Redware as a single word is a term for at least two types of pottery of the last few centuries, in Europe and North America. Red ware as two words is a term used for pottery, mostly by archaeologists, found in a very wide range of places. However, these distinct usages are not always adhered to, especially when referring to the many different types of pre-colonial red wares in the Americas, which may be called "redware".
Redware teapot, Delft, c. 1680, red stoneware imitating Chinese Yixing ware.
In the great majority of cases the "red" concerned is the natural reddish-brown of the fired clay, and the same sort of colour as in terracotta (which most types of red ware could also be called) or red brick. The colour to which clay turns when fired varies considerably with its geological makeup and the conditions of firing, and as well as terracotta red, covers a wide range of blacks, browns, greys, whites and yellows.
Of the two "redware" types, both made between the 17th to 19th centuries (with modern revivals or imitations), the European was unglazed stoneware, mostly for teapots, jugs and mugs, and moderately, sometimes very, expensive. The American redware was cheap earthenware, very often with a ceramic glaze, used for a wide variety of kitchen and dining functions, as well as objects such as chamberpots.[1]
Covered Sugar Bowl, Wedgwood, 1805–1815, in Rosso Antico ware with fashionable "Neo-Egyptian" decoration
EuropeanEdit
In European contexts "redware" usually means an unglazed ("dry-bodied") stoneware, typically used for serving or drinking drinks. The term is especially used for pottery from the 17th and 18th centuries, before porcelain, whether imported from East Asia or made in Europe, became cheap enough to be used very widely. In this period red stoneware was used for vessels, especially teapots, jugs and mugs, which were relatively expensive and carefully made and decorated. Imported examples of Chinese Yixing clay teapots, an unglazed stoneware type made from a special type of clay, provided the exemplars and were often copied with various degrees of closeness. Soon a European design vocabulary was used as well.
A Delftware manufacturer announced in 1678 that he was making "red teapots", of which no examples are known to survive. The Dutch Elers brothers brought the style to Staffordshire pottery in the 1690s, after finding a suitable source of clay, and were widely imitated there. Some red stoneware by rival Dutch potters including Arij de Milde from the years around 1700 does survive, closely copying Yixing pots in style. Johann Friedrich Böttger was in contact with some of these and developed a rival "Böttger ware", a dark red stoneware first sold in 1710, and manufactured and imitated by others, all up to about 1740.[2] It was Böttger's first commercial ware and a significant stage in his development of porcelain in Europe, which he was soon making at the Meissen porcelain factory.[3][4][5]Josiah Wedgwood later refined the type, and gave the decoration a fashionable turn towards Neoclassicism, with his "Rosso Antico" body. This was usually decorated with sprigged reliefs in black, creating pleasing contrasts like those in his earlier Jasperware.
AmericanEdit
American redware slip-decorated dish, around 1800
In American contexts "redware" usually means earthenware with a reddish body, whether glazed or not. In fact it was very often given a white or other glaze, either tin-glazed or lead-glazed, though it is more usual to describe them as lead-glazed. Depending on the locality, this was the basic utilitarian pottery of the Colonial period of North America. It was often complemented by imported or American stoneware for large vessels where the added strength was useful. The name distinguishes the type from various other earthenwares with white, grey or yellow colours to the fired body, depending on the particular clay used. Some redware was imported from England. Later, American stoneware in particular, and various types of modern wares, including porcelain, took over for many types of objects.[6]
Major museum collections concentrate on the larger dishes, platters and jugs that are glazed, often in yellowish tones, and painted with bold folk art designs, even well into the 19th century. But these special decorated pieces are rather untypical of the mass of sherds found by archaeologists excavating sites of the period. Many of these fancy pieces are dated, signed or marked with a stamp.
"Red ware" is widely used in archaeology to distinguish local types of red pottery from types with other colours found in the same region. Generally these are unglazed earthenware where the red colour is easily visible in complete pieces. Examples of types include: Red Polished Ware, of which there are four main unrelated types, all ancient, from Egypt, India, Cyprus and Roman Europe; the Black and red ware culture of Bronze Age India (individual objects are either black or red); Roman "red gloss ware" or Terra sigillata; Late Roman African red slip ware; Salado or Roosevelt Red Ware, Arizona, c. 1280 to 1450 AD, and one form of Romano-British Crambeck Ware.
Egyptian "red polished ware" jar, circa 3650 –3300 BC, Predynastic, Naqada II
Egyptian "red ware" situla-shaped jar, c 1390–1353 BC, New Kingdom, Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III
Groover, Mark D., An Archaeological Study of Rural Capitalism and Material Life: The Gibbs Farmstead in Southern Appalachia, 1790-1920, 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN0306479176, 9780306479175, google books
Osborne, Harold (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts, 1975, OUP, ISBN0198661134
Turnbaugh, Sarah Peabody, "17th and 18th Century Lead-Glazed Redwares in the Massachusetts Bay Colony", in Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historical Archaeology, ed. Charles E. Orser, 1996, Rowman Altamira, ISBN0761991425, 9780761991427, google books
October 21, 2023
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Redware as a single word is a term for at least two types of pottery of the last few centuries in Europe and North America Red ware as two words is a term used for pottery mostly by archaeologists found in a very wide range of places However these distinct usages are not always adhered to especially when referring to the many different types of pre colonial red wares in the Americas which may be called redware Redware teapot Delft c 1680 red stoneware imitating Chinese Yixing ware In the great majority of cases the red concerned is the natural reddish brown of the fired clay and the same sort of colour as in terracotta which most types of red ware could also be called or red brick The colour to which clay turns when fired varies considerably with its geological makeup and the conditions of firing and as well as terracotta red covers a wide range of blacks browns greys whites and yellows Of the two redware types both made between the 17th to 19th centuries with modern revivals or imitations the European was unglazed stoneware mostly for teapots jugs and mugs and moderately sometimes very expensive The American redware was cheap earthenware very often with a ceramic glaze used for a wide variety of kitchen and dining functions as well as objects such as chamberpots 1 Contents 1 Redware 1 1 European 1 2 American 2 Red ware 3 Notes 4 ReferencesRedware Edit nbsp Covered Sugar Bowl Wedgwood 1805 1815 in Rosso Antico ware with fashionable Neo Egyptian decorationEuropean Edit In European contexts redware usually means an unglazed dry bodied stoneware typically used for serving or drinking drinks The term is especially used for pottery from the 17th and 18th centuries before porcelain whether imported from East Asia or made in Europe became cheap enough to be used very widely In this period red stoneware was used for vessels especially teapots jugs and mugs which were relatively expensive and carefully made and decorated Imported examples of Chinese Yixing clay teapots an unglazed stoneware type made from a special type of clay provided the exemplars and were often copied with various degrees of closeness Soon a European design vocabulary was used as well A Delftware manufacturer announced in 1678 that he was making red teapots of which no examples are known to survive The Dutch Elers brothers brought the style to Staffordshire pottery in the 1690s after finding a suitable source of clay and were widely imitated there Some red stoneware by rival Dutch potters including Arij de Milde from the years around 1700 does survive closely copying Yixing pots in style Johann Friedrich Bottger was in contact with some of these and developed a rival Bottger ware a dark red stoneware first sold in 1710 and manufactured and imitated by others all up to about 1740 2 It was Bottger s first commercial ware and a significant stage in his development of porcelain in Europe which he was soon making at the Meissen porcelain factory 3 4 5 Josiah Wedgwood later refined the type and gave the decoration a fashionable turn towards Neoclassicism with his Rosso Antico body This was usually decorated with sprigged reliefs in black creating pleasing contrasts like those in his earlier Jasperware American Edit nbsp American redware slip decorated dish around 1800In American contexts redware usually means earthenware with a reddish body whether glazed or not In fact it was very often given a white or other glaze either tin glazed or lead glazed though it is more usual to describe them as lead glazed Depending on the locality this was the basic utilitarian pottery of the Colonial period of North America It was often complemented by imported or American stoneware for large vessels where the added strength was useful The name distinguishes the type from various other earthenwares with white grey or yellow colours to the fired body depending on the particular clay used Some redware was imported from England Later American stoneware in particular and various types of modern wares including porcelain took over for many types of objects 6 Major museum collections concentrate on the larger dishes platters and jugs that are glazed often in yellowish tones and painted with bold folk art designs even well into the 19th century But these special decorated pieces are rather untypical of the mass of sherds found by archaeologists excavating sites of the period Many of these fancy pieces are dated signed or marked with a stamp nbsp Tea caddy with Sally Smith 1769 in the painting Bucks County Wrightstown Pennsylvania nbsp Dish with sgraffito decoration inscribed 1793 HR perhaps for Heinrich Roth a potter then active in Northampton County Pennsylvania nbsp Utilitarian glazed water jar nbsp Platter 1790s slip decoration Norwalk ConnecticutRed ware Edit Red ware is widely used in archaeology to distinguish local types of red pottery from types with other colours found in the same region Generally these are unglazed earthenware where the red colour is easily visible in complete pieces Examples of types include Red Polished Ware of which there are four main unrelated types all ancient from Egypt India Cyprus and Roman Europe the Black and red ware culture of Bronze Age India individual objects are either black or red Roman red gloss ware or Terra sigillata Late Roman African red slip ware Salado or Roosevelt Red Ware Arizona c 1280 to 1450 AD and one form of Romano British Crambeck Ware nbsp Egyptian red polished ware jar circa 3650 3300 BC Predynastic Naqada II nbsp Egyptian red ware situla shaped jar c 1390 1353 BC New Kingdom Dynasty 18 reign of Amenhotep III nbsp Etruscan red ware stand 700 650 BC nbsp African red slip ware made in Tunisia AD 350 400Notes Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redware European stoneware nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to American redware Turnbaugh 223 Osborne 134 The Discovery Of European Porcelain By Bottger A Systematic Creative Development W Schule W Goder Keram Z 34 10 598 1982 300th Anniversary Johann Friedrich Bottger The Inventor Of European Porcelain Interceram 31 1 15 1982 Invention Of European Porcelain M Mields Sprechsaal 115 1 64 1982 Groover 231 233 TurnbaughReferences EditGroover Mark D An Archaeological Study of Rural Capitalism and Material Life The Gibbs Farmstead in Southern Appalachia 1790 1920 2006 Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 0306479176 9780306479175 google books Osborne Harold ed The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts 1975 OUP ISBN 0198661134 Turnbaugh Sarah Peabody 17th and 18th Century Lead Glazed Redwares in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Images of the Recent Past Readings in Historical Archaeology ed Charles E Orser 1996 Rowman Altamira ISBN 0761991425 9780761991427 google books Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Redware amp oldid 1144522941, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
