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Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

March 29, 2023

"Foreign Office" redirects here. For other uses, see Foreign Office (disambiguation).

The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. Equivalent to other countries' ministries of foreign affairs, it was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department for International Development (DFID).[2] The FCO, itself created in 1968 by the merger of the Foreign Office (FO) and the Commonwealth Office, was responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide.

Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office

FCDO Main Building in London, seen from Whitehall
Department overview
Formed1782; 241 years ago (1782) (as the Foreign Office)
Preceding agencies
JurisdictionGovernment of the United Kingdom
HeadquartersKing Charles Street
London SW1
51°30′11″N 0°07′40″W / 51.50306°N 0.12778°W / 51.50306; -0.12778Coordinates: 51°30′11″N 0°07′40″W / 51.50306°N 0.12778°W / 51.50306; -0.12778
Annual budget£1.1bn (current) & £0.1bn (capital) in 2015–16[1]
Ministers responsible
Department executive
Child agencies
Websitewww.gov.uk/fcdo

The head of the FCDO is the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs, commonly abbreviated to "Foreign Secretary". This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the Cabinet – the Great Offices of State – alongside those of Prime Minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. James Cleverly was appointed Foreign Secretary on 6 September 2022.

The FCDO is managed day-to-day by a civil servant, the permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, who also acts as the Head of His Majesty's Diplomatic Service. Philip Barton took office as permanent under-secretary on 2 September 2020.

The expenditure, administration and policy of the FCDO are scrutinised by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee.[3]

Responsibilities

According to the FCDO website, the department's key responsibilities (as of 2020) are as follows:[4]

  • Safeguarding the UK's national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation, and working to reduce conflict.
  • Building the UK's prosperity by increasing exports and investment, opening markets, ensuring access to resources, and promoting sustainable global growth.
  • Supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services.

In addition to the above responsibilities, the FCDO is responsible for the British Overseas Territories, which had previously been administered from 1782 to 1801 by the Home Office, from 1801 to 1854 by the War and Colonial Office, from 1854 to 1966 by the Colonial Office, from 1966 to 1968 by the Commonwealth Office, from 1968 to 2020 by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and since 2020 by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (this did not include protectorates, which fell under the purview of the Foreign Office, or to British India, which had been administered by the East India Company until 1858, and thereafter by the India Office).[5] This arrangement has been subject to criticism in the UK and in the overseas territories. For example, the chief minister of Anguilla, Victor Banks, said: "We are not foreign; neither are we members of the Commonwealth, so we should have a different interface with the UK that is based on mutual respect".[6] There have been numerous suggestions on ways to improve the relationship between the overseas territories and the UK. Suggestions have included setting up a dedicated department to handle relations with the overseas territories, and the absorption of the OTD in the Cabinet Office, thus affording the overseas territories with better connections to the centre of government.[7]

Ministers

The FCDO Ministers are as follows:[8][9]

Minister Rank Portfolio
James Cleverly MP Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Affairs overarching responsibility for the departmental portfolio and oversight of the ministerial team; Cabinet; National Security Council (NSC); strategy; intelligence policy; honours.
Andrew Mitchell MP Minister of State for Development and Africa Africa; International Development Strategy, Official Development Assistance (ODA), Independent Commisison for Aid Impact (ICAI); British Investment Partnerships; international finance; global education, gender and equality (including scholarships); global health; humanitarian and migration; safeguarding; research and evidence (including the Chief Scientific Adviser).
Anne-Marie Trevelyan MP Minister of State for Indo-Pacific China and Northeast Asia; Southeast Asia; Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islands; Indian Ocean; economic security (including export controls); sanctions; economics and evaluation (including the Chief Economist); regulatory and economic diplomacy; technology and analysis.
Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon Minister of State for the Middle East and the United Nations Middle East and North Africa; Afghanistan and Pakistan; India; United Nations and multilateral; open societies and human rights.
Zac Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith of Richmond Park PC Minister of State for Overseas Territories, Commonwealth, Energy, Climate and Environment Overseas Territories (including Falkland Islands); Commonwealth; energy, climate and environment.
Leo Docherty MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Europe Europe (including Gibraltar); Eastern Europe and Central Asia; UK-EU relationship, including the Northern Ireland Protocol; national security; defence and international security (except export controls); conflict, stabilisation and mediation.
David Rutley MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Americas and Caribbean Americas and Caribbean; consular policy; Parliament; Devolution; communications; Wilton Park and British Council; departmental operations; legal.

History

History of English and British government departments with responsibility for foreign affairs and those with responsibility for the colonies, dominions and the Commonwealth
Northern Department
1660–1782
Secretaries — Undersecretaries 		Southern Department
1660–1768
Secretaries — Undersecretaries 		—
Colonial Office
1768–1782
Secretaries — Undersecretaries 		Southern Department
1768–1782
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
Foreign Office
1782–1968
Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries 		Home Office
1782–1794
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
War Office
1794–1801
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
War and Colonial Office
1801–1854
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
Colonial Office
1854–1925
Secretaries — Undersecretaries 		India Office
1858–1937
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
Colonial Office
1925–1966
Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries 		Dominions Office
1925–1947
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
India Office and Burma Office
1937–1947
Secretaries — Undersecretaries
Commonwealth Relations Office
1947–1966
Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries
Commonwealth Office
1966–1968
Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1968–2020
Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Since 2020
Secretaries — Ministers — Undersecretaries

Eighteenth century

The Foreign Office was formed in March 1782 by combining the Southern and Northern Departments of the Secretary of State, each of which covered both foreign and domestic affairs in their parts of the Kingdom. The two departments' foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office, whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office. The Home Office is technically the senior.[10]

Nineteenth century

 
The western end of the FCDO Main Building in 1866, facing St James's Park. It was then occupied by the Foreign and India Offices, while the Home and Colonial Offices occupied the Whitehall end.

During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times newspaper and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.[11] Examples of journalists who specialized in foreign affairs and were well connected to politicians included: Henry Southern, Valentine Chirol, Harold Nicolson, and Robert Bruce Lockhart.[12]

Twentieth century

During the First World War, the Arab Bureau was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department. During the early cold war an important department was the Information Research Department, set up to counter Soviet propaganda and infiltration. The Foreign Office hired its first woman diplomat, Monica Milne, in 1946.[13]

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1968–2020)

The FCO was formed on 17 October 1968, from the merger of the short-lived Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office.[14] The Commonwealth Office had been created only in 1966, by the merger of the Commonwealth Relations Office and the Colonial Office, the Commonwealth Relations Office having been formed by the merger of the Dominions Office and the India Office in 1947—with the Dominions Office having been split from the Colonial Office in 1925.

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for international development issues between 1970 and 1974, and again between 1979 and 1997.

The National Archives website contains a Government timeline to show the departments responsible for Foreign Affairs from 1945.[15]

Under New Labour (1997–2010)

From 1997, international development became the responsibility of the separate Department for International Development.

When David Miliband took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007, he set in hand a review of the FCO's strategic priorities. One of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities, dating from 2003, was no longer appropriate. Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources, there was agreement that it needed a new framework to drive its work forward.

The new strategic framework consists of three core elements:

  • A flexible global network of staff and offices, serving the whole of the UK Government.
  • Three essential services that support the British economy, British nationals abroad and managed migration for Britain. These services are delivered through UK Trade & Investment (UKTI), consular teams in Britain and overseas, and UK Visas and Immigration.
  • Four policy goals:
    • countering terrorism and weapons proliferation and their causes
    • preventing and resolving conflict
    • promoting a low-carbon, high-growth, global economy
    • developing effective international institutions, in particular the United Nations and the European Union.

In August 2005, a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by Andrew Mackinlay. The report severely criticised the FCO's management structure, noting:

  • The Foreign Office could be "slow to act".
  • Delegation is lacking within the management structure.
  • Accountability was poor.
  • The FCO could feasibly cut 1200 jobs.
  • At least £48 million could be saved annually.

The Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by £87 million over three years. In response to the report being made public, the Foreign Office stated it had already implemented the report's recommendations.[16]

In 2009, Gordon Brown created the position of Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) to the FCO. The first science adviser was David C. Clary.[17]

On 25 April 2010, the department apologised after The Sunday Telegraph obtained a "foolish" document calling for the upcoming September visit of Pope Benedict XVI to be marked by the launch of "Benedict-branded" condoms, the opening of an abortion clinic and the blessing of a same-sex marriage.[18]

Coalition and Conservatives (2010–2020)

 
New UK Diplomatic Posts – April 2013

In 2012, the Foreign Office was criticised by Gerald Steinberg of the Jerusalem-based research institute NGO Monitor, saying that the Foreign Office and the Department for International Development provided more than £500,000 in funding to Palestinian NGOs which he said "promote political attacks on Israel". In response, a spokesman for the Foreign Office said "we are very careful about who and what we fund. The objective of our funding is to support efforts to achieve a two-state solution. Funding a particular project for a limited period of time does not mean that we endorse every single action or public comment made by an NGO or by its employees."[19]

In September 2012, the FCO and the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs signed a Memorandum of Understanding on diplomatic cooperation, which promotes the co-location of embassies, the joint provision of consular services, and common crisis response. The project has been criticised for further diminishing the UK's influence in Europe.[20]

In 2011, the then Foreign Secretary, William Hague, announced the government's intention to open a number of new diplomatic posts in order to enhance the UK's overseas network.[21][22] As such, eight new embassies and six new consulates were opened around the world.[23]

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (2020–present)

On 16 June 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the merger of the FCO with the Department for International Development.[24] This was following the decision in the February 2020 cabinet reshuffle to give cross-departmental briefs to all junior ministers in the Department for International Development and the Foreign Office.[25] The merger, which created the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, took place in September 2020[26] with a stated aim of ensuring that aid is spent "in line with the UK's priorities overseas".[27] The merger was criticised by three former prime ministers – Gordon Brown, Tony Blair and David Cameron – with Cameron saying that it would mean "less respect for the UK overseas".[28] The chief executive of Save the Children, Kevin Watkins, called it "reckless, irresponsible and a dereliction of UK leadership" that "threatens to reverse hard-won gains in child survival, nutrition and poverty".[28]

 
A map of the UK, British Overseas Territories & Crown Dependencies

In November 2021, it was reported that an employment tribunal had ruled that the FCDO had racially discriminated against Sonia Warner, a black senior civil servant, by treating her unfairly in a disciplinary process.[29]

On 21 February 2022, UK Minister for Africa announced a new £74 million financial package to support women entrepreneurs across Nigeria, who own businesses and small and medium enterprises (SME’s).[30]

In 2022, Maria Bamieh settled an employment claim against the Foreign Office for more than £400,000 shortly before her claim was due to be heard by an employment tribunal. She said that the Foreign Office failed to support her when she attempted to expose corruption at the EU’s rule of law mission (EULEX). The Foreign Office said : “We have agreed to settle this long-running case without any admission of liability and continue to strongly refute these allegations.”[31]

Diplomatic Academy

Main article: Diplomatic Academy (United Kingdom)

Following a prior announcement by the then Foreign Secretary William Hague, the FCO opened the Diplomatic Academy in February 2015.[32] The new centre, opened by the Duke of Cambridge, was established in order to create a cross-government centre of excellence for all civil servants working on international issues.[32] The Diplomatic Academy serves to broaden the FCO's network and engaged in more collaborative work with academic and diplomatic partners.[32]

Programme Funds

The FCDO, through its core departmental budget, funds projects which are in line with its policy priorities outlined in its Single Departmental Plan.[4] This funding includes both Official Development Assistance (ODA), and non-ODA funds. The funds are used for a wide range of projects and serve to support traditional diplomatic activities.[4]

The FCDO plays a key role in delivering two, major UK government funds which work to support the government's National Security Strategy and Aid Strategy.[4]

  • The Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) – Used to support cross-governmental efforts at reducing conflict-related risks in countries which the UK has important interests.[33]
  • The Prosperity Fund – Supports economic development and reform in the UK's partner countries.[34]
  • The Global Innovation Fund - Invests in evidence-based innovations with the potential to positively impact the lives of people living on less than $5 per day. [35]

The FCDO also supports a number of academic funds:

2021 aid budget cuts

In 2021, the UK government cut its overseas aid budget from 0.7% to 0.5% of Gross National Income[41] despite UK legislation against such a move.[42][43] These cuts, amounting to GBP 4 billion,[44] reduced funding for humanitarian intervention by 44%[45] in places like Yemen and Syria.[44] It also cut funding for the fight against polio, malaria and HIV/AIDS.[46] Funding for girls education worldwide was also reduced by 25%.[47][48]

Investments

The Global Innovation Fund (GIF) announced the first two investments made under its ‘Innovating for Climate Resilience fund’, which was launched at COP26 with support from the UK's Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and in partnership with the Adaptation Research Alliance and the Global Resilience Partnership.[49]

FCDO Services

In April 2006, a new executive agency was established, FCO Services (now FCDO Services), to provide corporate service functions.[50] It moved to Trading Fund status in April 2008, so that it had the ability to provide services similar to those it already offers to the FCDO[51] to other government departments and even to outside businesses.

It is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, and provides secure support services to the FCDO, other government departments and foreign governments and bodies with which the UK has close links.[52]

Since 2011, FCDO Services has been developing the Government Secure Application Environment (GSAE) on a secure cloud computing platform to support UK government organisations.[53] It also manages the UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping (UK NACE) which helps protect UK assets from physical, electronic and cyber attack.[54]

FCDO Services is a public sector organisation, it is not funded by the public and has to rely on the income it produces to meet its costs, by providing services on a commercial basis to customers both in the UK and throughout the world. Its accounting officer and chief executive is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs and to Parliament, for the organisation's performance and conduct.

Global Response Office

The FCDO Global Response Office is based in an undisclosed location. It operates 24/7, every day of the year. It takes calls from British Nationals overseas, usually in emergency situations such as lost passports, hospitalisations, deaths and arrests.[55]

Buildings

 
The FCDO Main Building viewed from Horse Guards Road, with the Statue of Robert Clive and the entrance to the Churchill War Rooms visible

As well as embassies abroad, the FCDO has premises within the UK:

The FCO formerly also used the following building:

Main Building

 
The Grand Staircase
 
The Grand Locarno Room
 
The Durbar Court at the former India Office, now part of the FCDO
 
The Muse Staircase

The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office occupies a building which originally provided premises for four separate government departments: the Foreign Office, the India Office, the Colonial Office, and the Home Office. Construction on the building began in 1861 and finished in 1868, on the plot of land bounded by Whitehall, King Charles Street, Horse Guards Road and Downing Street. The building was designed by the architect George Gilbert Scott.[57] Its architecture is in the Italianate style; Scott had initially envisaged a Gothic design, but Lord Palmerston, then prime minister, insisted on a classical style.[57] The English sculptors Henry Hugh Armstead and John Birnie Philip produced a number of allegorical figures ("Art", "Law", "Commerce", etc.) for the exterior.

In 1925 the Foreign Office played host to the signing of the Locarno Treaties, aimed at reducing tension in Europe. The ceremony took place in a suite of rooms that had been designed for banqueting, which subsequently became known as the Locarno Suite.[58] During the Second World War, the Locarno Suite's fine furnishings were removed or covered up, and it became home to a Foreign Office code-breaking department.[58]

Due to increasing numbers of staff, the offices became increasingly cramped and much of the fine Victorian interior was covered over—especially after the Second World War. In the 1960s, demolition was proposed, as part of major redevelopment plan for the area drawn up by the architect Leslie Martin.[57] A subsequent public outcry prevented these proposals from ever being implemented. Instead, the Foreign Office became a Grade I listed building in 1970.[57] In 1978, the Home Office moved to a new building, easing overcrowding.

With a new sense of the building's historical value, it underwent a 17-year, £100 million restoration process, completed in 1997.[57] The Locarno Suite, used as offices and storage since the Second World War, was fully restored for use in international conferences. The building is now open to the public each year over Open House Weekend.

In 2014 refurbishment to accommodate all Foreign and Commonwealth Office employees into one building was started by Mace.[59]

Devolution

International relations are handled centrally from Whitehall on behalf of the whole of the United Kingdom and its dependencies. However, the devolved administrations also maintain an overseas presence in the European Union, the U.S. and China alongside British diplomatic missions. These offices aim to promote their own economies and ensure that devolved interests are taken into account in British foreign policy. Ministers from devolved administrations can attend international negotiations when agreed with the British Government e.g. EU fisheries negotiations.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ Foreign Office Settlement. London: HM Treasury. 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  2. ^ . UK Government. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Foreign Affairs Committee". UK Parliament. Retrieved 4 September 2021. The Foreign Affairs Committee examines the expenditure, administration and policy of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other bodies associated with the Foreign Office
  4. ^ a b c d "About us". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  5. ^ Foreign & Commonwealth Office (June 2012). The Overseas Territories: Security, Success and Sustainability (PDF). ISBN 9780101837422.
  6. ^ "Oral evidence: Future of the UK Overseas Territories". House of Commons. 5 December 2018.
  7. ^ "Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship". publications.parliament.uk.
  8. ^   This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence: "Our ministers". GOV.UK. Foreign Commonwealth & Development Office. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  9. ^ "His Majesty's Official Opposition". UK Parliament. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  10. ^ Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  11. ^ Weller, Toni (June 2010). "The Victorian information age: nineteenth century answers to today's information policy questions?". History & Policy. United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  12. ^ Berridge, G. R. "A Diplomatic Whistleblower in the Victorian Era" (PDF). grberridge.diplomacy.edu. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  13. ^ "Women and the Foreign Office". Issu.com. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  14. ^ "The Foreign and Commonwealth Ministries merge". The Glasgow Herald. 17 October 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  15. ^ The National Archives. "The National Archives – Homepage". labs.nationalarchives.gov.uk.
  16. ^ "Foreign Office management damned". BBC News. 4 August 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  17. ^ Clary, David (16 September 2013). "A Scientist in the Foreign Office". Science & Diplomacy. 2 (3).
  18. ^ "Apology over Pope 'condom' memo". BBC News. 25 April 2010.
  19. ^ "Investigate UK funding of Palestinian NGOs". thejc.com.
  20. ^ Gaspers, Jan (November 2012). "At the Helm of a New Commonwealth Diplomatic Network: In the United Kingdom's Interest?". Retrieved 26 November 2012.
  21. ^ Laws, David (2016). Coalition: The Inside Story of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government. Biteback Publishing. ISBN 9781849549660.
  22. ^ "Looking after our own: strengthening Britain's consular diplomacy". UK Government. 4 April 2012.
  23. ^ "William Hague: Britain will have a global diplomatic network and the best diplomatic service in the world". ConservativeHome. 19 April 2012.
  24. ^ "International development and Foreign Office to merge". BBC News. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  25. ^ "Joint ministerial team at Foreign Office and DfID reignites merger rumours". Civil Service World. 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  26. ^ "Foreign Office and International Development merger will curb 'giant cashpoint' of UK aid, PM pledges". Sky News. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  27. ^ "Prime Minister announces merger of Department for International Development and Foreign Office". GOV.UK. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  28. ^ a b Stewart, Heather; Wintour, Patrick (16 June 2020). "Three ex-PMs attack plan to merge DfID with Foreign Office". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  29. ^ Syal, Rajeev (30 November 2021). "FCDO racially discriminated against black civil servant, tribunal rules 30 November 2021". Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  30. ^ "UK boosts access to finance for women-owned businesses and clean energy projects in Nigeria". GOV.UK. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  31. ^ Syal, Rajeev (3 July 2022). "Foreign Office to pay £423,000 to whistleblowing lawyer who lost job". theguardian.com. Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  32. ^ a b c "Opening of new Diplomatic Academy". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  33. ^ "About us". UK Government. Conflict, Stability and Security Fund.
  34. ^ "Cross-Government Prosperity Fund". UK Government. 22 December 2015.
  35. ^ "Global Innovation Fund". UK Government. 14 October 2014.
  36. ^ "Chevening". Chevening Awards are supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  37. ^ "Who we are". Marshal Scholarships. Marshall Scholarships are mainly funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  38. ^ "Forced marriage". UK Government. Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Home Office. 20 March 2013. The Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) is a joint Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Home Office unit
  39. ^ "Darwin Plus: environment funding for the UK Overseas Territories". UK Government. Foreign and Commonwealth Office; Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 22 May 2014. UK Government policy advisers from... Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  40. ^ "UK Science and Innovation Network". UK Government. Part of: Foreign & Commonwealth Office
  41. ^ "Government wins vote to lock in cuts to overseas aid". BBC News. 13 July 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  42. ^ "What Does UK Law Say on Aid?: How New Development Secretary Mordaunt Can Meet her Aid Effectiveness Pledge". Center For Global Development. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  43. ^ "Foreign aid: Government decision to cut budget 'unlawful', says peer". BBC News. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  44. ^ a b "Britain's aid cuts: what's been announced so far". The Guardian. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  45. ^ Hatch, Jonathan (7 May 2021). "UK aid cuts: reactions from the UK and beyond". Bond. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  46. ^ "Tracking the UK's controversial aid cuts". Devex. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  47. ^ "Charity warns UK aid priorities to see 63% cut in funding". BBC News. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  48. ^ "An Overview of the Impact of Proposed Cuts to UK Aid". Center For Global Development. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  49. ^ "Global Innovation Fund announces first round of investments under its 'Innovating for Climate Resilience' fund". MaxiNews. 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  50. ^ "Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs". Hansard. March 2006.
  51. ^ "The FCO Services Trading Fund Order 2008". UK Legislation. National Archives. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  52. ^ . FCO Services. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  53. ^ Say, Mark (21 July 2011). "FCO Services pushes secure cloud platform". Guardian Government Computing. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  54. ^ "UK NACE – The UK National Authority for Counter-Eavesdropping". FCDO Services. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  55. ^ Travel, FCDO (6 March 2013). "Switching night and day – life in the Global Response Centre | Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office Blogs". Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  56. ^ "About us". GOV.UK. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  57. ^ a b c d e (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2012.
  58. ^ a b (PDF). FCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2012.
  59. ^ "Mace wins £20m Whitehall Foreign Office refit". constructionenquirer.com.
  60. ^ "Scottish gains at Euro fish talks". Scottish Government. 16 December 2009.

Further reading

  • Allen, David; Oliver, Tim (2006). The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (PDF). The Europeanization of British Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 52–66.
  • Clarke, Michael (1992). British External Policy-Making in the 1990s. London: Macmillan for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
  • Dickie, John (1992). Inside the Foreign Office. London: Chapmans.
  • Edwards, Ruth Dudley (1994). True Brits: Inside the British Foreign Office. London: BBC Books.
  • Feske, Victor H. (2019). The Road To Suez: The British Foreign Office and the Quai D'Orsay, 1951–1957. The Diplomats, 1939–1979. pp. 167–200. doi:10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.11. S2CID 188825766.
  • Hall, Ian (2013). "'Building the Global Network?' The Reform of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office under New Labour"". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 15 (2): 228–245. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00533.x. S2CID 154455569.
  • Kettle, Louise (2020). "The Role of the Policy Planning Staff in British Foreign Policy: Historical Lessons and Contemporary Insight". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 31 (3): 487–508. doi:10.1080/09592296.2020.1782675. S2CID 218821102.
  • Jenkins, Simon; Sloman, Anne (1985). With Respect, Ambassador: An inquiry into the Foreign Office. London: BBC.
  • Martin, Laurence; Garnett, John (1997). British Foreign Policy; Challenges and Choices for the 21st Century. London: Royal Institute for International Affairs/Pinter.
  • Mawdsley, Emma (2017). "National interests and the paradox of foreign aid under austerity: Conservative governments and the domestic politics of international development since 2010" (PDF). Geographical Journal. 183 (3): 223–232. doi:10.1111/geoj.12219.
  • Steiner, Zara (2004). "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office: Resistance and adaptation to changing times". Contemporary British History. 18 (3): 13–30. doi:10.1080/1361946042000259288. S2CID 153756859.
  • Tribe, Keith (2018). "The Colonial Office and British Development Economics, 1940–60". History of Political Economy. 50 (S1): 97–113. doi:10.1215/00182702-7033872.
  • Wallace, William, ed. (1975). The Foreign Policy Process in Britain. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Foreign Office".
  •   Media related to Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official website
  • Cockerell, Michael (1998). How to Be Foreign Secretary (Television production). BBC. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
  • Cockerell, Michael (2010). (Television production). BBC. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019.

March 29, 2023
foreign, commonwealth, development, office, foreign, office, redirects, here, other, uses, foreign, office, disambiguation, foreign, commonwealth, development, office, fcdo, department, government, united, kingdom, equivalent, other, countries, ministries, for. Foreign Office redirects here For other uses see Foreign Office disambiguation The Foreign Commonwealth amp Development Office FCDO is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom Equivalent to other countries ministries of foreign affairs it was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign amp Commonwealth Office FCO and the Department for International Development DFID 2 The FCO itself created in 1968 by the merger of the Foreign Office FO and the Commonwealth Office was responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide Foreign Commonwealth amp Development OfficeFCDO Main Building in London seen from WhitehallDepartment overviewFormed1782 241 years ago 1782 as the Foreign Office Preceding agenciesCommonwealth OfficeForeign OfficeDepartment for International DevelopmentJurisdictionGovernment of the United KingdomHeadquartersKing Charles StreetLondon SW151 30 11 N 0 07 40 W 51 50306 N 0 12778 W 51 50306 0 12778 Coordinates 51 30 11 N 0 07 40 W 51 50306 N 0 12778 W 51 50306 0 12778Annual budget 1 1bn current amp 0 1bn capital in 2015 16 1 Ministers responsibleJames Cleverly MP Secretary of State for Foreign Commonwealth and Development AffairsThe Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon Minister of State for the Middle East South Asia and the United NationsLeo Docherty MP Minister of State for EuropeAndrew Mitchell MP Minister of State for DevelopmentThe Lord Goldsmith of Richmond Park Minister of State for Asia Energy Climate and EnvironmentJesse Norman MP Minister of State for the Americas and the Overseas TerritoriesDepartment executivePhilip Barton Permanent Under Secretary and Head of the Diplomatic ServiceChild agenciesFCDO ServicesWilton ParkWebsitewww wbr gov wbr uk wbr fcdoThe head of the FCDO is the Secretary of State for Foreign Commonwealth and Development Affairs commonly abbreviated to Foreign Secretary This is regarded as one of the four most prestigious positions in the Cabinet the Great Offices of State alongside those of Prime Minister Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary James Cleverly was appointed Foreign Secretary on 6 September 2022 The FCDO is managed day to day by a civil servant the permanent under secretary of state for foreign affairs who also acts as the Head of His Majesty s Diplomatic Service Philip Barton took office as permanent under secretary on 2 September 2020 The expenditure administration and policy of the FCDO are scrutinised by the Foreign Affairs Select Committee 3 Contents 1 Responsibilities 2 Ministers 3 History 3 1 Eighteenth century 3 2 Nineteenth century 3 3 Twentieth century 3 4 The Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1968 2020 3 4 1 Under New Labour 1997 2010 3 4 2 Coalition and Conservatives 2010 2020 3 5 Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office 2020 present 4 Diplomatic Academy 5 Programme Funds 5 1 2021 aid budget cuts 5 2 Investments 6 FCDO Services 7 Global Response Office 8 Buildings 8 1 Main Building 9 Devolution 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksResponsibilities EditAccording to the FCDO website the department s key responsibilities as of 2020 are as follows 4 Safeguarding the UK s national security by countering terrorism and weapons proliferation and working to reduce conflict Building the UK s prosperity by increasing exports and investment opening markets ensuring access to resources and promoting sustainable global growth Supporting British nationals around the world through modern and efficient consular services In addition to the above responsibilities the FCDO is responsible for the British Overseas Territories which had previously been administered from 1782 to 1801 by the Home Office from 1801 to 1854 by the War and Colonial Office from 1854 to 1966 by the Colonial Office from 1966 to 1968 by the Commonwealth Office from 1968 to 2020 by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and since 2020 by the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office this did not include protectorates which fell under the purview of the Foreign Office or to British India which had been administered by the East India Company until 1858 and thereafter by the India Office 5 This arrangement has been subject to criticism in the UK and in the overseas territories For example the chief minister of Anguilla Victor Banks said We are not foreign neither are we members of the Commonwealth so we should have a different interface with the UK that is based on mutual respect 6 There have been numerous suggestions on ways to improve the relationship between the overseas territories and the UK Suggestions have included setting up a dedicated department to handle relations with the overseas territories and the absorption of the OTD in the Cabinet Office thus affording the overseas territories with better connections to the centre of government 7 Ministers EditThe FCDO Ministers are as follows 8 9 Minister Rank PortfolioJames Cleverly MP Secretary of State for Foreign Commonwealth amp Development Affairs overarching responsibility for the departmental portfolio and oversight of the ministerial team Cabinet National Security Council NSC strategy intelligence policy honours Andrew Mitchell MP Minister of State for Development and Africa Africa International Development Strategy Official Development Assistance ODA Independent Commisison for Aid Impact ICAI British Investment Partnerships international finance global education gender and equality including scholarships global health humanitarian and migration safeguarding research and evidence including the Chief Scientific Adviser Anne Marie Trevelyan MP Minister of State for Indo Pacific China and Northeast Asia Southeast Asia Australia New Zealand and Pacific Islands Indian Ocean economic security including export controls sanctions economics and evaluation including the Chief Economist regulatory and economic diplomacy technology and analysis Tariq Ahmad Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon Minister of State for the Middle East and the United Nations Middle East and North Africa Afghanistan and Pakistan India United Nations and multilateral open societies and human rights Zac Goldsmith Baron Goldsmith of Richmond Park PC Minister of State for Overseas Territories Commonwealth Energy Climate and Environment Overseas Territories including Falkland Islands Commonwealth energy climate and environment Leo Docherty MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Europe Europe including Gibraltar Eastern Europe and Central Asia UK EU relationship including the Northern Ireland Protocol national security defence and international security except export controls conflict stabilisation and mediation David Rutley MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Americas and Caribbean Americas and Caribbean consular policy Parliament Devolution communications Wilton Park and British Council departmental operations legal History EditHistory of English and British government departments with responsibility for foreign affairs and those with responsibility for the colonies dominions and the Commonwealth Northern Department1660 1782Secretaries Undersecretaries Southern Department1660 1768Secretaries Undersecretaries Colonial Office1768 1782Secretaries Undersecretaries Southern Department1768 1782Secretaries UndersecretariesForeign Office1782 1968Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries Home Office1782 1794Secretaries UndersecretariesWar Office1794 1801Secretaries UndersecretariesWar and Colonial Office1801 1854Secretaries UndersecretariesColonial Office1854 1925Secretaries Undersecretaries India Office1858 1937Secretaries UndersecretariesColonial Office1925 1966Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries Dominions Office1925 1947Secretaries UndersecretariesIndia Office and Burma Office1937 1947Secretaries UndersecretariesCommonwealth Relations Office1947 1966Secretaries Ministers UndersecretariesCommonwealth Office1966 1968Secretaries Ministers UndersecretariesForeign and Commonwealth Office1968 2020Secretaries Ministers UndersecretariesForeign Commonwealth and Development OfficeSince 2020Secretaries Ministers UndersecretariesEighteenth century Edit The Foreign Office was formed in March 1782 by combining the Southern and Northern Departments of the Secretary of State each of which covered both foreign and domestic affairs in their parts of the Kingdom The two departments foreign affairs responsibilities became the Foreign Office whilst their domestic affairs responsibilities were assigned to the Home Office The Home Office is technically the senior 10 Nineteenth century Edit The western end of the FCDO Main Building in 1866 facing St James s Park It was then occupied by the Foreign and India Offices while the Home and Colonial Offices occupied the Whitehall end During the 19th century it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times newspaper and ask for continental intelligence which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources 11 Examples of journalists who specialized in foreign affairs and were well connected to politicians included Henry Southern Valentine Chirol Harold Nicolson and Robert Bruce Lockhart 12 Twentieth century Edit During the First World War the Arab Bureau was set up within the British Foreign Office as a section of the Cairo Intelligence Department During the early cold war an important department was the Information Research Department set up to counter Soviet propaganda and infiltration The Foreign Office hired its first woman diplomat Monica Milne in 1946 13 The Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1968 2020 Edit The FCO was formed on 17 October 1968 from the merger of the short lived Commonwealth Office and the Foreign Office 14 The Commonwealth Office had been created only in 1966 by the merger of the Commonwealth Relations Office and the Colonial Office the Commonwealth Relations Office having been formed by the merger of the Dominions Office and the India Office in 1947 with the Dominions Office having been split from the Colonial Office in 1925 The Foreign and Commonwealth Office held responsibility for international development issues between 1970 and 1974 and again between 1979 and 1997 The National Archives website contains a Government timeline to show the departments responsible for Foreign Affairs from 1945 15 Under New Labour 1997 2010 Edit From 1997 international development became the responsibility of the separate Department for International Development When David Miliband took over as Foreign Secretary in June 2007 he set in hand a review of the FCO s strategic priorities One of the key messages of these discussions was the conclusion that the existing framework of ten international strategic priorities dating from 2003 was no longer appropriate Although the framework had been useful in helping the FCO plan its work and allocate its resources there was agreement that it needed a new framework to drive its work forward The new strategic framework consists of three core elements A flexible global network of staff and offices serving the whole of the UK Government Three essential services that support the British economy British nationals abroad and managed migration for Britain These services are delivered through UK Trade amp Investment UKTI consular teams in Britain and overseas and UK Visas and Immigration Four policy goals countering terrorism and weapons proliferation and their causes preventing and resolving conflict promoting a low carbon high growth global economy developing effective international institutions in particular the United Nations and the European Union In August 2005 a report by management consultant group Collinson Grant was made public by Andrew Mackinlay The report severely criticised the FCO s management structure noting The Foreign Office could be slow to act Delegation is lacking within the management structure Accountability was poor The FCO could feasibly cut 1200 jobs At least 48 million could be saved annually The Foreign Office commissioned the report to highlight areas which would help it achieve its pledge to reduce spending by 87 million over three years In response to the report being made public the Foreign Office stated it had already implemented the report s recommendations 16 In 2009 Gordon Brown created the position of Chief Scientific Adviser CSA to the FCO The first science adviser was David C Clary 17 On 25 April 2010 the department apologised after The Sunday Telegraph obtained a foolish document calling for the upcoming September visit of Pope Benedict XVI to be marked by the launch of Benedict branded condoms the opening of an abortion clinic and the blessing of a same sex marriage 18 Coalition and Conservatives 2010 2020 Edit New UK Diplomatic Posts April 2013 In 2012 the Foreign Office was criticised by Gerald Steinberg of the Jerusalem based research institute NGO Monitor saying that the Foreign Office and the Department for International Development provided more than 500 000 in funding to Palestinian NGOs which he said promote political attacks on Israel In response a spokesman for the Foreign Office said we are very careful about who and what we fund The objective of our funding is to support efforts to achieve a two state solution Funding a particular project for a limited period of time does not mean that we endorse every single action or public comment made by an NGO or by its employees 19 In September 2012 the FCO and the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs signed a Memorandum of Understanding on diplomatic cooperation which promotes the co location of embassies the joint provision of consular services and common crisis response The project has been criticised for further diminishing the UK s influence in Europe 20 In 2011 the then Foreign Secretary William Hague announced the government s intention to open a number of new diplomatic posts in order to enhance the UK s overseas network 21 22 As such eight new embassies and six new consulates were opened around the world 23 Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office 2020 present EditOn 16 June 2020 Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the merger of the FCO with the Department for International Development 24 This was following the decision in the February 2020 cabinet reshuffle to give cross departmental briefs to all junior ministers in the Department for International Development and the Foreign Office 25 The merger which created the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office took place in September 2020 26 with a stated aim of ensuring that aid is spent in line with the UK s priorities overseas 27 The merger was criticised by three former prime ministers Gordon Brown Tony Blair and David Cameron with Cameron saying that it would mean less respect for the UK overseas 28 The chief executive of Save the Children Kevin Watkins called it reckless irresponsible and a dereliction of UK leadership that threatens to reverse hard won gains in child survival nutrition and poverty 28 A map of the UK British Overseas Territories amp Crown Dependencies In November 2021 it was reported that an employment tribunal had ruled that the FCDO had racially discriminated against Sonia Warner a black senior civil servant by treating her unfairly in a disciplinary process 29 On 21 February 2022 UK Minister for Africa announced a new 74 million financial package to support women entrepreneurs across Nigeria who own businesses and small and medium enterprises SME s 30 In 2022 Maria Bamieh settled an employment claim against the Foreign Office for more than 400 000 shortly before her claim was due to be heard by an employment tribunal She said that the Foreign Office failed to support her when she attempted to expose corruption at the EU s rule of law mission EULEX The Foreign Office said We have agreed to settle this long running case without any admission of liability and continue to strongly refute these allegations 31 Diplomatic Academy EditMain article Diplomatic Academy United Kingdom Following a prior announcement by the then Foreign Secretary William Hague the FCO opened the Diplomatic Academy in February 2015 32 The new centre opened by the Duke of Cambridge was established in order to create a cross government centre of excellence for all civil servants working on international issues 32 The Diplomatic Academy serves to broaden the FCO s network and engaged in more collaborative work with academic and diplomatic partners 32 Programme Funds EditThe FCDO through its core departmental budget funds projects which are in line with its policy priorities outlined in its Single Departmental Plan 4 This funding includes both Official Development Assistance ODA and non ODA funds The funds are used for a wide range of projects and serve to support traditional diplomatic activities 4 The FCDO plays a key role in delivering two major UK government funds which work to support the government s National Security Strategy and Aid Strategy 4 The Conflict Stability and Security Fund CSSF Used to support cross governmental efforts at reducing conflict related risks in countries which the UK has important interests 33 The Prosperity Fund Supports economic development and reform in the UK s partner countries 34 The Global Innovation Fund Invests in evidence based innovations with the potential to positively impact the lives of people living on less than 5 per day 35 The FCDO also supports a number of academic funds Chevening scholarships 36 Marshall scholarships 37 Domestic Programme Fund 38 Overseas Territories Environment and Climate Fund Darwin Plus 39 Science and Innovation Network 40 2021 aid budget cuts Edit In 2021 the UK government cut its overseas aid budget from 0 7 to 0 5 of Gross National Income 41 despite UK legislation against such a move 42 43 These cuts amounting to GBP 4 billion 44 reduced funding for humanitarian intervention by 44 45 in places like Yemen and Syria 44 It also cut funding for the fight against polio malaria and HIV AIDS 46 Funding for girls education worldwide was also reduced by 25 47 48 Investments Edit The Global Innovation Fund GIF announced the first two investments made under its Innovating for Climate Resilience fund which was launched at COP26 with support from the UK s Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office FCDO and in partnership with the Adaptation Research Alliance and the Global Resilience Partnership 49 FCDO Services EditIn April 2006 a new executive agency was established FCO Services now FCDO Services to provide corporate service functions 50 It moved to Trading Fund status in April 2008 so that it had the ability to provide services similar to those it already offers to the FCDO 51 to other government departments and even to outside businesses It is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign Commonwealth and development affairs and provides secure support services to the FCDO other government departments and foreign governments and bodies with which the UK has close links 52 Since 2011 FCDO Services has been developing the Government Secure Application Environment GSAE on a secure cloud computing platform to support UK government organisations 53 It also manages the UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping UK NACE which helps protect UK assets from physical electronic and cyber attack 54 FCDO Services is a public sector organisation it is not funded by the public and has to rely on the income it produces to meet its costs by providing services on a commercial basis to customers both in the UK and throughout the world Its accounting officer and chief executive is accountable to the secretary of state for foreign Commonwealth and development affairs and to Parliament for the organisation s performance and conduct Global Response Office EditThe FCDO Global Response Office is based in an undisclosed location It operates 24 7 every day of the year It takes calls from British Nationals overseas usually in emergency situations such as lost passports hospitalisations deaths and arrests 55 Buildings Edit The FCDO Main Building viewed from Horse Guards Road with the Statue of Robert Clive and the entrance to the Churchill War Rooms visible As well as embassies abroad the FCDO has premises within the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building Whitehall King Charles St London abbreviated to KCS by FCDO staff Abercrombie House East Kilbride 56 abbreviated to AH by FCDO staff Hanslope Park Hanslope Milton Keynes abbreviated to HSP by FCDO staff Location of FCDO Services HMGCC and Technical Security Department of the UK Secret Intelligence Service Lancaster House St James s London A mansion in the St James s district in the West End of London which the Foreign Office holds on lease from the Crown It is used primarily for hospitality entertaining foreign dignitaries and housing the Government Wine Cellar The FCO formerly also used the following building Old Admiralty Building abbreviated to OAB Whitehall London Main Building Edit The Grand Staircase The Grand Locarno Room The Durbar Court at the former India Office now part of the FCDO The Muse Staircase The Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office occupies a building which originally provided premises for four separate government departments the Foreign Office the India Office the Colonial Office and the Home Office Construction on the building began in 1861 and finished in 1868 on the plot of land bounded by Whitehall King Charles Street Horse Guards Road and Downing Street The building was designed by the architect George Gilbert Scott 57 Its architecture is in the Italianate style Scott had initially envisaged a Gothic design but Lord Palmerston then prime minister insisted on a classical style 57 The English sculptors Henry Hugh Armstead and John Birnie Philip produced a number of allegorical figures Art Law Commerce etc for the exterior In 1925 the Foreign Office played host to the signing of the Locarno Treaties aimed at reducing tension in Europe The ceremony took place in a suite of rooms that had been designed for banqueting which subsequently became known as the Locarno Suite 58 During the Second World War the Locarno Suite s fine furnishings were removed or covered up and it became home to a Foreign Office code breaking department 58 Due to increasing numbers of staff the offices became increasingly cramped and much of the fine Victorian interior was covered over especially after the Second World War In the 1960s demolition was proposed as part of major redevelopment plan for the area drawn up by the architect Leslie Martin 57 A subsequent public outcry prevented these proposals from ever being implemented Instead the Foreign Office became a Grade I listed building in 1970 57 In 1978 the Home Office moved to a new building easing overcrowding With a new sense of the building s historical value it underwent a 17 year 100 million restoration process completed in 1997 57 The Locarno Suite used as offices and storage since the Second World War was fully restored for use in international conferences The building is now open to the public each year over Open House Weekend In 2014 refurbishment to accommodate all Foreign and Commonwealth Office employees into one building was started by Mace 59 Devolution EditInternational relations are handled centrally from Whitehall on behalf of the whole of the United Kingdom and its dependencies However the devolved administrations also maintain an overseas presence in the European Union the U S and China alongside British diplomatic missions These offices aim to promote their own economies and ensure that devolved interests are taken into account in British foreign policy Ministers from devolved administrations can attend international negotiations when agreed with the British Government e g EU fisheries negotiations 60 See also Edit United Kingdom portal Politics portalConflict Stability and Security Fund Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives Palmerston cat resident Chief Mouser of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Stabilisation Unit List of development aid agenciesReferences Edit Foreign Office Settlement London HM Treasury 2015 Retrieved 20 May 2016 FCDO Board Non executive Director UK Government Archived from the original on 20 July 2020 Foreign Affairs Committee UK Parliament Retrieved 4 September 2021 The Foreign Affairs Committee examines the expenditure administration and policy of the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office FCDO and other bodies associated with the Foreign Office a b c d About us Foreign and Commonwealth Office Archived from the original on 30 August 2020 Retrieved 22 June 2020 Foreign amp Commonwealth Office June 2012 The Overseas Territories Security Success and Sustainability PDF ISBN 9780101837422 Oral evidence Future of the UK Overseas Territories House of Commons 5 December 2018 Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories Resetting the relationship publications parliament uk This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence Our ministers GOV UK Foreign Commonwealth amp Development Office Retrieved 24 December 2021 His Majesty s Official Opposition UK Parliament Retrieved 17 October 2017 A brief history of the FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office Weller Toni June 2010 The Victorian information age nineteenth century answers to today s information policy questions History amp Policy United Kingdom Retrieved 9 December 2010 Berridge G R A Diplomatic Whistleblower in the Victorian Era PDF grberridge diplomacy edu Retrieved 5 June 2017 Women and the Foreign Office Issu com Foreign and Commonwealth Office Retrieved 23 October 2018 The Foreign and Commonwealth Ministries merge The Glasgow Herald 17 October 1968 p 1 Retrieved 28 October 2017 The National Archives The National Archives Homepage labs nationalarchives gov uk Foreign Office management damned BBC News 4 August 2005 Retrieved 25 May 2021 Clary David 16 September 2013 A Scientist in the Foreign Office Science amp Diplomacy 2 3 Apology over Pope condom memo BBC News 25 April 2010 Investigate UK funding of Palestinian NGOs thejc com Gaspers Jan November 2012 At the Helm of a New Commonwealth Diplomatic Network In the United Kingdom s Interest Retrieved 26 November 2012 Laws David 2016 Coalition The Inside Story of the Conservative Liberal Democrat Coalition Government Biteback Publishing ISBN 9781849549660 Looking after our own strengthening Britain s consular diplomacy UK Government 4 April 2012 William Hague Britain will have a global diplomatic network and the best diplomatic service in the world ConservativeHome 19 April 2012 International development and Foreign Office to merge BBC News 16 June 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2020 Joint ministerial team at Foreign Office and DfID reignites merger rumours Civil Service World 17 February 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2020 Foreign Office and International Development merger will curb giant cashpoint of UK aid PM pledges Sky News 16 June 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2020 Prime Minister announces merger of Department for International Development and Foreign Office GOV UK 17 June 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2020 a b Stewart Heather Wintour Patrick 16 June 2020 Three ex PMs attack plan to merge DfID with Foreign Office The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 19 June 2020 Syal Rajeev 30 November 2021 FCDO racially discriminated against black civil servant tribunal rules 30 November 2021 Guardian Retrieved 1 December 2021 UK boosts access to finance for women owned businesses and clean energy projects in Nigeria GOV UK Retrieved 21 February 2022 Syal Rajeev 3 July 2022 Foreign Office to pay 423 000 to whistleblowing lawyer who lost job theguardian com Guardian Retrieved 5 July 2022 a b c Opening of new Diplomatic Academy Foreign and Commonwealth Office 9 February 2015 Retrieved 25 May 2021 About us UK Government Conflict Stability and Security Fund Cross Government Prosperity Fund UK Government 22 December 2015 Global Innovation Fund UK Government 14 October 2014 Chevening Chevening Awards are supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Who we are Marshal Scholarships Marshall Scholarships are mainly funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Forced marriage UK Government Foreign and Commonwealth Office Home Office 20 March 2013 The Forced Marriage Unit FMU is a joint Foreign and Commonwealth Office and Home Office unit Darwin Plus environment funding for the UK Overseas Territories UK Government Foreign and Commonwealth Office Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs 22 May 2014 UK Government policy advisers from Foreign and Commonwealth Office UK Science and Innovation Network UK Government Part of Foreign amp Commonwealth Office Government wins vote to lock in cuts to overseas aid BBC News 13 July 2021 Retrieved 9 October 2021 What Does UK Law Say on Aid How New Development Secretary Mordaunt Can Meet her Aid Effectiveness Pledge Center For Global Development 23 January 2018 Retrieved 17 May 2021 Foreign aid Government decision to cut budget unlawful says peer BBC News 21 March 2021 Retrieved 17 May 2021 a b Britain s aid cuts what s been announced so far The Guardian 30 April 2021 Retrieved 17 May 2021 Hatch Jonathan 7 May 2021 UK aid cuts reactions from the UK and beyond Bond Retrieved 17 May 2021 Tracking the UK s controversial aid cuts Devex Retrieved 17 May 2021 Charity warns UK aid priorities to see 63 cut in funding BBC News 30 March 2021 Retrieved 17 May 2021 An Overview of the Impact of Proposed Cuts to UK Aid Center For Global Development Retrieved 17 May 2021 Global Innovation Fund announces first round of investments under its Innovating for Climate Resilience fund MaxiNews 8 June 2022 Retrieved 8 June 2022 Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Hansard March 2006 The FCO Services Trading Fund Order 2008 UK Legislation National Archives Retrieved 1 May 2012 Who we are FCO Services 24 May 2011 Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 Retrieved 18 June 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Say Mark 21 July 2011 FCO Services pushes secure cloud platform Guardian Government Computing Retrieved 1 May 2012 UK NACE The UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping FCDO Services Retrieved 3 August 2021 Travel FCDO 6 March 2013 Switching night and day life in the Global Response Centre Foreign Commonwealth amp Development Office Blogs Retrieved 12 September 2022 About us GOV UK Retrieved 9 October 2021 a b c d e Foreign amp Commonwealth Office History PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2012 a b Foreign amp Commonwealth Office Route PDF FCO Archived from the original PDF on 24 September 2012 Mace wins 20m Whitehall Foreign Office refit constructionenquirer com Scottish gains at Euro fish talks Scottish Government 16 December 2009 Further reading EditAllen David Oliver Tim 2006 The Foreign and Commonwealth Office PDF The Europeanization of British Politics London Palgrave Macmillan pp 52 66 Clarke Michael 1992 British External Policy Making in the 1990s London Macmillan for the Royal Institute of International Affairs Dickie John 1992 Inside the Foreign Office London Chapmans Edwards Ruth Dudley 1994 True Brits Inside the British Foreign Office London BBC Books Feske Victor H 2019 The Road To Suez The British Foreign Office and the Quai D Orsay 1951 1957 The Diplomats 1939 1979 pp 167 200 doi 10 2307 j ctv8pz9nc 11 S2CID 188825766 Hall Ian 2013 Building the Global Network The Reform of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office under New Labour British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15 2 228 245 doi 10 1111 j 1467 856X 2012 00533 x S2CID 154455569 Kettle Louise 2020 The Role of the Policy Planning Staff in British Foreign Policy Historical Lessons and Contemporary Insight Diplomacy amp Statecraft 31 3 487 508 doi 10 1080 09592296 2020 1782675 S2CID 218821102 Jenkins Simon Sloman Anne 1985 With Respect Ambassador An inquiry into the Foreign Office London BBC Martin Laurence Garnett John 1997 British Foreign Policy Challenges and Choices for the 21st Century London Royal Institute for International Affairs Pinter Mawdsley Emma 2017 National interests and the paradox of foreign aid under austerity Conservative governments and the domestic politics of international development since 2010 PDF Geographical Journal 183 3 223 232 doi 10 1111 geoj 12219 Steiner Zara 2004 The Foreign and Commonwealth Office Resistance and adaptation to changing times Contemporary British History 18 3 13 30 doi 10 1080 1361946042000259288 S2CID 153756859 Tribe Keith 2018 The Colonial Office and British Development Economics 1940 60 History of Political Economy 50 S1 97 113 doi 10 1215 00182702 7033872 Wallace William ed 1975 The Foreign Policy Process in Britain London Royal Institute of International Affairs External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Foreign Office Media related to Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office at Wikimedia Commons Official website Cockerell Michael 1998 How to Be Foreign Secretary Television production BBC Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 Cockerell Michael 2010 The Great Offices of State Palace of Dreams Television production BBC Archived from the original on 2 February 2019 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office amp oldid 1131496279, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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