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Safety bicycle

February 25, 2023

A safety bicycle (or simply a safety) is a type of bicycle that became very popular beginning in the late 1880s as an alternative to the penny-farthing ("ordinary") and is now the most common type of bicycle. Early bicycles of this style were known as safety bicycles because they were noted for, and marketed as, being safer than the high wheelers they were replacing.[1] Even though modern bicycles use a similar design, the term is rarely used today and is considered obsolete outside circles familiar with high wheelers.[2]

1885 Rover safety bicycle in the London Science Museum
1887 advertisement for a safety bicycle, Wolverhampton, England

Definition

The term 'safety bicycle' was used in the 1880s for any alternative to the penny-farthing. The front and rear wheel were not necessarily the same size.[3] Later historians began to use the term in a more restricted way for the design that was a direct ancestor to most modern bicycles.[4][5]

"Diamond frame" is also sometimes used as a term for safety bicycles, even though this technically only refers to a certain type of safety bicycle. The retronym "upright bicycle" is used to distinguish the style from recumbent bicycles.

History

 
An 1880 penny-farthing (left), and a 1886 Rover safety bicycle (right)

The first bicycle to be called a "safety" was designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson (Henry Lawson) in 1876,[6] although other bicycles which fit the description had been developed earlier, such as by Thomas Humber in 1868.[7] Unlike with penny-farthings, the rider's feet were within reach of the ground, making it easier to stop. The pedals powered the rear wheel, keeping the rider's feet safely away from the front wheel. The original treadle bicycle model used treadles to transfer power to the rear wheel, while the later 1879 model used a chain drive, an important new technology that had previously only been used on tricycles. Lawson's safety failed to catch on, perhaps because of its increased cost, weight and complexity compared to the penny-farthing.[6] One other variation that appeared at about the same time is the dwarf, exemplified by the Kangaroo, and with a chain-driven front wheel.

By 1885, the safety bicycles cataloged in Henry Sturmey's Indispensable Handbook to the Safety Bicycle included seven with lever front-drives, 44 with geared front-drives, and only nine with chain rear-drives.[4][5] In that same year, John Kemp Starley (J. K. Starley) came out with the first commercially successful safety bicycle he named the Rover.[8][9] The first modern bicycle, was heavier and more expensive than penny-farthings, but lighter and cheaper than tricycles of the day.[10] In its original form it used indirect steering; later, direct steering was adopted and the bicycle proved to be a hit.[11]

 
Overman Victor bicycle of 1893

The Overman Wheel Company, founded 1882, was the first manufacturer of safety bicycles in the United States, in their factory complex in Chicopee, Massachusetts.[12] Following their creation in England, Overman rushed a safety bicycle to production before the end of 1887.[13] Overman was known for making all-steel bicycles with no cast metal parts.[12] The Overman Victor bicycle was said to be of higher quality and lower weight than other bicycles of its time.[12] By 1893, the Overman factory made the complete bicycle, including tyres, saddles, rims, etc.[14]

The safety bicycle was a big improvement on the previous penny-farthing design which it replaced. The chain drive, coupling a large front sprocket (the chainring) to a small rear sprocket (the sprocket) to multiply the revolutions of the pedals, allowed for much smaller wheels, and replaced the need for the large, directly pedaled front wheel of the penny-farthing. The smaller wheel gave a harsher ride;[15] once pneumatic tires were developed and replaced the previously used solid ones, this disadvantage was no longer an issue.[16]

With the center of mass low and between the wheels, rather than high and over the front hub, the safety bicycle greatly diminished the danger of "taking a header" or long fall over the handlebars. This made braking more effective and cycling, previously the reserve of spry, daring young men, safer, and therefore much more popular, especially for women.

Compared with the tricycles of the time, popular with riders less willing to take risks, the safety bicycles were lighter, mechanically simpler, and less expensive.

Its popularity soon grew to be more than the penny-farthings and tricycles combined and caused the bike boom of the 1890s.[17]

Characteristics

Safeties are now characterized by having two wheels of identical – or nearly identical – size, and a chain-driven rear wheel. The most popular form of the safety bicycle frame, consisting of two triangles, is known as a diamond frame. A similar but different frame used in safety bicycles is the step-through frame.

Despite the enormous variety of modern bicycles, recumbent bicycles are the only major variety of bicycle which do not use this same basic design.

Image gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Brown, Sheldon. "Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary". Retrieved 26 September 2009.
  2. ^ Simpson, John & Weiner, Edmund (1989). Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. Former name for the type of bicycle now in use, differing from the 'Ordinary' in the lower position of the saddle, whereby greater safety is afforded to the rider.
  3. ^ "Bicycle History: Birmingham". Online Vintage Bicycle Museum. 7 September 2008. Retrieved 2013-07-23. A better idea of the 'B.S.A.' Safety can be seen ... 32-inch driving wheel ... 20-inch steer
  4. ^ a b Berto, Frank J.; Ron Shepherd; et al. (2008) [2000]. The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle (3rd ed.). San Francisco, California, United States: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-892495-59-4. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Berto, Frank J.; et al. (2016) [2000]. The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle (5th ed.). San Francisco, California, United States: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. ISBN 978-1-892495-77-8. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. pp. 216–217. ISBN 0-300-10418-9. In 1876, the British engineer Henry J. Lawson proposed a new rear-drive machine he called the Safety Bicycle.
  7. ^ . Humber Car Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2014-01-27. Thomas thought that this could be improved upon, and in 1868 invented the firsty 'safety' bicycle ever produced
  8. ^ "Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885". The Science Museum. Archived from the original on 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
  9. ^ Tony Hadland & Hans-Erhard Lessing (2014). Bicycle Design, An Illustrated History. MIT Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-262-02675-8. The most famous of the rear-drive safeties introduced in 1885 was the Rover, produced in Coventry by John Kemp Starley.
  10. ^ "Cycle market: Moving into the fast lane". The Independent. 26 February 2018.
  11. ^ Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. pp. 235–240. ISBN 0-300-10418-9.
  12. ^ a b c Davies, William T. (1897). The New England States, their Constitutional, Judicial, Educational, Commercial, Professional, and Industrial History (Volume I ed.). Boston: D.H. Hurd & Co. pp. 414–418. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  13. ^ Herlihy, David (2004). Bicycle: The History (1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 214–245.
  14. ^ Bolder, Ben (29 July 1893). "The Bicycle Industry (from Scientific American)". Valley Falls, Kansas: The Farmer's Vindicator. p. 3. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  15. ^ "Ideal Tire Sizes by Jobst Brandt". www.sheldonbrown.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  16. ^ "Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary Sa - So". www.sheldonbrown.com. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  17. ^ Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. pp. 225. ISBN 0-300-10418-9. ...it not only prevailed as the universal bicycle style, it also triggered an unprecedented world-wide demand that culminated in the great boom.

External links

  • Rover safety bicycle often thought of as the icon of safety bicycles.

February 25, 2023
safety, bicycle, safety, bicycle, simply, safety, type, bicycle, that, became, very, popular, beginning, late, 1880s, alternative, penny, farthing, ordinary, most, common, type, bicycle, early, bicycles, this, style, were, known, safety, bicycles, because, the. A safety bicycle or simply a safety is a type of bicycle that became very popular beginning in the late 1880s as an alternative to the penny farthing ordinary and is now the most common type of bicycle Early bicycles of this style were known as safety bicycles because they were noted for and marketed as being safer than the high wheelers they were replacing 1 Even though modern bicycles use a similar design the term is rarely used today and is considered obsolete outside circles familiar with high wheelers 2 1885 Rover safety bicycle in the London Science Museum 1887 advertisement for a safety bicycle Wolverhampton England Contents 1 Definition 2 History 3 Characteristics 4 Image gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksDefinition EditThe term safety bicycle was used in the 1880s for any alternative to the penny farthing The front and rear wheel were not necessarily the same size 3 Later historians began to use the term in a more restricted way for the design that was a direct ancestor to most modern bicycles 4 5 Diamond frame is also sometimes used as a term for safety bicycles even though this technically only refers to a certain type of safety bicycle The retronym upright bicycle is used to distinguish the style from recumbent bicycles History Edit An 1880 penny farthing left and a 1886 Rover safety bicycle right The first bicycle to be called a safety was designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson Henry Lawson in 1876 6 although other bicycles which fit the description had been developed earlier such as by Thomas Humber in 1868 7 Unlike with penny farthings the rider s feet were within reach of the ground making it easier to stop The pedals powered the rear wheel keeping the rider s feet safely away from the front wheel The original treadle bicycle model used treadles to transfer power to the rear wheel while the later 1879 model used a chain drive an important new technology that had previously only been used on tricycles Lawson s safety failed to catch on perhaps because of its increased cost weight and complexity compared to the penny farthing 6 One other variation that appeared at about the same time is the dwarf exemplified by the Kangaroo and with a chain driven front wheel By 1885 the safety bicycles cataloged in Henry Sturmey s Indispensable Handbook to the Safety Bicycle included seven with lever front drives 44 with geared front drives and only nine with chain rear drives 4 5 In that same year John Kemp Starley J K Starley came out with the first commercially successful safety bicycle he named the Rover 8 9 The first modern bicycle was heavier and more expensive than penny farthings but lighter and cheaper than tricycles of the day 10 In its original form it used indirect steering later direct steering was adopted and the bicycle proved to be a hit 11 Overman Victor bicycle of 1893 The Overman Wheel Company founded 1882 was the first manufacturer of safety bicycles in the United States in their factory complex in Chicopee Massachusetts 12 Following their creation in England Overman rushed a safety bicycle to production before the end of 1887 13 Overman was known for making all steel bicycles with no cast metal parts 12 The Overman Victor bicycle was said to be of higher quality and lower weight than other bicycles of its time 12 By 1893 the Overman factory made the complete bicycle including tyres saddles rims etc 14 The safety bicycle was a big improvement on the previous penny farthing design which it replaced The chain drive coupling a large front sprocket the chainring to a small rear sprocket the sprocket to multiply the revolutions of the pedals allowed for much smaller wheels and replaced the need for the large directly pedaled front wheel of the penny farthing The smaller wheel gave a harsher ride 15 once pneumatic tires were developed and replaced the previously used solid ones this disadvantage was no longer an issue 16 With the center of mass low and between the wheels rather than high and over the front hub the safety bicycle greatly diminished the danger of taking a header or long fall over the handlebars This made braking more effective and cycling previously the reserve of spry daring young men safer and therefore much more popular especially for women Compared with the tricycles of the time popular with riders less willing to take risks the safety bicycles were lighter mechanically simpler and less expensive Its popularity soon grew to be more than the penny farthings and tricycles combined and caused the bike boom of the 1890s 17 Characteristics EditSafeties are now characterized by having two wheels of identical or nearly identical size and a chain driven rear wheel The most popular form of the safety bicycle frame consisting of two triangles is known as a diamond frame A similar but different frame used in safety bicycles is the step through frame Despite the enormous variety of modern bicycles recumbent bicycles are the only major variety of bicycle which do not use this same basic design Image gallery Edit Early safety bicycle c 1879 in the Coventry Transport Museum 1884 McCammon safety bicycle 1884 Kangaroo dwarf safety bicycle Coventry Museum 1885 Whippet safety bicycle 1886 Rover safety bicycle 1886 Swift safety bicycle Coventry Museum 1889 step through safety bicycleSee also EditDan Albone Bicycle frame History of the bicycle Recumbent bicycle List of motorcycles of 1900 to 1909References Edit Brown Sheldon Sheldon Brown s Bicycle Glossary Retrieved 26 September 2009 Simpson John amp Weiner Edmund 1989 Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 861186 2 Former name for the type of bicycle now in use differing from the Ordinary in the lower position of the saddle whereby greater safety is afforded to the rider Bicycle History Birmingham Online Vintage Bicycle Museum 7 September 2008 Retrieved 2013 07 23 A better idea of the B S A Safety can be seen 32 inch driving wheel 20 inch steer a b Berto Frank J Ron Shepherd et al 2008 2000 The Dancing Chain History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle 3rd ed San Francisco California United States Cycle Publishing Van der Plas Publications pp 37 38 ISBN 978 1 892495 59 4 Retrieved May 30 2017 a b Berto Frank J et al 2016 2000 The Dancing Chain History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle 5th ed San Francisco California United States Cycle Publishing Van der Plas Publications ISBN 978 1 892495 77 8 Retrieved May 30 2017 a b Herlihy David V 2004 Bicycle the History Yale University Press pp 216 217 ISBN 0 300 10418 9 In 1876 the British engineer Henry J Lawson proposed a new rear drive machine he called the Safety Bicycle Brief history of Humber Humber Car Museum Archived from the original on 2012 03 02 Retrieved 2014 01 27 Thomas thought that this could be improved upon and in 1868 invented the firsty safety bicycle ever produced Icons of Invention Rover safety bicycle 1885 The Science Museum Archived from the original on 2017 04 05 Retrieved 2010 06 05 Tony Hadland amp Hans Erhard Lessing 2014 Bicycle Design An Illustrated History MIT Press pp 160 161 ISBN 978 0 262 02675 8 The most famous of the rear drive safeties introduced in 1885 was the Rover produced in Coventry by John Kemp Starley Cycle market Moving into the fast lane The Independent 26 February 2018 Herlihy David V 2004 Bicycle the History Yale University Press pp 235 240 ISBN 0 300 10418 9 a b c Davies William T 1897 The New England States their Constitutional Judicial Educational Commercial Professional and Industrial History Volume I ed Boston D H Hurd amp Co pp 414 418 Retrieved 8 February 2016 Herlihy David 2004 Bicycle The History 1st ed New Haven CT Yale University Press pp 214 245 Bolder Ben 29 July 1893 The Bicycle Industry from Scientific American Valley Falls Kansas The Farmer s Vindicator p 3 Retrieved 8 February 2016 Ideal Tire Sizes by Jobst Brandt www sheldonbrown com Retrieved 10 April 2018 Sheldon Brown s Bicycle Glossary Sa So www sheldonbrown com Retrieved 10 April 2018 Herlihy David V 2004 Bicycle the History Yale University Press pp 225 ISBN 0 300 10418 9 it not only prevailed as the universal bicycle style it also triggered an unprecedented world wide demand that culminated in the great boom External links EditRover safety bicycle often thought of as the icon of safety bicycles Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Safety bicycle amp oldid 1124338619, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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