Kurukh belongs to the Northern Dravidian group of the Dravidian family languages,[7] and is closely related to Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia, which are often together referred to as Malto.[8]
Dravidian language tree
Writing systems
Kurukh Banna script chart for the Kurukh language
Tolong Siki script (bold), next to Devanagari and Latin script.
In 1991, Basudev Ram Khalkho from Odisha released the Kurukh Banna script. In Sundargarh district of Odisha the Kurukh Banna alphabet is taught and promoted by Kurukh Parha. Fonts has been developed and people are using it widely in books, magazines and other material. The alphabet is also used by Oraon people in the states of Chhattisgarh, Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam.[9]
In 1999, Narayan Oraon, a doctor, invented the alphabetic Tolong Siki script specifically for Kurukh. Many books and magazines have been published in Tolong Siki script, and it saw official recognition by the state of Jharkhand in 2007. The Kurukh Literary Society of India has been instrumental in spreading the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature.[10][11]
It is spoken by 2,053,000 people from the Oraon and Kisan tribes, with 1,834,000 and 219,000 speakers respectively. The literacy rate is 23% in Oraon and 17% in Kisan. Despite the large number of speakers, the language is considered to be endangered.[12] The governments of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have introduced the Kurukh language in schools with majority Kurukhar students. Jharkhand and West Bengal both list Kurukh as an official language of their respective states.[13] Bangladesh also has some speakers.
Phonology
Vowels
Kurukh has five cardinal vowels. Each vowel has long, short nasalized and long nasalized counterparts.[14]
Kurukh has a number of alternative names such as Uraon, Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, Urang, Morva, and Birhor. Two dialects, Oraon and Kisan, have 73% intelligibility between them. Oraon but not Kisan is currently being standardised. Kisan is currently endangered, with a decline rate of 12.3% from 1991 to 2001.[16]
^"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
Kobayashi, Masato. "Review of Viewing Proto-Dravidian from the Northeast, by Martin Pfeiffer". In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 140, no. 2 (2020): 467–81.
Perumalsamy, P. (2002) “ Kisan ” in Linguistic Survey of India:
Ferdinand Hahn (1903). Kuruḵh̲ (Orā̃ō)-English dictionary. Bengal Secretariat Press. pp. 126–. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Ferdinand Hahn (1900). Kuruḵẖ grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Kuruk̲h̲ folk-lore: in the original. The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. 1905. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Kurukh basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Proposal to encode Tolong Siki
Omniglot's page on Tolong Siki
April 28, 2023
kurukh, language, kurukh, devanagari, also, kurux, oraon, uranw, dravidian, language, spoken, kurukh, oraon, kisan, people, east, india, spoken, about, million, people, indian, states, jharkhand, chhattisgarh, odisha, west, bengal, assam, bihar, tripura, well,. Kurukh ˈ k ʊr ʊ x 4 Devanagari क ड ख also Kurux Oraon or Uranw 5 is a Dravidian language spoken by the Kurukh Oraon and Kisan people of East India It is spoken by about two million people in the Indian states of Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Odisha West Bengal Assam Bihar and Tripura as well as by 65 000 in northern Bangladesh 28 600 of a dialect called Uranw in Nepal and about 5 000 in Bhutan Some Kurukh speakers are in Andaman and Nicobar Islands It is most closely related to the Malto language It is marked as being in a vulnerable state in UNESCO s list of endangered languages 6 The Kisan dialect has 206 100 speakers as of 2011 KurukhKurux Oraon Uraonक ड ख ক ড খ କ ଡ ଖ Kuṛux or Kuṅṛux in Kurukh Banna alphabet top and Tolong Siki alphabet bottom Native toIndia and BangladeshRegionOdisha Jharkhand West Bengal Chhattisgarh Assam Bihar Tripura 1 EthnicityKurukhKisanNative speakers2 28 million 2002 2011 2 1 3 Language familyDravidian Northern DravidianKurukh MaltoKurukhDialectsOraon Kisan DhangarWriting systemDevanagariKurukh BannaTolong SikiOfficial statusOfficial language in India Jharkhand additional West Bengal additional Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks kru span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code kru class extiw title iso639 3 kru kru a inclusive codeIndividual code a href https iso639 3 sil org code xis class extiw title iso639 3 xis xis a KisanGlottologkuru1301ELPNepali Kurux Contents 1 Classification 2 Writing systems 3 Geographical distribution 4 Speakers 5 Phonology 5 1 Vowels 5 2 Consonants 6 Education 7 Sample phrases 8 Alternative names and dialects 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksClassification EditKurukh belongs to the Northern Dravidian group of the Dravidian family languages 7 and is closely related to Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia which are often together referred to as Malto 8 Dravidian language treeWriting systems Edit Kurukh Banna script chart for the Kurukh language Tolong Siki script bold next to Devanagari and Latin script Kurukh is written in Devanagari a script also used to write Sanskrit Hindi Marathi Nepali and other Indo Aryan languages In 1991 Basudev Ram Khalkho from Odisha released the Kurukh Banna script In Sundargarh district of Odisha the Kurukh Banna alphabet is taught and promoted by Kurukh Parha Fonts has been developed and people are using it widely in books magazines and other material The alphabet is also used by Oraon people in the states of Chhattisgarh Bengal Jharkhand and Assam 9 In 1999 Narayan Oraon a doctor invented the alphabetic Tolong Siki script specifically for Kurukh Many books and magazines have been published in Tolong Siki script and it saw official recognition by the state of Jharkhand in 2007 The Kurukh Literary Society of India has been instrumental in spreading the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature 10 11 Geographical distribution EditKurukh language spoken mostly in Raigarh Surguja Jashpur of Chhattisgarh Gumla Ranchi Lohardaga Latehar simdega of Jharkhand Jharsuguda Sundargarh and Sambalpur district of Odisha It is also spoken in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal Assam and Tripura states by Kurukh who are mostly Tea garden workers 1 Speakers EditIt is spoken by 2 053 000 people from the Oraon and Kisan tribes with 1 834 000 and 219 000 speakers respectively The literacy rate is 23 in Oraon and 17 in Kisan Despite the large number of speakers the language is considered to be endangered 12 The governments of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have introduced the Kurukh language in schools with majority Kurukhar students Jharkhand and West Bengal both list Kurukh as an official language of their respective states 13 Bangladesh also has some speakers Phonology EditVowels Edit Kurukh has five cardinal vowels Each vowel has long short nasalized and long nasalized counterparts 14 Kurukh simple vowels Front Central BackHigh i uMid e oLow aConsonants Edit The table below illustrates the articulation of the consonants 14 Kurukh consonants Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋPlosive Affricate voiceless plain p t ʈ tʃ k ʔaspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰvoiced plain b d ɖ dʒ ɡaspirated bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱFricative s ʃ x hRhotic plain ɾ ɽaspirated ɽʱGlide w l jEducation EditKurukh languages is taught as a subject in the schools of Jharkhand Chhattishgarh Madhya Pradesh Odisha West Bengal and Assam 15 Sample phrases EditPhrases English TranslationNighai endra naame What is your name Neen ekase ra din How are you Girl Neen ekase ra dai How are you Boy Een korem ra dan I am fine Neen ekshan kalalagdin Where are you going Girl Neen ekshan kalalagday Where are you going Boy Endra manja What happened Ha an YesMalla NoEen Mokha Lagdan I am eating Neen mokha You eat Neen ona You drinkAar mokha lagnar They are eating Alternative names and dialects EditKurukh has a number of alternative names such as Uraon Kurux Kunrukh Kunna Urang Morva and Birhor Two dialects Oraon and Kisan have 73 intelligibility between them Oraon but not Kisan is currently being standardised Kisan is currently endangered with a decline rate of 12 3 from 1991 to 2001 16 References Edit a b c Kurux Ethnologue Retrieved 2018 07 11 Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 www censusindia gov in Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Retrieved 2018 07 07 Kurux Nepali Ethnologue Retrieved 2018 07 11 Kurukh Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Glottolog 4 5 Nepali Kurux Evans Lisa Endangered Languages The Full List The Guardian Stassen Leon 1997 Intransitive Predication Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory Oxford University Press p 220 ISBN 978 0199258932 PS Subrahmanyam Kurukh in ELL2 Ethnologue assigns Nepali Kurux a separate iso code kxl Mandal Biswajit Kurukh Banna Omniglot Ager Simon Tolong Siki alphabet and the Kurukh language Omniglot Retrieved 19 December 2019 Pandey Anshuman 8 April 2010 Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tolong Siki Script in the UCS PDF Retrieved 19 December 2019 Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine Vanishing Voices The Extinction of the World s Languages Oxford Oxford University Press 2000 Page 9 Kurukh given official language status in West Bengal Jagranjosh com 2017 03 06 Retrieved 2019 05 12 a b Kobayashi Masato 2017 09 21 The Kurux language grammar texts and lexicon Leiden ISBN 9789004347663 OCLC 1000447436 Singh Shiv Sahay 2017 03 02 Kurukh gets official language status in West Bengal The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2022 05 02 ORGI Census of India Growth of Non Scheduled Languages 1971 1981 1991 and 2001 www censusindia gov in Retrieved 2017 10 15 Further reading EditAndronov M S Elements of Kurux Historical Phonology In Anthropos 69 no 1 2 1974 250 53 http www jstor org stable 40458519 Kobayashi Masato Review of Viewing Proto Dravidian from the Northeast by Martin Pfeiffer In Journal of the American Oriental Society 140 no 2 2020 467 81 Perumalsamy P 2002 Kisan in Linguistic Survey of India Orissa volume New Delhi Office of Registrar General pp 497 515 https censusindia gov in census website data LSIExternal links EditFerdinand Hahn 1903 Kuruḵh Ora ō English dictionary Bengal Secretariat Press pp 126 Retrieved 25 August 2012 Ferdinand Hahn 1900 Kuruḵẖ grammar Bengal Secretariat Press Retrieved 26 August 2012 Kuruk h folk lore in the original The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot 1905 Retrieved 25 August 2012 Kurukh basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database Proposal to encode Tolong Siki Omniglot s page on Tolong Siki Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kurukh language amp oldid 1151467386, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
