Water frames in general have existed since Ancient Egyptian times.[citation needed]Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1769,[1] designed a model for the production of cotton thread, which was first used in 1765.[2][3] The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before.[4] The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas Highs by clockmaker John Kay, who was hired by Arkwright.[5] Being run on water power, it produced stronger and harder yarn than the "spinning jenny", and propelled the adoption of the modern factory system.[6]
Another water-powered frame for the production of textiles was developed in 1760 in the early industrialized town of Elberfeld, Prussia (now in Wuppertal, Germany), by German bleach plant owner Johann Heinrich Bockmühl.[7][8]
The name water frame is derived from the use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames. The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators, reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically. However, unlike the spinning jenny, the water frame could spin only one thread at a time until 1779, when Samuel Compton combined the two inventions into his spinning mule, which was more effective.
The water frame was originally powered by horses at a factory built by Arkwright and partners in Nottingham. In 1770, Arkwright and his partners built a water-powered mill in Cromford, Derbyshire.
Cromfordedit
In 1771, Arkwright installed the water frame in his cotton mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, on the River Derwent, creating one of the first factories that was specifically built to house machinery rather than just bring workers together. It was one of the first instances of the working day being determined by the clock instead of the daylight hours and of people being employed rather than just contracted. In its final form, combined with his carding machine, it was the first factory to use a continuous process from raw material to finished product in a series of operations.[9]
Arkwright played a significant role in the development of the factory system as he combined water power, the water frame, and continuous production with modern employment practices.
International successedit
The water frame played a significant role in the development of the Industrial Revolution – first in England,[10] but soon also in continental Europe after German entrepreneur Johann Gottfried Brügelmann managed to find out details of the technology, which had been kept very secret; disclosure of details was punishable by the death penalty. Brügelmann managed to build working water frames and used them to open the first spinning factory on the continent, built in 1783 in Ratingen and also named "Cromford", from where the technology spread over the world. The factory building today hosts a museum, which is the world's only place to see a functioning water frame.[11]
Samuel Slater brought the water frame to America, circumventing the 1774 English ban on textile workers leaving and memorizing details of its construction; he left for New York in 1789.[12]Moses Brown and Slater partnered to create the Slater Mill in Pawtucket in 1793, the first water-powered machine to make thread in America.[13]
Referencesedit
^"Sir Richard Arkwright". from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
^John Simkin. "British History – The Textile System – The Water Frame". Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd., 1997. from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^"A History of the World – Arkwright's Water Frame spinning machine". BBC. Retrieved 9 January 2019.[permanent dead link]
^Limited, Alamy. "An old engraving of Arkwright's water or spinning frame. It is from a Victorian mechanical engineering book of the 1880s. The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water-wheel. Richard Arkwright (1732–1792), who patented it in 1769, designed the machine for making cotton thread. It was first used in 1765 and was able to spin 96 threads at a time, far faster than ever before. In 1770 Arkwright and partners built a water-powered mill in Cromford, Derbyshire, England, UK. It soon employed over 300 people and is often regarded as the first factory of the Industrial Revolution Stock Photo – Alamy". www.alamy.com. from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. pp. 827–30. ISBN0415147921.
^Richard L. Hills, "Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton. Why Three Inventors?." Textile history 10.1 (1979): 114–126.
^. Bergische Struktur- und Wirtschaftsförderungsgesellschaft mbH. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^Hinrich Heyken. "Von Bleichern, Färbern und Fabrikanten" (PDF). City of Wuppertal. (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^The blast furnace, often considered the first continuous process, was a single process. The water frame, or more specifically the cotton mill of which it was a part, embodied a whole series of processes in one continuity, from raw cotton bale to the spun thread.
^Maxine Berg, The age of manufactures, 1700–1820: Industry, innovation and work in Britain (Routledge, 2005).
^"Textilfabrik Cromford". LVR-Industriemuseum (in German). from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^"Samuel Slater: American hero or British traitor?". BBC News. 22 September 2011. from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^Pawtucket, Mailing Address: 67 Roosevelt Ave; Us, RI 02860 Phone: 401-725-8638 Contact. "SlaterMill – Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
External linksedit
Media related to Water frames at Wikimedia Commons
water, frame, water, frame, spinning, frame, that, powered, water, wheel, oldest, surviving, arkwright, water, frame, 1775, photo, board, trustees, science, museum, model, water, frame, museum, early, industrialization, wuppertal, contents, history, cromford, . The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water wheel Oldest surviving Arkwright water frame c 1775 Photo c The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum CC BY NC SA 4 0 Model of a water frame in the Museum for Early Industrialization in Wuppertal Contents 1 History 2 Cromford 3 International success 4 References 5 External linksHistory editWater frames in general have existed since Ancient Egyptian times citation needed Richard Arkwright who patented the technology in 1769 1 designed a model for the production of cotton thread which was first used in 1765 2 3 The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 threads at a time which was an easier and faster method than ever before 4 The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas Highs by clockmaker John Kay who was hired by Arkwright 5 Being run on water power it produced stronger and harder yarn than the spinning jenny and propelled the adoption of the modern factory system 6 Another water powered frame for the production of textiles was developed in 1760 in the early industrialized town of Elberfeld Prussia now in Wuppertal Germany by German bleach plant owner Johann Heinrich Bockmuhl 7 8 The name water frame is derived from the use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically However unlike the spinning jenny the water frame could spin only one thread at a time until 1779 when Samuel Compton combined the two inventions into his spinning mule which was more effective The water frame was originally powered by horses at a factory built by Arkwright and partners in Nottingham In 1770 Arkwright and his partners built a water powered mill in Cromford Derbyshire Cromford editIn 1771 Arkwright installed the water frame in his cotton mill at Cromford Derbyshire on the River Derwent creating one of the first factories that was specifically built to house machinery rather than just bring workers together It was one of the first instances of the working day being determined by the clock instead of the daylight hours and of people being employed rather than just contracted In its final form combined with his carding machine it was the first factory to use a continuous process from raw material to finished product in a series of operations 9 Arkwright played a significant role in the development of the factory system as he combined water power the water frame and continuous production with modern employment practices International success editThe water frame played a significant role in the development of the Industrial Revolution first in England 10 but soon also in continental Europe after German entrepreneur Johann Gottfried Brugelmann managed to find out details of the technology which had been kept very secret disclosure of details was punishable by the death penalty Brugelmann managed to build working water frames and used them to open the first spinning factory on the continent built in 1783 in Ratingen and also named Cromford from where the technology spread over the world The factory building today hosts a museum which is the world s only place to see a functioning water frame 11 Samuel Slater brought the water frame to America circumventing the 1774 English ban on textile workers leaving and memorizing details of its construction he left for New York in 1789 12 Moses Brown and Slater partnered to create the Slater Mill in Pawtucket in 1793 the first water powered machine to make thread in America 13 References edit Sir Richard Arkwright Archived from the original on 20 May 2019 Retrieved 19 March 2019 John Simkin British History The Textile System The Water Frame Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd 1997 Archived from the original on 18 January 2021 Retrieved 9 January 2019 A History of the World Arkwright s Water Frame spinning machine BBC Retrieved 9 January 2019 permanent dead link Limited Alamy An old engraving of Arkwright s water or spinning frame It is from a Victorian mechanical engineering book of the 1880s The water frame is a spinning frame that is powered by a water wheel Richard Arkwright 1732 1792 who patented it in 1769 designed the machine for making cotton thread It was first used in 1765 and was able to spin 96 threads at a time far faster than ever before In 1770 Arkwright and partners built a water powered mill in Cromford Derbyshire England UK It soon employed over 300 people and is often regarded as the first factory of the Industrial Revolution Stock Photo Alamy www alamy com Archived from the original on 5 December 2021 Retrieved 5 December 2021 McNeil Ian 1990 An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology London Routledge pp 827 30 ISBN 0415147921 Richard L Hills Hargreaves Arkwright and Crompton Why Three Inventors Textile history 10 1 1979 114 126 Industrial Heritage Expeditions Textile in Wuppertal Bergische Struktur und Wirtschaftsforderungsgesellschaft mbH Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 9 January 2019 Hinrich Heyken Von Bleichern Farbern und Fabrikanten PDF City of Wuppertal Archived PDF from the original on 10 February 2021 Retrieved 9 January 2019 The blast furnace often considered the first continuous process was a single process The water frame or more specifically the cotton mill of which it was a part embodied a whole series of processes in one continuity from raw cotton bale to the spun thread Maxine Berg The age of manufactures 1700 1820 Industry innovation and work in Britain Routledge 2005 Textilfabrik Cromford LVR Industriemuseum in German Archived from the original on 19 April 2021 Retrieved 2 April 2021 Samuel Slater American hero or British traitor BBC News 22 September 2011 Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 Pawtucket Mailing Address 67 Roosevelt Ave Us RI 02860 Phone 401 725 8638 Contact SlaterMill Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park U S National Park Service www nps gov Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 Retrieved 30 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link External links edit nbsp Media related to Water frames at Wikimedia Commons Demonstration of water frame YouTube Cromford Mills World Heritage Site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Water frame amp oldid 1195038603, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
