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Jharkhand

January 01, 1970

Jharkhand (/ˈdʒɑːrkənd/;[8] Hindi: [d͡ʒʱɑːɾkʰəɳɖ]; lit. 'the land of forests') is a state in eastern India.[9] The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state.[3] The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath, Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites.[10][11] Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities.[12]

Jharkhand
State
Patratu driveway
Emblem of Jharkhand
Etymology: "Forest Land"
Nickname: 
"Land of Forests"
Motto(s): 
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth alone triumphs)
Location of Jharkhand in India
Coordinates: 23°21′N 85°20′E / 23.35°N 85.33°E / 23.35; 85.33
Country India
RegionEast India
Before wasPart of Bihar
Formation15 November 2000
CapitalRanchi
Largest cityJamshedpur
Districts24 (5 divisions)
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Jharkhand
 • GovernorC. P. Radhakrishnan
 • Chief ministerChampai Soren (JMM)
State LegislatureUnicameral
 • AssemblyJharkhand Legislative Assembly (81 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha6 seats
 • Lok Sabha14 seats
High CourtJharkhand High Court
Area
 • Total79,716 km2 (30,779 sq mi)
 • Rank15th
Dimensions
 • Length380 km (240 mi)
 • Width463 km (288 mi)
Elevation
277 m (909 ft)
Highest elevation
(Parasnath[1])
1,382 m (4,534 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total 32,988,134
 • Rank14th
 • Density414/km2 (1,070/sq mi)
 • Urban
24.05%
 • Rural
75.95%
DemonymsJharkhandi
Language
 • OfficialHindi[3]
 • Additional official
GDP
 • Total (2024–25)₹4.70 lakh crore (US$59 billion)
 • Rank19th
 • Per capita ₹107,436 (US$1,300) (30th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-JH
Vehicle registrationJH
HDI (2022) 0.592 Medium (32nd)
Literacy (2011) 66.41% (32nd)
Sex ratio (2021)948♀/1000 ♂[6] (26th)
Websitejharkhand.gov.in
Symbols of Jharkhand
BirdKoel
FlowerPalash
MammalIndian elephant[7]
TreeSal
State highway mark
State highway of Jharkhand
JH SH1 - JH SH
List of Indian state symbols

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a resource curse: it accounts for more than 40% of India's mineral resources but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.[13][14][15]

Etymology edit

The word "Jhar" means 'forest' and "Khand" means 'land' in various Indo-Aryan languages. Thus "Jharkhand" means forest land.[16]

In the ancient period, in the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to location near Kark Rekha, that is, Tropic of Cancer.[17][verification needed] During the Medieval period, the region was known as Jharkhand. According to Bhavishya Purana (1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the seven Pundra desa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate in Kendrapada, Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of Eastern Ganga dynasty. Forest land from Baidhnath dham to Puri was known as Jharkhand. In Akbarnama, from Panchet in the east to Ratanpur to west, Rohtasgarh to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand.[18][19]

History edit

Main article: History of Jharkhand

Ancient period edit

The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings.[20][21][22] Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.[20] There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE).[21] During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complexes are known as the Copper Hoard Culture.[23] In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the Neolithic to the medieval period and pot-sherds of Redware, black and red ware, black ware, black slipped ware and NBP ware are from Chalcolithic to the late medieval period.[24] Several iron slags, microliths, and potsherds have been discovered from Singhbhum district that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age.[22] The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including Nanda, Maurya and Gupta during ancient period.

In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.[17] During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha and Anga.[25][citation needed] In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept the hegemony of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site of Saridkel, burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE.[26] Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE.[27] Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region (North and South), directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.[28]

Medieval period edit

In the 7th century, the Chinese traveller Xuanzang passed through the region. He described the kingdom as Karnasuvarna, with Shashanka as its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.[29]

During the medieval period, the region was governed by Nagvanshi, Pala, Khayaravala, Ramgarh Raj and Chero rulers.[30][31] A Buddhist monastery has been found in Hazaribagh which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century.[32] Bhim Karn was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated the Raksel dynasty of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry.[33]

 
Khakparta Temple, a 9th-century Shiva temple in Lohardaga

Modern period edit

Mughal influence reached Palamu during the reign of Emperor Akbar when it was conquered by Rajput Raja Mansingh in 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule.[34] During the reign of the Nagvanshi King Madhu Singh, Akbar's general invaded Khukhra. Also there was an invasion during the reign of Durjan Shah.[35]

King Ram Shah ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built the Kapilnath Temple in 1643. He was succeeded by his son Raghunath Shah. Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.[36] The King Medini Ray ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu.[37] His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the Nagvanshi Maharaja of Chhotanagpur.[38] Chero rule in the Palamu region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the East India Company. Later Palamu estates were sold by the British.[39]

During the 18th century, regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty, Ramgarh and Kharagdiha became parts of territories of East India Company. Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. The Kharagdiha Rajas were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were Koderma, Gadi Palganj and Ledo Gadi.[40] The princely states in the Chota Nagpur Plateau came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars and became known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States.[41]

Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. Chuar Rebellion, the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the Bhumij tribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769, Raghunath Mahato also revolted against the British East India Company (EIC).[42]

In 1771, the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Majhi, a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from Srinagar. The Munda tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh, two landowners, fought against the British East India Company in 1812.[43]

The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a Kol revolt occurred in 1832. Also in 1832 the Bhumijs revolted again against the British, this time under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh, known as the Bhumij Rebellion. During the 19th century, large numbers of santals from Manbhum, Hazaribagh, Midnapore were settled by British in Damin-i-koh to cultivate the land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against tax imposition. The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana.[44]

 
Santhal rebellion against tax imposition during British Company Raj in 1855

Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai rebelled against the British East India Company in the 1857 rebellion. In the Battle of Chatra, conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company.[45][46] Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[47] The brothers Nilambar and Pitambar were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the Kharwar tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many Chero Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company.[34]

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria,[48] who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.[49] Then Birsa Munda revolt,[50] broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.[51]

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces.

In March 1940, the INC 53rd Session[52][53] occurred under the presidency of Maulana Abul Qalam Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is now Ramgarh Cantonment. Mahatma Gandhi,[54] Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and other great leaders[55] of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.[56] Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.[57]

At that time, under the leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party.

 
Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.

Post Independence edit

After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of many states chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of the state of Madhya Pradesh, but Gangpur and Bonai became part of the state of Orissa and Kharsawan and Saraikela became part of the state of Bihar.[58] In 1928, a separate state was demanded by Unnati Samaj, the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in eastern India.[18] Prominent leaders like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh also demanded a separate state. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to the States Reorganization Commission for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar.[59][60]

Later the Sadan people, the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state.[59] In 1972, Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren and A. K. Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. Nirmal Mahto founded the All Jharkhand Students Union. They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of Ram Dayal Munda, B. P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.[61] The Jharkhand co-ordination committee was then led by Congress General Secretary Ram Ratan Ram, who urged Rajiv Gandhi to pay attention to the issue at hand.

 
Congress General Secretary Mr. Ram Ratan Ram's letter to PM Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on the issue of the state of Jharkhand

In July 1988, the Bharatiya Janata party led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi decided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar in Jamshedpur. Inder Singh Namdhari, Samresh Singh, and Rudra Pratap Sarangi were the leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state.[62]

The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam. Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and Santal Pargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.[31][59]

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo was leading the movement. In 1998, the Union government decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, the All Jharkhand Students Union, and the Congress came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters.[63][64]

In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes.[62] After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill. Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the Chota Nagpur Division and Santhal Pargana Division of South Bihar.[65] NDA formed the government with Babulal Marandi as chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand.[62][66] Babulal Marandi took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leader Birsa Munda.[31]

Jharkhand statehood edit

The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of Bihar. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.[67]

Naxal insurgency edit

See also: Tritiya Prastuti Committee and People's Liberation Front of India

Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police, and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum.[68]

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area[69] (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Red Corridor" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,[69] where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.[70] Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.[71] The impoverished state provides ample recruits for communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions.[71] As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[71] In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[69]

On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi. His widow, Suman Mahato, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.[72]

Geography edit

Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by West Bengal to the eastern side, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the western side, Bihar to the northern part and Odisha to the southern part.

Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79,716 square kilometres (30,779 sq mi). Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: Damodar, North Koel, Barakar, South Koel, Sankh and Subarnarekha rivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers.

 
Physical map of Jharkhand

Climate edit

Climate of Jharkhand varies from Humid subtropical in the north to tropical wet and dry in the south-east.[73] The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) and low temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F). The southwest monsoon, from mid-June to October, brings nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about 1,000 mm (40 in) in the west-central part of the state to more than 1,500 mm (60 in) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures in Ranchi in December usually vary from 10–24 °C (50–75 °F). Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.[74]

Hills and mountain ranges edit

  • Parasnath: Parasnath Hill is also called as Sri Sammed Sikharji by Jains. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chief Jain pilgrimage site and the holy place for Jains and locals. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,365 meters.
  • Netarhat: Netarhat is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the "Queen of Chotanagpur", it is a hill station. Netarhat Residential School is located here. Netarhat Dam is also located in this area.
  • Rajmahal Hills: These hills are located in Sahibganj and Godda districts of Eastern part of Jharkhand. The Rajmahal hills belong to the Jurassic era. These hills like others also have many waterfalls, lakes and greenery.
  • Trikut: Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.
  • Tagore Hill: The Tagore Hill is also recognised as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.[75]

Main Rivers edit

  • Ganga River: The holy river Ganga passes through the north-eastern district of Sahebganj. Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand: Sahebganj, Rajmahal
  • Son River: Origin of Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Son River: Sidhi
  • Subarnarekha River: Origin of Subarnarekha River: (Nagdi Ranchi) Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Ranchi, Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur
  • Kharkai River: Origin of Kharkai River: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha; Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River: Rairangpur, Adityapur, and enters the Subarnarekha river in north-western Jamshedpur.
  • Damodar River: Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tori latehar), Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: latehar, lohardaga, Ramgarh, Gridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
  • North Koel River: Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel River: Daltonganj
  • South Koel River: Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Nagdi Ranchi), Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela
  • Lilajan River: Also known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore: Gaya
  • Ajay River: Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
  • Mayurakshi River: Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri
  • Barakar River: Origin: Padma in Hazaribagh, Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh, etc.

For the list of dams built across these revere refer to [2]

Flora and Fauna edit

Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The national parks and the zoological gardens in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.

Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,[76] as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

Demographics edit

See also: Sadan peoples, Nagpuria people, and Tribes of Jharkhand
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 6,068,233—    
1911 6,747,122+11.2%
1921 6,767,770+0.3%
1931 7,908,737+16.9%
1941 8,868,069+12.1%
1951 9,697,254+9.4%
1961 11,606,489+19.7%
1971 14,227,133+22.6%
1981 17,612,069+23.8%
1991 21,844,911+24.0%
2001 26,945,829+23.4%
2011 32,988,134+22.4%
Source: Census of India[77]

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.[78] The sex ratio is 947 females to 1,000 males.[78] The literacy rate of the state was 67.63% with Ranchi district being most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.[78] In social demographics, Jharkhand's Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes populations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western district Simdega (78.23%), Khunti (77.77%), Gumla (72.11%), Paschim Singhbhum (71.1%), Latehar (66.85%), and in Lohardaga district (60.21%).

Languages edit

Languages of Jharkhand (2011)[79]

  Khortha (23.46%)
  Hindi (21.40%)
  Bengali (9.74%)
  Santali (8.77%)
  Nagpuri (7.23%)
  Urdu (5.96%)
  Magahi (4.14%)
  Ho (3.01%)
  Mundari (2.92%)
  Kurukh (2.88%)
  'Other' Hindi[a] (2.32%)
  Bhojpuri (2.29%)
  Kurmali (1.82%)
  Odia (1.61%)
  Others (2.45%)

Jharkhand is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages. Among those, Hindi is accorded the status of the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state,[3] although different regional languages exist. Those include Nagpuri, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi and Bhojpuri. Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Kurukh, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali and Urdu.[4][80][3]

 
Linguistic map of Jharkhand, showing the most spoken language by district.

Religion edit

Main article: Religion in Jharkhand
 
Sun Temple at Ranchi; Hinduism is the largest religion in the state

Religion in Jharkhand (2011)[81]

  Hinduism (67.83%)
  Islam (14.53%)
  Unclassified (12.84%)
  Christianity (4.3%)
  Sikhism (0.22%)
  Other (0.08%)
  Not stated (0.21%)

The unclassified religion mostly consists of adherents of Sarnaism.[b]

As per the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed by Islam at 14.5% and Christianity at 4.3%.[81] Other religions, primarily Sarnaism, claim to be 12.8% of the population.[84]

Hindus form majority in 19 out of 24 districts of the Jharkhand. Christianity forms majority in Simdega district (51.04%).[85] Sarna forms majority in Lohardaga (51.01%), West Singhbhum (62.29%) and plurality in Gumla (44.62%) and Khunti (45.37%).[86] Muslims have highest presence in Pakur district and Sahebganj district of Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of the population.[87]

Government and administration edit

Main article: Government of Jharkhand

The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the governor, who is appointed by the President of India. The real executive power rests with the chief minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary. Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service and different wings of the state civil services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Jharkhand has a High Court which has been functioning since 2000. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi.

Administrative districts edit

Main articles: Administrative divisions of Jharkhand and Districts of Jharkhand

The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state.[88]

Divisions and districts edit

Major cities edit

Largest Cities in Jharkhand
(2011 Census of India estimate)[89]

Rank City District Population Rank City District Population
 
Jamshedpur
 
Bokaro
01 Jamshedpur East Singbhum 1,339,438 06 Phusro Bokaro 186,139
02 Dhanbad Dhanbad 1,196,214 07 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 153,595
03 Ranchi Ranchi 1,126,741 08 Giridih Giridih 143,630
04 Bokaro Steel City Bokaro 564,319 09 Ramgarh Ramgarh 132,441
05 Deoghar Deoghar 203,123 10 Medininagar Palamu 120,325

Economy edit

The gross domestic product of Jharkhand is estimated at ₹3.83 lakh crore (US$48 billion) in 2020–21. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2018-19 was ₹82,430 (US$1,000).[90]

 
Open-cast Coal Mining in Dhanbad

Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1%.[91] Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (4th), coal (3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha Mines) (6th) and silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry, in centres like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Ranchi. Tata Steel, a NSE NIFTY 500 conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.[92] It reported a gross income of ₹. 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 18 billion.[93]

In February 2006, the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft) which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products.[94][95]

Agriculture is another major economic sector. Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots, cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT.[96]

Culture edit

Main article: Culture of Jharkhand

Cuisine edit

See also: Cuisine of Jharkhand
 
A Jharkhand Rice Plate

Staple foods of Jharkhand are rice, dal, vegetables, and tubers. Spices are sparingly used in cuisine. Famous dishes include Chhilka Roti, Malpua, Pitha, Dhooska, Arsa roti, Dudhauri, and Panipuri (Gupchup).[97][98] Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre. Bamboo shoot are a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions, particularly in Jharkhand cuisine. They can be boiled, steamed, stir-fried, or pickled, making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups, curries, and salads. Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with, enhancing the overall taste of the dishes.[99] The leaves of Munga (Moringa oleifera) and Koinar (Bauhinia variegata) trees are used as a leafy vegetable or Saag.[100]

Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handi or Handia, named after the vessel, handi (earthen pot), used to make it. Handia is culturally associated with natives, i.e., Sadans and Tribals; this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals.[101][102] Another common liquor is called Mahua daru, made from flowers of the Mahua tree (Madhuca longifolia).[103]

Folk music and dance edit

See also: Folk dances of Jharkhand
 
Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village

There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as: Jhumair, Mardani Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Domkach, Vinsariya, Jhumta, Fagua, Angnai, Paiki, Chhau, Firkal, Mundari, and Santali dance.[104]

Festivals edit

Major local festivals of Jharkhand are Sarhul, Baha Parab, Karam Parab, Mage Parab, Sohrai, Bandna, Tusu festival, Makar Sankranti, Nawakhani, Durga Puja, Jitiya, Manasa Puja,Dussehra, Rath Yatra, Saraswati Puja, Phagua and the Sendra festival.[105]

Paintings edit

 
Sohrai wall painting jharkhand

Sohrai and Khovar painting is a mural art form practised by women. Sohrai painting is traditionally done at the Sohrai harvest festival, while Khovar painting is done at weddings.[105]

Tattoo edit

The tattoo making tradition of Godna is an essential part of local tradition.[105]

Cinema edit

Main article: Cinema of Jharkhand

Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages including Nagpuri, Khortha, Santali, Ho, and Kurukh.[106] The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known as Jhollywood.[107][108]

Media edit

There are some television channels, newspapers, and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand. DD Jharkhand is an important channel in Jharkhand. All India Radio operates from Ranchi.[109]

Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Sokal Sokal, Prabhat Khabar, and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and The Hindu, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Navbharat Times, The Pioneer, and The Telegraph are some English newspapers in Jharkhand.

Transport edit

Air edit

Birsa Munda Airport is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderabad among others.[110]

Deoghar Airport is the second busiest airport located in the state of Jharkhand, India. It is the second operational airport in state of Jharkhand after Ranchi.[111]

Sonari Airport at Jamshedpur is the third operational airport in the state and it has daily flight to Bhubaneswar and Kolkata.

Bokaro Airport is currently under construction and once completed will be 4th operational airport of the state. It is being developed under UDAN scheme.

Other airports present in the state are Chakulia Airport, Dumka Airport and Dhanbad Airport which mostly run private and charter flights.[112]

Roads edit

Jharkhand has extensive network of National Highways and State Highways.[113] There is 2,661.83 km (1,653 mi 1,733 yd) of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.[113] The National highways present in the state are numbered 18, 19, 20, 22, 33, 39, 43, 114A, 118, 133, 133A, 133B, 139, 143, 143A, 143AG, 143D, 143H, 218, 220, 320D, 320G, 333, 333A, 343, 419 and 522.[113] The Golden Quadrilateral network of Delhi – Kolkata route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.[114][115]

Ports edit

Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.[116] A multi-modal port has been planned at Sahebganj where river Ganges flows.[117] The project is estimated to cost ₹65,000 million and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.[118]

Rail edit

See also: Railway stations in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is very well connected by railways. The state has numerous railway stations and railway junctions.[119] Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways.

Education edit

As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 66.41% (male: 76.84%; female: 55.42%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:[120][121]

  • Ranchi: 76.06% (male: 84.26%; female: 67.44%)
  • East Singhbhum: 75.49% (male: 83.75%; female: 66.81%)
  • Dhanbad: 74.52% (male: 83.81%; Female: 64.29%)
  • Ramgarh: 73.17% (male: 82.44%; female: 63.09%)
  • Bokaro: 72.01% (male: 82.51%; female: 60.63%)
  • Hazaribagh: 69.75% (male: 80.01%; female: 58.95%)
  • Simdega: 67.99% (male: 76.08%; female: 59.92%)
  • Saraikela Khasawan: 67.70% (male: 79.03%; female: 55.88%)
  • Lohardaga: 67.61% (male: 77.21%; female: 57.69%)
  • Koderma: 66.84% (male: 79.78%; female: 53.23%)

Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.[122] Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.[citation needed]

Schools edit

The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/English with English/Hindi/Sanskrit/Bengali/Odia as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join two years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce. This is followed by three years of degree courses (graduation) or four years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree.

The school system comprises various private and public schools. The government schools are abundant. Few notable schools are: St. Thomas School, Ranchi, Sainik School Tilaiya, Loyola School, Jamshedpur, Delhi Public School, Bokaro, Delhi Public School, Ranchi, Bishop Westcott Boys' School, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar, De Nobili School and St. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh.

In 2009 Franz Gastler established Yuwa School a NGO in Hutup village in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combat child marriage, illiteracy and human trafficking in rural India.[123] In 2019, It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award.[124]

Universities and colleges edit

See also: List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand

Autonomous edit

Agriculture edit

Engineering edit

 
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

Management edit

Medical colleges edit

Psychiatry edit

Public Health edit

Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged.[125]

European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug-resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[126] is rendering pioneering work. In the same way, Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart-related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.[citation needed]

Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals.

Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines.[127] Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis, prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition.[128] Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.[129] Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.[130][131]

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.[132]

Sports edit

JRD TATA Sports Complex, Jamshedpur hosts football matches of Indian Super League and is the home of ISL based football club Jamshedpur FC. Cricket, hockey, and football are common games in Jharkhand. Players like Jaipal Singh, a former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno currently play for the Indian Hockey team. Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Mahendra Singh Dhoni who was the captain of Indian cricket team and led the Indian cricket team to ICC Cricket World Cup glory on 2 April 2011, ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain Kapil Dev in 1983 at Lord's, England is from here.[133]

Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand are Varun Aaron, Shahbaz Nadeem, and Saurabh Tiwary. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. Other sportspeople include Deepika Kumari, a young archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event. Nikki Pradhan currently a member of the national hockey team. Pradhan was the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India in the Olympics.

An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International match between India and England on 19 January 2013.[134] Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik, also runs besides the cricket stadium.[135] Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays.[136]

  •  
    Aerial view of Keenan Stadium in Jamshedpur
  •  
    JRD Tata Sports Complex

Tourism edit

Main article: Tourism in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.[137][10] Parasnath, Baidyanath Dham, Maa Dewri Temple and Chhinnamasta Temple are major religious places.[138][139]

Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8 km from Latehar. The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Reach in sulphur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin.[140]

Itkhori is a holy place for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is believed to be the place from where Gautama Buddha started his journey for Bodh Gaya. Many sculptures of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018.[141][142] Rankini Temple of Jadugora is famous in Jharkhand, as well as in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.[143][144] There are several waterfalls in the state including Jonha Falls, Hundru Falls, Dassam Falls, Perwaghagh Falls and Panchghagh Falls.[145][146][147] Netarhat is a hill station in the state.[148][149][150]

There are several attractions and wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand including Betla National Park and Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, which are major attraction for tourists.[151][152][153][154]

State Museum Hotwar and Tribal Research Institute and Museum showcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand.[155][156]

See also edit

References edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census
  2. ^ According to the 2011 census of India, Jharkhand has 42,35,786 individuals who follow "Other unclassified religions".[81] The major religion is Sarna, with 41,31,282 adherents. The Oraon tribe has the highest number of followers at 10,00,016, followed by the Santal at 9,76,742, Ho at 8,68,133, Munda at 6,00,910, Lohar at 84,019, and Bhumij at 77,319.[82] Addi Bassi has 42,422 adherents, primarily among the Oraon tribe (35,452).[82] Other religious denominations among the Scheduled Tribes include Bidin (29,187), Adi (9,135), Gond (2,419) and Birsa (2,392). The remaining "Other unclassified religions" are Munda, Ho, Oraon, Achinthar, Kharwar, Paharia, Sarvdharm, Krupa, Dupub, Malla, Tana Bhagat, Marangboro, Saranath, Kuir, Loco Bohra, and Nature worship practised by various tribes. In summary, Sarna ranks as the third-largest religion with 12.4997%, while Addi Bassi, Bidin, Adi, Gond and Birsa hold the sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh and twelfth positions, respectively, with percentages of 0.1286%, 0.0885%, 0.0277%, 0.0073% and 0.0073% of the state's population.[83]

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Works cited edit

  • Lahiry, Sangam (2014). Pugmarks In Palamau. Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-81115-64-0.
  • Roma Niyogi (1959). The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty. Oriental. OCLC 5386449.

External links edit

Government

  • Government of Jharkhand, India

General information

January 01, 1970
jharkhand, ɑːr, hindi, ʒʱɑːɾkʰəɳɖ, land, forests, state, eastern, india, state, shares, border, with, states, west, bengal, east, chhattisgarh, west, uttar, pradesh, northwest, bihar, north, odisha, south, 15th, largest, state, area, 14th, largest, population,. Jharkhand ˈ dʒ ɑːr k e n d 8 Hindi d ʒʱɑːɾkʰeɳɖ lit the land of forests is a state in eastern India 9 The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east Chhattisgarh to the west Uttar Pradesh to the northwest Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south It is the 15th largest state by area and the 14th largest by population Hindi is the official language of the state 3 The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital The state is known for its waterfalls hills and holy places Baidyanath Dham Parasnath Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites 10 11 Jharkhand is primarily rural with about 24 of its population living in cities 12 JharkhandStateBaidyanath TempleDalma Wildlife SanctuaryMaa Dewri TemplePatratu drivewayPanchet DamDassam FallsParasnath HillEmblem of JharkhandEtymology Forest Land Nickname Land of Forests Motto s Satyameva Jayate Truth alone triumphs Location of Jharkhand in IndiaCoordinates 23 21 N 85 20 E 23 35 N 85 33 E 23 35 85 33Country IndiaRegionEast IndiaBefore wasPart of BiharFormation15 November 2000CapitalRanchiLargest cityJamshedpurDistricts24 5 divisions Government BodyGovernment of Jharkhand GovernorC P Radhakrishnan Chief ministerChampai Soren JMM State LegislatureUnicameral AssemblyJharkhand Legislative Assembly 81 seats National ParliamentParliament of India Rajya Sabha6 seats Lok Sabha14 seatsHigh CourtJharkhand High CourtArea Total79 716 km2 30 779 sq mi Rank15thDimensions Length380 km 240 mi Width463 km 288 mi Elevation277 m 909 ft Highest elevation Parasnath 1 1 382 m 4 534 ft Population 2011 2 Total32 988 134 Rank14th Density414 km2 1 070 sq mi Urban24 05 Rural75 95 DemonymsJharkhandiLanguage OfficialHindi 3 Additional officialAngikaBengaliBhojpuriBhumijHoKhariaKhorthaKurmaliKurukhMagahiMaithiliMundariNagpuriOdiaSantaliUrdu 4 5 GDP Total 2024 25 4 70 lakh crore US 59 billion Rank19th Per capita 107 436 US 1 300 30th Time zoneUTC 05 30 IST ISO 3166 codeIN JHVehicle registrationJHHDI 2022 0 592 Medium 32nd Literacy 2011 66 41 32nd Sex ratio 2021 948 1000 6 26th Websitejharkhand wbr gov wbr inSymbols of JharkhandEmblem of JharkhandBirdKoelFlowerPalashMammalIndian elephant 7 TreeSalState highway markState highway of Jharkhand JH SH1 JH SHList of Indian state symbols Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a resource curse it accounts for more than 40 of India s mineral resources but 39 1 of its population is below the poverty line and 19 6 of children under five years of age are malnourished 13 14 15 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient period 2 2 Medieval period 2 3 Modern period 2 4 Post Independence 2 5 Jharkhand statehood 2 6 Naxal insurgency 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Hills and mountain ranges 3 3 Main Rivers 3 4 Flora and Fauna 4 Demographics 4 1 Languages 4 2 Religion 5 Government and administration 5 1 Administrative districts 5 2 Divisions and districts 5 3 Major cities 6 Economy 7 Culture 7 1 Cuisine 7 2 Folk music and dance 7 3 Festivals 7 4 Paintings 7 5 Tattoo 7 6 Cinema 8 Media 9 Transport 9 1 Air 9 2 Roads 9 3 Ports 9 4 Rail 10 Education 10 1 Schools 10 2 Universities and colleges 10 2 1 Autonomous 10 2 2 Agriculture 10 2 3 Engineering 10 2 4 Management 10 2 5 Medical colleges 10 2 6 Psychiatry 11 Public Health 12 Sports 13 Tourism 14 See also 15 References 15 1 Footnotes 15 2 Sources 15 3 Works cited 16 External linksEtymology editThe word Jhar means forest and Khand means land in various Indo Aryan languages Thus Jharkhand means forest land 16 In the ancient period in the Mahabharata the region was referred as Kark Khand due to location near Kark Rekha that is Tropic of Cancer 17 verification needed During the Medieval period the region was known as Jharkhand According to Bhavishya Purana 1200 CE Jharkhand was one of the seven Pundra desa The name is first found on a 13th century copper plate in Kendrapada Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of Eastern Ganga dynasty Forest land from Baidhnath dham to Puri was known as Jharkhand In Akbarnama from Panchet in the east to Ratanpur to west Rohtasgarh to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand 18 19 History editMain article History of Jharkhand Ancient period edit The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic Chalcolithic period as shown by several ancient cave paintings 20 21 22 Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods 20 There are ancient cave paintings in Isko Hazaribagh district which are from Meso chalcolithic period 9000 5000 BCE 21 During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complexes are known as the Copper Hoard Culture 23 In the Kabra Kala mound at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the Neolithic to the medieval period and pot sherds of Redware black and red ware black ware black slipped ware and NBP ware are from Chalcolithic to the late medieval period 24 Several iron slags microliths and potsherds have been discovered from Singhbhum district that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age 22 The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including Nanda Maurya and Gupta during ancient period In the Mahabharata the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer 17 During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha and Anga 25 citation needed In the Mauryan period this region was ruled by a number of states which were collectively known as the Atavika forest states These states were subdued and were forced to accept the hegemony of the Maurya empire during Ashoka s reign c 232 BCE In the ancient site of Saridkel burnt brick houses red ware pottery copper tools coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE 26 Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE 27 Samudragupta while marching through the present day Chotanagpur region North and South directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley 28 Medieval period edit In the 7th century the Chinese traveller Xuanzang passed through the region He described the kingdom as Karnasuvarna with Shashanka as its ruler To the north of Karn Suberna was Magadha Champa was in the east Mahendra in the west and Orissa in the south 29 During the medieval period the region was governed by Nagvanshi Pala Khayaravala Ramgarh Raj and Chero rulers 30 31 A Buddhist monastery has been found in Hazaribagh which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century 32 Bhim Karn was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period He defeated the Raksel dynasty of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry 33 nbsp Khakparta Temple a 9th century Shiva temple in Lohardaga Modern period edit Mughal influence reached Palamu during the reign of Emperor Akbar when it was conquered by Rajput Raja Mansingh in 1574 Several invasions took place during Mughal rule 34 During the reign of the Nagvanshi King Madhu Singh Akbar s general invaded Khukhra Also there was an invasion during the reign of Durjan Shah 35 King Ram Shah ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663 He built the Kapilnath Temple in 1643 He was succeeded by his son Raghunath Shah Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691 36 The King Medini Ray ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu 37 His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the Nagvanshi Maharaja of Chhotanagpur 38 Chero rule in the Palamu region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the East India Company Later Palamu estates were sold by the British 39 nbsp Jagannath temple at Ranchi built by king Ani Nath Shahdeo nbsp Maluti temples in Dumka nbsp Palamu Forts nbsp Navratangarh fort During the 18th century regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty Nagvanshi dynasty Ramgarh and Kharagdiha became parts of territories of East India Company Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates The Kharagdiha Rajas were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809 and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were Koderma Gadi Palganj and Ledo Gadi 40 The princely states in the Chota Nagpur Plateau came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of the Anglo Maratha Wars and became known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States 41 Subjugation colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people Chuar Rebellion the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the Bhumij tribals The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769 71 led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum In 1769 Raghunath Mahato also revolted against the British East India Company EIC 42 In 1771 the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Majhi a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills Soon after in 1779 the Bhumij tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum called the Chuar Rebellion In 1807 the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from Srinagar The Munda tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813 Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh two landowners fought against the British East India Company in 1812 43 The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a Kol revolt occurred in 1832 Also in 1832 the Bhumijs revolted again against the British this time under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh known as the Bhumij Rebellion During the 19th century large numbers of santals from Manbhum Hazaribagh Midnapore were settled by British in Damin i koh to cultivate the land and generate revenue But the Santal revolted against tax imposition The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana 44 nbsp Santhal rebellion against tax imposition during British Company Raj in 1855 Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai rebelled against the British East India Company in the 1857 rebellion In the Battle of Chatra conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company 45 46 Tikait Umrao Singh Sheikh Bhikhari Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 47 The brothers Nilambar and Pitambar were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the Kharwar tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many Chero Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company 34 After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria 48 who in 1876 was proclaimed Empress of India The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed 49 Then Birsa Munda revolt 50 broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900 The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti Tamar Sarwada and Bandgaon In October 1905 the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi speaking states of Chang Bhakar Jashpur Koriya Surguja and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces while the two Oriya speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor 51 In 1936 all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor General of India rather than under that of any provinces In March 1940 the INC 53rd Session 52 53 occurred under the presidency of Maulana Abul Qalam Azad at Jhanda Chowk Ramgarh which is now Ramgarh Cantonment Mahatma Gandhi 54 Jawaharlal Nehru Sardar Patel Rajendra Prasad Sarojini Naidu Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Acharya J B Kripalani Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and other great leaders 55 of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session 56 Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh 57 At that time under the leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose a conference against Samjhauta was also completed In Ramgarh Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M N Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party nbsp Jawaharlal Nehru industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj Sarojini Naidu Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress Post Independence edit After Indian independence in 1947 the rulers of many states chose to accede to the Dominion of India Changbhakar Jashpur Koriya Surguja and Udaipur later became part of the state of Madhya Pradesh but Gangpur and Bonai became part of the state of Orissa and Kharsawan and Saraikela became part of the state of Bihar 58 In 1928 a separate state was demanded by Unnati Samaj the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association which submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in eastern India 18 Prominent leaders like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh also demanded a separate state In 1955 the Jharkhand Party led by Jaipal Singh Munda submitted a memorandum to the States Reorganization Commission for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar but it was rejected because there were many languages no link language in the region tribals were in the minority Hindustani was the majority language and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar 59 60 Later the Sadan people the native various caste non tribal groups also joined the movement for a separate state 59 In 1972 Binod Bihari Mahato Shibu Soren and A K Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Nirmal Mahto founded the All Jharkhand Students Union They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand The Jharkhand coordination committee JCC consisting of Ram Dayal Munda B P Keshri Binod Bihari Mahato Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988 61 The Jharkhand co ordination committee was then led by Congress General Secretary Ram Ratan Ram who urged Rajiv Gandhi to pay attention to the issue at hand nbsp Congress General Secretary Mr Ram Ratan Ram s letter to PM Mr Rajiv Gandhi on the issue of the state of Jharkhand In July 1988 the Bharatiya Janata party led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lal Krishna Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi decided to demand a separate state Vanachal comprising the forest region of South Bihar in Jamshedpur Inder Singh Namdhari Samresh Singh and Rudra Pratap Sarangi were the leaders of the Vanachal movement They organised several rallies to form a separate state 62 The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989 It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution Chotanagpur and Santal Pargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972 This failed to achieve the desired result Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it Due to differences these parties broke away from each other The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar s legislative assembly in December 1994 The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture rural health public work public health and minerals The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations 31 59 In 1998 when the separate state movement was falling apart Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo was leading the movement In 1998 the Union government decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the state would be divided over his dead body A total of 16 political parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party Jharkhand Mukti Morcha the All Jharkhand Students Union and the Congress came in one platform and formed the All Party Separate State Formation Committee to start the movement Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in Bihar legislation On that day the committee under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters 63 64 In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes 62 After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly RJD s dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill Finally with the support from both RJD and Congress the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the Chota Nagpur Division and Santhal Pargana Division of South Bihar 65 NDA formed the government with Babulal Marandi as chief minister Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand 62 66 Babulal Marandi took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leader Birsa Munda 31 Jharkhand statehood edit The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio economic structures in Jharkhand which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of Bihar According to the 1991 census the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28 is tribal while 12 of the people belong to scheduled castes Jharkhand has 24 districts 260 blocks and 32 620 villages out of which only 45 have access to electricity while only 8 484 are connected by roads Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore coal copper ore mica bauxite graphite limestone and uranium Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources 67 Naxal insurgency edit See also Tritiya Prastuti Committee and People s Liberation Front of India Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite Maoist insurgency Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967 6 000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter insurgency operations by the police and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum 68 Despite having a presence in almost 7 80 of India s geographical area 69 home to 5 50 of India s population the state of Jharkhand is part of the Red Corridor comprising 92 000 square kilometres 69 where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20 000 combatants fight 70 Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources while its people live in abject poverty and destitution 71 The impoverished state provides ample recruits for communist insurgents who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions 71 As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub surface resources in the state the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land 71 In response the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs such as coal 69 On 5 March 2007 Sunil Mahato a member of the national parliament was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi His widow Suman Mahato the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009 72 Geography editJharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by West Bengal to the eastern side Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the western side Bihar to the northern part and Odisha to the southern part Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79 716 square kilometres 30 779 sq mi Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau They are Damodar North Koel Barakar South Koel Sankh and Subarnarekha rivers The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers nbsp Physical map of Jharkhand Climate edit Climate of Jharkhand varies from Humid subtropical in the north to tropical wet and dry in the south east 73 The main seasons are summer rainy autumn winter and spring The summer lasts from mid April to mid June May the hottest month characterised by daily high temperatures around 37 C 99 F and low temperatures around 25 C 77 F The southwest monsoon from mid June to October brings nearly all the state s annual rainfall which ranges from about 1 000 mm 40 in in the west central part of the state to more than 1 500 mm 60 in in the southwest Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August The winter season lasts from November to February The temperatures in Ranchi in December usually vary from 10 24 C 50 75 F Spring season lasts from mid February to mid April 74 Hills and mountain ranges edit Parasnath Parasnath Hill is also called as Sri Sammed Sikharji by Jains The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand It is a chief Jain pilgrimage site and the holy place for Jains and locals It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place The height of the hill is 1 365 meters Netarhat Netarhat is a town in Latehar district Referred to as the Queen of Chotanagpur it is a hill station Netarhat Residential School is located here Netarhat Dam is also located in this area Rajmahal Hills These hills are located in Sahibganj and Godda districts of Eastern part of Jharkhand The Rajmahal hills belong to the Jurassic era These hills like others also have many waterfalls lakes and greenery Trikut Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet Tagore Hill The Tagore Hill is also recognised as the Morabadi Hill The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi Ranchi The brother of Rabindranath Tagore Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908 75 Main Rivers edit Ganga River The holy river Ganga passes through the north eastern district of Sahebganj Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand Sahebganj Rajmahal Son River Origin of Son River Amarkantak Cities on the Shore of Son River Sidhi Subarnarekha River Origin of Subarnarekha River Nagdi Ranchi Chota Nagpur Plateau Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River Ranchi Chandil Jamshedpur Ghatshila Gopiballavpur Kharkai River Origin of Kharkai River Mayurbhanj District Odisha Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River Rairangpur Adityapur and enters the Subarnarekha river in north western Jamshedpur Damodar River Origin of Damodar River Chota Nagpur Plateau Tori latehar Cities on the Shore of Damodar River latehar lohardaga Ramgarh Gridih Dhanbad Bokaro Asansol Raniganj Durgapur Bardhaman North Koel River Origin of North Koel River Chota Nagpur plateau Cities on Shore of North Koel River Daltonganj South Koel River Origin of South Koyal River Chota Nagpur Plateau Nagdi Ranchi Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River Manoharpur Rourkela Lilajan River Also known as Falgu river Origin of Lilajan River Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau City on the Shore Gaya Ajay River Origin of Ajay River Munger Cities on the Shore of Ajay River Purulia Chittaranjan Ilambazar Jaydev Kenduli Mayurakshi River Origin of Mayurakshi River Trikut hill City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River Suri Barakar River Origin Padma in Hazaribagh Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma Giridih Hazaribagh etc For the list of dams built across these revere refer to 2 Flora and Fauna edit Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna The national parks and the zoological gardens in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna 76 as indicated within brackets mammals 39 snakes 8 lizards 4 fish 6 insects 21 birds 170 seed bearing plants and trees 97 shrubs and herbs 46 climbers parasites and semi parasites 25 and grasses and bamboos 17 nbsp Palash flowers bright red pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall also known as forest fire nbsp A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at Ormanjhi Ranchi nbsp A Female Indian Elephant at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in JharkhandDemographics editSee also Sadan peoples Nagpuria people and Tribes of Jharkhand Historical populationYearPop 19016 068 233 19116 747 122 11 2 19216 767 770 0 3 19317 908 737 16 9 19418 868 069 12 1 19519 697 254 9 4 196111 606 489 19 7 197114 227 133 22 6 198117 612 069 23 8 199121 844 911 24 0 200126 945 829 23 4 201132 988 134 22 4 Source Census of India 77 According to the 2011 Indian Census Jharkhand has a population of 32 96 million consisting of 16 93 million males and 16 03 million females 78 The sex ratio is 947 females to 1 000 males 78 The literacy rate of the state was 67 63 with Ranchi district being most educated at 77 13 compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50 17 78 In social demographics Jharkhand s Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes populations are 3 985 644 12 08 and 8 646 189 26 21 respectively Nationally they rank 14th and 6th comprising 1 98 and 8 29 of the total population within these social groups They are predominantly concentrated in south western district Simdega 78 23 Khunti 77 77 Gumla 72 11 Paschim Singhbhum 71 1 Latehar 66 85 and in Lohardaga district 60 21 Languages edit Languages of Jharkhand 2011 79 Khortha 23 46 Hindi 21 40 Bengali 9 74 Santali 8 77 Nagpuri 7 23 Urdu 5 96 Magahi 4 14 Ho 3 01 Mundari 2 92 Kurukh 2 88 Other Hindi a 2 32 Bhojpuri 2 29 Kurmali 1 82 Odia 1 61 Others 2 45 Jharkhand is linguistically diverse with speakers of Indo Aryan Dravidian and Austroasiatic languages Among those Hindi is accorded the status of the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state 3 although different regional languages exist Those include Nagpuri Khortha Kurmali Magahi and Bhojpuri Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to Angika Bengali Bhojpuri Bhumij Ho Kharia Kurukh Khortha Kurmali Magahi Maithili Mundari Nagpuri Odia Santali and Urdu 4 80 3 nbsp Linguistic map of Jharkhand showing the most spoken language by district Religion edit Main article Religion in Jharkhand nbsp Sun Temple at Ranchi Hinduism is the largest religion in the state Religion in Jharkhand 2011 81 Hinduism 67 83 Islam 14 53 Unclassified 12 84 Christianity 4 3 Sikhism 0 22 Other 0 08 Not stated 0 21 The unclassified religion mostly consists of adherents of Sarnaism b As per the 2011 census Hinduism is the majority religion in the state at 67 8 followed by Islam at 14 5 and Christianity at 4 3 81 Other religions primarily Sarnaism claim to be 12 8 of the population 84 Hindus form majority in 19 out of 24 districts of the Jharkhand Christianity forms majority in Simdega district 51 04 85 Sarna forms majority in Lohardaga 51 01 West Singhbhum 62 29 and plurality in Gumla 44 62 and Khunti 45 37 86 Muslims have highest presence in Pakur district and Sahebganj district of Jharkhand forming 35 and 34 of the population 87 Government and administration editMain article Government of Jharkhand The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the governor who is appointed by the President of India The real executive power rests with the chief minister and the cabinet The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary Under this position is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service Indian Police Service Indian Forest Service and different wings of the state civil services The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice Jharkhand has a High Court which has been functioning since 2000 All the branches of the government are located in the state capital Ranchi Administrative districts edit Main articles Administrative divisions of Jharkhand and Districts of Jharkhand The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts namely Latehar Saraikela Kharsawan Jamtara Pakur Khunti and Ramgarh At present the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts except Lohardaga and Khunti share a border with a neighbouring state 88 Divisions and districts edit Palamu division Garhwa Palamu Latehar North Chotanagpur division Chatra Hazaribag Giridih Koderma Dhanbad Bokaro Ramgarh South Chotanagpur division Ranchi Lohardaga Gumla Simdega Khunti Kolhan division West Singhbhum Seraikela Kharsawan East Singhbhum Santhal Pargana Division Deoghar Jamtara Dumka Godda Pakur Sahebganj Major cities edit Largest Cities in Jharkhand 2011 Census of India estimate 89 Rank City District Population Rank City District Population nbsp Jamshedpur nbsp Bokaro 01 Jamshedpur East Singbhum 1 339 438 06 Phusro Bokaro 186 139 02 Dhanbad Dhanbad 1 196 214 07 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 153 595 03 Ranchi Ranchi 1 126 741 08 Giridih Giridih 143 630 04 Bokaro Steel City Bokaro 564 319 09 Ramgarh Ramgarh 132 441 05 Deoghar Deoghar 203 123 10 Medininagar Palamu 120 325Economy editThe gross domestic product of Jharkhand is estimated at 3 83 lakh crore US 48 billion in 2020 21 The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2018 19 was 82 430 US 1 000 90 nbsp Open cast Coal Mining in Dhanbad Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities Urbanization ratio is 24 1 91 Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources minerals ranging from ranking in the country within bracket from iron ore 4th coal 3rd copper ore 1st mica 1st bauxite 3rd manganese limestone china clay fire clay graphite 8th kainite 1st chromite 2nd asbestos 1st thorium 3rd sillimanite uranium Jaduguda mines Narwa Pahar 1st and even gold Rakha Mines 6th and silver and several other minerals Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry in centres like Jamshedpur Dhanbad Bokaro and Ranchi Tata Steel a NSE NIFTY 500 conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar Jharkhand 92 It reported a gross income of 204 910 million for 2005 NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011 12 for which the company will be investing about Rs 18 billion 93 In February 2006 the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation Jharcraft which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products 94 95 Agriculture is another major economic sector Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice wheat maize pulses potatoes and vegetables such as tomato carrots cabbage brinjal pumpkin and papaya Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT 96 Culture editMain article Culture of Jharkhand Cuisine edit See also Cuisine of Jharkhand nbsp A Jharkhand Rice Plate Staple foods of Jharkhand are rice dal vegetables and tubers Spices are sparingly used in cuisine Famous dishes include Chhilka Roti Malpua Pitha Dhooska Arsa roti Dudhauri and Panipuri Gupchup 97 98 Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months It has a hardened white edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre Bamboo shoot are a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions particularly in Jharkhand cuisine They can be boiled steamed stir fried or pickled making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups curries and salads Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with enhancing the overall taste of the dishes 99 The leaves of Munga Moringa oleifera and Koinar Bauhinia variegata trees are used as a leafy vegetable or Saag 100 Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer originally known as Handi or Handia named after the vessel handi earthen pot used to make it Handia is culturally associated with natives i e Sadans and Tribals this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals 101 102 Another common liquor is called Mahua daru made from flowers of the Mahua tree Madhuca longifolia 103 Folk music and dance edit See also Folk dances of Jharkhand nbsp Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as Jhumair Mardani Jhumar Janani Jhumar Domkach Vinsariya Jhumta Fagua Angnai Paiki Chhau Firkal Mundari and Santali dance 104 Festivals edit Major local festivals of Jharkhand are Sarhul Baha Parab Karam Parab Mage Parab Sohrai Bandna Tusu festival Makar Sankranti Nawakhani Durga Puja Jitiya Manasa Puja Dussehra Rath Yatra Saraswati Puja Phagua and the Sendra festival 105 nbsp Karam festival in Jharkhand nbsp Durga Puja in Jharkhand Paintings edit nbsp Sohrai wall painting jharkhand Sohrai and Khovar painting is a mural art form practised by women Sohrai painting is traditionally done at the Sohrai harvest festival while Khovar painting is done at weddings 105 Tattoo edit The tattoo making tradition of Godna is an essential part of local tradition 105 Cinema edit Main article Cinema of Jharkhand Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages including Nagpuri Khortha Santali Ho and Kurukh 106 The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known as Jhollywood 107 108 Media editThere are some television channels newspapers and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand DD Jharkhand is an important channel in Jharkhand All India Radio operates from Ranchi 109 Hindustan Dainik Jagran Sokal Sokal Prabhat Khabar and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and The Hindu The Times of India Hindustan Times Navbharat Times The Pioneer and The Telegraph are some English newspapers in Jharkhand Transport editAir edit Birsa Munda Airport is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of Delhi Kolkata Bangalore Mumbai Hyderabad among others 110 Deoghar Airport is the second busiest airport located in the state of Jharkhand India It is the second operational airport in state of Jharkhand after Ranchi 111 Sonari Airport at Jamshedpur is the third operational airport in the state and it has daily flight to Bhubaneswar and Kolkata Bokaro Airport is currently under construction and once completed will be 4th operational airport of the state It is being developed under UDAN scheme Other airports present in the state are Chakulia Airport Dumka Airport and Dhanbad Airport which mostly run private and charter flights 112 Roads edit Jharkhand has extensive network of National Highways and State Highways 113 There is 2 661 83 km 1 653 mi 1 733 yd of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016 113 The National highways present in the state are numbered 18 19 20 22 33 39 43 114A 118 133 133A 133B 139 143 143A 143AG 143D 143H 218 220 320D 320G 333 333A 343 419 and 522 113 The Golden Quadrilateral network of Delhi Kolkata route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad 114 115 Ports edit Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways 116 A multi modal port has been planned at Sahebganj where river Ganges flows 117 The project is estimated to cost 65 000 million and phase 1 is estimated to be completed by 2019 118 Rail edit See also Railway stations in Jharkhand Jharkhand is very well connected by railways The state has numerous railway stations and railway junctions 119 Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways nbsp Ranchi Airport IXR nbsp National Highway 33 near Ramgarh Cantonment nbsp View from the Sahibganj Railway StationEducation editAs per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 66 41 male 76 84 female 55 42 with nine districts above the average literacy rate 120 121 Ranchi 76 06 male 84 26 female 67 44 East Singhbhum 75 49 male 83 75 female 66 81 Dhanbad 74 52 male 83 81 Female 64 29 Ramgarh 73 17 male 82 44 female 63 09 Bokaro 72 01 male 82 51 female 60 63 Hazaribagh 69 75 male 80 01 female 58 95 Simdega 67 99 male 76 08 female 59 92 Saraikela Khasawan 67 70 male 79 03 female 55 88 Lohardaga 67 61 male 77 21 female 57 69 Koderma 66 84 male 79 78 female 53 23 Since the formation of the new state the Jharkhand Education Project Council JEPC has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education DPEP SSA NPEGEL and KGBV The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100 enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained 122 Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95 of children of ages 6 11 are enrolled in school as opposed to 56 in 1993 94 this will likely improve literacy a great deal citation needed Schools edit The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi English with English Hindi Sanskrit Bengali Odia as second language After 10 years of schooling students can join two years of Intermediate course or 2 courses in Arts Science and Commerce This is followed by three years of degree courses graduation or four years of Engineering Agriculture Medicine degree The school system comprises various private and public schools The government schools are abundant Few notable schools are St Thomas School Ranchi Sainik School Tilaiya Loyola School Jamshedpur Delhi Public School Bokaro Delhi Public School Ranchi Bishop Westcott Boys School Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith Deoghar De Nobili School and St Xavier s School Hazaribagh In 2009 Franz Gastler established Yuwa School a NGO in Hutup village in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combat child marriage illiteracy and human trafficking in rural India 123 In 2019 It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award 124 Universities and colleges edit See also List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand AISECT University Jharkhand Hazaribagh Arka Jain University Jamshedpur Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University Dhanbad Birsa Agricultural University Kanke Ranchi Central University of Jharkhand Brambe Ranchi Jharkhand Rai University Ranchi Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University Ranchi Kolhan University Chaibasa National University of Study and Research in Law Ranchi Nilamber Pitamber University Medininagar Radha Govind University Ramgarh Ranchi University Ranchi Sarala Birla University Ranchi Sido Kanhu Murmu University Dumka Vinoba Bhave University Hazaribagh Autonomous edit Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University formerly Ranchi college Indian Institute of Information Technology Ranchi Indian Institute of Management Ranchi Indian Institute of Technology Indian School of Mines Dhanbad National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology NIFFT Ranchi National University of Study and Research in Law National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur St Xavier s College Ranchi Xavier Institute of Social Service XISS Ranchi Xavier Labour Relations Institute XLRI Jamshedpur Agriculture edit Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Ranchi Engineering edit nbsp Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri Dhanbad DAV Institute of Engineering amp Technology Daltonganj Indian Institute of Technology Indian School of Mines Dhanbad Dhanbad National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology NIFFT Ranchi National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur Management edit Indian Institute of Management Ranchi IIM Ranchi XLRI Xavier School of Management Jamshedpur NSIBM Netaji Subhas Institute of Hotel amp Business Management Jamshedpur Medical colleges edit All India Institute of Medical Sciences AIIMS Deoghar Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital Hazaribagh Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College MGM Jamshedpur Medinirai Medical College and Hospital Palamu Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital Dumka Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences RIMS Ranchi Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College Dhanbad Dhanbad Shaheed Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College and Hospital Hazaribagh Psychiatry edit Central Institute of Psychiatry RanchiPublic Health editBecause of its mild climate Jharkhand particularly its capital Ranchi has been a health resort As far back as 1918 facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged 125 European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively In certain areas of Jharkhand poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis TB In fact TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state For management and treatment of such TB Itki TB Sanatorium Ranchi established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M TB It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug resistant TB Likewise in the field of treatment of cancer Tata Main Hospital Jamshedpur 126 is rendering pioneering work In the same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities citation needed Ranchi the capital has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines 127 Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis prevalent bone fractures and skeletal fluorosis an irreversible disabling condition 128 Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants 129 Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions 130 131 Almost 80 of Jharkhand s people are farmers although it contains 40 of India s mineral reserves it has some of India s poorest people in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance 132 Sports editJRD TATA Sports Complex Jamshedpur hosts football matches of Indian Super League and is the home of ISL based football club Jamshedpur FC Cricket hockey and football are common games in Jharkhand Players like Jaipal Singh a former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno currently play for the Indian Hockey team Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam Mahendra Singh Dhoni who was the captain of Indian cricket team and led the Indian cricket team to ICC Cricket World Cup glory on 2 April 2011 ending a 28 year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain Kapil Dev in 1983 at Lord s England is from here 133 Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand are Varun Aaron Shahbaz Nadeem and Saurabh Tiwary He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U 19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia Other sportspeople include Deepika Kumari a young archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women s individual recurve event Nikki Pradhan currently a member of the national hockey team Pradhan was the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India in the Olympics An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed This international stadium has hosted an International match between India and England on 19 January 2013 134 Apart from that this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs A tennis academy which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik also runs besides the cricket stadium 135 Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013 Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which is now being co hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays 136 nbsp Aerial view of Keenan Stadium in Jamshedpur nbsp JRD Tata Sports ComplexTourism editMain article Tourism in Jharkhand Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls hills and holy places 137 10 Parasnath Baidyanath Dham Maa Dewri Temple and Chhinnamasta Temple are major religious places 138 139 Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8 km from Latehar The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed Reach in sulphur the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin 140 Itkhori is a holy place for Hindus Buddhists and Jains It is believed to be the place from where Gautama Buddha started his journey for Bodh Gaya Many sculptures of Hindu Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018 141 142 Rankini Temple of Jadugora is famous in Jharkhand as well as in Odisha West Bengal and Bihar 143 144 There are several waterfalls in the state including Jonha Falls Hundru Falls Dassam Falls Perwaghagh Falls and Panchghagh Falls 145 146 147 Netarhat is a hill station in the state 148 149 150 There are several attractions and wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand including Betla National Park and Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary which are major attraction for tourists 151 152 153 154 State Museum Hotwar and Tribal Research Institute and Museum showcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand 155 156 nbsp The ancient Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple in Deoghar nbsp Jain temple at Samet Shikharji the place from where twenty Tirthankars attained nirvana nbsp Jonha Falls nbsp NetarhatSee also editList of people from Jharkhand JSCA International Stadium Complex Portals nbsp India nbsp Asia nbsp GeographyReferences editFootnotes edit Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census According to the 2011 census of India Jharkhand has 42 35 786 individuals who follow Other unclassified religions 81 The major religion is Sarna with 41 31 282 adherents The Oraon tribe has the highest number of followers at 10 00 016 followed by the Santal at 9 76 742 Ho at 8 68 133 Munda at 6 00 910 Lohar at 84 019 and Bhumij at 77 319 82 Addi Bassi has 42 422 adherents primarily among the Oraon tribe 35 452 82 Other religious denominations among the Scheduled Tribes include Bidin 29 187 Adi 9 135 Gond 2 419 and Birsa 2 392 The remaining Other unclassified religions are Munda Ho Oraon Achinthar Kharwar Paharia Sarvdharm Krupa Dupub Malla Tana Bhagat Marangboro Saranath Kuir Loco Bohra and Nature worship practised by various tribes In summary Sarna ranks as the third largest religion with 12 4997 while Addi Bassi Bidin Adi Gond and Birsa hold the sixth seventh tenth eleventh and twelfth positions respectively with percentages of 0 1286 0 0885 0 0277 0 0073 and 0 0073 of the state s population 83 Sources edit Important Tourist attraction of Giridih 18 October 2005 Archived from the original on 18 October 2005 Retrieved 24 March 2023 Jharkhand Profile 2011 Census PDF Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived PDF from the original on 22 April 2016 Retrieved 13 February 2017 a b c d Report of the Commissioner for linguistic 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