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Nature (journal)

January 13, 2023

"Nature Magazine", "Nature (magazine)", and "Nature News" redirect here. For the American magazine published 1923–1959, see American Nature Association. For the French scientific magazine, see La Nature. For the fake news site, see Natural News.

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England. As a multidisciplinary publication, Nature features peer-reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines, mainly in science and technology. It has core editorial offices across the United States, continental Europe, and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature. Nature was one of the world's most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2019 Journal Citation Reports (with an ascribed impact factor of 42.778),[1] making it one of the world's most-read and most prestigious academic journals.[2][3][4] As of 2012, it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month.[5]

Nature
Cover of a 2016 issue of Nature featuring artistic representation of Proxima Centauri and its planet Proxima b
DisciplineNatural sciences
LanguageEnglish
Edited byMagdalena Skipper
Publication details
History4 November 1869 – present
Publisher
Nature Research (subsidiary of Springer Nature) (United Kingdom)
FrequencyWeekly
69.504 (2021)
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)
NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )
ISO 4Nature
Indexing
CODEN · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)
MIAR · NLM (alt) · Scopus
CODENNATUAS
ISSN0028-0836 (print)
1476-4687 (web)
LCCN12037118
OCLC no.01586310
Links
  • Journal homepage
  • Online access
  • Online archive

Founded in autumn 1869, Nature was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander Macmillan as a public forum for scientific innovations. The mid-20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal; Nature redoubled its efforts in explanatory and scientific journalism. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the creation of a network of editorial offices outside of Britain and the establishment of ten new supplementary, speciality publications (e.g. Nature Materials). Since the late 2000s, dedicated editorial and current affairs columns are created weekly, and electoral endorsements are featured. The primary source of the journal remains, as established at its founding, research scientists; editing standards are primarily concerned with technical readability. Each issue also features articles that are of general interest to the scientific community, namely business, funding, scientific ethics, and research breakthroughs. There are also sections on books, arts, and short science fiction stories.

The main research published in Nature consists mostly of papers (articles or letters) in lightly edited form. They are highly technical and dense, but, due to imposed text limits, they are typically summaries of larger work. Innovations or breakthroughs in any scientific or technological field are featured in the journal as either letters or news articles. The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards. Conversely, due to the journal's exposure, it has at various times been a subject of controversy for its handling of academic dishonesty, the scientific method, and news coverage. Fewer than 8% of submitted papers are accepted for publication.[6] In 2007, Nature (together with Science) received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.[7][8]

Nature mostly publishes research articles. Spotlight articles are not research papers but mostly news or magazine style papers and hence do not count towards impact factor nor receive similar recognition as research articles. Some spotlight articles are also paid by partners or sponsors.[9]

History

Background

The enormous progress in science and mathematics during the 19th century was recorded in journals written mostly in German or French, as well as in English. Britain underwent enormous technological and industrial changes and advances particularly in the latter half of the 19th century.[10] The most respected scientific journals of this time were the refereed journals of the Royal Society, which had published many of the great works from Isaac Newton and Michael Faraday to Charles Darwin. In addition, the number of popular science periodicals doubled from the 1850s to the 1860s.[11] According to the editors of these popular science magazines, the publications were designed to serve as "organs of science", in essence, a means of connecting the public to the scientific world.[11]

Nature, first created in 1869, was not the first magazine of its kind in Britain. One journal to precede Nature was Recreative Science: A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation,[12] which, created in 1859, began as a natural history magazine and progressed to include more physical observational science and technical subjects and less natural history.[13] The journal's name changed from its original title to Intellectual Observer: A Review of Natural History, Microscopic Research, and Recreative Science[14] and then to the Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature, and Art.[15] While Recreative Science had attempted to include more physical sciences such as astronomy and archaeology, the Intellectual Observer broadened itself further to include literature and art as well.[15] Similar to Recreative Science was the scientific journal Popular Science Review, created in 1862,[16] which covered different fields of science by creating subsections titled "Scientific Summary" or "Quarterly Retrospect", with book reviews and commentary on the latest scientific works and publications.[16] Two other journals produced in England prior to the development of Nature were the Quarterly Journal of Science and Scientific Opinion, established in 1864 and 1868, respectively.[15] The journal most closely related to Nature in its editorship and format was The Reader, created in 1863; the publication mixed science with literature and art in an attempt to reach an audience outside of the scientific community, similar to Popular Science Review.[15]

These similar journals all ultimately failed. The Popular Science Review survived longest, lasting 20 years and ending its publication in 1881; Recreative Science ceased publication as the Student and Intellectual Observer in 1871. The Quarterly Journal, after undergoing a number of editorial changes, ceased publication in 1885. The Reader terminated in 1867, and finally, Scientific Opinion lasted a mere 2 years, until June 1870.[13]

Creation

 
First title page, 4 November 1869

Not long after the conclusion of The Reader, a former editor, Norman Lockyer, decided to create a new scientific journal titled Nature,[17] taking its name from a line by William Wordsworth: "To the solid ground of nature trusts the Mind that builds for aye".[18] First owned and published by Alexander Macmillan, Nature was similar to its predecessors in its attempt to "provide cultivated readers with an accessible forum for reading about advances in scientific knowledge."[17] Janet Browne has proposed that "far more than any other science journal of the period, Nature was conceived, born, and raised to serve polemic purpose."[17] Many of the early editions of Nature consisted of articles written by members of a group that called itself the X Club, a group of scientists known for having liberal, progressive, and somewhat controversial scientific beliefs relative to the time period.[17] Initiated by Thomas Henry Huxley, the group consisted of such important scientists as Joseph Dalton Hooker, Herbert Spencer, and John Tyndall, along with another five scientists and mathematicians; these scientists were all avid supporters of Darwin's theory of evolution as common descent, a theory which, during the latter half of the 19th century, received a great deal of criticism among more conservative groups of scientists.[19] Perhaps it was in part its scientific liberality that made Nature a longer-lasting success than its predecessors. John Maddox, editor of Nature from 1966 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1995, suggested at a celebratory dinner for the journal's centennial edition that perhaps it was the journalistic qualities of Nature that drew readers in; "journalism" Maddox states, "is a way of creating a sense of community among people who would otherwise be isolated from each other. This is what Lockyer's journal did from the start."[20] In addition, Maddox mentions that the financial backing of the journal in its first years by the Macmillan family also allowed the journal to flourish and develop more freely than scientific journals before it.[20]

Editors

Norman Lockyer, the founder of Nature, was a professor at Imperial College. He was succeeded as editor in 1919 by Sir Richard Gregory.[21] Gregory helped to establish Nature in the international scientific community. His obituary by the Royal Society stated: "Gregory was always very interested in the international contacts of science, and in the columns of Nature he always gave generous space to accounts of the activities of the International Scientific Unions."[22] During the years 1945 to 1973, editorship of Nature changed three times, first in 1945 to A. J. V. Gale and L. J. F. Brimble (who in 1958 became the sole editor), then to John Maddox in 1965, and finally to David Davies in 1973.[21] In 1980, Maddox returned as editor and retained his position until 1995. Philip Campbell became Editor-in-chief of all Nature publications until 2018. Magdalena Skipper has since become Editor-in-chief.[21]

Expansion and development

In 1970, Nature first opened its Washington office; other branches opened in New York in 1985, Tokyo and Munich in 1987, Paris in 1989, San Francisco in 2001, Boston in 2004, and Hong Kong in 2005. In 1971, under John Maddox's editorship, the journal split into Nature Physical Sciences (published on Mondays), Nature New Biology (published on Wednesdays), and Nature (published on Fridays). In 1974, Maddox was no longer editor, and the journals were merged into Nature.[23] Starting in the 1980s, the journal underwent a great deal of expansion, launching over ten new journals. These new journals comprise Nature Research, which was created in 1999 under the name Nature Publishing Group and includes Nature, Nature Research Journals, Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference (renamed NPG Reference). In 1996, Nature created its own website[24] and in 1999 Nature Publishing Group began its series of Nature Reviews.[21] Some articles and papers are available for free on the Nature website, while others require the purchase of premium access to the site. As of 2012, Nature claimed an online readership of about 3 million unique readers per month.[5]

On 30 October 2008, Nature endorsed an American presidential candidate for the first time when it supported Barack Obama during his campaign in America's 2008 presidential election.[25][26] In October 2012, an Arabic edition of the magazine was launched in partnership with King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. As of the time it was released, it had about 10,000 subscribers.[27] On 2 December 2014, Nature announced that it would allow its subscribers and a group of selected media outlets to share links allowing free, "read-only" access to content from its journals. These articles are presented using the digital rights management system ReadCube (which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science), and does not allow readers to download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute the content. While it does, to an extent, provide free online access to articles, it is not a true open access scheme due to its restrictions on re-use and distribution.[28][29] On 15 January 2015, details of a proposed merger with Springer Science+Business Media were announced.[30]

In May 2015 it came under the umbrella of Springer Nature, by the merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education.[31] Since 2011, the journal has published Nature's 10 "people who mattered" during the year, as part of their annual review.[32][33]

Publication in Nature

 
Skewed curve of citations per article in 2015 to Nature articles from 2013 to 2014.

According to Science, another academic journal, being published in Nature has been known to carry a certain level of prestige in academia.[34] In particular, empirical papers are often highly cited, which can lead to promotions, grant funding, and attention from the mainstream media. Because of these positive feedback effects, competition among scientists to publish in high-level journals like Nature and its closest competitor, Science, can be very fierce. Nature's impact factor, a measure of how many citations a journal generates in other works, was 42.778 in 2019 (as measured by Thomson ISI).[1][35][36] However, as with many journals, most papers receive far fewer citations than the impact factor would indicate.[37] Nature's journal impact factor carries a long tail.[38]

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals including Nature "publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".[39]

As with most other professional scientific journals, papers undergo an initial screening by the editor, followed by peer review (in which other scientists, chosen by the editor for expertise with the subject matter but who have no connection to the research under review, will read and critique articles), before publication. In the case of Nature, they are only sent for review if it is decided that they deal with a topical subject and are sufficiently ground-breaking in that particular field. As a consequence, the majority of submitted papers are rejected without review.

According to Nature's original mission statement:

It is intended, FIRST, to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific Work and Scientific Discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and in Daily Life; and, SECONDLY, to aid Scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made in any branch of Natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an opportunity of discussing the various Scientific questions which arise from time to time.[40]

This was later revised to:

First, to serve scientists through prompt publication of significant advances in any branch of science, and to provide a forum for the reporting and discussion of news and issues concerning science. Second, to ensure that the results of science are rapidly disseminated to the public throughout the world, in a fashion that conveys their significance for knowledge, culture and daily life.[41]

Landmark papers

Many of the most significant scientific breakthroughs in modern history have been first published in Nature. The following is a selection of scientific breakthroughs published in Nature, all of which had far-reaching consequences, and the citation for the article in which they were published.

  • Wave nature of particles — C. Davisson and L. H. Germer (1927). "The scattering of electrons by a single crystal of nickel". Nature. 119 (2998): 558–560. Bibcode:1927Natur.119..558D. doi:10.1038/119558a0. S2CID 4104602.
  • The neutron — J. Chadwick (1932). "Possible existence of a neutron". Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465.
  • Nuclear fission — L. Meitner and O. R. Frisch (1939). "Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction". Nature. 143 (3615): 239–240. Bibcode:1939Natur.143..239M. doi:10.1038/143239a0. S2CID 4113262.
  • The structure of DNA — J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick (1953). "Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid". Nature. 171 (4356): 737–738. Bibcode:1953Natur.171..737W. doi:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692. S2CID 4253007.
  • First molecular protein structure (myoglobin) — J. C. Kendrew; G. Bodo; H. M. Dintzis; R. G. Parrish; H. Wyckoff; D. C. Phillips (1958). "A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X-ray analysis". Nature. 181 (4610): 662–666. Bibcode:1958Natur.181..662K. doi:10.1038/181662a0. PMID 13517261. S2CID 4162786.
  • Plate tectonics — J. Tuzo Wilson (1966). "Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?". Nature. 211 (5050): 676–681. Bibcode:1966Natur.211..676W. doi:10.1038/211676a0. S2CID 4226266.
  • Pulsars — A. Hewish, S. J. Bell, J. D. H. Pilkington, P. F. Scott & R. A. Collins (1968). "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source". Nature. 217 (5130): 709–713. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..709H. doi:10.1038/217709a0. S2CID 4277613.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • The ozone hole — J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin (1985). "Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction". Nature. 315 (6016): 207–210. Bibcode:1985Natur.315..207F. doi:10.1038/315207a0. S2CID 4346468.
  • First cloning of a mammal (Dolly the sheep) — I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind and K. H. S. Campbell (1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells". Nature. 385 (6619): 810–813. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..810W. doi:10.1038/385810a0. PMID 9039911. S2CID 4260518.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • The human genome — International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome". Nature. 409 (6822): 860–921. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..860L. doi:10.1038/35057062. hdl:2027.42/62798. PMID 11237011.

Controversies

In 2017, Nature published an editorial entitled "Removing Statues of Historical figures risks whitewashing history: Science must acknowledge mistakes as it marks its past". The article commented on the placement and maintenance of statues honouring scientists with known unethical, abusive and torturous histories. Specifically, the editorial called on examples of J. Marion Sims, the 'Father of gynecology' who experimented on African American female slaves who were unable to give informed consent, and Thomas Parran Jr. who oversaw the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. The editorial as written made the case that removing such statues, and erasing names, runs the risk of "whitewashing history", and stated "Instead of removing painful reminders, perhaps these should be supplemented". The article caused a large outcry and was quickly modified by Nature.[42] The article was largely seen as offensive, inappropriate, and by many, racist. Nature acknowledged that the article as originally written was "offensive and poorly worded" and published selected letters of response.[43] The editorial came just weeks after hundreds of white supremacists marched in Charlottesville, Virginia in the Unite the Right rally to oppose the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee, setting off violence in the streets and killing a young woman. When Nature posted a link to the editorial on Twitter, the thread quickly exploded with criticisms. In response, several scientists called for a boycott.[44] On 18 September 2017, the editorial was updated and edited by Philip Campbell, the editor of the journal.[45]

When Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research initially rejected by Nature and published only after Lauterbur appealed against the rejection, Nature acknowledged more of its own missteps in rejecting papers in an editorial titled, "Coping with Peer Rejection":

[T]here are unarguable faux pas in our history. These include the rejection of Cherenkov radiation, Hideki Yukawa's meson, work on photosynthesis by Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel, and the initial rejection (but eventual acceptance) of Stephen Hawking's black-hole radiation.[46]

In June 1988, after nearly a year of guided scrutiny from its editors, Nature published a controversial and seemingly anomalous paper detailing Jacques Benveniste and his team's work studying human basophil degranulation in the presence of extremely dilute antibody serum.[47] The paper concluded that less than a single molecule of antibody could trigger an immune response in human basophils, defying the physical law of mass action. The paper excited substantial media attention in Paris, chiefly because their research sought funding from homeopathic medicine companies. Public inquiry prompted Nature to mandate an extensive and stringent experimental replication in Benveniste's lab, through which his team's results were refuted.[48]

Before publishing one of its most famous discoveries, Watson and Crick's 1953 paper on the structure of DNA, Nature did not send the paper out for peer review. John Maddox, Nature's editor, stated: "the Watson and Crick paper was not peer-reviewed by Nature ... the paper could not have been refereed: its correctness is self-evident. No referee working in the field ... could have kept his mouth shut once he saw the structure".[49]

An earlier error occurred when Enrico Fermi submitted his breakthrough paper on the weak interaction theory of beta decay. Nature rejected the paper because it was considered too remote from reality.[50] Fermi's paper was published by Zeitschrift für Physik in 1934.[51]

The journal apologised for its initial coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic in which it linked China and Wuhan with the outbreak, which may have led to racist attacks.[52][53]

Retractions

A paper was published with important figure anomalies from an author with a past of publishing figure anomalies.[54]

A 2013 fraudulent paper was also published in Nature.[55]

From 2000 to 2001, a series of five fraudulent papers by Jan Hendrik Schön was published in Nature. The papers, about semiconductors, were revealed to contain falsified data and other scientific fraud. In 2003, Nature retracted the papers. The Schön scandal was not limited to Nature; other prominent journals, such as Science and Physical Review, also retracted papers by Schön.[56]

Science fiction

In 1999, Nature began publishing science fiction short stories. The brief "vignettes" are printed in a series called "Futures". The stories appeared in 1999 and 2000, again in 2005 and 2006, and have appeared weekly since July 2007.[57] Sister publication Nature Physics also printed stories in 2007 and 2008.[58] In 2005, Nature was awarded the European Science Fiction Society's Best Publisher award for the "Futures" series.[59] One hundred of the Nature stories between 1999 and 2006 were published as the collection Futures from Nature in 2008.[60] Another collection, Futures from Nature 2, was published in 2014.[61]

Publication

 
Nature Materials, a specialized journal from Nature Research, 2018.

Nature is edited and published in the United Kingdom by a division of the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature that publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine. Nature has offices in London, New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Boston, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris, Munich, and Basingstoke. Nature Research also publishes other specialized journals including Nature Neuroscience, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Methods, the Nature Clinical Practice series of journals, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Nature Chemistry, and the Nature Reviews series of journals.[citation needed]

Since 2005, each issue of Nature has been accompanied by a Nature Podcast[62] featuring highlights from the issue and interviews with the articles' authors and the journalists covering the research. It is presented by Kerri Smith and features interviews with scientists on the latest research, as well as news reports from Nature's editors and journalists. The Nature Podcast was founded – and the first 100 episodes were produced and presented – by clinician and virologist Chris Smith of Cambridge and The Naked Scientists.[63]

Nature Research actively supports the self-archiving process and in 2002 was one of the first publishers to allow authors to post their contributions on their personal websites, by requesting an exclusive licence to publish, rather than requiring authors to transfer copyright. In December 2007, Nature Publishing Group introduced the Creative Commons attribution-non-commercial-share alike unported licence for those articles in Nature journals that are publishing the primary sequence of an organism's genome for the first time.[64]

In 2008, a collection of articles from Nature was edited by John S. Partington under the title H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader and published by Peter Lang.[65]

See also

Citations

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  51. ^ Fermi, E. (1934). "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I". Zeitschrift für Physik. 88 (3–4): 161–177. Bibcode:1934ZPhy...88..161F. doi:10.1007/BF01351864. S2CID 125763380.
  52. ^ "Scientific journal admits error in linking coronavirus with China". South China Morning Post. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  53. ^ "Stop the coronavirus stigma now". Nature. 580 (7802): 165. 7 April 2020. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..165.. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01009-0. PMID 32265571.
  54. ^ retractionwatch (18 June 2020). "Figure "anomalies" prompt Harvard group to retract Nature paper".
  55. ^ retractionwatch (11 April 2019). "Authors have papers in Nature and Science retracted on the same day".
  56. ^ "Retractions' realities". Nature. 422 (6927): 1. 6 March 2003. Bibcode:2003Natur.422Q...1.. doi:10.1038/422001a. PMID 12621394.
  57. ^ "Futures". Nature. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  58. ^ "Futures Archive". Nature Physics. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  59. ^ European Science Fiction Society (21 May 2013). . Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  60. ^ Henry Gee, ed. (2008). Futures from Nature: 100 Speculative fictions from the pages of the leading science journal. New York City: Tor Books. ISBN 978-0-7653-1805-3. Retrieved 10 August 2012. With stories from: Arthur C. Clarke, Bruce Sterling, Charles Stross, Cory Doctorow, Greg Bear, Gregory Benford, Oliver Morton, Ian R. MacLeod, Rudy Rucker, Greg Egan, Stephen Baxter, Barrington J. Bayley, Brian Stableford, Frederik Pohl, Vernor Vinge, Nancy Kress, Michael Moorcock, Vonda McIntyre, Kim Stanley Robinson, John M. Ford and eighty more.
  61. ^ Henry Gee, Colin Sullivan, ed. (2014), Nature Futures 2 18 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Tor Books, ISBN 978-1-4668-7998-0. With stories from: Madeline Ashby, Neal Asher, Gregory Benford, Eric Brown, Ian Watson and more
  62. ^ "Archive: Nature Podcast". Nature. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  63. ^ Ganguli, Ishani (1 June 2006). "A science podcaster bares all". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  64. ^ "Interview with Timo Hannay, director of web publishing for Nature Publishing Group". Jon Udell's Interviews with Innovators. 5 July 2007.
  65. ^ Partington, John S. (2008). H. G. Wells in Nature, 1893–1946: A Reception Reader. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3631571101.[non-primary source needed][page needed]

General bibliography

  • Baldwin, Melinda (2016). Making Nature: The History of a Scientific Journal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226261454.
  • Barton, R. (1996). "Just Before Nature: The Purposes of Science and the Purposes of Popularization in Some English Popular Science Journals of the 1860s". Annals of Science. 55 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1080/00033799800200101. PMID 11619805.
  • Browne, J. (2002). Charles Darwin: The Power of Place. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 978-0691114392.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nature (journal).
  • Official website  
  • Freely available scans of volumes: 1–112 (1869–1923)
  • Nature Index
  • For €9500, Nature journals will now make your paper free to read

January 13, 2023
nature, journal, nature, magazine, nature, magazine, nature, news, redirect, here, american, magazine, published, 1923, 1959, american, nature, association, french, scientific, magazine, nature, fake, news, site, natural, news, nature, british, weekly, scienti. Nature Magazine Nature magazine and Nature News redirect here For the American magazine published 1923 1959 see American Nature Association For the French scientific magazine see La Nature For the fake news site see Natural News Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London England As a multidisciplinary publication Nature features peer reviewed research from a variety of academic disciplines mainly in science and technology It has core editorial offices across the United States continental Europe and Asia under the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature Nature was one of the world s most cited scientific journals by the Science Edition of the 2019 Journal Citation Reports with an ascribed impact factor of 42 778 1 making it one of the world s most read and most prestigious academic journals 2 3 4 As of 2012 update it claimed an online readership of about three million unique readers per month 5 NatureCover of a 2016 issue of Nature featuring artistic representation of Proxima Centauri and its planet Proxima bDisciplineNatural sciencesLanguageEnglishEdited byMagdalena SkipperPublication detailsHistory4 November 1869 presentPublisherNature Research subsidiary of Springer Nature United Kingdom FrequencyWeeklyImpact factor69 504 2021 Standard abbreviationsISO 4 alt Bluebook alt1 alt2 NLM alt MathSciNet alt ISO 4NatureIndexingCODEN JSTOR alt LCCN alt MIAR NLM alt ScopusCODENNATUASISSN0028 0836 print 1476 4687 web LCCN12037118OCLC no 01586310LinksJournal homepage Online access Online archiveFounded in autumn 1869 Nature was first circulated by Norman Lockyer and Alexander Macmillan as a public forum for scientific innovations The mid 20th century facilitated an editorial expansion for the journal Nature redoubled its efforts in explanatory and scientific journalism The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the creation of a network of editorial offices outside of Britain and the establishment of ten new supplementary speciality publications e g Nature Materials Since the late 2000s dedicated editorial and current affairs columns are created weekly and electoral endorsements are featured The primary source of the journal remains as established at its founding research scientists editing standards are primarily concerned with technical readability Each issue also features articles that are of general interest to the scientific community namely business funding scientific ethics and research breakthroughs There are also sections on books arts and short science fiction stories The main research published in Nature consists mostly of papers articles or letters in lightly edited form They are highly technical and dense but due to imposed text limits they are typically summaries of larger work Innovations or breakthroughs in any scientific or technological field are featured in the journal as either letters or news articles The papers that have been published in this journal are internationally acclaimed for maintaining high research standards Conversely due to the journal s exposure it has at various times been a subject of controversy for its handling of academic dishonesty the scientific method and news coverage Fewer than 8 of submitted papers are accepted for publication 6 In 2007 Nature together with Science received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity 7 8 Nature mostly publishes research articles Spotlight articles are not research papers but mostly news or magazine style papers and hence do not count towards impact factor nor receive similar recognition as research articles Some spotlight articles are also paid by partners or sponsors 9 Contents 1 History 1 1 Background 1 2 Creation 1 2 1 Editors 1 2 2 Expansion and development 2 Publication in Nature 2 1 Landmark papers 2 2 Controversies 2 2 1 Retractions 3 Science fiction 4 Publication 5 See also 6 Citations 7 General bibliography 8 External linksHistory EditBackground Edit The enormous progress in science and mathematics during the 19th century was recorded in journals written mostly in German or French as well as in English Britain underwent enormous technological and industrial changes and advances particularly in the latter half of the 19th century 10 The most respected scientific journals of this time were the refereed journals of the Royal Society which had published many of the great works from Isaac Newton and Michael Faraday to Charles Darwin In addition the number of popular science periodicals doubled from the 1850s to the 1860s 11 According to the editors of these popular science magazines the publications were designed to serve as organs of science in essence a means of connecting the public to the scientific world 11 Nature first created in 1869 was not the first magazine of its kind in Britain One journal to precede Nature was Recreative Science A Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation 12 which created in 1859 began as a natural history magazine and progressed to include more physical observational science and technical subjects and less natural history 13 The journal s name changed from its original title to Intellectual Observer A Review of Natural History Microscopic Research and Recreative Science 14 and then to the Student and Intellectual Observer of Science Literature and Art 15 While Recreative Science had attempted to include more physical sciences such as astronomy and archaeology the Intellectual Observer broadened itself further to include literature and art as well 15 Similar to Recreative Science was the scientific journal Popular Science Review created in 1862 16 which covered different fields of science by creating subsections titled Scientific Summary or Quarterly Retrospect with book reviews and commentary on the latest scientific works and publications 16 Two other journals produced in England prior to the development of Nature were the Quarterly Journal of Science and Scientific Opinion established in 1864 and 1868 respectively 15 The journal most closely related to Nature in its editorship and format was The Reader created in 1863 the publication mixed science with literature and art in an attempt to reach an audience outside of the scientific community similar to Popular Science Review 15 These similar journals all ultimately failed The Popular Science Review survived longest lasting 20 years and ending its publication in 1881 Recreative Science ceased publication as the Student and Intellectual Observer in 1871 The Quarterly Journal after undergoing a number of editorial changes ceased publication in 1885 The Reader terminated in 1867 and finally Scientific Opinion lasted a mere 2 years until June 1870 13 Creation Edit First title page 4 November 1869 Not long after the conclusion of The Reader a former editor Norman Lockyer decided to create a new scientific journal titled Nature 17 taking its name from a line by William Wordsworth To the solid ground of nature trusts the Mind that builds for aye 18 First owned and published by Alexander Macmillan Nature was similar to its predecessors in its attempt to provide cultivated readers with an accessible forum for reading about advances in scientific knowledge 17 Janet Browne has proposed that far more than any other science journal of the period Nature was conceived born and raised to serve polemic purpose 17 Many of the early editions of Nature consisted of articles written by members of a group that called itself the X Club a group of scientists known for having liberal progressive and somewhat controversial scientific beliefs relative to the time period 17 Initiated by Thomas Henry Huxley the group consisted of such important scientists as Joseph Dalton Hooker Herbert Spencer and John Tyndall along with another five scientists and mathematicians these scientists were all avid supporters of Darwin s theory of evolution as common descent a theory which during the latter half of the 19th century received a great deal of criticism among more conservative groups of scientists 19 Perhaps it was in part its scientific liberality that made Nature a longer lasting success than its predecessors John Maddox editor of Nature from 1966 to 1973 and from 1980 to 1995 suggested at a celebratory dinner for the journal s centennial edition that perhaps it was the journalistic qualities of Nature that drew readers in journalism Maddox states is a way of creating a sense of community among people who would otherwise be isolated from each other This is what Lockyer s journal did from the start 20 In addition Maddox mentions that the financial backing of the journal in its first years by the Macmillan family also allowed the journal to flourish and develop more freely than scientific journals before it 20 Editors Edit Norman Lockyer the founder of Nature was a professor at Imperial College He was succeeded as editor in 1919 by Sir Richard Gregory 21 Gregory helped to establish Nature in the international scientific community His obituary by the Royal Society stated Gregory was always very interested in the international contacts of science and in the columns of Nature he always gave generous space to accounts of the activities of the International Scientific Unions 22 During the years 1945 to 1973 editorship of Nature changed three times first in 1945 to A J V Gale and L J F Brimble who in 1958 became the sole editor then to John Maddox in 1965 and finally to David Davies in 1973 21 In 1980 Maddox returned as editor and retained his position until 1995 Philip Campbell became Editor in chief of all Nature publications until 2018 Magdalena Skipper has since become Editor in chief 21 Expansion and development Edit In 1970 Nature first opened its Washington office other branches opened in New York in 1985 Tokyo and Munich in 1987 Paris in 1989 San Francisco in 2001 Boston in 2004 and Hong Kong in 2005 In 1971 under John Maddox s editorship the journal split into Nature Physical Sciences published on Mondays Nature New Biology published on Wednesdays and Nature published on Fridays In 1974 Maddox was no longer editor and the journals were merged into Nature 23 Starting in the 1980s the journal underwent a great deal of expansion launching over ten new journals These new journals comprise Nature Research which was created in 1999 under the name Nature Publishing Group and includes Nature Nature Research Journals Stockton Press Specialist Journals and Macmillan Reference renamed NPG Reference In 1996 Nature created its own website 24 and in 1999 Nature Publishing Group began its series of Nature Reviews 21 Some articles and papers are available for free on the Nature website while others require the purchase of premium access to the site As of 2012 update Nature claimed an online readership of about 3 million unique readers per month 5 On 30 October 2008 Nature endorsed an American presidential candidate for the first time when it supported Barack Obama during his campaign in America s 2008 presidential election 25 26 In October 2012 an Arabic edition of the magazine was launched in partnership with King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology As of the time it was released it had about 10 000 subscribers 27 On 2 December 2014 Nature announced that it would allow its subscribers and a group of selected media outlets to share links allowing free read only access to content from its journals These articles are presented using the digital rights management system ReadCube which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science and does not allow readers to download copy print or otherwise distribute the content While it does to an extent provide free online access to articles it is not a true open access scheme due to its restrictions on re use and distribution 28 29 On 15 January 2015 details of a proposed merger with Springer Science Business Media were announced 30 In May 2015 it came under the umbrella of Springer Nature by the merger of Springer Science Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group s Nature Publishing Group Palgrave Macmillan and Macmillan Education 31 Since 2011 the journal has published Nature s 10 people who mattered during the year as part of their annual review 32 33 Publication in Nature Edit Skewed curve of citations per article in 2015 to Nature articles from 2013 to 2014 According to Science another academic journal being published in Nature has been known to carry a certain level of prestige in academia 34 In particular empirical papers are often highly cited which can lead to promotions grant funding and attention from the mainstream media Because of these positive feedback effects competition among scientists to publish in high level journals like Nature and its closest competitor Science can be very fierce Nature s impact factor a measure of how many citations a journal generates in other works was 42 778 in 2019 as measured by Thomson ISI 1 35 36 However as with many journals most papers receive far fewer citations than the impact factor would indicate 37 Nature s journal impact factor carries a long tail 38 Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high prestige journals including Nature publish significantly substandard structures and overall reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank 39 As with most other professional scientific journals papers undergo an initial screening by the editor followed by peer review in which other scientists chosen by the editor for expertise with the subject matter but who have no connection to the research under review will read and critique articles before publication In the case of Nature they are only sent for review if it is decided that they deal with a topical subject and are sufficiently ground breaking in that particular field As a consequence the majority of submitted papers are rejected without review According to Nature s original mission statement It is intended FIRST to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific Work and Scientific Discovery and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and in Daily Life and SECONDLY to aid Scientific men themselves by giving early information of all advances made in any branch of Natural knowledge throughout the world and by affording them an opportunity of discussing the various Scientific questions which arise from time to time 40 This was later revised to First to serve scientists through prompt publication of significant advances in any branch of science and to provide a forum for the reporting and discussion of news and issues concerning science Second to ensure that the results of science are rapidly disseminated to the public throughout the world in a fashion that conveys their significance for knowledge culture and daily life 41 Landmark papers Edit Many of the most significant scientific breakthroughs in modern history have been first published in Nature The following is a selection of scientific breakthroughs published in Nature all of which had far reaching consequences and the citation for the article in which they were published Wave nature of particles C Davisson and L H Germer 1927 The scattering of electrons by a single crystal of nickel Nature 119 2998 558 560 Bibcode 1927Natur 119 558D doi 10 1038 119558a0 S2CID 4104602 The neutron J Chadwick 1932 Possible existence of a neutron Nature 129 3252 312 Bibcode 1932Natur 129Q 312C doi 10 1038 129312a0 S2CID 4076465 Nuclear fission L Meitner and O R Frisch 1939 Disintegration of uranium by neutrons a new type of nuclear reaction Nature 143 3615 239 240 Bibcode 1939Natur 143 239M doi 10 1038 143239a0 S2CID 4113262 The structure of DNA J D Watson and F H C Crick 1953 Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid Nature 171 4356 737 738 Bibcode 1953Natur 171 737W doi 10 1038 171737a0 PMID 13054692 S2CID 4253007 First molecular protein structure myoglobin J C Kendrew G Bodo H M Dintzis R G Parrish H Wyckoff D C Phillips 1958 A three dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X ray analysis Nature 181 4610 662 666 Bibcode 1958Natur 181 662K doi 10 1038 181662a0 PMID 13517261 S2CID 4162786 Plate tectonics J Tuzo Wilson 1966 Did the Atlantic close and then re open Nature 211 5050 676 681 Bibcode 1966Natur 211 676W doi 10 1038 211676a0 S2CID 4226266 Pulsars A Hewish S J Bell J D H Pilkington P F Scott amp R A Collins 1968 Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source Nature 217 5130 709 713 Bibcode 1968Natur 217 709H doi 10 1038 217709a0 S2CID 4277613 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The ozone hole J C Farman B G Gardiner and J D Shanklin 1985 Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx NOx interaction Nature 315 6016 207 210 Bibcode 1985Natur 315 207F doi 10 1038 315207a0 S2CID 4346468 First cloning of a mammal Dolly the sheep I Wilmut A E Schnieke J McWhir A J Kind and K H S Campbell 1997 Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells Nature 385 6619 810 813 Bibcode 1997Natur 385 810W doi 10 1038 385810a0 PMID 9039911 S2CID 4260518 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The human genome International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 2001 Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome Nature 409 6822 860 921 Bibcode 2001Natur 409 860L doi 10 1038 35057062 hdl 2027 42 62798 PMID 11237011 Controversies Edit In 2017 Nature published an editorial entitled Removing Statues of Historical figures risks whitewashing history Science must acknowledge mistakes as it marks its past The article commented on the placement and maintenance of statues honouring scientists with known unethical abusive and torturous histories Specifically the editorial called on examples of J Marion Sims the Father of gynecology who experimented on African American female slaves who were unable to give informed consent and Thomas Parran Jr who oversaw the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment The editorial as written made the case that removing such statues and erasing names runs the risk of whitewashing history and stated Instead of removing painful reminders perhaps these should be supplemented The article caused a large outcry and was quickly modified by Nature 42 The article was largely seen as offensive inappropriate and by many racist Nature acknowledged that the article as originally written was offensive and poorly worded and published selected letters of response 43 The editorial came just weeks after hundreds of white supremacists marched in Charlottesville Virginia in the Unite the Right rally to oppose the removal of a statue of Robert E Lee setting off violence in the streets and killing a young woman When Nature posted a link to the editorial on Twitter the thread quickly exploded with criticisms In response several scientists called for a boycott 44 On 18 September 2017 the editorial was updated and edited by Philip Campbell the editor of the journal 45 When Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research initially rejected by Nature and published only after Lauterbur appealed against the rejection Nature acknowledged more of its own missteps in rejecting papers in an editorial titled Coping with Peer Rejection T here are unarguable faux pas in our history These include the rejection of Cherenkov radiation Hideki Yukawa s meson work on photosynthesis by Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel and the initial rejection but eventual acceptance of Stephen Hawking s black hole radiation 46 In June 1988 after nearly a year of guided scrutiny from its editors Nature published a controversial and seemingly anomalous paper detailing Jacques Benveniste and his team s work studying human basophil degranulation in the presence of extremely dilute antibody serum 47 The paper concluded that less than a single molecule of antibody could trigger an immune response in human basophils defying the physical law of mass action The paper excited substantial media attention in Paris chiefly because their research sought funding from homeopathic medicine companies Public inquiry prompted Nature to mandate an extensive and stringent experimental replication in Benveniste s lab through which his team s results were refuted 48 Before publishing one of its most famous discoveries Watson and Crick s 1953 paper on the structure of DNA Nature did not send the paper out for peer review John Maddox Nature s editor stated the Watson and Crick paper was not peer reviewed by Nature the paper could not have been refereed its correctness is self evident No referee working in the field could have kept his mouth shut once he saw the structure 49 An earlier error occurred when Enrico Fermi submitted his breakthrough paper on the weak interaction theory of beta decay Nature rejected the paper because it was considered too remote from reality 50 Fermi s paper was published by Zeitschrift fur Physik in 1934 51 The journal apologised for its initial coverage of the COVID 19 pandemic in which it linked China and Wuhan with the outbreak which may have led to racist attacks 52 53 Retractions Edit A paper was published with important figure anomalies from an author with a past of publishing figure anomalies 54 A 2013 fraudulent paper was also published in Nature 55 From 2000 to 2001 a series of five fraudulent papers by Jan Hendrik Schon was published in Nature The papers about semiconductors were revealed to contain falsified data and other scientific fraud In 2003 Nature retracted the papers The Schon scandal was not limited to Nature other prominent journals such as Science and Physical Review also retracted papers by Schon 56 Science fiction EditIn 1999 Nature began publishing science fiction short stories The brief vignettes are printed in a series called Futures The stories appeared in 1999 and 2000 again in 2005 and 2006 and have appeared weekly since July 2007 57 Sister publication Nature Physics also printed stories in 2007 and 2008 58 In 2005 Nature was awarded the European Science Fiction Society s Best Publisher award for the Futures series 59 One hundred of the Nature stories between 1999 and 2006 were published as the collection Futures from Nature in 2008 60 Another collection Futures from Nature 2 was published in 2014 61 Publication Edit Nature Materials a specialized journal from Nature Research 2018 Nature is edited and published in the United Kingdom by a division of the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature that publishes academic journals magazines online databases and services in science and medicine Nature has offices in London New York City San Francisco Washington D C Boston Tokyo Hong Kong Paris Munich and Basingstoke Nature Research also publishes other specialized journals including Nature Neuroscience Nature Biotechnology Nature Methods the Nature Clinical Practice series of journals Nature Structural amp Molecular Biology Nature Chemistry and the Nature Reviews series of journals citation needed Since 2005 each issue of Nature has been accompanied by a Nature Podcast 62 featuring highlights from the issue and interviews with the articles authors and the journalists covering the research It is presented by Kerri Smith and features interviews with scientists on the latest research as well as news reports from Nature s editors and journalists The Nature Podcast was founded and the first 100 episodes were produced and presented by clinician and virologist Chris Smith of Cambridge and The Naked Scientists 63 Nature Research actively supports the self archiving process and in 2002 was one of the first publishers to allow authors to post their contributions on their personal websites by requesting an exclusive licence to publish rather than requiring authors to transfer copyright In December 2007 Nature Publishing Group introduced the Creative Commons attribution non commercial share alike unported licence for those articles in Nature journals that are publishing the primary sequence of an organism s genome for the first time 64 In 2008 a collection of articles from Nature was edited by John S Partington under the title H G Wells in Nature 1893 1946 A Reception Reader and published by Peter Lang 65 See also EditOpen access publishing Scientific journalCitations Edit a b Nature 2019 Journal Citation Reports Web of Science Science ed Clarivate Analytics 2020 Huxley T H November 1869 Nature Aphorisms by Goethe Nature 1 1 9 11 Bibcode 1869Natur 1 9H doi 10 1038 001009a0 Fersht Alan 28 April 2009 The most influential journals Impact Factor and Eigenfactor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 17 6883 6884 Bibcode 2009PNAS 106 6883F doi 10 1073 pnas 0903307106 PMC 2678438 PMID 19380731 Scholar Metrics Top Publications Google Scholar a b Announcement A new iPad app for Nature readers Nature 492 7428 154 12 December 2012 doi 10 1038 492154a Getting published in Nature For authors and referees Nature Retrieved 18 June 2017 Ham Becky 26 October 2007 Science Receives Spain s Prince of Asturias Award for Excellence in Communication American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 Retrieved 27 August 2012 Science magazine shares this year s award with the journal Nature Journals Nature and Science Communication and Humanities 2007 Fundacion Principe de Asturias 26 October 2007 Retrieved 27 August 2012 Some of the most important and innovative work of the last 150 years has appeared on the pages of Science and Nature Spotlights in NATURE Schroeder Robert Siegel Gretta E 2006 A Cooperative Publishing Model for Sustainable Scholarship Journal of Scholarly Publishing 37 2 86 98 doi 10 1353 scp 2006 0006 S2CID 143466709 a b Barton 1996 p 3 Recreative Science Record and Remembrancer of Intellectual Observation 1860 62 conscicom web ox ac uk Retrieved 13 May 2021 a b Barton 1996 p 7 The Intellectual Observer Review of Natural History Microscopic Research and Recreative Science 1862 68 conscicom web ox ac uk Retrieved 13 May 2021 a b c d Barton 1996 p 6 a b Barton 1996 p 13 a b c d Browne 2002 p 248 Poem A Volant Tribe of Bards on earth are found Archived 5 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Bartleby com Retrieved on 20 June 2013 Browne 2002 p 247 a b Maddox John Macmillan Harold 1970 The Nature Centenary Dinner Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 25 1 9 15 doi 10 1098 rsnr 1970 0002 JSTOR 530861 a b c d Nature Research History nature com Archived from the original on 15 November 2006 Retrieved 6 December 2018 Richard Arman Gregory 1864 1952 Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 22 410 417 January 1997 doi 10 1098 rsbm 1953 0007 History of Nature Nature Branching out 1970 1999 nature com Nature Research Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 Retrieved 13 November 2014 America s choice Nature 455 7217 1149 29 October 2008 Bibcode 2008Natur 455Q1149 doi 10 1038 4551149a PMID 18971969 Angliss Brian 31 October 2008 Weekly science journal Nature endorses a presidential candidate Barack Obama updated Scholars amp Rogues Retrieved 4 November 2017 Yahia Mohammed 18 October 2012 Nature Arabic Edition launches Nature Middle East doi 10 1038 nmiddleeast 2012 149 Nature journal subscribers can now share article links globally Wired co uk Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 Retrieved 3 December 2014 Yuhas Alan 2 December 2014 Science journal Nature to make archives available online The Guardian Schuetze Arno 15 January 2015 Nature magazine publisher to merge with Springer Science Reuters Springer Nature created following merger completion Springer 6 May 2015 Gibney Elizabeth Callaway Ewen Cyranoski David Gaind Nisha Tollefson Jeff Courtland Rachel Law Yao Hua Maher Brendan Else Holly Castelvecchi Davide 18 December 2018 Nature s 10 Ten people who mattered in science in 2018 Nature 564 7736 325 335 Bibcode 2018Natur 564 325G doi 10 1038 d41586 018 07683 5 PMID 30563976 Butler Declan Callaway Ewen Check Hayden Erika Cyranoski David Hand Eric Nosengo Nicola Samuel Reich Eugenie Tollefson Jeff Yahia Mohammed 21 December 2011 365 days Nature s 10 Nature 480 7378 437 445 Bibcode 2011Natur 480 437B doi 10 1038 480437a PMID 22193082 Callier Viviane 10 December 2018 Yes it is getting harder to publish in prestigious journals if you haven t already Science doi 10 1126 science caredit aaw3380 S2CID 165486966 Journal metrics Nature Research www nature com Retrieved 30 May 2020 Nature www scimagojr com Retrieved 30 May 2020 Lariviere Vincent Kiermer Veronique MacCallum Catriona J McNutt Marcia Patterson Mark Pulverer Bernd Swaminathan Sowmya Taylor Stuart Curry Stephen 5 July 2016 A simple proposal for the publication of journal citation distributions bioRxiv 062109 doi 10 1101 062109 hdl 1866 23301 S2CID 64293941 Callaway Ewen 14 July 2016 Beat it impact factor Publishing elite turns against controversial metric Nature 535 7611 210 211 Bibcode 2016Natur 535 210C doi 10 1038 nature 2016 20224 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 27411614 S2CID 4452614 Brembs B 2018 Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12 37 doi 10 3389 fnhum 2018 00037 PMC 5826185 PMID 29515380 Nature s mission statement PDF nature com 11 November 1869 Archived PDF from the original on 10 October 2022 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Reprinted as Wordsworth November 1969 A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science Reprinted from Nature January 20 1870 Nature 224 5218 424 Bibcode 1969Natur 224 424W doi 10 1038 224424a0 S2CID 4255504 Nature s mission statement nature com Science must acknowledge its past mistakes and crimes Nature 549 7670 5 6 7 September 2017 Bibcode 2017Natur 549R 5 doi 10 1038 549005b PMID 28880309 S2CID 4462464 Readers respond to Nature s Editorial on historical monuments Nature 8 September 2017 doi 10 1038 nature 2017 22584 Schulson Michael 17 September 2017 History Lessons for Nature Undark Magazine Campbell Philip 18 September 2017 Statues an editorial response Nature 549 7672 334 Bibcode 2017Natur 549 334C doi 10 1038 549334c PMID 28922663 S2CID 47247939 Coping with peer rejection Nature 425 6959 645 16 October 2003 Bibcode 2003Natur 425 645 doi 10 1038 425645a PMID 14562060 Davenas E Beauvais F Amara J Oberbaum M Robinzon B Miadonnai A Tedeschi A Pomeranz B Fortner P Belon P Sainte Laudy J Poitevin B Benveniste J June 1988 Human basophil degranulation triggered by very dilute antiserum against IgE Nature 333 6176 816 818 Bibcode 1988Natur 333 816D doi 10 1038 333816a0 PMID 2455231 S2CID 12992106 Maddox John Randi James Stewart Walter W 1 July 1988 High dilution experiments a delusion Nature 334 6180 287 290 Bibcode 1988Natur 334 287M doi 10 1038 334287a0 PMID 2455869 S2CID 9579433 Maddox J 2003 How genius can smooth the road to publication Nature 426 6963 119 Bibcode 2003Natur 426 119M doi 10 1038 426119b Rhodes Richard 1986 The Making of the Atomic Bomb New York Touchstone ISBN 978 0 671 44133 3 Fermi E 1934 Versuch einer Theorie der b Strahlen I Zeitschrift fur Physik 88 3 4 161 177 Bibcode 1934ZPhy 88 161F doi 10 1007 BF01351864 S2CID 125763380 Scientific journal admits error in linking coronavirus with China South China Morning Post 9 April 2020 Retrieved 10 April 2020 Stop the coronavirus stigma now Nature 580 7802 165 7 April 2020 Bibcode 2020Natur 580 165 doi 10 1038 d41586 020 01009 0 PMID 32265571 retractionwatch 18 June 2020 Figure anomalies prompt Harvard group to retract Nature paper retractionwatch 11 April 2019 Authors have papers in Nature and Science retracted on the same day Retractions realities Nature 422 6927 1 6 March 2003 Bibcode 2003Natur 422Q 1 doi 10 1038 422001a PMID 12621394 Futures Nature Retrieved 9 August 2012 Futures Archive Nature Physics Retrieved 1 May 2014 European Science Fiction Society 21 May 2013 The ESFS Awards Eurocon 2005 Glasgow Scotland Archived from the original on 16 July 2014 Retrieved 10 August 2012 Henry Gee ed 2008 Futures from Nature 100 Speculative fictions from the pages of the leading science journal New York City Tor Books ISBN 978 0 7653 1805 3 Retrieved 10 August 2012 With stories from Arthur C Clarke Bruce Sterling Charles Stross Cory Doctorow Greg Bear Gregory Benford Oliver Morton Ian R MacLeod Rudy Rucker Greg Egan Stephen Baxter Barrington J Bayley Brian Stableford Frederik Pohl Vernor Vinge Nancy Kress Michael Moorcock Vonda McIntyre Kim Stanley Robinson John M Ford and eighty more Henry Gee Colin Sullivan ed 2014 Nature Futures 2 Archived 18 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Tor Books ISBN 978 1 4668 7998 0 With stories from Madeline Ashby Neal Asher Gregory Benford Eric Brown Ian Watson and more Archive Nature Podcast Nature Retrieved 1 May 2014 Ganguli Ishani 1 June 2006 A science podcaster bares all The Scientist Magazine Retrieved 1 January 2022 Interview with Timo Hannay director of web publishing for Nature Publishing Group Jon Udell s Interviews with Innovators 5 July 2007 Partington John S 2008 H G Wells in Nature 1893 1946 A Reception Reader Frankfurt Peter Lang ISBN 978 3631571101 non primary source needed page needed General bibliography EditBaldwin Melinda 2016 Making Nature The History of a Scientific Journal Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226261454 Barton R 1996 Just Before Nature The Purposes of Science and the Purposes of Popularization in Some English Popular Science Journals of the 1860s Annals of Science 55 1 1 33 doi 10 1080 00033799800200101 PMID 11619805 Browne J 2002 Charles Darwin The Power of Place New York Alfred A Knopf Inc ISBN 978 0691114392 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nature journal Official website Freely available scans of volumes 1 112 1869 1923 Nature Index For 9500 Nature journals will now make your paper free to read Portal Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nature journal amp oldid 1124796302, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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