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Nauru

January 19, 2023

This article is about the island country. For the Tanzanian village, see Nauru, Tanzania.

Nauru (/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo[9] or /ˈnaʊruː/ NOW-roo;[10] Nauruan: Naoero), officially the Republic of Nauru (Nauruan: Repubrikin Naoero) and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, about 300 km (190 mi) to the east.[11] It further lies northwest of Tuvalu, 1,300 km (810 mi) northeast of Solomon Islands,[12] east-northeast of Papua New Guinea, southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands. With only a 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) area, Nauru is the third-smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco, making it the smallest republic as well as the smallest island nation. Its population of about 10,000 is the world's second-smallest (not including colonies or overseas territories), after Vatican City.

Republic of Nauru
Repubrikin Naoero (Nauruan)
Motto: "God's will first"
Anthem: Nauru Bwiema
"Nauru, our homeland"
CapitalNone (de jure)
Yaren (de facto)[a]
0°32′S 166°55′E / 0.533°S 166.917°E / -0.533; 166.917 (Nauru)Coordinates: 0°32′S 166°55′E / 0.533°S 166.917°E / -0.533; 166.917 (Nauru)
Largest cityDenigomodu
Official languages
Commonly spokenEnglish[b]
Demonym(s)Nauruan
GovernmentParliamentary republic with an executive presidency under a non-partisan democracy
• President
Russ Kun
Marcus Stephen
LegislatureParliament
Independence
• from UN trusteeship (from the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand)
31 January 1968
Area
• Total
21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) (193rd)
• Water (%)
0.57
Population
• 2020 estimate
10,834[4][5] (227th)
• 2011 census
10,084[6]
• Density
480/km2 (1,243.2/sq mi) (12th)
GDP (PPP)2021 estimate
• Total
$132 million[7] (192nd)
• Per capita
$9,995[7] (94th)
GDP (nominal)2021 estimate
• Total
$133 million[7]
• Per capita
$10,125[7]
CurrencyAustralian dollar (AUD)
Time zoneUTC+12[8]
Driving sideleft
Calling code+674
ISO 3166 codeNR
Internet TLD.nr

Settled by people from Micronesia circa 1000 BCE, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, and was bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, the country entered into United Nations trusteeship. Nauru gained its independence in 1968, and became a member of the Pacific Community (PC) in 1969.

Nauru is a phosphate-rock island with rich deposits near the surface, which allowed easy strip mining operations for over a century, though at the cost of seriously harming the island's environment, causing the island nation to suffer from what is often referred to as the "resource curse". The large phosphate deposits are a result of the island's position in the path of bird migration patterns and the accumulation of their guano, which is rich in the nutrients crucial for fertilization, over thousands of years.[9] The phosphate was exhausted in the 1990s, and the remaining reserves are not economically viable for extraction.[13] A trust established to manage the island's accumulated mining wealth, set up for the day the reserves would be exhausted, has diminished in value. To earn income, Nauru briefly became a tax haven and illegal money laundering centre.[14] At various points since 2001, it has accepted aid from the Australian Government in exchange for hosting the Nauru Regional Processing Centre, a controversial offshore Australian immigration detention facility. As a result of heavy dependence on Australia, some sources have identified Nauru as a client state of Australia.[15][16][17] The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations and the Organization of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States.

History

Main articles: History of Nauru and British Western Pacific Territories
 
Photo of a Nauruan warrior during the Nauruan Civil War around 1880

Nauru was first settled by Micronesians at least 3,000 years ago, and there is evidence of possible Polynesian influence.[18] Comparatively little is known of Nauruan prehistory,[19] although the island is believed to have had a long period of isolation, which accounts for the distinct language that developed among the inhabitants.[20] There were traditionally 12 clans or tribes on Nauru, which are represented in the twelve-pointed star on the country's flag.[21] Traditionally, Nauruans traced their descent matrilineally. Inhabitants practised aquaculture: they caught juvenile milkfish (known as ibija in Nauruan), acclimatised them to freshwater, and raised them in the Buada Lagoon, providing a reliable food source. The other locally grown components of their diet included coconuts and pandanus fruit.[22][23] The name "Nauru" may derive from the Nauruan word Anáoero, which means 'I go to the beach.'[24]

In 1798, the British sea captain John Fearn, on his trading ship Hunter (300 tons), became the first Westerner to report sighting Nauru, calling it "Pleasant Island", because of its attractive appearance.[25][26] From at least 1826, Nauruans had regular contact with Europeans on whaling and trading ships who called for provisions and fresh drinking water.[27] The last whaler to call during the age of sail visited in 1904.[28]

Around this time, deserters from European ships began to live on the island. The islanders traded food for alcoholic palm wine and firearms.[29] The firearms were used during the 10-year Nauruan Civil War that began in 1878.[30]

After an agreement with Great Britain, Nauru was annexed by Germany in 1888 and incorporated into Germany's Marshall Islands Protectorate for administrative purposes.[31][32] The arrival of the Germans ended the civil war, and kings were established as rulers of the island. The most widely known of these was King Auweyida. Christian missionaries from the Gilbert Islands arrived in 1888.[33][34] The German settlers called the island "Nawodo" or "Onawero".[35] The Germans ruled Nauru for almost three decades. Robert Rasch, a German trader who married a Nauruan woman, was the first administrator, appointed in 1890.[33]

Phosphate was discovered on Nauru in 1900 by the prospector Albert Fuller Ellis.[32][26] The Pacific Phosphate Company began to exploit the reserves in 1906 by agreement with Germany, exporting its first shipment in 1907.[25][36] In 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, Nauru was captured by Australian troops. In 1919 it was agreed by the Allied and Associated Powers that His Britannic Majesty should be the administering authority under a League of Nations mandate. The Nauru Island Agreement forged in 1919 between the governments of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand provided for the administration of the island and extraction of the phosphate deposits by an intergovernmental British Phosphate Commission (BPC).[31][37] The terms of the League of Nations mandate were drawn up in 1920.[31][38]

The island experienced an influenza epidemic and ongoing colonial strife through the early 20th century, with a mortality rate of 18 per cent among native Nauruans, bringing the total population count down to just 200.[39][10]

In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustees.[40] On 6 and 7 December 1940, the German auxiliary cruisers Komet and Orion sank five supply ships in the vicinity of Nauru. Komet then shelled Nauru's phosphate mining areas, oil storage depots, and the shiploading cantilever.[41][42][43]

 
US Army Air Force bombing the Japanese airstrip on Nauru, 1943.[44]

Japanese troops occupied Nauru on 25 August 1942.[42] The Japanese built 2 airfields which were bombed for the first time on 25 March 1943, preventing food supplies from being flown to Nauru.[45] The Japanese deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as labourers in the Chuuk Islands,[44] which was also occupied by Japan. As part of the Allied strategy of island hopping from the Pacific islands towards the main islands of Japan, Nauru was bypassed and left to "wither on the vine". Nauru was finally liberated on 13 September 1945, when commander Hisayaki Soeda surrendered the island to the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy.[46] The surrender was accepted by Brigadier J. R. Stevenson, who represented Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee, the commander of the First Australian Army, aboard the warship HMAS Diamantina.[47][48][49] Arrangements were made to repatriate from Chuuk the 745 Nauruans who survived Japanese captivity there.[50] They were returned to Nauru by the BPC ship Trienza in January 1946.[51]

In 1947, a trusteeship was established by the United Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as trustees.[52][53] Under those arrangements, the UK, Australia, and New Zealand were a joint administering authority. The Nauru Island Agreement provided for the first administrator to be appointed by Australia for five years, leaving subsequent appointments to be decided by the three governments.[31][38] However, in practice, administrative power was exercised by Australia alone.[31][38]

The 1948 Nauru riots occurred when Chinese guano mining workers went on strike over pay and conditions. The Australian administration imposed a state of emergency with Native Police and armed volunteers of locals and Australian officials being mobilised. This force, using sub-machine guns and other firearms, opened fire on the Chinese workers killing two and wounding sixteen. Around 50 of the workers were arrested and two of these were bayoneted to death while in custody. The trooper who bayoneted the prisoners was charged but later acquitted on grounds that the wounds were "accidentally received."[54][55] The governments of the Soviet Union and China made official complaints against Australia at the United Nations over this incident.[56]

In 1964, it was proposed to relocate the population of Nauru to Curtis Island off the coast of Queensland, Australia. By that time, Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia, Britain, and New Zealand, damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s. Rehabilitating the island was seen as financially impossible. In 1962, Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies said that the three countries involved in the mining had an obligation to provide a solution for the Nauruan people, and proposed finding a new island for them. In 1963, the Australian Government proposed to acquire all the land on Curtis Island (which was considerably larger than Nauru) and then offer the Nauruans freehold title over the island and that the Nauruans would become Australian citizens.[57][58] The cost of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be £10 million (A$288 million in 2018[59]), which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of pastoral, agricultural, and fishing industries.[60] However, the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island to establish themselves as an independent nation, which Australia would not agree to.[61] Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island, instead choosing to become an independent nation operating their mines in Nauru.[62]

Nauru became self-governing in January 1966, and following a two-year constitutional convention, it became independent on 31 January 1968 under founding president Hammer DeRoburt.[63] In 1967, the people of Nauru purchased the assets of the British Phosphate Commissioners, and in June 1970 control passed to the locally owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation (NPC).[36] Income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world.[64][65] In 1989, Nauru took legal action against Australia in the International Court of Justice over Australia's administration of the island, in particular, Australia's failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining. Certain Phosphate Lands: Nauru v. Australia led to an out-of-court settlement to rehabilitate the mined-out areas of Nauru.[52][66]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Nauru
 
Map of Nauru

Nauru is a 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi),[2] oval-shaped island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 55.95 km (34.77 mi) south of the equator.[67] The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles.[3] The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport, although channels in the reef allow small boats access to the island.[68] A fertile coastal strip 150 to 300 m (490 to 980 ft) wide lies inland from the beach.[3]

Coral cliffs surround Nauru's central plateau. The highest point of the plateau, called the Command Ridge, is 71 m (233 ft) above sea level.[69]

The only fertile areas on Nauru are on the narrow coastal belt, where coconut palms flourish. The land around Buada Lagoon supports bananas, pineapples, vegetables, pandanus trees, and indigenous hardwoods, such as the tamanu tree.[3]

Nauru was one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean, along with Banaba (Ocean Island), in Kiribati, and Makatea, in French Polynesia. The phosphate reserves on Nauru are now almost entirely depleted. Phosphate mining in the central plateau has left a barren terrain of jagged limestone pinnacles up to 15 m (49 ft) high. Mining has stripped and devastated about 80 per cent of Nauru's land area, leaving it uninhabitable,[65] and has also affected the surrounding exclusive economic zone; 40 per cent of marine life is estimated to have been killed by silt and phosphate runoff.[3][70]

There are limited natural sources of freshwater on Nauru. Rooftop storage tanks collect rainwater. The islanders are mostly dependent on three desalination plants housed at Nauru's Utilities Agency.

Climate

Nauru's climate is hot and very humid year-round because of its proximity to the equator and the ocean. Nauru is hit by monsoon rains between November and February, but rarely has cyclones. Annual rainfall is highly variable and is influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, with several significant recorded droughts.[18][71] The temperature on Nauru ranges between 30 and 35 °C (86 and 95 °F) during the day and is quite stable at around 25 °C (77 °F) at night.[72]

Streams and rivers do not exist in Nauru. Water is gathered from roof catchment systems. Water is brought to Nauru as ballast on ships returning for loads of phosphate.[73]

Climate data for Yaren District, Nauru
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34
(93) 		37
(99) 		35
(95) 		35
(95) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		35
(95) 		33
(91) 		35
(95) 		34
(93) 		36
(97) 		35
(95) 		37
(99)
Average high °C (°F) 30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		30
(87)
Average low °C (°F) 25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		25
(77)
Record low °C (°F) 21
(70) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		20
(68)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 280
(11.0) 		250
(9.8) 		190
(7.5) 		190
(7.5) 		120
(4.7) 		110
(4.3) 		150
(5.9) 		130
(5.1) 		120
(4.7) 		100
(3.9) 		120
(4.7) 		280
(11.0) 		2,080
(81.9)
Average precipitation days 16 14 13 11 9 9 12 14 11 10 13 15 152
Source: Weatherbase
 
Aerial view of Nauru

Ecology

Fauna is sparse on the island because of a lack of vegetation and the consequences of phosphate mining. Many indigenous birds have disappeared or become rare owing to the destruction of their habitat.[74] There are about 60 recorded vascular plant species native to the island, none of which are endemic. Coconut farming, mining, and introduced species have seriously disturbed the native vegetation.[18]

There are no native land mammals, but there are native insects, land crabs, and birds, including the endemic Nauru reed warbler. The Polynesian rat, cats, dogs, pigs, and chickens have been introduced to Nauru from ships.[75] The diversity of the reef marine life makes fishing a popular activity for tourists on the island; also popular are scuba diving and snorkelling.[76]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Nauru
 
Parliament of Nauru

The president of Nauru is Russ Kun, who heads a 19-member unicameral parliament. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Asian Development Bank. Nauru also participates in the Commonwealth and Olympic Games. Recently Nauru became a member country of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The Republic of Nauru became the 189th member of the International Monetary Fund in April 2016.

Nauru is a republic with a parliamentary system of government.[63] The president is both head of state and head of government and is dependent on parliamentary confidence to remain president. All 19 parliament seats are elected every three years.[77] The parliament elects the president from its members, and the president appoints a cabinet of five to six members.[78] As a result of a referendum in 2021, naturalised citizens and their descendants are barred from becoming parliamentarians.

Nauru does not have any formal structure for political parties, and candidates typically stand for office as independents; fifteen of the 19 members of the current Parliament are independents. Four parties that have been active in Nauruan politics are the Nauru Party, the Democratic Party, Nauru First and the Centre Party. However, alliances within the government are often formed based on extended family ties rather than party affiliation.[79]

From 1992 to 1999, Nauru had a local government system known as the Nauru Island Council (NIC). This nine-member council was designed to provide municipal services. The NIC was dissolved in 1999 and all assets and liabilities became vested in the national government.[80] Land tenure on Nauru is unusual: all Nauruans have certain rights to all land on the island, which is owned by individuals and family groups. Government and corporate entities do not own any land, and they must enter into a lease arrangement with landowners to use land. Non-Nauruans cannot own land on the island.[18]

Nauru's Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice, is paramount on constitutional issues. Other cases can be appealed to the two-judge Appellate Court. Parliament cannot overturn court decisions. Historically, Appellate Court rulings could be appealed to the High Court of Australia,[81][82] though this happened only rarely and the Australian court's appellate jurisdiction ended entirely on 12 March 2018 after the Government of Nauru unilaterally ended the arrangement.[83][84][85] Lower courts consist of the District Court and the Family Court, both of which are headed by a Resident Magistrate, who also is the Registrar of the Supreme Court. There are two other quasi-courts: the Public Service Appeal Board and the Police Appeal Board, both of which are presided over by the Chief Justice.[3]

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Nauru

Following independence in 1968, Nauru joined the Commonwealth of Nations as a Special Member; it became a full member in 1999.[86] The country was admitted to the Asian Development Bank in 1991 and the United Nations in 1999.[87] Nauru is a member of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the Pacific Community, and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission.[88] In February 2021, Nauru announced it would be formally withdrawing from the Pacific Islands Forum in a joint statement with Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and the Federated States of Micronesia after a dispute regarding Henry Puna's election as the Forum's secretary-general.[89][90]

 
Nauruan police cadets undergoing training. Nauru has no armed forces, though there is a small police force under civilian control.

Nauru has no armed forces, though there is a small police force under civilian control.[2] Australia is responsible for Nauru's defence under an informal agreement between the two countries.[2] The September 2005 memorandum of understanding between Australia and Nauru provides the latter with financial aid and technical assistance, including a Secretary of Finance to prepare the budget, and advisers on health and education. This aid is in return for Nauru's housing of asylum seekers while their applications for entry into Australia are processed.[91] Nauru uses the Australian dollar as its official currency.[3]

Nauru has used its position as a member of the United Nations to gain financial support from both Taiwan (officially the Republic of China or ROC) and mainland China (officially the People's Republic of China or PRC) by changing its recognition from one to the other under the One-China policy. On 21 July 2002, Nauru signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC, accepting US$130 million from the PRC for this action[92] (US$190 million in 2021[93]). In response, the ROC severed diplomatic relations with Nauru two days later. Nauru later re-established links with the ROC on 14 May 2005,[94] and diplomatic ties with the PRC were officially severed on 31 May 2005.[95] However, the PRC continues to maintain a representative office on Nauru.[96]

In 2008, Nauru recognised Kosovo as an independent country, and in 2009 Nauru became the fourth country, after Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, to recognise Abkhazia, a breakaway region of Georgia. Russia was reported to be giving Nauru US$50 million in humanitarian aid as a result of this recognition[92] ($62.7 million in 2021[93]). On 15 July 2008, the Nauruan government announced a port refurbishment programme, financed with US$9 million of development aid received from Russia ($11.3 million in 2021[93]). The Nauru government claimed this aid is not related to its recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[97]

 
Former Nauruan President Baron Waqa and Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen in Taiwan, 7 March 2017

A significant portion of Nauru's income has been in the form of aid from Australia. In 2001, the MV Tampa, a Norwegian ship that had rescued 438 refugees from a stranded 20-metre-long boat, was seeking to dock in Australia. In what became known as the Tampa affair, the ship was refused entry and boarded by Australian troops. The refugees were eventually loaded onto Royal Australian Navy vessel HMAS Manoora and taken to Nauru to be held in detention facilities which later became part of the Howard government's Pacific Solution. Nauru operated two detention centres known as State House and Topside for these refugees in exchange for Australian aid.[98] By November 2005, only two refugees, Mohammed Sagar and Muhammad Faisal remained on Nauru from those first sent there in 2001,[99] with Sagar finally resettling in early 2007. The Australian government sent further groups of asylum-seekers to Nauru in late 2006 and early 2007.[100] The refugee centre was closed in 2008,[3] but, following the Australian government's re-adoption of the Pacific Solution in August 2012, it has re-opened it.[101] The US Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program operates a climate-monitoring facility on the island.[102]

In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council, Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of Nauru and some other Pacific nations raising human rights violations in Western New Guinea, which has been occupied by Indonesia since 1963,[103] and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report.[104][105] Indonesia rejected the allegations.[105] More than 100,000 Papuans have died during a 50-year Papua conflict.[106]

Amnesty International has since described the conditions of the refugees of war living in Nauru as a "horror",[107][108] with reports of children as young as eight attempting suicide and engaging in acts of self-harm.[109] In 2018, the situation gained attention as a "mental health crisis", with an estimated thirty children suffering from traumatic withdrawal syndrome, also known as resignation syndrome.[109][110]

Administrative divisions

See also: List of settlements in Nauru
 
Map of Nauru showing its districts

Nauru is divided into fourteen administrative districts, which are grouped into eight electoral constituencies and are further divided into villages.[3][2] The most populous district is Denigomodu, with 1,804 residents, of which 1,497 reside in an NPC settlement called "Location". The following table shows population by district according to the 2011 census.[111]

No. District Former
name		 Area
(ha)		 Population
(2011)		 No. of
villages		 Density
(persons/ha)
1 Aiwo Aiue 110 1,220 8 11.1
2 Anabar Anebwor 150 452 15 3.0
3 Anetan Añetañ 100 587 12 5.9
4 Anibare Anybody 310 226 17 0.7
5 Baitsi Beidi, Baiti 120 513 15 4.3
6 Boe Boi 50 851 4 17.0
7 Buada Arenibok 260 739 14 2.8
8 Denigomodu Denikomotu 118 1,804 17 15.3
9 Ewa Eoa 120 446 12 3.7
10 Ijuw Ijub 110 178 13 1.6
11 Meneng Meneñ 310 1,380 18 4.5
12 Nibok Ennibeck 160 484 11 3.0
13 Uaboe Ueboi 80 318 6 3.0
14 Yaren Moqua 150 747 7 4.0
– Nauru Naoero 2,120 10,084 169 4.8

Economy

Main article: Economy of Nauru
 
A satellite image of Nauru, 2002

Before a resurgence in the 2010s, the Nauruan economy was strongest in the 1970s, with GDP peaking in 1981.[112][113] This trend came from phosphate mining, which accounted for a majority of its economic output. Mining declined starting in the early 1980s.[114]: 5  There are few other resources, and most necessities are imported.[3][115] Small-scale mining is still conducted by RONPhos, formerly known as the Nauru Phosphate Corporation.[3] The government places a percentage of RONPhos's earnings into the Nauru Phosphate Royalties Trust. The trust manages long-term investments, which were intended to support the citizens after the phosphate reserves were exhausted.[116]

Because of mismanagement, the trust's fixed and current assets were reduced considerably and may never fully recover. The failed investments included financing Leonardo the Musical in 1993.[117] The Mercure Hotel in Sydney[118] and Nauru House in Melbourne were sold in 2004 to finance debts and Air Nauru's only Boeing 737 was repossessed in December 2005. Normal air service resumed after the aircraft was replaced with a Boeing 737-300 airliner in June 2006.[119] In 2005, the corporation sold its remaining real estate in Melbourne, the vacant Savoy Tavern site, for $7.5 million[120] (US$10.1 million in 2021[93]).

The value of the trust is estimated to have shrunk from A$1.3 billion in 1991 to A$138 million in 2002 (A$2.49 billion to A$203 million in 2018 dollars[59]).[121] Nauru currently lacks money to perform many of the basic functions of government; for example, the National Bank of Nauru is insolvent. The CIA World Factbook estimated a GDP per capita of US$5,000 in 2005.[2] The Asian Development Bank 2007 economic report on Nauru estimated GDP per capita at US$2,400 to US$2,715.[114]

There are no personal taxes in Nauru. The unemployment rate is estimated to be 23 percent and the government employs 95 per cent of those who have jobs.[2][122] The Asian Development Bank notes that, although the administration has a strong public mandate to implement economic reforms, in the absence of an alternative to phosphate mining, the medium-term outlook is for continued dependence on external assistance.[121] Tourism is not a major contributor to the economy.[123]

 
Limestone pinnacles remain after phosphate mining at the site of one of Nauru's secondary mines

In the 1990s, Nauru became a tax haven and offered passports to foreign nationals for a fee.[124] The inter-governmental Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) identified Nauru as one of 15 "non-cooperative" countries in its fight against money laundering. During the 1990s, it was possible to establish a licensed bank in Nauru for only US$25,000[124] (US$37,925 in 2021[93]) with no other requirements. Under pressure from FATF, Nauru introduced anti-avoidance legislation in 2003, after which foreign hot money left the country. In October 2005, after satisfactory results from the legislation and its enforcement, FATF lifted the non-cooperative designation.[125]

From 2001 to 2007, the Nauru detention centre provided a significant source of income for the country. The Nauruan authorities reacted with concern to its closure by Australia.[126] In February 2008, the Foreign Affairs minister, Kieren Keke, stated that the closure would result in 100 Nauruans losing their jobs, and would affect 10 per cent of the island's population directly or indirectly: "We have got a huge number of families that are suddenly going to be without any income. We are looking at ways we can try and provide some welfare assistance but our capacity to do that is very limited. Literally we have got a major unemployment crisis in front of us."[127] The detention centre was re-opened in August 2012.[101]

In July 2017 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) upgraded its rating of Nauru's standards of tax transparency. Previously Nauru had been listed alongside fourteen other countries that had failed to show that they could comply with international tax transparency standards and regulations. The OECD subsequently put Nauru through a fast-tracked compliance process and the country was given a "largely compliant" rating.[128]

The Nauru 2017–2018 budget, delivered by Minister of Finance David Adeang, forecast A$128.7 million in revenues and A$128.6 million in expenditures and projected modest economic growth for the nation over the next two years.[129] In 2018 the Nauru government partnered with the deep sea mining company DeepGreen, planning to harvest manganese nodules whose minerals and metals can be used in the development of sustainable energy technology.[130][131][132]

Population

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Nauru

Nauru had 12,511 residents as of July 2021.[4][5] The population was previously larger, but in 2006 the island saw 1,500 people leave during a repatriation of immigrant workers from Kiribati and Tuvalu. The repatriation was motivated by significant layoffs in phosphate mining.[114]

Nauru is one of the most densely populated Westernized countries in the South Pacific.[133]

Ethnic groups

Fifty-eight percent of people in Nauru are ethnically Nauruan, 26 percent are other Pacific Islander, 8 percent are European, and 8 percent are Han Chinese.[2]

Languages

The official language of Nauru is Nauruan,[1] a distinct Micronesian language, which is spoken by 96 percent of ethnic Nauruans at home.[114] English is widely spoken and is the language of government and commerce.[2][3]

Religion

Further information: Religion in Nauru
 
Church in Nauru

The main religion practised on the island is Christianity (the main denominations are Nauru Congregational Church 35.71%, Roman Catholic 32.96%, Assemblies of God 12.98%, and Baptist 1.48%).[3] The Constitution provides for freedom of religion. The government has restricted the religious practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Jehovah's Witnesses, most of whom are foreign workers employed by the government-owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation.[134] The Catholics are pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarawa and Nauru, with see at Tarawa in Kiribati.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Nauru

Angam Day, held on 26 October, celebrates the recovery of the Nauruan population after the two World Wars and the 1920 influenza epidemic.[135] Colonial and contemporary Western influence has largely displaced the indigenous culture.[136] Few older customs have been preserved, but some forms of traditional music, arts and crafts, and fishing are still practised.[137]

Media

There are no daily news publications on Nauru, although there is one fortnightly publication, Mwinen Ko. There is a state-owned television station, Nauru Television (NTV), which broadcasts programs from New Zealand and Australia, and a state-owned non-commercial radio station, Radio Nauru, which carries programs from Radio Australia and the BBC.[138]

Sport

Australian rules football is the most popular sport in Nauru—it and weightlifting are considered the country's national sports. There is an Australian rules football league with eight teams.[139] Other sports popular in Nauru include volleyball, netball, fishing, weightlifting and tennis. Nauru participates in the Commonwealth Games and has participated in the Summer Olympic Games in weightlifting and judo.[140]

Nauru's national basketball team competed at the 1969 Pacific Games, where it defeated the Solomon Islands and Fiji.

The Nauru national rugby sevens team made its international debut at the 2015 Pacific Games.[141]

Nauru competed in the 2015 Oceania Sevens Championship in New Zealand.

Holidays

Main article: Public holidays in Nauru

Independence Day is celebrated on 31 January.[142]

Public services

Education

Further information: Education in Nauru

Literacy on Nauru is 96 percent. Education is compulsory for children from six to sixteen years old, and two more non-compulsory years are offered (years 11 and 12).[143] The island has three primary schools and two secondary schools. The secondary schools are Nauru Secondary School and Nauru College.[144] There is a campus of the University of the South Pacific on Nauru. Before this campus was built in 1987, students would study either by distance or abroad.[145] Since 2011, the University of New England, Australia has established a presence on the island with around 30 Nauruan teachers studying for an associate degree in education. These students will continue on to the degree to complete their studies.[146] This project is led by Associate Professor Pep Serow and funded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

The previous community public library was destroyed in a fire. As of 1999 a new one had not yet been built, and no bookmobile services were available as of that year. Sites with libraries include the University of the South Pacific campus, Nauru Secondary, Kayser College, and Aiwo Primary.[147] The Nauru Community Library is in the new University of the South Pacific Nauru Campus building, which was officially opened in May 2018.

Health

 
Nauruan residents walking around Nauru International Airport. Nauruans are amongst the most obese people in the world.[148]

Nauru has one of the highest child mortality rates in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) region at 28.5% in 2020, according to a UNICEF study.[149]

Further information: Obesity in Nauru

Life expectancy on Nauru in 2009 was 60.6 years for males and 68.0 years for females.[150]

By measure of mean body mass index (BMI), Nauruans are the most overweight people in the world;[148] 97 per cent of men and 93 per cent of women are overweight or obese.[148] In 2012, the obesity rate was 71.7 per cent.[151] Obesity on the Pacific islands is common.

Nauru has the world's highest level of type 2 diabetes, with more than 40 per cent of the population affected.[152] Other significant dietary-related problems on Nauru include kidney disease and heart disease.[150]

Transport

 
View of Nauru International Airport

The island is solely served by Nauru International Airport. Passenger service is provided by Nauru Airlines. Flights operate four days a week to Brisbane,[153] with limited service to other destinations including Nadi[154] and Bonriki.[155]

Nauru is accessible by sea via the Nauru International Port. The modernization and expansion project of the former Aiwo Boat Harbor was expected to be completed in 2021 but has been delayed due to technical and logistics issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[156][157]

Resources

Plants and Farming

Historically, Indigenous Nauruans kept household gardens that provided much of the food that they needed through subsistence farming, with the most common food plants including coconuts, breadfruit, bananas, pandanus, papaya, and guavas.[158] Because of the large immigrant population that would work in the phosphate mines, there were many types of fruits and vegetables grown that were staples in those countries as well.[158] The soil in Nauru was very rich on what citizens call the "Topside," which is the raised phosphate plateau where the phosphate is mined from, and it was extremely fertile and great for growing crops.[158] However, the area where most Nauruans live now, on the coastal ring on the island that hasn't been mined, the soil quality is among the poorest in the world, as it is shallow, alkaline, and has the coarse texture of the coral that surrounds it.[159][158][160] In 2011, just 13% of households maintained a garden or were involved in growing crops.[161] Most of the soil that was on Nauru is now gone because of phosphate-mining activities, leaving people to import the soil that they need.[159][158] Ethnobotanical studies have indicated that the reduction in the types of plants that can be grown due to phosphate mining has significantly impacted the connection that Indigenous Nauruans feel to the land, as plants are a large part of their cultural identity and have many uses in their lives, with each plant having an average of 7 uses within Pacific Island cultures.[158]

Food

For Nauru residents today, all food must also be imported because of the loss of 90% of tenable land due to phosphate mining, leaving people with a diet of mainly processed foods, like rice and sugar.[162] Though residents are trying to salvage the soil that they can, some researchers speculate that there will be no regeneration of soils even after the mining ceases.[159] The country's dependence on processed and imported foods along with "cultural, historical and social factors" have greatly affected the health of its citizens.[163] Despite having all food imported, the Household and Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted for the year of 2012-2013 found that Nauruans have a food poverty incidence rate of 0, based on the Food Poverty Line (FPL) which "includes a daily intake of 2,100 calories per adult per day."[163]

Non-food Basic Needs

Though the HIES found that Nauru is doing well in terms of food poverty, 24% of the population and 16.8% of households are below the basic needs (clothing, shelter, education, transport, communication, water, sanitation and health services) poverty line.[163] This is the worst poverty index of all Pacific nations.[163] In 2017, half of Nauruans were living on $9,000 a year. Water resources are extremely limited, with the island supplying enough for 32 liters of freshwater per person per day despite the WHO's recommendation of 50 liters per person per day.[164] Much of the groundwater has been contaminated by mining runoff, toilets, and dumping of other commercial and household wastes, causing Nauruans to rely on imported water, the price of which can vary as it is closely tied to fuel prices for its delivery, and rainfall storage.[164][149] Access to sanitation facilities is restricted with just 66% of residents having access to reliable toilets, and open defecation is still practiced by 3% of the population.[149] Schools are frequently forced to close because they do not have reliable toilets or drinking water for students to use.[149] There is a long-standing truancy problem and accessibility of education for refugee and asylum-seeking children, as well as for disabled children remain areas of concern for Nauru’s education sector.[149]

Effects of mining on Nauruans and their land

Land and people

Since the early 1900s, Nauru has been mined for phosphorus by many countries, resulting in devastating destruction of the land. As noted earlier, 80% of the island is unusable due to phosphorus mining, which has left exposed coral pinnacles that leave the land useless and uninhabitable.[164] The degradation of the land has resulted in a "lower resilience of the natural environment," causing many negative health and environmental effects, like poor water quality, greater erosion rates, poor precipitation, higher droughts, and greater CO2 emissions.[164] The damage done through mining extends further by ocean acidification and coastal erosion and has threatened terrestrial and marine biodiversity.[164] The people of Nauru also face continued negative health effects from the mining in the form of phosphate dust pollution and cadmium pollution, tainting the water and air quality.[164] As a result, the rate of care-seeking for children under 5 years of age with ARI is 69% according to UNICEF data.[161] Due to the extent of the mining, there is not much that can be done now to alleviate the agricultural problems that Nauruans face besides monetary reparations, which Nauru pursued from the Australian Government in 1989 though the International Court of Justice in the Hague.[160][165] The lawsuit was settled in 1993 in an out-of-court payout of $120 million AUD over 20 years.[165]

Phosphate mining has removed most of the vegetation and tree coverage that Nauru had, leaving the land and the people vulnerable to intense heat on an island so close to the Equator.[158] The effects of the vegetation removal has been most felt by refugees in the Nauru detention center, which is in the very center of the island where the majority of the mining is done.[166] Along the coast, where most Nauruans are forced to live now due to the land reduction caused by mining, the coastal plants that remain are vital for the "provision of shade and animal and plant habitats; protection from wind, erosion, flood, and salt water incursion; land stabilization; protection from the desiccating effects of salt spray; and soil improvement and mulching," especially as the coast is expected to continue eroding with the increasing effects of climate change.[158]

Social effects

Because phosphate mining, and now deep-sea mining, has been going on for so long, it is hard to parse out exactly how it has affected the Nauruan people. Researchers have offered that the Nauruan people likely have a loss of their sense of place and culture, as they did not have full control of their land until 1968.[167][168] There has also been a documented loss of Nauruan traditions like subsistence farming as well as the violations of their rights to their own land and the continued human rights violations that continue at the Nauru detention center.[168] The Nauruan people face extremely high rates of obesity, alcoholism, prostitution, poorer mental health rates, and myriad other health issues that stem from these problems.[149][168] A study done in 2014 by The Nauru Family Health and Support Study implemented by Nauru Department of Home Affairs and DFAT and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) have shown the alarming prevalence of violence in romantic relationships on the island, with 48.1% of ever-partnered women who participated saying that have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once.[163] A quarter of women in the same study have experienced violence in at least one pregnancy, and 9.9% of women had experienced some form of violence in the past 12 months.[163] In another study surveying sexual health, 21% of a portion of the population tested positive for chlamydia.[161] In the same survey, 30% of school children aged 13–15 reported having attempted suicide, and 24% of children under the age of five are stunted.[161] Though Nauruans are currently still searching for a way to stay on the island and live viable lives, some speculate that the only way for them to do so is to continue mining the phosphorus that is left (30 years or so).[166]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nauru does not have an official capital but Yaren is the seat of parliament.[1]
  2. ^ English is widely spoken by the majority of the population and it is commonly used in government, legislation and commerce alongside Nauruan. Because of Nauru's history and relationship with Australia, Australian English is the dominant variety.[2][3]

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External links

January 19, 2023
nauru, this, article, about, island, country, tanzanian, village, tanzania, ɑː, naoero, officially, republic, repubrikin, naoero, formerly, known, pleasant, island, island, country, microstate, oceania, central, pacific, nearest, neighbour, banaba, island, kir. This article is about the island country For the Tanzanian village see Nauru Tanzania Nauru n ɑː ˈ uː r uː nah OO roo 9 or ˈ n aʊ r uː NOW roo 10 Nauruan Naoero officially the Republic of Nauru Nauruan Repubrikin Naoero and formerly known as Pleasant Island is an island country and microstate in Oceania in the Central Pacific Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati about 300 km 190 mi to the east 11 It further lies northwest of Tuvalu 1 300 km 810 mi northeast of Solomon Islands 12 east northeast of Papua New Guinea southeast of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the Marshall Islands With only a 21 km2 8 1 sq mi area Nauru is the third smallest country in the world behind Vatican City and Monaco making it the smallest republic as well as the smallest island nation Its population of about 10 000 is the world s second smallest not including colonies or overseas territories after Vatican City Republic of NauruRepubrikin Naoero Nauruan Flag Coat of armsMotto God s will first Anthem Nauru Bwiema Nauru our homeland source source CapitalNone de jure Yaren de facto a 0 32 S 166 55 E 0 533 S 166 917 E 0 533 166 917 Nauru Coordinates 0 32 S 166 55 E 0 533 S 166 917 E 0 533 166 917 Nauru Largest cityDenigomoduOfficial languagesNauruan EnglishCommonly spokenEnglish b Demonym s NauruanGovernmentParliamentary republic with an executive presidency under a non partisan democracy PresidentRuss Kun Speaker of the ParliamentMarcus StephenLegislatureParliamentIndependence from UN trusteeship from the United Kingdom Australia and New Zealand 31 January 1968Area Total21 km2 8 1 sq mi 193rd Water 0 57Population 2020 estimate10 834 4 5 227th 2011 census10 084 6 Density480 km2 1 243 2 sq mi 12th GDP PPP 2021 estimate Total 132 million 7 192nd Per capita 9 995 7 94th GDP nominal 2021 estimate Total 133 million 7 Per capita 10 125 7 CurrencyAustralian dollar AUD Time zoneUTC 12 8 Driving sideleftCalling code 674ISO 3166 codeNRInternet TLD nrSettled by people from Micronesia circa 1000 BCE Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century After World War I Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia New Zealand and the United Kingdom During World War II Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops and was bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific After the war ended the country entered into United Nations trusteeship Nauru gained its independence in 1968 and became a member of the Pacific Community PC in 1969 Nauru is a phosphate rock island with rich deposits near the surface which allowed easy strip mining operations for over a century though at the cost of seriously harming the island s environment causing the island nation to suffer from what is often referred to as the resource curse The large phosphate deposits are a result of the island s position in the path of bird migration patterns and the accumulation of their guano which is rich in the nutrients crucial for fertilization over thousands of years 9 The phosphate was exhausted in the 1990s and the remaining reserves are not economically viable for extraction 13 A trust established to manage the island s accumulated mining wealth set up for the day the reserves would be exhausted has diminished in value To earn income Nauru briefly became a tax haven and illegal money laundering centre 14 At various points since 2001 it has accepted aid from the Australian Government in exchange for hosting the Nauru Regional Processing Centre a controversial offshore Australian immigration detention facility As a result of heavy dependence on Australia some sources have identified Nauru as a client state of Australia 15 16 17 The sovereign state is a member of the United Nations Commonwealth of Nations and the Organization of African Caribbean and Pacific States Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 2 2 Ecology 3 Politics 3 1 Foreign relations 3 2 Administrative divisions 4 Economy 5 Population 5 1 Demographics 5 2 Ethnic groups 5 3 Languages 5 4 Religion 6 Culture 6 1 Media 6 2 Sport 6 3 Holidays 7 Public services 7 1 Education 7 2 Health 8 Transport 9 Resources 9 1 Plants and Farming 9 2 Food 9 3 Non food Basic Needs 10 Effects of mining on Nauruans and their land 10 1 Land and people 10 2 Social effects 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13 1 Citations 13 2 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External linksHistory EditMain articles History of Nauru and British Western Pacific Territories Photo of a Nauruan warrior during the Nauruan Civil War around 1880 Nauru was first settled by Micronesians at least 3 000 years ago and there is evidence of possible Polynesian influence 18 Comparatively little is known of Nauruan prehistory 19 although the island is believed to have had a long period of isolation which accounts for the distinct language that developed among the inhabitants 20 There were traditionally 12 clans or tribes on Nauru which are represented in the twelve pointed star on the country s flag 21 Traditionally Nauruans traced their descent matrilineally Inhabitants practised aquaculture they caught juvenile milkfish known as ibija in Nauruan acclimatised them to freshwater and raised them in the Buada Lagoon providing a reliable food source The other locally grown components of their diet included coconuts and pandanus fruit 22 23 The name Nauru may derive from the Nauruan word Anaoero which means I go to the beach 24 In 1798 the British sea captain John Fearn on his trading ship Hunter 300 tons became the first Westerner to report sighting Nauru calling it Pleasant Island because of its attractive appearance 25 26 From at least 1826 Nauruans had regular contact with Europeans on whaling and trading ships who called for provisions and fresh drinking water 27 The last whaler to call during the age of sail visited in 1904 28 Around this time deserters from European ships began to live on the island The islanders traded food for alcoholic palm wine and firearms 29 The firearms were used during the 10 year Nauruan Civil War that began in 1878 30 After an agreement with Great Britain Nauru was annexed by Germany in 1888 and incorporated into Germany s Marshall Islands Protectorate for administrative purposes 31 32 The arrival of the Germans ended the civil war and kings were established as rulers of the island The most widely known of these was King Auweyida Christian missionaries from the Gilbert Islands arrived in 1888 33 34 The German settlers called the island Nawodo or Onawero 35 The Germans ruled Nauru for almost three decades Robert Rasch a German trader who married a Nauruan woman was the first administrator appointed in 1890 33 Phosphate was discovered on Nauru in 1900 by the prospector Albert Fuller Ellis 32 26 The Pacific Phosphate Company began to exploit the reserves in 1906 by agreement with Germany exporting its first shipment in 1907 25 36 In 1914 following the outbreak of World War I Nauru was captured by Australian troops In 1919 it was agreed by the Allied and Associated Powers that His Britannic Majesty should be the administering authority under a League of Nations mandate The Nauru Island Agreement forged in 1919 between the governments of the United Kingdom Australia and New Zealand provided for the administration of the island and extraction of the phosphate deposits by an intergovernmental British Phosphate Commission BPC 31 37 The terms of the League of Nations mandate were drawn up in 1920 31 38 The island experienced an influenza epidemic and ongoing colonial strife through the early 20th century with a mortality rate of 18 per cent among native Nauruans bringing the total population count down to just 200 39 10 In 1923 the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co trustees 40 On 6 and 7 December 1940 the German auxiliary cruisers Komet and Orion sank five supply ships in the vicinity of Nauru Komet then shelled Nauru s phosphate mining areas oil storage depots and the shiploading cantilever 41 42 43 US Army Air Force bombing the Japanese airstrip on Nauru 1943 44 Japanese troops occupied Nauru on 25 August 1942 42 The Japanese built 2 airfields which were bombed for the first time on 25 March 1943 preventing food supplies from being flown to Nauru 45 The Japanese deported 1 200 Nauruans to work as labourers in the Chuuk Islands 44 which was also occupied by Japan As part of the Allied strategy of island hopping from the Pacific islands towards the main islands of Japan Nauru was bypassed and left to wither on the vine Nauru was finally liberated on 13 September 1945 when commander Hisayaki Soeda surrendered the island to the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Navy 46 The surrender was accepted by Brigadier J R Stevenson who represented Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee the commander of the First Australian Army aboard the warship HMAS Diamantina 47 48 49 Arrangements were made to repatriate from Chuuk the 745 Nauruans who survived Japanese captivity there 50 They were returned to Nauru by the BPC ship Trienza in January 1946 51 In 1947 a trusteeship was established by the United Nations with Australia New Zealand and the United Kingdom as trustees 52 53 Under those arrangements the UK Australia and New Zealand were a joint administering authority The Nauru Island Agreement provided for the first administrator to be appointed by Australia for five years leaving subsequent appointments to be decided by the three governments 31 38 However in practice administrative power was exercised by Australia alone 31 38 The 1948 Nauru riots occurred when Chinese guano mining workers went on strike over pay and conditions The Australian administration imposed a state of emergency with Native Police and armed volunteers of locals and Australian officials being mobilised This force using sub machine guns and other firearms opened fire on the Chinese workers killing two and wounding sixteen Around 50 of the workers were arrested and two of these were bayoneted to death while in custody The trooper who bayoneted the prisoners was charged but later acquitted on grounds that the wounds were accidentally received 54 55 The governments of the Soviet Union and China made official complaints against Australia at the United Nations over this incident 56 In 1964 it was proposed to relocate the population of Nauru to Curtis Island off the coast of Queensland Australia By that time Nauru had been extensively mined for phosphate by companies from Australia Britain and New Zealand damaging the landscape so much that it was thought the island would be uninhabitable by the 1990s Rehabilitating the island was seen as financially impossible In 1962 Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies said that the three countries involved in the mining had an obligation to provide a solution for the Nauruan people and proposed finding a new island for them In 1963 the Australian Government proposed to acquire all the land on Curtis Island which was considerably larger than Nauru and then offer the Nauruans freehold title over the island and that the Nauruans would become Australian citizens 57 58 The cost of resettling the Nauruans on Curtis Island was estimated to be 10 million A 288 million in 2018 59 which included housing and infrastructure and the establishment of pastoral agricultural and fishing industries 60 However the Nauruan people did not wish to become Australian citizens and wanted to be given sovereignty over Curtis Island to establish themselves as an independent nation which Australia would not agree to 61 Nauru rejected the proposal to move to Curtis Island instead choosing to become an independent nation operating their mines in Nauru 62 Nauru became self governing in January 1966 and following a two year constitutional convention it became independent on 31 January 1968 under founding president Hammer DeRoburt 63 In 1967 the people of Nauru purchased the assets of the British Phosphate Commissioners and in June 1970 control passed to the locally owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation NPC 36 Income from the mines made Nauruans among the richest people in the world 64 65 In 1989 Nauru took legal action against Australia in the International Court of Justice over Australia s administration of the island in particular Australia s failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining Certain Phosphate Lands Nauru v Australia led to an out of court settlement to rehabilitate the mined out areas of Nauru 52 66 Geography EditMain article Geography of Nauru Map of Nauru Nauru is a 21 km2 8 1 sq mi 2 oval shaped island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean 55 95 km 34 77 mi south of the equator 67 The island is surrounded by a coral reef which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles 3 The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport although channels in the reef allow small boats access to the island 68 A fertile coastal strip 150 to 300 m 490 to 980 ft wide lies inland from the beach 3 Coral cliffs surround Nauru s central plateau The highest point of the plateau called the Command Ridge is 71 m 233 ft above sea level 69 The only fertile areas on Nauru are on the narrow coastal belt where coconut palms flourish The land around Buada Lagoon supports bananas pineapples vegetables pandanus trees and indigenous hardwoods such as the tamanu tree 3 Nauru was one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean along with Banaba Ocean Island in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia The phosphate reserves on Nauru are now almost entirely depleted Phosphate mining in the central plateau has left a barren terrain of jagged limestone pinnacles up to 15 m 49 ft high Mining has stripped and devastated about 80 per cent of Nauru s land area leaving it uninhabitable 65 and has also affected the surrounding exclusive economic zone 40 per cent of marine life is estimated to have been killed by silt and phosphate runoff 3 70 There are limited natural sources of freshwater on Nauru Rooftop storage tanks collect rainwater The islanders are mostly dependent on three desalination plants housed at Nauru s Utilities Agency Climate Edit Nauru s climate is hot and very humid year round because of its proximity to the equator and the ocean Nauru is hit by monsoon rains between November and February but rarely has cyclones Annual rainfall is highly variable and is influenced by the El Nino Southern Oscillation with several significant recorded droughts 18 71 The temperature on Nauru ranges between 30 and 35 C 86 and 95 F during the day and is quite stable at around 25 C 77 F at night 72 Streams and rivers do not exist in Nauru Water is gathered from roof catchment systems Water is brought to Nauru as ballast on ships returning for loads of phosphate 73 Climate data for Yaren District NauruMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 34 93 37 99 35 95 35 95 32 90 32 90 35 95 33 91 35 95 34 93 36 97 35 95 37 99 Average high C F 30 86 30 86 30 86 30 86 30 86 30 86 30 86 30 86 30 86 31 88 31 88 31 88 30 87 Average low C F 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 25 77 Record low C F 21 70 21 70 21 70 21 70 20 68 21 70 20 68 21 70 20 68 21 70 21 70 21 70 20 68 Average precipitation mm inches 280 11 0 250 9 8 190 7 5 190 7 5 120 4 7 110 4 3 150 5 9 130 5 1 120 4 7 100 3 9 120 4 7 280 11 0 2 080 81 9 Average precipitation days 16 14 13 11 9 9 12 14 11 10 13 15 152Source Weatherbase Aerial view of Nauru Ecology Edit Fauna is sparse on the island because of a lack of vegetation and the consequences of phosphate mining Many indigenous birds have disappeared or become rare owing to the destruction of their habitat 74 There are about 60 recorded vascular plant species native to the island none of which are endemic Coconut farming mining and introduced species have seriously disturbed the native vegetation 18 There are no native land mammals but there are native insects land crabs and birds including the endemic Nauru reed warbler The Polynesian rat cats dogs pigs and chickens have been introduced to Nauru from ships 75 The diversity of the reef marine life makes fishing a popular activity for tourists on the island also popular are scuba diving and snorkelling 76 Politics EditMain article Politics of Nauru Parliament of Nauru The president of Nauru is Russ Kun who heads a 19 member unicameral parliament The country is a member of the United Nations the Commonwealth of Nations and the Asian Development Bank Nauru also participates in the Commonwealth and Olympic Games Recently Nauru became a member country of the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA The Republic of Nauru became the 189th member of the International Monetary Fund in April 2016 Nauru is a republic with a parliamentary system of government 63 The president is both head of state and head of government and is dependent on parliamentary confidence to remain president All 19 parliament seats are elected every three years 77 The parliament elects the president from its members and the president appoints a cabinet of five to six members 78 As a result of a referendum in 2021 naturalised citizens and their descendants are barred from becoming parliamentarians Nauru does not have any formal structure for political parties and candidates typically stand for office as independents fifteen of the 19 members of the current Parliament are independents Four parties that have been active in Nauruan politics are the Nauru Party the Democratic Party Nauru First and the Centre Party However alliances within the government are often formed based on extended family ties rather than party affiliation 79 From 1992 to 1999 Nauru had a local government system known as the Nauru Island Council NIC This nine member council was designed to provide municipal services The NIC was dissolved in 1999 and all assets and liabilities became vested in the national government 80 Land tenure on Nauru is unusual all Nauruans have certain rights to all land on the island which is owned by individuals and family groups Government and corporate entities do not own any land and they must enter into a lease arrangement with landowners to use land Non Nauruans cannot own land on the island 18 Nauru s Supreme Court headed by the Chief Justice is paramount on constitutional issues Other cases can be appealed to the two judge Appellate Court Parliament cannot overturn court decisions Historically Appellate Court rulings could be appealed to the High Court of Australia 81 82 though this happened only rarely and the Australian court s appellate jurisdiction ended entirely on 12 March 2018 after the Government of Nauru unilaterally ended the arrangement 83 84 85 Lower courts consist of the District Court and the Family Court both of which are headed by a Resident Magistrate who also is the Registrar of the Supreme Court There are two other quasi courts the Public Service Appeal Board and the Police Appeal Board both of which are presided over by the Chief Justice 3 Foreign relations Edit Main article Foreign relations of Nauru Following independence in 1968 Nauru joined the Commonwealth of Nations as a Special Member it became a full member in 1999 86 The country was admitted to the Asian Development Bank in 1991 and the United Nations in 1999 87 Nauru is a member of the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme the Pacific Community and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission 88 In February 2021 Nauru announced it would be formally withdrawing from the Pacific Islands Forum in a joint statement with Marshall Islands Kiribati and the Federated States of Micronesia after a dispute regarding Henry Puna s election as the Forum s secretary general 89 90 Nauruan police cadets undergoing training Nauru has no armed forces though there is a small police force under civilian control Nauru has no armed forces though there is a small police force under civilian control 2 Australia is responsible for Nauru s defence under an informal agreement between the two countries 2 The September 2005 memorandum of understanding between Australia and Nauru provides the latter with financial aid and technical assistance including a Secretary of Finance to prepare the budget and advisers on health and education This aid is in return for Nauru s housing of asylum seekers while their applications for entry into Australia are processed 91 Nauru uses the Australian dollar as its official currency 3 Nauru has used its position as a member of the United Nations to gain financial support from both Taiwan officially the Republic of China or ROC and mainland China officially the People s Republic of China or PRC by changing its recognition from one to the other under the One China policy On 21 July 2002 Nauru signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC accepting US 130 million from the PRC for this action 92 US 190 million in 2021 93 In response the ROC severed diplomatic relations with Nauru two days later Nauru later re established links with the ROC on 14 May 2005 94 and diplomatic ties with the PRC were officially severed on 31 May 2005 95 However the PRC continues to maintain a representative office on Nauru 96 In 2008 Nauru recognised Kosovo as an independent country and in 2009 Nauru became the fourth country after Russia Nicaragua and Venezuela to recognise Abkhazia a breakaway region of Georgia Russia was reported to be giving Nauru US 50 million in humanitarian aid as a result of this recognition 92 62 7 million in 2021 93 On 15 July 2008 the Nauruan government announced a port refurbishment programme financed with US 9 million of development aid received from Russia 11 3 million in 2021 93 The Nauru government claimed this aid is not related to its recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia 97 Former Nauruan President Baron Waqa and Taiwanese President Tsai Ing wen in Taiwan 7 March 2017 A significant portion of Nauru s income has been in the form of aid from Australia In 2001 the MV Tampa a Norwegian ship that had rescued 438 refugees from a stranded 20 metre long boat was seeking to dock in Australia In what became known as the Tampa affair the ship was refused entry and boarded by Australian troops The refugees were eventually loaded onto Royal Australian Navy vessel HMAS Manoora and taken to Nauru to be held in detention facilities which later became part of the Howard government s Pacific Solution Nauru operated two detention centres known as State House and Topside for these refugees in exchange for Australian aid 98 By November 2005 only two refugees Mohammed Sagar and Muhammad Faisal remained on Nauru from those first sent there in 2001 99 with Sagar finally resettling in early 2007 The Australian government sent further groups of asylum seekers to Nauru in late 2006 and early 2007 100 The refugee centre was closed in 2008 3 but following the Australian government s re adoption of the Pacific Solution in August 2012 it has re opened it 101 The US Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program operates a climate monitoring facility on the island 102 In March 2017 at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of Nauru and some other Pacific nations raising human rights violations in Western New Guinea which has been occupied by Indonesia since 1963 103 and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report 104 105 Indonesia rejected the allegations 105 More than 100 000 Papuans have died during a 50 year Papua conflict 106 Amnesty International has since described the conditions of the refugees of war living in Nauru as a horror 107 108 with reports of children as young as eight attempting suicide and engaging in acts of self harm 109 In 2018 the situation gained attention as a mental health crisis with an estimated thirty children suffering from traumatic withdrawal syndrome also known as resignation syndrome 109 110 Administrative divisions Edit See also List of settlements in Nauru Map of Nauru showing its districts Nauru is divided into fourteen administrative districts which are grouped into eight electoral constituencies and are further divided into villages 3 2 The most populous district is Denigomodu with 1 804 residents of which 1 497 reside in an NPC settlement called Location The following table shows population by district according to the 2011 census 111 No District Formername Area ha Population 2011 No ofvillages Density persons ha 1 Aiwo Aiue 110 1 220 8 11 12 Anabar Anebwor 150 452 15 3 03 Anetan Anetan 100 587 12 5 94 Anibare Anybody 310 226 17 0 75 Baitsi Beidi Baiti 120 513 15 4 36 Boe Boi 50 851 4 17 07 Buada Arenibok 260 739 14 2 88 Denigomodu Denikomotu 118 1 804 17 15 39 Ewa Eoa 120 446 12 3 710 Ijuw Ijub 110 178 13 1 611 Meneng Menen 310 1 380 18 4 512 Nibok Ennibeck 160 484 11 3 013 Uaboe Ueboi 80 318 6 3 014 Yaren Moqua 150 747 7 4 0 Nauru Naoero 2 120 10 084 169 4 8Economy EditMain article Economy of Nauru A satellite image of Nauru 2002 Before a resurgence in the 2010s the Nauruan economy was strongest in the 1970s with GDP peaking in 1981 112 113 This trend came from phosphate mining which accounted for a majority of its economic output Mining declined starting in the early 1980s 114 5 There are few other resources and most necessities are imported 3 115 Small scale mining is still conducted by RONPhos formerly known as the Nauru Phosphate Corporation 3 The government places a percentage of RONPhos s earnings into the Nauru Phosphate Royalties Trust The trust manages long term investments which were intended to support the citizens after the phosphate reserves were exhausted 116 Because of mismanagement the trust s fixed and current assets were reduced considerably and may never fully recover The failed investments included financing Leonardo the Musical in 1993 117 The Mercure Hotel in Sydney 118 and Nauru House in Melbourne were sold in 2004 to finance debts and Air Nauru s only Boeing 737 was repossessed in December 2005 Normal air service resumed after the aircraft was replaced with a Boeing 737 300 airliner in June 2006 119 In 2005 the corporation sold its remaining real estate in Melbourne the vacant Savoy Tavern site for 7 5 million 120 US 10 1 million in 2021 93 The value of the trust is estimated to have shrunk from A 1 3 billion in 1991 to A 138 million in 2002 A 2 49 billion to A 203 million in 2018 dollars 59 121 Nauru currently lacks money to perform many of the basic functions of government for example the National Bank of Nauru is insolvent The CIA World Factbook estimated a GDP per capita of US 5 000 in 2005 2 The Asian Development Bank 2007 economic report on Nauru estimated GDP per capita at US 2 400 to US 2 715 114 There are no personal taxes in Nauru The unemployment rate is estimated to be 23 percent and the government employs 95 per cent of those who have jobs 2 122 The Asian Development Bank notes that although the administration has a strong public mandate to implement economic reforms in the absence of an alternative to phosphate mining the medium term outlook is for continued dependence on external assistance 121 Tourism is not a major contributor to the economy 123 Limestone pinnacles remain after phosphate mining at the site of one of Nauru s secondary mines In the 1990s Nauru became a tax haven and offered passports to foreign nationals for a fee 124 The inter governmental Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering FATF identified Nauru as one of 15 non cooperative countries in its fight against money laundering During the 1990s it was possible to establish a licensed bank in Nauru for only US 25 000 124 US 37 925 in 2021 93 with no other requirements Under pressure from FATF Nauru introduced anti avoidance legislation in 2003 after which foreign hot money left the country In October 2005 after satisfactory results from the legislation and its enforcement FATF lifted the non cooperative designation 125 From 2001 to 2007 the Nauru detention centre provided a significant source of income for the country The Nauruan authorities reacted with concern to its closure by Australia 126 In February 2008 the Foreign Affairs minister Kieren Keke stated that the closure would result in 100 Nauruans losing their jobs and would affect 10 per cent of the island s population directly or indirectly We have got a huge number of families that are suddenly going to be without any income We are looking at ways we can try and provide some welfare assistance but our capacity to do that is very limited Literally we have got a major unemployment crisis in front of us 127 The detention centre was re opened in August 2012 101 In July 2017 the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD upgraded its rating of Nauru s standards of tax transparency Previously Nauru had been listed alongside fourteen other countries that had failed to show that they could comply with international tax transparency standards and regulations The OECD subsequently put Nauru through a fast tracked compliance process and the country was given a largely compliant rating 128 The Nauru 2017 2018 budget delivered by Minister of Finance David Adeang forecast A 128 7 million in revenues and A 128 6 million in expenditures and projected modest economic growth for the nation over the next two years 129 In 2018 the Nauru government partnered with the deep sea mining company DeepGreen planning to harvest manganese nodules whose minerals and metals can be used in the development of sustainable energy technology 130 131 132 Population EditDemographics Edit Main article Demographics of Nauru Nauru had 12 511 residents as of July 2021 4 5 The population was previously larger but in 2006 the island saw 1 500 people leave during a repatriation of immigrant workers from Kiribati and Tuvalu The repatriation was motivated by significant layoffs in phosphate mining 114 Nauru is one of the most densely populated Westernized countries in the South Pacific 133 Ethnic groups Edit Fifty eight percent of people in Nauru are ethnically Nauruan 26 percent are other Pacific Islander 8 percent are European and 8 percent are Han Chinese 2 Languages Edit The official language of Nauru is Nauruan 1 a distinct Micronesian language which is spoken by 96 percent of ethnic Nauruans at home 114 English is widely spoken and is the language of government and commerce 2 3 Religion Edit Further information Religion in Nauru Church in Nauru The main religion practised on the island is Christianity the main denominations are Nauru Congregational Church 35 71 Roman Catholic 32 96 Assemblies of God 12 98 and Baptist 1 48 3 The Constitution provides for freedom of religion The government has restricted the religious practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints and the Jehovah s Witnesses most of whom are foreign workers employed by the government owned Nauru Phosphate Corporation 134 The Catholics are pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarawa and Nauru with see at Tarawa in Kiribati Culture EditMain article Culture of Nauru Angam Day held on 26 October celebrates the recovery of the Nauruan population after the two World Wars and the 1920 influenza epidemic 135 Colonial and contemporary Western influence has largely displaced the indigenous culture 136 Few older customs have been preserved but some forms of traditional music arts and crafts and fishing are still practised 137 Media Edit There are no daily news publications on Nauru although there is one fortnightly publication Mwinen Ko There is a state owned television station Nauru Television NTV which broadcasts programs from New Zealand and Australia and a state owned non commercial radio station Radio Nauru which carries programs from Radio Australia and the BBC 138 Sport Edit Australian rules football played at Linkbelt Oval Australian rules football is the most popular sport in Nauru it and weightlifting are considered the country s national sports There is an Australian rules football league with eight teams 139 Other sports popular in Nauru include volleyball netball fishing weightlifting and tennis Nauru participates in the Commonwealth Games and has participated in the Summer Olympic Games in weightlifting and judo 140 Nauru s national basketball team competed at the 1969 Pacific Games where it defeated the Solomon Islands and Fiji The Nauru national rugby sevens team made its international debut at the 2015 Pacific Games 141 Nauru competed in the 2015 Oceania Sevens Championship in New Zealand Holidays Edit Main article Public holidays in Nauru Independence Day is celebrated on 31 January 142 Public services EditEducation Edit Further information Education in Nauru Literacy on Nauru is 96 percent Education is compulsory for children from six to sixteen years old and two more non compulsory years are offered years 11 and 12 143 The island has three primary schools and two secondary schools The secondary schools are Nauru Secondary School and Nauru College 144 There is a campus of the University of the South Pacific on Nauru Before this campus was built in 1987 students would study either by distance or abroad 145 Since 2011 the University of New England Australia has established a presence on the island with around 30 Nauruan teachers studying for an associate degree in education These students will continue on to the degree to complete their studies 146 This project is led by Associate Professor Pep Serow and funded by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade The previous community public library was destroyed in a fire As of 1999 update a new one had not yet been built and no bookmobile services were available as of that year Sites with libraries include the University of the South Pacific campus Nauru Secondary Kayser College and Aiwo Primary 147 The Nauru Community Library is in the new University of the South Pacific Nauru Campus building which was officially opened in May 2018 Health Edit Nauruan residents walking around Nauru International Airport Nauruans are amongst the most obese people in the world 148 Nauru has one of the highest child mortality rates in the Pacific Island Countries and Territories PICTs region at 28 5 in 2020 according to a UNICEF study 149 Further information Obesity in Nauru Life expectancy on Nauru in 2009 was 60 6 years for males and 68 0 years for females 150 By measure of mean body mass index BMI Nauruans are the most overweight people in the world 148 97 per cent of men and 93 per cent of women are overweight or obese 148 In 2012 the obesity rate was 71 7 per cent 151 Obesity on the Pacific islands is common Nauru has the world s highest level of type 2 diabetes with more than 40 per cent of the population affected 152 Other significant dietary related problems on Nauru include kidney disease and heart disease 150 Transport Edit View of Nauru International Airport The island is solely served by Nauru International Airport Passenger service is provided by Nauru Airlines Flights operate four days a week to Brisbane 153 with limited service to other destinations including Nadi 154 and Bonriki 155 Nauru is accessible by sea via the Nauru International Port The modernization and expansion project of the former Aiwo Boat Harbor was expected to be completed in 2021 but has been delayed due to technical and logistics issues caused by the COVID 19 pandemic 156 157 Resources EditPlants and Farming Edit Historically Indigenous Nauruans kept household gardens that provided much of the food that they needed through subsistence farming with the most common food plants including coconuts breadfruit bananas pandanus papaya and guavas 158 Because of the large immigrant population that would work in the phosphate mines there were many types of fruits and vegetables grown that were staples in those countries as well 158 The soil in Nauru was very rich on what citizens call the Topside which is the raised phosphate plateau where the phosphate is mined from and it was extremely fertile and great for growing crops 158 However the area where most Nauruans live now on the coastal ring on the island that hasn t been mined the soil quality is among the poorest in the world as it is shallow alkaline and has the coarse texture of the coral that surrounds it 159 158 160 In 2011 just 13 of households maintained a garden or were involved in growing crops 161 Most of the soil that was on Nauru is now gone because of phosphate mining activities leaving people to import the soil that they need 159 158 Ethnobotanical studies have indicated that the reduction in the types of plants that can be grown due to phosphate mining has significantly impacted the connection that Indigenous Nauruans feel to the land as plants are a large part of their cultural identity and have many uses in their lives with each plant having an average of 7 uses within Pacific Island cultures 158 Food Edit For Nauru residents today all food must also be imported because of the loss of 90 of tenable land due to phosphate mining leaving people with a diet of mainly processed foods like rice and sugar 162 Though residents are trying to salvage the soil that they can some researchers speculate that there will be no regeneration of soils even after the mining ceases 159 The country s dependence on processed and imported foods along with cultural historical and social factors have greatly affected the health of its citizens 163 Despite having all food imported the Household and Income Expenditure Survey HIES conducted for the year of 2012 2013 found that Nauruans have a food poverty incidence rate of 0 based on the Food Poverty Line FPL which includes a daily intake of 2 100 calories per adult per day 163 Non food Basic Needs Edit Though the HIES found that Nauru is doing well in terms of food poverty 24 of the population and 16 8 of households are below the basic needs clothing shelter education transport communication water sanitation and health services poverty line 163 This is the worst poverty index of all Pacific nations 163 In 2017 half of Nauruans were living on 9 000 a year Water resources are extremely limited with the island supplying enough for 32 liters of freshwater per person per day despite the WHO s recommendation of 50 liters per person per day 164 Much of the groundwater has been contaminated by mining runoff toilets and dumping of other commercial and household wastes causing Nauruans to rely on imported water the price of which can vary as it is closely tied to fuel prices for its delivery and rainfall storage 164 149 Access to sanitation facilities is restricted with just 66 of residents having access to reliable toilets and open defecation is still practiced by 3 of the population 149 Schools are frequently forced to close because they do not have reliable toilets or drinking water for students to use 149 There is a long standing truancy problem and accessibility of education for refugee and asylum seeking children as well as for disabled children remain areas of concern for Nauru s education sector 149 Effects of mining on Nauruans and their land EditLand and people Edit Since the early 1900s Nauru has been mined for phosphorus by many countries resulting in devastating destruction of the land As noted earlier 80 of the island is unusable due to phosphorus mining which has left exposed coral pinnacles that leave the land useless and uninhabitable 164 The degradation of the land has resulted in a lower resilience of the natural environment causing many negative health and environmental effects like poor water quality greater erosion rates poor precipitation higher droughts and greater CO2 emissions 164 The damage done through mining extends further by ocean acidification and coastal erosion and has threatened terrestrial and marine biodiversity 164 The people of Nauru also face continued negative health effects from the mining in the form of phosphate dust pollution and cadmium pollution tainting the water and air quality 164 As a result the rate of care seeking for children under 5 years of age with ARI is 69 according to UNICEF data 161 Due to the extent of the mining there is not much that can be done now to alleviate the agricultural problems that Nauruans face besides monetary reparations which Nauru pursued from the Australian Government in 1989 though the International Court of Justice in the Hague 160 165 The lawsuit was settled in 1993 in an out of court payout of 120 million AUD over 20 years 165 Phosphate mining has removed most of the vegetation and tree coverage that Nauru had leaving the land and the people vulnerable to intense heat on an island so close to the Equator 158 The effects of the vegetation removal has been most felt by refugees in the Nauru detention center which is in the very center of the island where the majority of the mining is done 166 Along the coast where most Nauruans are forced to live now due to the land reduction caused by mining the coastal plants that remain are vital for the provision of shade and animal and plant habitats protection from wind erosion flood and salt water incursion land stabilization protection from the desiccating effects of salt spray and soil improvement and mulching especially as the coast is expected to continue eroding with the increasing effects of climate change 158 Social effects Edit Because phosphate mining and now deep sea mining has been going on for so long it is hard to parse out exactly how it has affected the Nauruan people Researchers have offered that the Nauruan people likely have a loss of their sense of place and culture as they did not have full control of their land until 1968 167 168 There has also been a documented loss of Nauruan traditions like subsistence farming as well as the violations of their rights to their own land and the continued human rights violations that continue at the Nauru detention center 168 The Nauruan people face extremely high rates of obesity alcoholism prostitution poorer mental health rates and myriad other health issues that stem from these problems 149 168 A study done in 2014 by The Nauru Family Health and Support Study implemented by Nauru Department of Home Affairs and DFAT and United Nations Population Fund UNFPA have shown the alarming prevalence of violence in romantic relationships on the island with 48 1 of ever partnered women who participated saying that have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once 163 A quarter of women in the same study have experienced violence in at least one pregnancy and 9 9 of women had experienced some form of violence in the past 12 months 163 In another study surveying sexual health 21 of a portion of the population tested positive for chlamydia 161 In the same survey 30 of school children aged 13 15 reported having attempted suicide and 24 of children under the age of five are stunted 161 Though Nauruans are currently still searching for a way to stay on the island and live viable lives some speculate that the only way for them to do so is to continue mining the phosphorus that is left 30 years or so 166 See also EditIndex of Nauru related articles Outline of Nauru ISO 3166 2 NR Micronesia Island countryNotes Edit Nauru does not have an official capital but Yaren is the seat of parliament 1 English is widely spoken by the majority of the population and it is commonly used in government legislation and commerce alongside Nauruan Because of Nauru s history and relationship with Australia Australian English is the dominant variety 2 3 References EditCitations Edit a b Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations CQ Press 2013 p 1131 a b c d e f g h i Central Intelligence Agency 2015 Nauru The World Factbook Retrieved 8 June 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Background Note Nauru 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27 January 2020 Retrieved 14 August 2021 a b c d e f g h Thaman Randolph 1992 Vegetation of Nauru and the Gilbert Islands Case Studies of poverty Degradation Disturbance and Displacement 46 2 128 158 via Pacific Science a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Morrison R J Manner H I 2005 Pre Mining Pattern of Soils on Nauru Central Pacific PDF Pacific Science 59 4 523 540 doi 10 1353 psc 2005 0050 S2CID 45416184 via University of Hawai i Press a b Clifford Martin J Ali Saleem H Matsubae Kazuyo April 2019 Mining land restoration and sustainable development in isolated islands An industrial ecology perspective on extractive transitions on Nauru Ambio 48 4 397 408 doi 10 1007 s13280 018 1075 2 ISSN 0044 7447 PMC 6411803 PMID 30076524 a b c d Nauru NRU Demographics Health amp Infant Mortality UNICEF DATA Retrieved 15 December 2022 Zhou Charlotte Nauru The Phantom Island of the Pacific The Science Survey Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b c d e f Cardno Emerging Markets April 2017 Nauru Port Development Project Poverty Social and Gender Assessment PDF Asian Development Fund Project Number 48480 a b c d e f Environment U N 16 September 2017 Nauru National Report for Third International Conference UNEP UN Environment Programme Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b Nauru settles New Scientist 14 August 1993 Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b Reader The MIT Press 22 July 2019 A Dark History of the World s Smallest Island Nation The MIT Press Reader Retrieved 15 December 2022 EJOLT Phosphate Mining on Nauru EJAtlas Environmental Justice Atlas Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b c Anghie A 1993 Heart of my home colonialism environmental damage and the Nauru case Harvard International Law Journal no 2 p 445 506 Sources Edit This article incorporates public domain material from U S Relations With Nauru United States Department of State This article incorporates public domain material from World Factbook CIA Further reading EditStorr C 2020 International Status in the Shadow of Empire Nauru and the Histories of International Law Cambridge Cambridge University Press Gowdy John M McDaniel Carl N 2000 Paradise for Sale A Parable of Nature University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 22229 8 Williams Maslyn Macdonald Barrie 1985 The Phosphateers Melbourne University Press ISBN 0 522 84302 6 External links EditGovernment of Nauru Government of Nauru archived site Nauru The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Nauru at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Nauru Nauru from UCB Libraries GovPubs Nauru profile from the BBC News Online Republic of Nauru on Twitter Portal OceaniaNauru at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nauru amp oldid 1134554692, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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