication the ideas especially structural features and materials described are largely the basis of today s optical fiber communications citation needed What Kao did in Harlow transformed the world and provided a backbone for the internet He was the father of fiber optics Harlow Museum s David Devine on Kao s pioneering work in fiber optics at STC s Standard Telecommunication Laboratories in Harlow 45 In 1965 42 46 b Kao with Hockham concluded that the fundamental limitation for glass light attenuation is below 20 dB km decibels per kilometer is a measure of the attenuation of a signal over a distance which is a key threshold value for optical communications 47 However at the time of this determination optical fibers commonly exhibited light loss as high as 1 000 dB km and even more This conclusion opened the intense race to find low loss materials and suitable fibres for reaching such criteria citation needed Kao together with his new team members including T W Davies M W Jones and C R Wright pursued this goal by testing various materials They precisely measured the attenuation of light with different wavelengths in glasses and other materials During this period Kao pointed out that the high purity of fused silica SiO2 made it an ideal candidate for optical communication Kao also stated that the impurity of glass material is the main cause for the dramatic decay of light transmission inside glass fiber rather than fundamental physical effects such as scattering as many physicists thought at that time and such impurity could be removed This led to a worldwide study and production of high purity glass fibers 48 When Kao first proposed that such glass fiber could be used for long distance information transfer and could replace copper wires which were used for telecommunication during that era his ideas were widely disbelieved later people realized that Kao s ideas revolutionized the whole communication technology and industry 49 He also played a leading role in the early stage of engineering and commercial realization of optical communication 50 In spring 1966 Kao traveled to the U S but failed to interest Bell Labs which was a competitor of STL in communication technology at that time 51 He subsequently traveled to Japan and gained support 51 Kao visited many glass and polymer factories discussed with various people including engineers scientists businessmen about the techniques and improvement of glass fiber manufacture In 1969 Kao with M W Jones measured the intrinsic loss of bulk fused silica at 4 dB km which is the first evidence of ultra transparent glass Bell Labs started considering fiber optics seriously 51 As of 2017 fiber optic losses from both bulk and intrinsic sources are as low as 0 1419 dB km at the 1 56 µm wavelength 52 Kao developed important techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides and contributed to the development of different fiber types and system devices which met both civil and military c application requirements and peripheral supporting systems for optical fiber communication 50 In mid 1970s he did seminal work on glass fiber fatigue strength 50 When named the first ITT Executive Scientist Kao launched the Terabit Technology program in addressing the high frequency limits of signal processing so Kao is also known as the father of the terabit technology concept 50 53 Kao has published more than 100 papers and was granted over 30 patents 50 including the water resistant high strength fibers with M S Maklad 54 At an early stage of developing optic fibers Kao already strongly preferred single mode for long distance optical communication instead of using multi mode systems His vision later was followed and now is applied almost exclusively 48 55 Kao was also a visionary of modern submarine communications cables and largely promoted this idea He predicted in 1983 that world s seas would be littered with fiber optics five years ahead of the time that such a trans oceanic fiber optic cable first became serviceable 56 Ali Javan s introduction of a steady helium neon laser and Kao s discovery of fiber light loss properties now are recognized as the two essential milestones for the development of fiber optic communications 43 Later work Edit Kao joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK in 1970 to found the Department of Electronics which later became the Department of Electronic Engineering During this period Kao was the reader and then the chair Professor of Electronics at CUHK he built up both undergraduate and graduate study programs of electronics and oversaw the graduation of his first students Under his leadership the School of Education and other new research institutes were established He returned to ITT Corporation in 1974 the parent corporation of STC at that time in the United States and worked in Roanoke Virginia first as Chief Scientist and later as Director of Engineering In 1982 he became the first ITT Executive Scientist and was stationed mainly at the Advanced Technology Center in Connecticut 15 While there he served as an adjunct professor and Fellow of Trumbull College at Yale University In 1985 Kao spent one year in West Germany at the SEL Research Center In 1986 Kao was the Corporate Director of Research at ITT He was one of the earliest to study the environmental effects of land reclamation in Hong Kong and presented one of his first related studies at the conference of the Association of Commonwealth Universities ACU in Edinburgh in 1972 57 Kao was the vice chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 1987 to 1996 58 From 1991 Kao was an Independent Non Executive Director and a member of the Audit Committee of the Varitronix International Limited in Hong Kong 59 60 From 1993 to 1994 he was the President of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning ASAIHL 61 In 1996 Kao donated to Yale University and the Charles Kao Fund Research Grants was established to support Yale s studies research and creative projects in Asia 62 The fund currently is managed by Yale University Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies 63 After his retirement from CUHK in 1996 Kao spent his six month sabbatical leave at the Imperial College London Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering from 1997 to 2002 he also served as visiting professor in the same department 64 Kao was chairman and member of the Energy Advisory Committee EAC of Hong Kong for two years and retired from the position on July 15 2000 65 66 Kao was a Member of the Council of Advisors on Innovation and Technology of Hong Kong appointed on April 20 2000 67 In 2000 Kao co founded the Independent Schools Foundation Academy which is located in Cyberport Hong Kong 68 He was its founding chairman in 2000 and stepped down from the board of the ISF in December 2008 68 Kao was the keynote speaker at IEEE GLOBECOM 2002 in Taipei Taiwan 69 In 2003 Kao was named a Chair Professor by special appointment at the Electronics Institute of the College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science National Taiwan University 69 Kao then worked as the chairman and CEO of Transtech Services Ltd a telecommunication consultancy in Hong Kong He was the founder chairman and CEO of ITX Services Limited From 2003 to January 30 2009 Kao was an independent non executive director and member of the audit committee of Next Media 70 71 Awards EditKao received numerous awards such as the Nobel Prize in Physics 72 Grand Bauhinia Medal Marconi Prize Prince Philip Medal Charles Stark Draper Award Bell Award SPIE Gold Medal Japan International Award Faraday Medal James C McGroddy Prize for New Materials Honors Edit 1993 A Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire CBE 73 2010 A Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire KBE 7 74 2010 The Grand Bauhinia Medal GBM Hong Kong SAR 6 Society and academy recognition Edit Life Fellow Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers USA 1979 election 75 Fellow The Institution of Engineering and Technology UK Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS in 1997 76 4 Fellow 3 The Royal Academy of Engineering 3 UK 1989 election Fellow The Marconi Society USA 1985 election Honorary Fellow 1994 election and former President The Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences HKAES Hong Kong 77 78 Distinguished Fellow The Hong Kong Computer Society Hong Kong 1989 election 79 80 Honorary Fellow The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers 1994 election 81 Academician Academia Sinica Taipei 82 1992 election Member Optical Society of America USA 83 Member European Academy of Sciences and Arts Austria Member United States National Academy of Engineering 1990 election 84 d Foreign Member Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences Sweden 1988 election Foreign Member Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 1996 election Fellow Trumbull College of Yale University Honorary Fellow The Queen Mary University of London 85 Honorary Professor Chinese University of Hong Kong appointed in 1996 86 Honorary Professor Peking University Beijing appointed in 1995 Honorary Professor Tsinghua University Beijing appointed in 1995 Honorary Professor Beijing University of International Business and Economics Beijing appointed in 1995 Honorary Professor Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications appointed in 1995 Chair Professor by special appointment National Taiwan University Taipei appointed in 2003 69 Honorary Professor 1997 2002 Department of Electronic Engineering City University of Hong Kong 87 Lifetime Honorary Professorship City University of Hong Kong appointed on January 1 2002 87 Advisor of Macao Science and Technology Council 88 Honorary degrees Edit Alexander Graham Bell pioneer of telecommunication and an alumnus of University College London UCL was awarded the first U S patent for telephone in 1876 After 90 years in 1966 Kao and Hockham published their groundbreaking article in fiber optic communication Kao is also an alumnus of UCL and was awarded the prestigious Alexander Graham Bell Medal of IEEE in 1985 Kao was awarded an honorary doctorate by UCL in 2010 Honorary Doctor of Science Chinese University of Hong Kong British Hong Kong 89 1985 Doctor of Science The University of Sussex U K 89 1990 Doctor of Engineering National Chiao Tung University Taiwan 1990 90 91 Degree of Honorary Doctor Soka University Japan 1991 Doctor of Engineering The University of Glasgow U K 1992 Honorary DCL Durham University U K 1994 92 Doctor of the University Griffith University Australia 1995 Honorary degree in Telecommunications engineering University of Padua Italy Oct 18 1996 93 Doctor of Science University of Hull U K 1998 94 Doctor of Science Yale University USA 1999 95 Doctor of Science Honoris Causa University of Greenwich U K 2002 26 Doctor of Science Princeton University USA 2004 96 Honorary doctor of laws degree University of Toronto Canada June 16 2005 97 Honorary Doctor Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications China 2007 Honorary Doctorate of Science University College London U K 2010 98 Honorary Degree University of Strathclyde U K Sep 24 2010 99 Doctor of Science honoris causa University of Hong Kong Hong Kong S A R China 2011 100 Awards Edit Guglielmo Marconi pioneer of wireless telecommunication was awarded half of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics In 2009 the century anniversary of Marconi s Nobel Kao was awarded half of the same prize for his pioneer work on optical fiber which has rewired the world Kao was also awarded the Marconi Prize in 1985 and is a Fellow of the Marconi Society Kao donated most of his prize medals to the Chinese University of Hong Kong 73 1976 The Morey Award American Ceramic Society USA 1977 The Stuart Ballantine Medal Franklin Institute USA 73 1978 The Rank Prize in Optoelectronics Rank Trust Fund UK 1978 The IEEE Morris N Liebmann Memorial Award Citation for making communication at optical frequencies practical by discovering inventing and developing the material techniques and configurations for glass fiber waveguides and in particular for recognizing and proving by careful measurements in bulk glasses that silicon glass could provide the requisite low optical loss needed for a practical communication system 1979 The L M Ericsson International Prize Sweden 73 1980 The Gold Medal AFCEA USA 1981 The CESASC Achievement Award Southern California USA 1983 USAI Achievement Award U S Asia Institute USA 73 1985 The IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal 73 1985 The Marconi International Scientist Award Marconi Foundation USA 1985 The Columbus Medal of the City of Genoa Italy 1986 The CIE Achievement Award of the CIE USA Annual Awards USA 101 1987 The C amp C Prize Foundation for Communication and Computer Promotion Japan 1989 The Faraday Medal Institution of Electrical Engineers UK 73 1989 The James C McGroddy Prize for New Materials American Physical Society APS Citation for contribution to the materials research and development that resulted in practical low loss optical fibers one of the cornerstones of optical communications technology 102 1992 The Gold Medal of the Society SPIE 103 1995 The Gold Medal for Engineering Excellence The World Federation of Engineering Organizations WFEO UK 73 1996 The Prince Philip Medal of the Royal Academy of Engineering UK 73 in recognition of his pioneering work which led to the invention of optical fiber and for his leadership in its engineering and commercial realization and for his distinguished contribution to higher education in Hong Kong 1996 la Citta di Padova Italy 73 1996 The 12th Japan Prize 73 Citation for pioneering research on wide band low loss optical fiber communications 1998 The International Lecture Medal IEE UK 73 104 1999 The Charles Stark Draper Prize 73 co recipient with Robert D Maurer and John B MacChesney USA 2001 Millennium Outstanding Engineer Award Hong Kong 73 2006 The HKIE Gold Medal Award HKIE The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers Hong Kong 77 105 2009 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1 2 of the prize Sweden Citation for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication 106 2009 The IEEE Photonics Society Plaque 107 2010 Feb 27 Distinguished Science amp Technology Award 2010 Asian American Engineer of the Year Award AAEOY 2010 USA 108 2010 Mar 27 2009 2010 World Chinese Grand Prize Phoenix Television Hong Kong 109 110 2010 April 8 9 Chinese American Distinction Award San Francisco USA 111 20 Feb 2014 FTTH Operators Award and Individual Award 112 Namesakes Edit The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao on December 30 2009 The minor planet 3463 Kaokuen discovered in 1981 was named after Kao in 1996 1996 November 7 The north wing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong Science Center was named the Charles Kuen Kao Building 86 2009 December 30 The landmark auditorium in the Hong Kong Science Park was named after Kao the Charles K Kao Auditorium 113 114 2010 March 18 Professor Charles Kao Square a square of the Independent Schools Foundation Academy 115 2014 September Sir Charles Kao UTC now known as BMAT STEM Academy was opened 116 2014 Kao Data a data center operator based on the former site of Sir Charles Kao s work on fiber optics cables was founded 117 Others Edit Featured in Science Museum London Hong Kong Affairs Adviser May 1994 June 30 1997 118 119 1999 Asian of the Century Science and Technology 16 120 2002 Leader of the Year Innovation Technology Category Sing Tao Hong Kong 73 October 21 2002 Inducted into the Engineering Hall of Fame the 50th Anniversary Issue Electronic Design 121 122 January 3 2008 Inducted into the Celebration 60 British Council s 60th anniversary in Hong Kong 123 124 November 4 2009 Honorary citizenship and the Dr Charles Kao Day in Mountain View California USA 125 2009 Hong Kong s Person of the Year 126 The Top 10 Asian Achievements of 2009 No 7 127 2010 February Honoree Committee of 100 USA 111 The 2010 OFC NFOEC Conferences e were dedicated to Kao March 23 25 San Diego California USA 128 129 130 May 14 15 2010 Two sessions were dedicated to Kao at the 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference WOCC 2010 Shanghai P R China 131 132 May 22 2010 Inducted into the memento archive of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo 133 Mid 2010 Hong Kong Definitive Stamp Sheetlet No 1 Hong Kong SAR 134 March 25 2011 Blue plaque unveiled in Harlow Essex UK 135 November 4 2014 Gimme Fiber Day on Kao s birthday FTTH Councils Global Alliance 136 On November 4 2021 Google celebrated Kao s birthday with a Google Doodle The binary output in the graphic spells out KAO when converted to ASCII Later life and death EditKao s international travels led him to opine that he belonged to the world instead of any country 137 138 An open letter published by Kao and his wife in 2010 later clarified that Charles studied in Hong Kong for his high schooling he has taught here he was the Vice Chancellor of CUHK and retired here too So he is a Hong Kong belonger 139 Pottery making was a hobby of Kao s Kao also enjoyed reading wuxia Chinese martial fantasy novels 140 Kao suffered from Alzheimer s disease from early 2004 and had speech difficulty but had no problem recognising people or addresses 141 His father suffered from the same disease Beginning in 2008 he resided in Mountain View California United States where he moved from Hong Kong in order to live near his children and grandchild 11 On October 6 2009 when Kao was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the study of the transmission of light in optical fibers and for fiber communication 142 he said I am absolutely speechless and never expected such an honor 143 Kao s wife Gwen told the press that the prize will primarily be used for Charles s medical expenses 144 In 2010 Charles and Gwen Kao founded the Charles K Kao Foundation for Alzheimer s Disease to raise public awareness about the disease and provide support for the patients In 2016 Kao lost the ability to maintain his balance At the end stage of his dementia he was cared for by his wife and intended not to be kept alive with life support or have CPR performed on him 145 Kao died at Bradbury Hospice in Hong Kong on 23 September 2018 at the age of 84 146 147 148 149 Works EditOptical fiber technology by Charles K Kao IEEE Press New York USA 1981 Optical Fiber Technology II by Charles K Kao IEEE Press New York USA 1981 343 pages ISBN 0 471 09169 3 ISBN 978 0 471 09169 1 Optical Fiber Systems Technology Design and Applications by Charles K Kao McGraw Hill USA 1982 204 pages ISBN 0 07 033277 0 ISBN 978 0 07 033277 5 Optical fiber IEE materials amp devices series Volume 6 by Charles K Kao Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of IEEE 1988 University of Michigan 158 pages ISBN 0 86341 125 8 ISBN 978 0 86341 125 0 A Choice Fulfilled the Business of High Technology by Charles K Kao The Chinese University Press Palgrave Macmillan 1991 203 pages ISBN 962 201 521 2 ISBN 978 962 201 521 0 Tackling the Millennium Bug Together Public Conferences by Charles K Kao Central Policy Unit Hong Kong 48 pages 1998 Technology Road Maps for Hong Kong a Preliminary Study by Charles K Kao Office of Industrial and Business Development The Chinese University of Hong Kong 126 pages 1990 Nonlinear Photonics Nonlinearities in Optics Optoelectronics and Fiber Communications by Yili Guo Kin S Chiang E Herbert Li and Charles K Kao The Chinese University Press Hong Kong 2002 600 pages Notes Edit a Kao s major task was to investigate light loss properties in materials of optic fibers and determine whether they could be removed or not Hockham s was investigating light loss due to discontinuities and curvature of fiber b Some sources show around 1964 150 151 for example By 1964 a critical and theoretical specification was identified by Dr Charles K Kao for long range communication devices the 10 or 20 dB of light loss per kilometer standard from Cisco Press 150 c In 1980 Kao was awarded the Gold Medal from American Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association for contribution to the application of optical fiber technology to military communications 50 d In the United States National Academy of Engineering Membership Website Kao s country is indicated as People s Republic of China 84 e OFC NFOEC Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 130 References Edit a b c d The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Press Release Nobel Foundation October 6 2009 Archived from the original on May 30 2013 Retrieved October 8 2009 a b Prof Charles K Kao Department of Electronic amp Electrical Engineering University College London September 24 2018 Archived from the original on September 14 2010 Retrieved September 27 2018 a b c List of Fellows Archived from the original on June 8 2016 Retrieved October 20 2014 a b Fellows of the Royal Society London Royal Society Archived from the original on March 16 2015 Charles K Kao was elected in 1990 Archived February 15 2021 at the Wayback Machine as a member of National Academy of Engineering in Electronics Communication amp Information Systems Engineering for pioneering and sustained accomplishments towards the theoretical and practical realization of fiber optic communication systems a b 306 people to receive honours The Government of Hong Kong SAR July 1 2010 Retrieved July 1 2010 dead link a b c No 59446 The London Gazette 1st supplement June 12 2010 p 23 Royal Society The Fellowship List of Fellows Raeng org uk Archived from the original on June 12 2011 Retrieved October 26 2009 Hecht Jeff 1999 City of Light The Story of Fiber Optics New York Oxford University Press p 114 ISBN 0 19 510818 3 a b c Mesher Kelsey October 15 2009 The legacy of Charles Kao Mountain View Voice Archived from the original on February 15 2021 Retrieved November 30 2009 dpa October 6 2009 PROFILE Charles Kao father of fiber optics Nobel winner Earthtimes Archived from the original on February 15 2021 Retrieved November 30 2009 Record control number RCN 31331 October 7 2009 Father of Fibre Optics and digital photography pioneers share Nobel Prize in Physics Europa web portal Archived from the original cfm on January 25 2008 Retrieved November 30 2009 Bob Brown Network World October 7 2009 Father of fiber optics snags share of Nobel Physics Prize cio com au Archived from the original on February 15 2021 Retrieved November 30 2009 a b The father of optical fiber Narinder Singh Kapany Prof C K Kao in Chinese and English networkchinese com Archived from the original on September 23 2009 Retrieved October 8 2009 a b Erickson Jim Chung Yulanda December 10 1999 Asian of the Century Charles K Kao Asiaweek Archived from the original on July 21 2002 Retrieved December 24 2009 Prof Charles K Kao speaks on the impact of IT in Hong Kong The Open University of Hong Kong January 2000 Archived from the original on February 15 2021 Retrieved December 24 2009 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 Nobel Foundation October 6 2009 Archived from the original on October 8 2009 Retrieved October 6 2009 高錕 香港百人 in Cantonese Chinese and English Asia Television 2011 a b c d e f g h i j Kao Charles K 2005 潮平岸闊 高錕自傳 A Time And A Tide Charles K Kao A Memoir Translated by 許迪鏘 First ed Hong Kong Joint Publishing ISBN 978 962 04 3444 0 a b c Fan Yanping 范彦萍 October 10 2009 诺贝尔得主高锟的堂哥回忆 他兒时国学功底很好 Interview of Kao s cousin Youth Daily in Chinese China Shanghai Archived from the original on October 11 2009 Retrieved October 9 2009 via eastday com 高錕 傑出華人系列 documentary and oral history in Cantonese Chinese and English Radio Television Hong Kong 2000 Event occurs at 12 00 to 13 00 Retrieved September 27 2018 陶家骏 June 1 2008 著名女教育家陶玄 Famous Female Educator Tao Xuan 绍兴县报 Shaoxing County News in Chinese Archived from the original on March 13 2012 Retrieved October 9 2009 光纖之父 高錕離世 享年84歲 16 56 Online instant news section Ming Pao in Chinese Hong Kong Hong Kong Media Chinese International September 23 2018 Archived from the original on September 23 2018 Retrieved September 27 2018 高錕病逝 展覽懷緬光纖之父 會考證書曝光數學只攞Credit Apple Daily in Chinese Hong Kong September 29 2018 Archived from the original on September 30 2018 Retrieved September 29 2018 a b meantimealumni Spring 2005 PDF University of Greenwich Archived from the original PDF on October 9 2011 Retrieved October 7 2009 Sir Charles Kao Alumni University of Greenwich Archived from the original on January 7 2021 Retrieved March 8 2021 University of Michigan Law School Alphabetical List with Year of Law School Graduates Archived March 19 2021 at the Wayback Machine 高君湘 法律学人 雅典学园 Archived from the original on July 6 2011 Retrieved October 7 2009 中国近代法律教育与中国近代法学 Archived from the original on July 8 2011 参加南社纪念会姓氏录 List of Nan Society member in Chinese 南社研究網 Research of Nan Society Archived from the original on November 21 2008 Retrieved October 8 2009 高平子先生简介 in Chinese 青岛天文网 中国科学院紫金山天文台青岛观象台 青岛市天文爱好者协会 February 8 2006 Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved October 8 2009 Lunar Crater Statistics NASA Archived from the original on August 13 2009 Retrieved October 8 2009 高锟个人简历 The biography of Charles K Kao in Chinese chinanews com cn October 6 2009 Archived from the original on October 8 2009 Retrieved October 9 2009 a b 光纤与爱情 高锟一生的实验 Ming Pao Hong Kong March 4 2000 Archived from the original on February 21 2009 Retrieved October 7 2009 via networkchinese com a b 高錕履歷 resume of Kao Kuen Wen Wei Po in Traditional Chinese Hong Kong 7 October 2009 Archived from the original on September 28 2018 Retrieved 27 September 2018 高錕 傑出華人系列 documentary and oral history in Cantonese Chinese and English Radio Television Hong Kong 2000 Event occurs at around 20 00 Retrieved September 27 2018 Draper Prize draper comg Archived from the original on February 14 2010 Retrieved November 4 2009 Charles Kao is credited for first publicly proposing the possibility of practical telecommunications using fibers in the 1960s Montgomery Jeff D March 22 2002 Chapter 1 History of Fiber Optics In DeCusatis Casimer ed Fiber optic data communication technological trends and advances 1st ed Academic Press 1 3 1 Long Road to Low Loss Fiber pp 9 16 ISBN 978 0 12 207891 0 a b Charles Kao s Notes made in 1963 Set A March 23 2016 a b Jeff Hecht A Short History of Fiber Optics Archived from the original on June 13 2010 Retrieved October 8 2010 a b Communication pioneers win 2009 physics Nobel IET October 7 2009 Archived from the original on October 13 2009 Retrieved October 28 2009 a b c Fiber Types in Gigabit Optical Communications PDF Cisco Systems USA April 2008 Archived PDF from the original on June 8 2011 Retrieved November 3 2009 Kao K C Hockham G A 1966 Dielectric fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies Proc IEE 113 7 1151 1158 doi 10 1049 piee 1966 0189 Sir Charles Kao Fibre optics genius passes away BBC 26 September 2018 Retrieved 21 May 2020 Maryanne C J Large Leon Poladian Geoff Barton Martijn A van Eijkelenborg 2008 Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibres Springer ISBN 978 0 387 31273 6 Page 2 Chapter 1 1 The Evolution of Fibre Optics PDF Archived from the original PDF on August 31 2011 Retrieved October 28 2009 a b 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics Scientific Background Two revolutionary optical technologies Optical fiber with high transmission PDF Nobelprize org October 6 2009 Archived from the original PDF on November 22 2009 Retrieved December 4 2009 1999 Charles Stark Draper Award Presented Archived May 5 2010 at the Wayback Machine Kao who was working at ITT s Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the 1960s theorized about how to use light for communication instead of bulky copper wire and was the first to publicly propose the possibility of a practical application for fiber optic telecommunication a b c d e f Charles Kuen Kao PDF Archived from the original PDF on August 14 2011 Retrieved October 28 2009 a b c A Fiber Optic Chronology by Jeff Hecht Archived from the original on June 13 2010 Retrieved November 3 2009 Tamura Yoshiaki Sakuma Hirotaka Morita Keisei Suzuki Masato Yamamoto Yoshinori 2017 Lowest Ever 0 1419 dB km Loss Optical Fiber Optical Fiber Communication Conference Th5D 1 ISBN 978 1 943580 24 8 Technology of Our Times People and Innovation in Optics and Optoelectronics SPIE Press Monograph Vol PM04 by Frederick Su SPIE Publications July 1 1990 ISBN 0 8194 0472 1 ISBN 978 0 8194 0472 5 Page 82 86 Terabit Technology by Charles K Kao Water resistant high strength fibers United States Patent 4183621 PDF January 15 1980 date filed December 29 1977 Archived from the original on October 4 2012 Retrieved November 1 2009 Guiding light May 1989 Archived from the original PDF on December 16 2009 Retrieved December 4 2009 1 A Global Footprint PDF Building the Global Fiber Optics Superhighway Free Abstract Springer USA May 8 2007 ISBN 978 0 306 46505 5 Retrieved November 3 2009 ISBN 978 0 306 46979 4 Online permanent dead link Nim Cheung ed March 2010 IEEE Communications Magazine SOCIETY NEWS PDF CISOC Archived PDF from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved March 29 2010 CUHK Handbook Archived December 9 2008 at the Wayback Machine Annual Report 2002 Varitronix International Limited PDF Varitronix International Ltd April 3 2003 Archived from the original PDF on July 17 2011 Retrieved November 1 2009 精電國際有限公司 PDF in Chinese and English 精電國際有限公司 2004 Archived from the original PDF on July 17 2011 Retrieved November 1 2009 President of ASAIHL ASAIHL Archived from the original on July 4 2015 Retrieved November 1 2009 Kao Gift Will Help Build Ties Between Asia and Yale Yale Bulletin and Calendar News Stories June 24 July 22 1996 Archived from the original on June 11 2009 Retrieved November 30 2009 Fellowships and research support php The Councils on East Asian and Southeast Asian Studies at Yale University Archived from the original on July 2 2010 Retrieved November 30 2009 Research Awards and Honours Imperial College London Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering 2009 Archived from the original on November 25 2010 Retrieved December 24 2009 Appointment of Chairman and Members of the Energy Advisory Committee Hong Kong Government August 11 2000 Archived from the original on June 4 2011 Retrieved November 3 2009 EPD Advisory Council on the Environment Environmental Protection Department The Government of Hong Kong SAR April 28 2006 Archived from the original on June 11 2011 Retrieved November 3 2009 The Council of Advisors on Innovation amp Technology appointed PDF The Government of Hong Kong SAR April 20 2000 Archived from the original PDF on July 22 2011 Retrieved November 3 2009 a b Founding Chairman receives 2009 Nobel Prize for Physics php The ISF Academy Archived from the original on February 28 2011 Retrieved November 1 2009 a b c Charles K Kao NTU s former chair professor by special appointment wins the Nobel Prize in Physics National Taiwan University Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Retrieved November 1 2009 壹传媒 00282 高锟辞任独立非执董及审核委员 黄志雄接任 in Chinese jrj com cn July 2 2009 Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved November 1 2009 中研院士高錕 勇奪物理獎 Apple Daily in Chinese Taiwan October 7 2009 Archived from the original on October 17 2009 Retrieved November 1 2009 Charles K Kao Nobelprize org Archived from the original on May 13 2020 Retrieved May 21 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Medals Donated to CUHK by Professor Kao The Chinese University of Hong Kong Archived from the original on December 19 2009 Retrieved December 24 2009 JILL LAWLESS June 13 2010 Right royal boost for Zeta The Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on June 15 2010 Retrieved June 12 2010 Fellows Charles K Kao IEEE Archived from the original on April 6 2009 Retrieved October 26 2009 Midwinter John 2020 Sir Charles Kuen Kao 4 November 1933 23 September 2018 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69 211 224 doi 10 1098 rsbm 2020 0006 S2CID 226291122 a b The HKIE Secretariat October 7 2009 The HKIE News The HKIE Archived from the original asp on July 21 2011 Retrieved October 26 2009 高锟 厚道长者 毕生追求 shtm in Chinese news sciencenet cn 科學網 新聞 October 14 2009 Archived from the original on July 7 2011 Retrieved July 11 2010 Membership Hong Kong Computer Society Annual Report 2008 2009 Hong Kong Computer Society Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved October 26 2009 List of Distinguished Fellows The Hong Kong Computer Society Archived from the original asp on May 7 2010 Retrieved May 21 2010 The HKIE News The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers HKIE October 7 2009 Archived from the original asp on July 21 2011 Retrieved July 19 2010 中央研究院院士 Archived from the original on July 28 2011 Retrieved October 6 2009 OSA Nobel Laureates Optical Society of America OSA Archived from the original aspx on October 29 2009 Retrieved October 26 2009 a b Dr Charles K Kao United States National Academy of Engineering 1990 Archived from the original nsf on May 28 2010 Retrieved October 26 2009 e Newsletter Alumni at Queen Mary University of London Qmw ac uk Retrieved October 26 2009 permanent dead link a b Content of Chinese University Alumni Magazine 高錕校長榮休誌念各界歡送惜別依依 CUHK Alumni website in Chinese Hong Kong CUHK September 1996 Archived from the original on July 24 2011 Retrieved October 6 2009 a b Graduate Research Studies Newsletter PDF City University of Hong Kong February 2002 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2011 Retrieved April 2 2010 XinhuaNet News Macao chief congratulates Nobel Prize winner Charles Kao Archived October 11 2009 at the Wayback Machine a b Honorary Professors and Emeritus Professors Chinese University of Hong Kong n d Archived from the original on July 20 2011 Retrieved September 27 2018 國立交通大學 公共事務委員會 名譽博士名單 php in Chinese National Chiao Tung University Archived from the original on February 25 2009 Retrieved October 26 2009 校史 國立交通大學時期 民國六十八年 一九七九 以後 in Chinese National Chiao Tung University NCTU Archived from the original on March 26 2010 Retrieved October 26 2009 Honorary Degrees PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 21 2007 Retrieved October 26 2009 Universita degli Studi di Padova Honoris causa degrees Archived September 5 2009 at the Wayback Machine Honorary graduates 2 University of Hull Archived from the original on December 19 2016 Yale Honorary Degree Recipients Archived from the original on May 21 2015 Princeton University Facts amp Figures Archived from the original on September 21 2008 Retrieved October 9 2009 Engineering a World of Possibilities PDF University of Toronto Applied Science amp Engineering Spring 2006 Retrieved October 26 2009 permanent dead link UCL Fellows and Honorary Fellows announced June 17 2010 Retrieved June 19 2010 Honorary degree for broadband pioneer September 24 2010 Archived from the original on September 30 2010 Retrieved September 27 2010 HKU Honorary Graduates Graduate Detail Press release The University of Hong Kong 2011 circa Archived from the original on September 25 2018 Retrieved September 25 2018 CIE USA ANNUAL AWARDS PDF in English and Chinese CIE USA 2007 Archived from the original PDF on July 25 2011 Retrieved April 2 2010 Prize Recipient Archived from the original on August 28 2016 Retrieved September 25 2016 Gold Medal Award SPIE Archived from the original on May 24 2011 Retrieved October 6 2009 News from the Institution of Electrical Engineer PDF IEE June 1998 Archived from the original PDF on July 6 2011 Retrieved November 3 2009 HKIE Press Releases 香港工程師學會榮譽大獎 會長特設成就獎及傑出青年工程師獎2006 The HKIE Gold Medal Award the President s Award amp Young Engineer of the Year Award 2006 in Chinese Hong Kong The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers permanent dead link The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 NobelPrize org Archived from the original on September 25 2018 Retrieved September 25 2018 Research Highlights IEEE Photonics Society Archived from the original on July 27 2011 Retrieved October 16 2010 美洲中國工程師學會2010年工程獎章得獎名單出爐 2 27 asp in Chinese and English AAEOY February 23 2010 Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved February 23 2010 华裔科学家高锟荣获影响世界华人大奖 in Chinese Xinhua News Agency March 11 2010 Archived from the original on March 16 2010 Retrieved March 11 2010 华裔科学家高锟荣获影响世界华人大奖 shtml in Chinese Phoenix Television March 11 2010 Archived from the original on March 26 2010 Retrieved March 11 2010 a b Jane Leung Larson February 2010 2009 Nobel Laureate Charles Kao among Committee of 100 Honorees in San Francisco Committee of 100 Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved March 14 2010 Vodafone and Sir Charles Kao recognised in FTTH Awards 2014 PDF FTTH Council Europe February 20 2014 Archived PDF from the original on March 22 2014 Retrieved January 28 2015 香港两座建筑物将以高锟及饶宗颐名字命名 图 Two landmark buildings in Hong Kong are named after Charles K Kao and Rao Zongyi with photos shtml in Chinese China Ifeng News December 30 2009 Archived from the original on October 6 2010 Retrieved January 3 2009 Hong Kong to name building after Nobel laureate Charles Kao chinaview cn December 31 2009 Archived from the original on November 4 2012 Retrieved January 3 2009 The ISF Academy Newsletter 2009 10 March 2010 Issue 3 PDF Independent Schools Foundation Academy March 2010 Archived PDF from the original on 25 September 2018 Retrieved 25 September 2018 Sir Charles Kao UTC Archived from the original on July 14 2014 Kao Data Archived from the original on April 20 2021 Retrieved April 20 2021 A chat with vice chancellor Kao Archived December 5 2007 at the Wayback Machine by Midori Hiraga The Standard The day Nobel winner lost mic Archived June 4 2011 at the Wayback Machine Asian of the Century Asiaweek 1999 Archived from the original on October 15 2009 Retrieved December 24 2009 Electronic Design 50th Anniversary Issue Electronic Design October 21 2002 Archived from the original on May 5 2010 Retrieved May 21 2010 ED Hall of Fame 2002 INDUCTEES PDF Electronic Design October 21 2002 Archived PDF from the original on June 26 2010 Retrieved May 21 2010 Enter the Creative Dragon Feature PDF AlumniNews London Business School January March 2009 Archived PDF from the original on July 31 2009 Retrieved May 21 2010 British Council Celebrates 60 Years in Hong Kong PDF Hong Kong British Council January 3 2008 Archived from the original PDF on June 6 2011 Retrieved May 21 2010 City Press Release Mountain View Honors Dr Charles Kao for Being Awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics Office of the City Manager Mountain View California October 27 2009 Archived from the original asp on February 29 2012 Retrieved January 3 2009 Nobel laureate Charles Kao is named Hong Kong s Person of Year Earthtimes January 4 2010 Archived from the original on September 10 2012 Retrieved January 3 2009 Evangeline Cafe December 30 2009 The top 10 Asian achievements of 2009 Northwest Asian Weekly Archived from the original on January 8 2011 Retrieved January 3 2009 OFC NFOEC 2010 To Be Dedicated To Nobel Laureate Charles Kao mvc Photonics Online January 15 2010 Archived from the original on July 15 2011 Retrieved January 20 2009 OFC NFOEC 2010 Announces Plenary Session Speaker Lineup Yahoo Finance January 21 2010 Retrieved January 20 2009 permanent dead link a b Angela Stark OFC NFOEC 2010 to be Dedicated to Nobel Prize Winner and Industry Pioneer Charles Kao OFC NFOEC Press Releases Archived from the original aspx on July 9 2010 Retrieved January 20 2009 The 19th Annual Wireless and Optical Communications Conference WOCC 2010 WOCC 2010 2010 Archived from the original on April 17 2010 Retrieved May 26 2010 康宁公司在华开展光纤发明40周年庆祝活动 in Chinese 美通社 亚洲 May 18 2010 Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved May 26 2010 世界百位名人谈上海世博 首发 in Chinese Xinhua News Agency May 23 2010 Archived from the original on June 21 2010 Retrieved May 26 2010 Hongkong Post Stamps Hong Kong Stamps Hongkong Post Archived from the original on March 30 2010 Retrieved Apr 8 2010 Harlow Nobel Prize winner to be commemorated in town centre HarlowStar March 25 2011 Archived from the original on July 28 2011 Retrieved April 29 2011 Gimme Fibre Day 4 November Fibre to the Home Council Europe Archived from the original on April 27 2014 Retrieved June 2 2014 高錕 傑出華人系列 documentary and oral history in Cantonese Chinese and English Radio Television Hong Kong 2000 Event occurs at around 38 00 Retrieved September 27 2018 我對每一個國家 每一個種族感情都差不多 我是以人為主 不是以國家或種族為主 我變成了世界中間的一部份 不是任何國家的一部份 Kao Charles Kao May Wan October 13 2009 Professor and Mrs Charles K Kao wish to express their gratitude to their friends all staff students and alumni at CUHK members of the media and the people of Hong Kong by the following Open Letter Press release Chinese University of Hong Kong Archived from the original on October 16 2009 Retrieved September 30 2018 Charles Kao was born in Shanghai China did his primary research in 1966 at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories STL in Harlow UK followed through with work in the USA at ITT over the following 20 years to develop fiber optics into a commercial product and finally came to CUHK Hong Kong in 1987 to pass on his knowledge and expertise to a new generation of students and businessmen Charles really does belong to the world Kao Charles K Kao May Wan February 5 2010 Message from Prof and Mrs Charles K Kao 5 February 2010 Press release Chinese University of Hong Kong Archived from the original on December 27 2010 Retrieved October 1 2018 记者探访 光纤之父 高锟 顽皮慈爱的笑 QQ com News in Chinese China October 8 2009 Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved October 8 2009 港媒年初传高锟患老年痴呆症 妻称老人家记性差 Ifeng com in Chinese China October 2009 Archived from the original on October 9 2009 Retrieved October 8 2009 Physics 2009 Nobelprize org Archived from the original on March 31 2012 Retrieved October 26 2009 Ian Sample science correspondent October 6 2009 Charles Kuen Kao George Smith and Willard Boyle win Nobel for physics The Guardian Archived from the original on September 8 2013 Retrieved November 30 2009 九教育大事 二 高錕獲遲來的諾獎 Sing Tao Daily in Chinese Hong Kong HK Yahoo Archive January 2 2010 Archived from the original on January 7 2010 Nobel winner wants to die in peace at home wife says as she urges Hong Kong to change culture on end of life care South China Morning Post Newspaper 2016 July 10 2016 Archived from the original on December 16 2017 Retrieved December 16 2017 Chiu Peace Singh Abhijit Lam Jeffie September 23 2018 Hong Kong mourns passing of Nobel Prize winner and father of fiber optics Charles Kao 84 South China Morning Post Hong Kong Archived from the original on September 23 2018 Retrieved September 23 2018 諾獎得主光纖之父高錕逝世 慈善基金 最後心願助腦退化病人 Ming Pao in Chinese Hong Kong Hong Kong Media Chinese International September 24 2018 Archived from the original on September 25 2018 Retrieved September 25 2018 In memory of Sir Charles K Kao 1933 2018 Press release Hong Kong Charles K Kao Foundation for Alzheimer s Disease September 23 2018 Archived from the original on August 19 2018 Retrieved September 25 2018 Ives Mike September 24 2018 Charles Kao Nobel Laureate Who Revolutionized Fiber Optics Dies at 84 New York Times Archived from the original on September 24 2018 Retrieved September 26 2018 a b Vivek Alwayn April 23 2004 Fiber Optic Technologies A Brief History of Fiber Optic Communications Cisco Press Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved December 4 2009 Mary Bellis The Birth of Fiber Optics inventors about com Archived from the original on July 12 2012 Retrieved December 15 2009 Further reading EditKao Charles 1982 Optical Fibre Systems Technology Design and Application New York NY McGraw Hill Inc US ISBN 978 0070332775 Hecht Jeff 1999 City of Light The Story of Fiber Optics New York NY Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 510818 7 Kao K C Hockham G A 1966 Dielectric fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies Proc IEE 113 7 1151 1158 doi 10 1049 piee 1966 0189 Kao K C Davies T W 1968 Spectrophotometric Studies of Ultra Low Loss Optical Glasses I Single Beam Method Journal of Physics E 2 1 1063 1068 Bibcode 1968JPhE 1 1063K doi 10 1088 0022 3735 1 11 303 PMID 5707856 K C Kao June 1986 1012 bit s Optoelectronics Technology IEE Proceedings 133 Pt J No 3 230 236 doi 10 1049 ip j 1986 0037 高錕 傑出華人系列 documentary and oral history in Cantonese Chinese and English Radio Television Hong Kong 2000 Retrieved September 27 2018 Oral History Charles Kao Engineering and Technology History Wiki oral history transcript Interview Conducted by Robert Colburn September 26 2018 interview conducted in 2004 Retrieved September 27 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint others link Kao Charles K 2010 A Time and A Tide Charles K Kao A Memoir autobiography Chinese University Press ISBN 9789629969721 Kao Charles K 2005 潮平岸闊 高錕自傳 A Time And A Tide Charles K Kao A Memoir autobiography in Chinese Hong Kong Translated by 許迪鏘 Joint Publishing Hong Kong ISBN 978 962 04 3444 0 External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles K Kao Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles K Kao Physics portal Telecommunication portal Biography portalOptical Fibre History at STL Charles K Kao on Nobelprize org including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 2009 Sand from centuries past Send future voices fast BBC Lighting the way to a revolution Mountain View Voice The legacy of Charles Kao Man who lit up the world Professor Charles Kao CBE FREng Ingenia Issue 43 June 2010Awards and achievementsPreceded byAndrew Viterbi IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal1985 Succeeded byBernard WidrowPreceded byNick Holonyak Japan Prize1996 Succeeded byTakashi Sugimura andBruce N AmesPreceded byYoichiro Nambu Makoto Kobayashi andToshihide Maskawa Nobel Prize Laureate in Physicswith Willard Boyle and George E Smith2009 Succeeded byAndre Geim andKonstantin NovoselovAcademic officesPreceded byMa Lin Vice Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong1987 1996 Succeeded byArthur Li Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Charles K Kao amp oldid 1150926205, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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