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Nicolas Sarkozy

January 16, 2024

"Sarkozy" and "Sarko" redirect here. For other people etc., see Sarkozy (surname) and Sarko (disambiguation).

Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (/sɑːrˈkoʊzi/ sar-KOH-zee; French: [nikɔla pɔl stefan saʁkɔzi də naʒi bɔksa] ⓘ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012.

Nicolas Sarkozy
Sarkozy in 2022
23rd President of France
In office
16 May 2007 – 15 May 2012
Prime MinisterFrançois Fillon
Preceded byJacques Chirac
Succeeded byFrançois Hollande
Further offices held
Minister of the Interior
In office
2 June 2005 – 26 March 2007
Prime MinisterDominique de Villepin
Preceded byDominique de Villepin
Succeeded byFrançois Baroin
In office
7 May 2002 – 30 March 2004
Prime MinisterJean-Pierre Raffarin
Preceded byDaniel Vaillant
Succeeded byDominique de Villepin
President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine
In office
1 April 2004 – 14 May 2007
Preceded byCharles Pasqua
Succeeded byPatrick Devedjian
Minister of Finance
In office
31 March 2004 – 29 November 2004
Prime MinisterJean-Pierre Raffarin
Preceded byFrancis Mer
Succeeded byHervé Gaymard
Minister of Communications
In office
19 July 1994 – 11 May 1995
Prime MinisterÉdouard Balladur
Preceded byAlain Carignon
Succeeded byCatherine Trautmann
Minister of the Budget
In office
30 March 1993 – 11 May 1995
Prime MinisterÉdouard Balladur
Preceded byMichel Charasse
Succeeded byFrançois d'Aubert
Government Spokesperson
In office
30 March 1993 – 19 January 1995
Prime MinisterÉdouard Balladur
Preceded byLouis Mermaz
Succeeded byPhilippe Douste-Blazy
Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine
In office
14 April 1983 – 7 May 2002
Preceded byAchille Peretti
Succeeded byLouis-Charles Bary
Additional positions
Personal details
Born
Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa

(1955-01-28) 28 January 1955 (age 68)
Paris, France
Political partyThe Republicans (2015–present)
Other political
affiliations		Union of Democrats for the Republic (1974–1976)
Rally for the Republic (1976–2002)
Union for a Popular Movement (2002–2015)
Spouses
Marie-Dominique Culioli
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​
(m. 1982; div. 1996)​
​
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(m. 1996; div. 2007)​
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(m. 2008)​
Children4
Alma materParis West University Nanterre La Défense (MA, DEA)
Sciences Po
Signature

Born in Paris, he is of Hungarian, Greek Jewish, and French origin. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (1993–1995) during François Mitterrand's second term. During Jacques Chirac's second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances. He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party from 2004 to 2007.

He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin against Ségolène Royal, the Socialist Party (PS) candidate. During his term, he faced the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the late-2000s recession, and the European sovereign debt crisis, the Russo-Georgian War (for which he negotiated a ceasefire), and the Arab Spring (especially in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria). He initiated the reform of French universities (2007) and the pension reform (2010). He married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris.

In the 2012 French presidential election, Sarkozy was defeated by the PS candidate François Hollande, by a 3.2% margin. After leaving the presidential office, Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014, being subsequently reelected as UMP leader (renamed The Republicans in 2015). Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016, he retired from public life. He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases, notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections. In 2021, Sarkozy was convicted of corruption in two separate trials. His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years, two of them suspended and one in prison; he has appealed against the ruling. For his second conviction, he received a one-year sentence, which he is allowed to serve under home confinement. In May 2023, Sarkozy lost an appeal to his corruption conviction.[1]

Personal life edit

Family background edit

Main article: Family history of Nicolas Sarkozy

Sarkozy was born in Paris, and is the son of Pál István Ernő Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa[note 1] (Hungarian: nagybócsai Sárközy Pál; [ˈnɒɟboːt͡ʃɒi ˈʃaːrkøzi ˈpaːl] ⓘ—in some sources Nagy-Bócsay Sárközy Pál István Ernő),[2] (5 May 1928 – 4 March 2023), a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat, and Andrée Jeanne "Dadu" Mallah (12 October 1925 – 12 December 2017),[3] whose Ottoman Greek Jewish grandfather converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozy's French Catholic maternal grandmother.[4][5] They were married in the Saint-François-de-Sales church, 17th arrondissement of Paris, on 8 February 1950, and divorced in 1959.[6]

Early life edit

During Sarkozy's childhood, his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy. The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozy's maternal grandfather, Benedict Mallah, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. The family later moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the wealthiest communes of the Île-de-France région immediately west of Paris. According to Sarkozy, his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father, whom he rarely saw. Sarkozy was raised Catholic.[4]

Sarkozy said that being kept at a distance by his father shaped much of who he is today. He also has said that, in his early years, he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates.[7] "What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood", he said later.[7]

Education edit

Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycée Chaptal, a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris' 8th arrondissement, where he failed his sixième. His family then sent him to the Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau, a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement, where he was reportedly a mediocre student,[7] but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalauréat in 1973.

Sarkozy enrolled at the Université Paris X Nanterre, where he graduated with an M.A. in private law and, later, with a D.E.A. degree in business law. Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May '68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students. Described as a quiet student, Sarkozy soon joined the right-wing student organization, in which he was very active.[citation needed] He completed his military service as a part-time Air Force cleaner.[8]

After graduating from university, Sarkozy entered Sciences Po, where he studied between 1979 and 1981, but failed to graduate[9] due to an insufficient command of the English language.[7]

After passing the bar, Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law[7] and was one of Silvio Berlusconi's French lawyers.[10][11][12]

Marriages edit

Marie-Dominique Culioli edit

Sarkozy married his first wife, Marie-Dominique Culioli, on 23 September 1982; her father was a pharmacist from Vico (a village north of Ajaccio, Corsica), her uncle was Achille Peretti, the mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozy's political mentor. They had two sons, Pierre (born in 1985), now a hip-hop producer,[13] and Jean (born in 1986) now a local politician in the city of Neuilly-sur-Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career. Sarkozy's best man was the prominent right-wing politician Charles Pasqua, later to become a political opponent.[14] Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996, after they had been separated for several years.

Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz edit

As mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz (great-granddaughter of composer Isaac Albéniz and daughter of a Moldovan father), when he officiated at her wedding[15] to television host Jacques Martin. In 1988, she left her husband for Sarkozy, and divorced one year later. She and Sarkozy married in October 1996, with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault.[16] They have one son, Louis, born 23 April 1997.

Between 2002 and 2005, the couple often appeared together on public occasions, with Cécilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband.[17] On 25 May 2005, however, the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for Moroccan national Richard Attias, head of Publicis in New York.[18] There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin, which led to Sarkozy suing the paper.[19] In the meantime, he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro, Anne Fulda.[20]

Sarkozy and Cécilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007, soon after his election as president.[21]

Carla Bruni edit

 
Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni greet President Barack Obama at the G8 Summit dinner in Deauville, France, 26 May 2011.

Less than a month after separating from Cécilia, Sarkozy met Italian-born singer, songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party, and soon entered into a relationship with her.[22] They married on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris.[23]

The couple have a daughter, Giulia, born on 19 October 2011.[24] It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office.[25]

Personal wealth edit

Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of €2 million, most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies.[26] As the French President, one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise: his yearly salary went from €101,000 to €240,000, matching other European officeholders.[27] He is also entitled to a mayoral, parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, member of the National Assembly and President of France.

Early political career edit

Sarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator.[28] His supporters within France emphasize his charisma, political innovation and willingness to "make a dramatic break" amid mounting disaffection against "politics as usual". Overall, he is considered more pro-American and pro-Israeli than most French politicians.

From 2004 to 2007, Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP), France's major right-wing political party, and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, with the honorific title of Minister of State, making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin. His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co-ordinate relationships between the national and local governments, as well as Minister of Worship: in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM). Previously, he was a député in the French National Assembly. He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment. He previously also held several ministerial posts, including Finance Minister.

In Government: 1993–1995 edit

Sarkozy's political career began when he was 23, when he became a city councillor in Neuilly-sur-Seine. A member of the Neo-Gaullist party RPR, he went on to be elected mayor of that town, after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti. Sarkozy had been close to Peretti, as his mother was Peretti's secretary. A more senior RPR councillor, Charles Pasqua, wanted to become mayor, and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign. Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor.[29] He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50,000. He served from 1983 to 2002. In 1988, he became a deputy in the National Assembly.

In 1993, Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the "Human Bomb", a man who had taken small children hostages in a kindergarten in Neuilly.[30] The "Human Bomb" was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID, who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting.

At the same time, from 1993 to 1995, he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur. Throughout most of his early career, Sarkozy had been seen as a protégé of Jacques Chirac. During his tenure, he increased France's public debt more than any other French Budget Minister, by the equivalent of €200 billion (US$260 billion) (FY 1994–1996). The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament (budgets for FY1994 and FY1995) assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP.[note 2] According to the Maastricht Treaty, the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of France's GDP.

In 1995, he spurned Chirac and backed Édouard Balladur for President of France. After Chirac won the election, Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget, and found himself outside the circles of power.

However, he returned after the right-wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election, as the number two candidate of the RPR. When the party leader Philippe Séguin resigned, in 1999, he took the leadership of the Neo-Gaullist party. But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election, winning 12.7% of the votes, less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua. Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership.

 
Sarkozy speaking at the congress of his party, 28 November 2004

In 2002, however, after his re-election as President of the French Republic (see 2002 French presidential election), Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, despite Sarkozy's support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995.[31] Following Chirac's 14 July keynote speech on road safety, Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads.

In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004, Sarkozy became Finance Minister. Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party, as Sarkozy's intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppé became clear.

In party elections of 10 November 2004, Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85% of the vote. In accordance with an agreement with Chirac, he resigned as Finance Minister. Sarkozy's ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes, such as Sarkozy's "first lieutenant", Brice Hortefeux, and Chirac loyalists, such as Jean-Louis Debré.

Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honour) by President Chirac in February 2005. He was re-elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly. (As required by the constitution,[32] he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002.)

On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership. This was confirmed on 2 June 2005, when the members of the government were officially announced.

First term as Minister of the Interior: 2002–2004 edit

Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior, in 2004, Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France, according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004.

Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community. Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations, the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf. Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non-profit Conseil français du culte musulman ("French Council of the Muslim Faith"), an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims.[33] In addition, Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State, mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds[34] so that they are less reliant on money from outside France. It was not followed by any concrete measure.

Minister of Finance: 2004 edit

During his short appointment as Minister of Finance, Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies. The degree to which this reflected libéralisme (a hands-off approach to running the economy) or more traditional French state dirigisme (intervention) is controversial. He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP.

  • In September 2004, Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Télécom from 50.4 percent to 41 percent.[35]
  • Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003.[36]
  • In June 2004, Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent; the success of this measure is disputed, with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September.[37]
  • Taxes: Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF (solidarity tax on wealth). This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right. Some in the business world and on the liberal right, such as Alain Madelin, wanted it abolished. For Sarkozy, that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties.[38]

Second term as Minister of the Interior: 2005–2007 edit

 
Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, after their bilateral meeting in Washington, D.C., 12 September 2006

During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior, Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities: instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order, many of his declarations addressed wider issues, since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party.

Main article: Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France

However, the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again. Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a "rabble" ("racaille") in Argenteuil near Paris, and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Kärcher. After the accidental death of two youths, which sparked the riots, Sarkozy first blamed it on "hoodlums" and gangsters. These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government, Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag.[39]

After the rioting, he made a number of announcements on future policy: selection of immigrants, greater tracking of immigrants, and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents.

UMP leader: 2004–2007 edit

 
Nicolas Sarkozy in 2006 with Cypriot opposition leader Nicos Anastasiades

Before he was elected President of France, Sarkozy was president of UMP, the French conservative party, elected with 85 percent of the vote. During his presidency, the number of members increased significantly. In 2005, he supported a "yes" vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution, but the "No" vote won.

Throughout 2005, Sarkozy called for radical changes in France's economic and social policies. These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005, during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises.[40] Among other issues:

  • he called for a simplified and "fairer" taxation system, with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate (all direct taxes combined) at 50 percent of revenue;
  • he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them;
  • he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit, claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time.

Such policies are what are called in France libéral (that is, in favour of laissez-faire economic policies) or, with a pejorative undertone, ultra-libéral. Sarkozy rejects this label of libéral and prefers to call himself a pragmatist.

Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system, with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy. He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students, saying that it enabled foreign students to take open-ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France; instead, he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France.

In early 2006, the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI, which reforms French copyright law. Since his party was divided on the issue, Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved. Later, groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD.info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law, which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer-to-peer systems.

Presidential election: 2007 edit

 
Ségolène Royal was Sarkozy's final opponent during the 2007 campaign.
Main article: French presidential election, 2007

Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007; in an oft-repeated comment made on television channel France 2, when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning, Sarkozy commented, "Not just when I shave".[41]

On 14 January 2007, Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election. Sarkozy, who was running unopposed,[42] won 98 percent of the votes. Of the 327,000 UMP members who could vote, 69 percent participated in the online ballot.[43]

In February 2007, Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime. Despite his opposition to same-sex marriage, he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same-sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples. The law was voted in July 2007.[note 3]

On 7 February, Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second, non-nuclear, aircraft carrier for the national Navy (adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle), during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie. "This would allow permanently having an operational ship, taking into account the constraints of maintenance", he explained.[44]

On 21 March, President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy. Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party, and said: "So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support."[45] To focus on his campaign, Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March.[46]

During the campaign, rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a "candidate for brutality" and of presenting hard-line views about France's future.[47] Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy-making in a bid to capitalise on right-wing sentiments among some communities. However, his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period, consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate, Ségolène Royal.

 
Demonstrations in Paris, 6 May 2007, following the election of Nicolas Sarkozy

The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007. Sarkozy came in first with 31.18 percent of the votes, ahead of Ségolène Royal of the Socialists with 25.87 percent. In the second round, Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53.06 percent of the votes ahead of Ségolène Royal with 46.94 percent.[48] In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results, Sarkozy stressed the need for France's modernisation, but also called for national unity, mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts. In that speech, he claimed "The French have chosen to break with the ideas, habits and behaviour of the past. I will restore the value of work, authority, merit and respect for the nation."

Presidency of France edit

Main article: Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy

Inauguration edit

 
Sarkozy greets U.S. First Lady Laura Bush in Germany, June 2007

On 6 May 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic (which was established in 1958), and the 23rd President in French history.

The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11:00 am (9:00 UTC) at the Élysée Palace, where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal.[49] In the afternoon, the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Under Sarkozy's government, François Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister.[50] Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner, the left-wing founder of Médecins Sans Frontières, as his Foreign Minister, leading to Kouchner's expulsion from the Socialist Party. In addition to Kouchner, three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left, including Éric Besson, who served as Ségolène Royal's economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign. Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15; one, Justice Minister Rachida Dati, is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet. Of the 15, two attended the elite École nationale d'administration (ENA).[51] The ministers were reorganised, with the controversial creation of a 'Ministry of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Co-Development'—given to his right-hand man Brice Hortefeux—and of a 'Ministry of Budget, Public Accounts and Civil Administration'—handed out to Éric Wœrth, supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire. However, after 17 June parliamentary elections, the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers, totalling 31 officials.

Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day, a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution.[52]

 
Nicolas Sarkozy and General Jean-Louis Georgelin, Chief of the Defence Staff, reviewing troops during the Bastille Day 2008 military parade on the Champs-Élysées, Paris

In 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy,[53] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest[54] all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.[53]

Release of hostages edit

Shortly after taking office, Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Álvaro Uribe and the left-wing guerrilla FARC, regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group, especially Franco-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt. According to some sources, Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARC's "chancellor" Rodrigo Granda.[55]

Furthermore, he announced on 24 July 2007, that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country. In exchange, he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security, health care and immigration pacts—and a $230 million (168 million euros) MILAN antitank missile sale.[52] The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004, and was negotiated with MBDA, a subsidiary of EADS. Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed, according to Tripoli, with EADS for a TETRA radio system. The Socialist Party (PS) and the Communist Party (PCF) criticised a "state affair" and a "barter" with a "Rogue state".[56] The leader of the PS, François Hollande, requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation.[57]

Green policy edit

On 8 June 2007, during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO2 emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming. He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss-Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[58] Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss-Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures.[59]

In 2010, a study of Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment.[60]

Economic policy edit

The Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), Sarkozy's party, won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election, although by less than expected. In July, the UMP majority, seconded by the Nouveau Centre, ratified one of Sarkozy's electoral promises, which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax.[61][62] The inheritance tax formerly provided €8 billion in revenue.[63]

 
Sarkozy (at left) attending the G-8 Summit in 2009

Sarkozy's UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes, in particular for upper middle-class people, allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth, but did not reduce state expenditures. He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so.

On 23 July 2008, parliament voted the "loi de modernisation de l'économie" (Modernization of the Economy Law) which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses. The Government has also made changes to long-standing French work-hour regulations, allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35-hour week tax-free.[64]

 
Nicolas Sarkozy addresses the E-G8 Forum in Paris in 2011

However, as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008, Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors, declaring that "laissez-faire capitalism is over" and denouncing the "dictatorship of the market". Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist, he responded: "Have I become socialist? Perhaps." He has also pledged to create 100,000 state-subsidised jobs.[65]

Security policy edit

Sarkozy's government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports. The program, called 'Parafes', was to use fingerprints. The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System (SIS) as well as with a national database of wanted persons (FPR). The Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL) protested against this new decree, opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR.[66]

Constitutional reform edit

On 21 July 2008, the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign. The vote was 539 to 357, one vote over the three-fifths majority required; the changes are not yet[timeframe?] finalized. They would introduce a two-term limit for the presidency, and end the president's right of collective pardon. They would allow the president to address parliament in-session, and parliament to set its own agenda. They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments, while ending government control over parliament's committee system. He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament, while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a "consolidation of a monocracy".[67]

International affairs edit

 
President Nicolas Sarkozy with President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff

During his 2007 presidential campaign, Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom[68] and closer cooperation with the United States.[69]

 
Sarkozy with President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso, July 2008

Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008. Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency. This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions. In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change, Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China.[70] On 6 December 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy, as part of France's then presidency of the Council of the EU, met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China, which has announced that it would postpone the China-EU summit indefinitely.[71]

On 3 April 2009, at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg, Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive.[72][73] "We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have", French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U.N. Climate Summit on 22 September 2009.[74]

 
Sarkozy with British Prime Minister David Cameron, November 2010

On 5 January 2009, Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict.[75] The plan, which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex-President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security, a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border. Welcoming the proposal, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a "ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security".[76]

Military intervention in Libya edit

Muammar Gaddafi's official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France.[77]

 
Sarkozy at the Paris Summit of 19 March 2011, which marked the start of a military intervention in Libya

In March 2011, after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions, and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard-Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government, which was then fighting a civil war in Libya. On 10 March 2011, Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace, three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC), brought to him by Bernard-Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting. Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no-fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafi's aeroplanes. He also promised them French military assistance. On 17 March 2011, at the behest of France, resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations, permitting the creation of a "no fly" zone over Libya, and for the undertaking of "necessary measures" for the protection of the country's civilian population. On 19 March 2011, Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya, with France's participation. These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion.[78][79][80]

In 2016, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention "was based on erroneous assumptions" that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been "overvalued" and that the coalition "Has not verified the real threat to civilians"; He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to "improve his political situation in France".[81]

2012 presidential campaign edit

 
Popularity polls during his presidency
Main article: French presidential election, 2012

Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting.[82] François Hollande, the Socialist Party candidate, received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election, with Sarkozy coming second, meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5–6 May 2012.[83] Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande. He received an estimated 48.38% compared to Hollande's 51.62%.[84]

Post-presidency edit

Temporary retirement: 2012–2014 edit

After his defeat at the 2012 election, Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollande's victory. He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office. His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May.

Shortly after, Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a €250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm. He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014.[85][86]

Return to politics: 2014–2016 edit

Further information: The Republicans (France) presidential primary, 2016
 
Nicolas Sarkozy's rally, Belfort, 12 March 2015

On 19 September 2014, Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party.[87] and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014.[88] Led by Sarkozy, UMP won over two-thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015.[89] On 13 December, the Republicans won the majority of regional office races, another set of national elections.[90] (On 30 May the UMP's name was changed to the Republicans.)

2017 retirement from politics edit

In January 2016, Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie. In August 2016, he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016, but only came in third place behind François Fillon and Alain Juppé. He decided to endorse Fillon and signaled that he was retiring from politics.[91]

Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016, he retired from public life. He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases, notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections. At issue for Sarkozy were campaign costs exceeding the maximum allowed, and how they were paid. In 2021, Sarkozy was convicted of corruption in two separate trials. His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years, two of them suspended and one in prison; he has appealed against the ruling. For his second conviction in September 2021, he received a one-year sentence, which he is allowed to serve under home confinement; his lawyer said he would appeal this decision.[92]

He is still a force in conservative politics in France. "Sarkozy retired from active politics in 2017, but is still playing a role behind the scenes. French media have reported that he is involved in the process of choosing a conservative candidate ahead of France's presidential election next year. But the pair of convictions could force Sarkozy to play a more discreet role in 2022's presidential race."[92] Sarkozy endorsed Emmanuel Macron in the April 2022 election.[93]

In February 2023, Sarkozy together with his wife and daughter visited the Western Wall where they expressed their enthusiasm for the "exciting place" as well as their deep friendship with Israel.[94]

Other activities edit

Corporate boards edit

Non-profit organizations edit

Public image edit

Sarkozy was named the 68th best-dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair, alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt.[101] However, Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst-dressed person in the world by GQ.[102] Beside publicising, at times, and at others, refusing to publicise his ex-wife Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz's image,[103] Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image, sometimes to the point of censorship—such as in the Paris Match affair, when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex-wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias, or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche, which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer-Albéniz's decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election.[104] In its edition of 9 August 2007, Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle.[105][106][107] His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin, better known for his paparazzi work.[108]

Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozy's tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media: "he censors a book, or fires the chief editor of a weekly."[108] Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height (believed to be 165 cm (5 ft 5 in)).[109] The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him. In 2009, a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy. (This story was corroborated by some trade union officials.) This was the subject of a political row: the president's office called the accusation "completely absurd and grotesque", while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation.[110]

 
Sarkozy with Mohammad bin Salman, Gianni Infantino and Juan Carlos Varela at the FIFA World Cup in Russia, 14 June 2018

Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls, in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image.[111]

Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper-president or hyperpresident by some French media[112] after his 2007 election as president, to describe his desire to control everything.[113] Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic, the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations, leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy, as the Constitution states it,[114] Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy.[citation needed] Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoléon Bonaparte and Louis XIV.[115] Indeed, he appointed a very close friend of his, François Fillon, as a Prime Minister.[116] Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the President's power.[citation needed]

The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozy's rise to power, with candid portrayals of Nicolas Sarkozy himself, Chirac and Villepin.[117] It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[118]

Controversies edit

Sarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right, most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin.[119] The communist-leaning magazine L'Humanité accused Sarkozy of populism.[120]

Views on religions edit

 
Many on the left distrust Sarkozy; specific "anti-Sarko" movements have been started.

In 2004 Sarkozy co-authored a book, La République, les religions, l'espérance (The Republic, Religions, and Hope),[121] in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values. He advocated reducing the separation of church and state, arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society.[122] He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France. After meeting with Tom Cruise, Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology, which has been seen by some as a cult.[123] Sarkozy was criticized by some after he claimed "the roots of France are essentially Christian" at a December 2007 speech in Rome. Similarly, he drew criticism after he called Islam "one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known" at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008.[124]

Controversial statements edit

In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11-year-old boy, caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005, Sarkozy went to the scene and said: "on va nettoyer au Kärcher la cité"" ("we will clean the area with a pressure washer"). Two days before the 2005 Paris riots, he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as "voyous" ("thugs") and "racaille", a slang term which can be translated into English as "rabble", "scum" or "riff-raff", in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with "Quand nous débarrassez-vous de cette racaille?" ("When will you rid us of these dregs?").[125] The French Communist Party publication, L'Humanité, branded this language as inappropriate.[126] Following Sarkozy's use of the word racaille, many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right. His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the "banlieues", and a police "raid" on the suburb of Clichy-sous-Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub-station. The riots began that night.[127]

In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau, of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof.[128] On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of "the judge" who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder.[129]

A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections, Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray.[130] Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis, saying "... I'd be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile, and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease"; he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating, "I don't want to give parents a complex. It's not exclusively the parents' fault every time a youngster commits suicide." These statements were criticised by some scientists, including geneticist Axel Kahn.[131][132] Sarkozy later added, "What part is innate and what part is acquired? At least let's debate it, let's not close the door to all debate."[133]

On 27 July 2007, Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar, Senegal, written by Henri Guaino, in which he claimed that "the African has never really entered into history".[134][135] The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans, with some viewing them as racist.[135][136] South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozy's speech, which raised criticism by some in the South African media.[135]

On 30 July 2010, Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security, and he proposed "stripping foreign-born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes".[137] This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times,[137] by Sarkozy's political opponents, including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry,[138] and by experts of French law, including the ex-member of the Constitutional Council of France, Robert Badinter, who said that such action would be unconstitutional.[139]

He called for coercive methods to promote "métissage," cultural mixing (which can sometimes include genetic mixing), which he called an "obligation" during a press conference on 17 December 2008.[140]

"Casse-toi, pauv'con" edit

On 23 February 2008, Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show:[141]

While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning, in the middle of the crowd, Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand. "Ah no, don't touch me!", said the man. The president retorted immediately: "Get lost, then." "You're making me dirty", yelled the man. With a frozen smile, Sarkozy says, his teeth glistening, a refined "Get lost, then, poor dumb-ass, go."[note 4]

A precise translation into English has many possible variations.[142][143][144]

On 28 August 2008, Hervé Eon, from Laval came to an anti-Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse-toi pov' con, the exact words Sarkozy had uttered. Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor, who in France indirectly reports to the president, requested a fine of €1000.[145][146] The court eventually imposed a symbolic €30 suspended fine, which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side.[147] This incident was widely reported on, in particular as Sarkozy, as president of the Republic, is immune from prosecution, notably restricting Eon's rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation.[148]

Position on the Iraq war edit

Sarkozy opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. However, he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed France's opposition to the war. Talking at the French-American Foundation in Washington, D.C., on 12 September 2006, he denounced what he called the "French arrogance" and said: "It is bad manners to embarrass one's allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles."[149] He added: "We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis." Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozy's speech was "appalling" and "a shameful act".[149]

Accusations of nepotism edit

In October 2009, Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son, Jean, try to become head of the public body running France's biggest business district EPAD.[150][151][152] On 3 July 2012, French police raided Sarkozy's residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing.[153]

Political and financial scandals and criminal conviction edit

On 5 July 2010, following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair, online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout, a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt, accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007, in cash.[154][155]

On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high-ranking judge, Gilbert Azibert, in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding. Mr Azibert, one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal, was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014.[156] It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody, although his predecessor, Jacques Chirac, was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011.[157] After 15 hours in police custody, Sarkozy was put under official investigation for "active corruption", "misuse of influence" and "obtained through a breach of professional secrecy" on 2 July 2014.[158] Mr Azibert and Sarkozy's lawyer, Thierry Herzog, are also now under official investigation. The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison.[159] The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozy's attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017.[160][161] Nevertheless, he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination,[162] but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016.[163] A trial on this case, Sarkozy's first, started on 23 November 2020.[164]

On 16 February 2016, Sarkozy was indicted on "illegal financing of political campaign" charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal.[165][166][167][168]

In April 2016, Arnaud Claude, former law partner of Sarkozy, was named in the Panama Papers.[169]

On 23 November 2020, the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling, for an attempted bribery of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons.[170]

On 1 March 2021, a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozy's former lawyer Thierry Herzog. Both men were tried with him and convicted as well. Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison.[171][172] Sarkozy appealed the ruling, which suspends its application.[173][174]

On 20 May 2021, a second criminal trial, this time pertaining to the Bygmalion Scandal related to illegal campaign funding, began for Sarkozy, as well as 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal.[175][176] Sarkozy's second corruption trial involved allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on his failed 2012 re-election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up.[176][177] The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events.[177][176] On 30 September 2021, Sarkozy, as well as his co-defendants, was convicted.[178][177] For this conviction, Sarkozy was given a 1-year prison sentence, though he was also given the option to serve this sentence at home with an electronic bracelet.[177][178] In 2023, Sarkozy's attempt to appeal the decision was denied and he has been banned from holding public office for three years and but will still have the option of serving his sentence from home with an electronic bracelet.[179]

Alleged Libyan agent of influence edit

Main article: Alleged Libyan influence in the 2007 French elections
 
The government of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi allegedly paid €50 million to Sarkozy in exchange for access.

Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition, and members of his own government.[180] The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and, during it, France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement.[180] Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets, plus military helicopters, were also initiated during the trip.[181]

During the 2011 Libyan Civil War – a conflict in which France intervened – Saif-al-Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated €50 million to Sarkozy's 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy.[182][183]

Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of €50 million, and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine (disclaimer by the same person in another video) that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy.[182][184] French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned.[185] Shortly thereafter, however, Ghanem was found dead, floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries.[183][185]

In January 2018, British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant.[186] Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy.[186]

Ukraine edit

In an interview with Le Figaro in August 2023,[187] Sarkozy said that Ukraine should remain "neutral" and not join NATO or the EU; that France and Russia "need each other"; and that Macron should "renew dialogue" with Putin.[188] In the same interview, Sarkozy called for Ukraine to accept the Russian occupation of Crimea as well as other contested territory.[187] Critics have reproved his comments as "shameful" and "shocking", and others have accused Sarkozy of being a "Kremlin influencer".[189] Sarkozy has also received support from others for his position, arguing that it presents a "diplomatic way out" of the war.[190]

Political career edit

Governmental functions

  • Minister of Budget and government's spokesman: 1993–1995.
  • Minister of Communication and government's spokesman: 1994–1995.
  • Minister of State, minister of Interior, of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms: 2002–2004.
  • Minister of State, minister of Economy, Finance and Industry: March–November 2004 (resignation).
  • Minister of State, minister of Interior and Land Planning: 2005–2007 (resignation).

Electoral mandates

European Parliament

  • Member of the European Parliament: July–September 1999 (resignation). Elected in 1999.

National Assembly of France

  • Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts-de-Seine (6th constituency): 1988–1993 (became minister in 1993) / 1995–2002 (became minister in 2002) / March–June 2005 (became minister in June 2005). Elected in 1988, reelected in 1993, 1995, 1997, 2002, 2005.

Regional Council

  • Regional councillor of Île-de-France: 1983–1988 (resignation). Elected in 1986.

General Council

  • President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine: 2004–2007 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007).
  • Vice-president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine: 1986–1988 (resignation).
  • General councillor of Hauts-de-Seine, elected in the canton of Neuilly-sur-Seine-Nord: 1985–1988 / 2004–2007 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007).

Municipal Council

  • Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 1983–2002 (resignation). Reelected in 1989, 1995, and 2001.
  • Deputy-mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 2002–2005 (resignation).
  • Municipal councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine: 1977–2005 (resignation). Reelected in 1983, 1989, 1995, and 2001.

Political functions

  • President of The Republicans: 2015-2016.
  • President of the Union for a Popular Movement: 2004–2007 and 2014-2015 (resignation, became President of the French Republic in 2007). Reelected in 2014.
  • President of the Rally for the Republic: April–October 1999.
  • General secretary of the Rally for the Republic: 1998–1999.
  • Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic: 1992–1993.

Awards and honours edit

French Honours edit

Legion of Honour
  Grand Cross (2007—automatic when taking office)
  Knight (2004)
ex officio
  Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (2007—automatic when taking office)

Foreign Honours edit

  Gran Cross of the Order of Glory (Armenia) - 2011[191]
  Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) - 2004[192]
  Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil) - 2009[193]
  First Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria) - 2007[194]
  Medal of the St. George's Order of Victory (Georgia) - 2011[195]
  Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Grèce) - 2008[196]
  Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast) - 2012[197]
  Medal of the Order of the Golden Eagle (Kazakhstan) - 2009[198]
  Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great (Kuwait) - 2009[199]
  Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit (Lebanon) - 2009[200]
  Collar of the Order of Muhammad (Morocco) - 2007[201]
  Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (Monaco) – 25 April 2008[202]
  Collar of the Order of the Independence (Qatar) - 2008[203]
  Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud (Saudi Arabia) - 2008[204]
  Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain) – 2011[205][206]
  Collar of the Order of Charles III (Spain) – 2009[207]
  Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (Spain) – 2004[208]
  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seventh of November (Tunisia) – 28 April 2008[209]
  First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine) – 2010[210]
  Collar of the Order of Zayed (United Arab Emirates) – 2008[211]
  Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) – 2008[212]

Other Honours edit

  Holy See: Proto-canon of the Papal Basilicas of St. John Lateran and St. Peter's (2007–2012; the post is held ex officio by the French Head of State)[213][214]
  Italy: Premio Mediterraneo[215]

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Sarkozy" is the westernized, or internationalized, version of his Hungarian name. In Hungarian the given name comes last rather than first. The French aristocratic particle "de" is also used instead of the Hungarian aristocratic ending "-i". This westernization of Hungarian names is frequent, particularly for people with an aristocratic name. For example the leader of Hungary from 1920 to 1944, whose Hungarian name is nagybányai Horthy Miklós, is known in English as Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya. The French name of Pál Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa changed in 1948 to Paul Étienne Arnaud Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa, when Pál was translated as Paul in French, and the acute accents on the "a" of Sarközy and the "o" of Bocsa were dropped as these letters never carry an acute accent (accent aigu) in French. The trema on the "o" of Sárközy was kept, probably because French typewriters allow this combination, whereas it is impossible to write "a" or "o" with an acute accent using a French typewriter.
  2. ^ See also Dette publique de la France (in French)
  3. ^ It was included in the paquet fiscal that has been one of the first laws passed in Parliament.
  4. ^ In French: "Lors de sa traversée éclair du salon samedi matin, en plein bain de foule, Sarkozy croise un visiteur récalcitrant qui refuse sa poignée de main. «Ah non, touche-moi pas», prévient-il. Le chef de l'État rétorque sans détour: «Casse-toi, alors.» «Tu me salis», embraye l'homme. Le sourire se crispe. Sarkozy lâche, desserrant à peine les dents, un raffiné «Casse-toi alors, pauv'con, va.»

References edit

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  2. ^ Schmemann, Serge (15 May 2007). "The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering". The New York Times. from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
  3. ^ "La mère de Nicolas Sarkozy, Andrée Mallah dite "Dadu", est morte". Le Dauphiné. 13 December 2017. from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy". BBC News. 26 July 2009. from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  5. ^ . The European Jewish Press. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  6. ^ "Ancestry of Nicolas Sarkozy". William Addams Reitwiesner. from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  7. ^ a b c d e Un pouvoir nommé désir, Catherine Nay, 2007
  8. ^ . Nousnours. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  9. ^ Augustin Scalbert, Un soupçon de vantardise sur les CV ministériels 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Rue 89, 18 September 2007 (in French)
  10. ^ "Berlusconi : le "bon Nicolas Sarkozy" a été mon avocat". Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  11. ^ "Corfù, il vertice del disgelo "Riparte collaborazione Nato-Russia" Il Cavaliere: "Mandai il mio avvocato Sarkozy da lui per la Georgia..."" (in Italian). la Repubblica. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  12. ^ (in Italian). L'Unione Sarda. 27 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  13. ^ Indrisek, Scott (7 January 2008). . Rhapsody Blog. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  14. ^ Sarkozy Closes in on his Goal: Ambition and Honesty on the French Campaign Trail 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Spiegel.de, 4 September 2007
  15. ^ . The Independent. London. 24 June 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
  16. ^ . NetGlimse.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  17. ^ Wyatt, Caroline (15 May 2007). "Sarkozy soap opera grips Paris". BBC News. from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  18. ^ "Nicolas Sarkozy divorce official". HULIQ. 18 October 2007. from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  19. ^ "Globaljournalist.org". Global Journalist. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  20. ^ Willsher, Kim (19 February 2006). . The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
  21. ^ AFX News Limited (18 October 2007). . Forbes. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011.
  22. ^ France begins to grow weary with the Sarkozy soap opera 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian, 13 January 2008
  23. ^ "French President Marries Former Model", ABC News, Associated Press, 2 February 2008
  24. ^ Samuel, Henry (20 October 2011). "Carla Bruni-Sarkozy confirms name of daughter: Giulia". The Daily Telegraph. London. from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  25. ^ "France's first couple welcomes their baby girl Giulia after low-profile pregnancy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 October 2011.[dead link]
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Further reading edit

  • Sarkozy, Nicolas (1994). [Georges Mandel] : le moine de la politique. Paris: B. Grasset. ISBN 978-2-246-46301-6.
  • Ottenheimer, Ghislaine (1994). Les deux Nicolas: la machine Balladur. Paris: Plon. ISBN 2-259-18115-5.
  • Sarkozy, Nicolas; Michel, Denisot (1995). Au bout de la passion, l'équilibre. Paris: A. Michel. ISBN 2-226-07616-6., interviews with Michel Denisot
  • Hauser, Anita (1995). Sarkozy: l'ascension d'un jeune homme pressé. Paris: Belfond. ISBN 2-7144-3235-2., Grand livre du mois 1995
  • Sarkozy, Nicolas (2003). Libre. Paris: Pocket. ISBN 2-266-13303-9., subject(s): Pratiques politiques—France—1990–, France—Politique et gouvernement—1997–2002
  • Mantoux, Aymeric (2003). Nicolas Sarkozy: l'instinct du pouvoir. Paris: First Éd. ISBN 2-87691-783-1.
  • Mayaffre, Damon (2012). Nicolas Sarkozy : Mesure et démesure du discours (2007-2012) (in French). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po. ISBN 978-2724612431.
  • Nay, Catherine (2007). Un pouvoir nommé désir. Paris: l'Archipel. ISBN 978-2-84187-495-8.
  • Hauser, Anita (2003). Sarkozy: itinéraire d'une ambition. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 978-2-246-68001-7.
  • Le Canard enchaîné (periodical) (2003). Sarkozy, l'homme (trop) pressé. Les dossiers du "Canard enchaîné". Vol. 89. Paris. ISSN 0292-5354. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Domenach, Nicolas (2004). Sarkozy au fond des yeux. Paris: Jacob-Duvernet. ISBN 2-84724-064-0.
  • Blocier, Antoine (2004). Voyage à Sarkoland. Pantin: le Temps des cerises. ISBN 2-84109-449-9.
  • Cabu (2004). Sarko circus =. Paris: le Cherche Midi. ISBN 2-7491-0277-4., subject(s): Sarkozy, Nicolas (1955–)—Caricatures et dessins humoristiques
  • Gurrey, Béatrice (2004). Le rebelle et le roi. Paris: A. Michel. ISBN 2-226-15576-7., Grand Livre du mois 2004, subject(s): Chirac, Jacques (1932–), Sarkozy, Nicolas (1955–), France—Politique et gouvernement—1995–
  • Sarkozy, Nicolas; Verdin, Philippe; Collin, Thibaud (2004). La République, les religions, l'espérance : entretiens avec Thibaud Collin et Philippe Verdin. Paris: les éd. du Cerf. ISBN 2-204-07283-4., subject(s): Laïcité—France—1990–, Islam—France—1990–
  • Darmon, Michaël (2004). Sarko Star. Paris: Éd. du Seuil. ISBN 2-02-066826-2.
  • Friedman, Jean-Pierre (2005). Dans la peau de Sarko et de ceux qui veulent sa peau. Paris: Michalon. ISBN 2-84186-270-4.
  • Noir, Victor (2005). Nicolas Sarkozy, le destin de Brutus. Denoël. ISBN 2-207-25751-7.
  • Reinhard, Philippe (2005). Chirac Sarkozy, mortelle randonné. Paris: First Éd. ISBN 2-7540-0003-8.
  • Sautreau, Serge (2005). Nicoléon, roman. Paris: L' Atelier des Brisants. ISBN 2-84623-074-9.

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Nicolas Sarkozy.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicolas Sarkozy.

Official websites edit

  • (in French) President of France
  • (in French)
  • (in French)
  • (in French) 2012 campaign website
  • (in English and French) Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session, 23 September 2008. Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European Union

Press edit

  • Radio France International feature Sarkozy's 90-minute address to the nation, 6 February 2009
  • "Hosing Sarkozy" an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh, 28 November 2007
  • Interview after One Month in Office 14 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Le Figaro, 7 June 2007
  • Sarkozy takes over Chirac's UMP party (BBC News)
  • Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy (BBC News)
  • by David Storobin
  • Vive this difference 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Suzanne Fields
  • France's chance, The Economist, 12 April 2007
  • Letter From Europe- Round 1 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Jane Kramer, The New Yorker, 23 April 2007
  • On the so-called "rupture" by Sarkozy, Mathieu Potte-Bonneville & Pierre Zaoui, Vacarme n°41, Winter 2007
  • The Bettencourt/L'Oréal scandal Radio France Internationale in English
  • French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English
  • L'Oréal, scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English
  • Articles and Coverage (Guardian UK)

Related contents edit

  • (in Spanish) Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • (in French) Sarkozy's opinion poll tracker 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  • (in French) Some of Sarkozy's quotations
  • Nicolas Sarkozy at IMDb
  • Appearances on C-SPAN  

Offices and titles edit

Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine
1983–2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Government Spokesperson
1993–1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of the Budget
1993–1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Communications
1994–1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of the Interior
2002–2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the General Council of
Hauts-de-Seine
2004–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
2004 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of the Interior
2005–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of France
2007–2012 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the European Council
2008 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Acting President of Rally for the Republic
1999 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Union for a Popular Movement
2004–2007 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Union for a Popular Movement
2014–2015 		Party abolished
New political party President of The Republicans
2015–2016 		Succeeded by
Regnal titles
Preceded by Co-Prince of Andorra
2007–2012
With Joan Enric Vives Sicília 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Honorary Canon of the Papal Basilicas of
St. John Lateran and St. Peter
2007–2012 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Chair of the Group of 8
2011 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Group of 20
2011 		Succeeded by
Order of precedence
Preceded byas President of the National Assembly Order of precedence of France
as Former President of the Republic 		Succeeded byas Former President of the Republic

January 16, 2024
nicolas, sarkozy, sarkozy, sarko, redirect, here, other, people, sarkozy, surname, sarko, disambiguation, nicolas, paul, stéphane, sarközy, nagy, bocsa, ɑːr, french, nikɔla, pɔl, stefan, saʁkɔzi, naʒi, bɔksa, born, january, 1955, french, politician, served, pr. Sarkozy and Sarko redirect here For other people etc see Sarkozy surname and Sarko disambiguation Nicolas Paul Stephane Sarkozy de Nagy Bocsa s ɑːr ˈ k oʊ z i sar KOH zee French nikɔla pɔl stefan saʁkɔzi de naʒi bɔksa born 28 January 1955 is a French politician who served as the President of France and Co Prince of Andorra from 2007 to 2012 Nicolas SarkozySarkozy in 202223rd President of FranceIn office 16 May 2007 15 May 2012Prime MinisterFrancois FillonPreceded byJacques ChiracSucceeded byFrancois HollandeFurther offices heldMinister of the InteriorIn office 2 June 2005 26 March 2007Prime MinisterDominique de VillepinPreceded byDominique de VillepinSucceeded byFrancois BaroinIn office 7 May 2002 30 March 2004Prime MinisterJean Pierre RaffarinPreceded byDaniel VaillantSucceeded byDominique de VillepinPresident of the General Council of Hauts de SeineIn office 1 April 2004 14 May 2007Preceded byCharles PasquaSucceeded byPatrick DevedjianMinister of FinanceIn office 31 March 2004 29 November 2004Prime MinisterJean Pierre RaffarinPreceded byFrancis MerSucceeded byHerve GaymardMinister of CommunicationsIn office 19 July 1994 11 May 1995Prime MinisterEdouard BalladurPreceded byAlain CarignonSucceeded byCatherine TrautmannMinister of the BudgetIn office 30 March 1993 11 May 1995Prime MinisterEdouard BalladurPreceded byMichel CharasseSucceeded byFrancois d AubertGovernment SpokespersonIn office 30 March 1993 19 January 1995Prime MinisterEdouard BalladurPreceded byLouis MermazSucceeded byPhilippe Douste BlazyMayor of Neuilly sur SeineIn office 14 April 1983 7 May 2002Preceded byAchille PerettiSucceeded byLouis Charles BaryAdditional positionsPersonal detailsBornNicolas Paul Stephane Sarkozy de Nagy Bocsa 1955 01 28 28 January 1955 age 68 Paris FrancePolitical partyThe Republicans 2015 present Other politicalaffiliationsUnion of Democrats for the Republic 1974 1976 Rally for the Republic 1976 2002 Union for a Popular Movement 2002 2015 SpousesMarie Dominique Culioli m 1982 div 1996 wbr Cecilia Ciganer Albeniz m 1996 div 2007 wbr Carla Bruni m 2008 wbr Children4Alma materParis West University Nanterre La Defense MA DEA Sciences PoSignatureBorn in Paris he is of Hungarian Greek Jewish and French origin Mayor of Neuilly sur Seine from 1983 to 2002 he was Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Edouard Balladur 1993 1995 during Francois Mitterrand s second term During Jacques Chirac s second presidential term he served as Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement UMP party from 2004 to 2007 He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53 1 to 46 9 margin against Segolene Royal the Socialist Party PS candidate During his term he faced the financial crisis of 2007 2008 the late 2000s recession and the European sovereign debt crisis the Russo Georgian War for which he negotiated a ceasefire and the Arab Spring especially in Tunisia Libya and Syria He initiated the reform of French universities 2007 and the pension reform 2010 He married Italian French singer songwriter Carla Bruni in 2008 at the Elysee Palace in Paris In the 2012 French presidential election Sarkozy was defeated by the PS candidate Francois Hollande by a 3 2 margin After leaving the presidential office Sarkozy vowed to retire from public life before coming back in 2014 being subsequently reelected as UMP leader renamed The Republicans in 2015 Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 he retired from public life He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections In 2021 Sarkozy was convicted of corruption in two separate trials His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years two of them suspended and one in prison he has appealed against the ruling For his second conviction he received a one year sentence which he is allowed to serve under home confinement In May 2023 Sarkozy lost an appeal to his corruption conviction 1 Contents 1 Personal life 1 1 Family background 1 2 Early life 1 3 Education 1 4 Marriages 1 4 1 Marie Dominique Culioli 1 4 2 Cecilia Ciganer Albeniz 1 4 3 Carla Bruni 1 5 Personal wealth 2 Early political career 2 1 In Government 1993 1995 2 2 First term as Minister of the Interior 2002 2004 2 3 Minister of Finance 2004 2 4 Second term as Minister of the Interior 2005 2007 2 5 UMP leader 2004 2007 2 6 Presidential election 2007 3 Presidency of France 3 1 Inauguration 3 2 Release of hostages 3 3 Green policy 3 4 Economic policy 3 5 Security policy 3 6 Constitutional reform 3 7 International affairs 3 8 Military intervention in Libya 3 9 2012 presidential campaign 4 Post presidency 4 1 Temporary retirement 2012 2014 4 2 Return to politics 2014 2016 4 3 2017 retirement from politics 5 Other activities 5 1 Corporate boards 5 2 Non profit organizations 6 Public image 7 Controversies 7 1 Views on religions 7 2 Controversial statements 7 3 Casse toi pauv con 7 4 Position on the Iraq war 7 5 Accusations of nepotism 7 6 Political and financial scandals and criminal conviction 7 7 Alleged Libyan agent of influence 7 8 Ukraine 8 Political career 9 Awards and honours 9 1 French Honours 9 2 Foreign Honours 9 3 Other Honours 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13 1 Official websites 13 2 Press 13 3 Related contents 13 4 Offices and titlesPersonal life editFamily background edit Main article Family history of Nicolas Sarkozy Sarkozy was born in Paris and is the son of Pal Istvan Erno Sarkozy de Nagy Bocsa note 1 Hungarian nagybocsai Sarkozy Pal ˈnɒɟboːt ʃɒi ˈʃaːrkozi ˈpaːl in some sources Nagy Bocsay Sarkozy Pal Istvan Erno 2 5 May 1928 4 March 2023 a Protestant Hungarian aristocrat and Andree Jeanne Dadu Mallah 12 October 1925 12 December 2017 3 whose Ottoman Greek Jewish grandfather converted to Catholicism to marry Sarkozy s French Catholic maternal grandmother 4 5 They were married in the Saint Francois de Sales church 17th arrondissement of Paris on 8 February 1950 and divorced in 1959 6 Early life edit During Sarkozy s childhood his father founded his own advertising agency and became wealthy The family lived in a mansion owned by Sarkozy s maternal grandfather Benedict Mallah in the 17th arrondissement of Paris The family later moved to Neuilly sur Seine one of the wealthiest communes of the Ile de France region immediately west of Paris According to Sarkozy his staunchly Gaullist grandfather was more of an influence on him than his father whom he rarely saw Sarkozy was raised Catholic 4 Sarkozy said that being kept at a distance by his father shaped much of who he is today He also has said that in his early years he felt inferior in relation to his wealthier and taller classmates 7 What made me who I am now is the sum of all the humiliations suffered during childhood he said later 7 Education edit Sarkozy was enrolled in the Lycee Chaptal a well regarded public middle and high school in Paris 8th arrondissement where he failed his sixieme His family then sent him to the Cours Saint Louis de Monceau a private Catholic school in the 17th arrondissement where he was reportedly a mediocre student 7 but where he nonetheless obtained his baccalaureat in 1973 Sarkozy enrolled at the Universite Paris X Nanterre where he graduated with an M A in private law and later with a D E A degree in business law Paris X Nanterre had been the starting place for the May 68 student movement and was still a stronghold of leftist students Described as a quiet student Sarkozy soon joined the right wing student organization in which he was very active citation needed He completed his military service as a part time Air Force cleaner 8 After graduating from university Sarkozy entered Sciences Po where he studied between 1979 and 1981 but failed to graduate 9 due to an insufficient command of the English language 7 After passing the bar Sarkozy became a lawyer specializing in business and family law 7 and was one of Silvio Berlusconi s French lawyers 10 11 12 Marriages edit Marie Dominique Culioli edit Sarkozy married his first wife Marie Dominique Culioli on 23 September 1982 her father was a pharmacist from Vico a village north of Ajaccio Corsica her uncle was Achille Peretti the mayor of Neuilly sur Seine from 1947 to 1983 and Sarkozy s political mentor They had two sons Pierre born in 1985 now a hip hop producer 13 and Jean born in 1986 now a local politician in the city of Neuilly sur Seine where Sarkozy started his own political career Sarkozy s best man was the prominent right wing politician Charles Pasqua later to become a political opponent 14 Sarkozy divorced Culioli in 1996 after they had been separated for several years Cecilia Ciganer Albeniz edit As mayor of Neuilly sur Seine Sarkozy met former fashion model and public relations executive Cecilia Ciganer Albeniz great granddaughter of composer Isaac Albeniz and daughter of a Moldovan father when he officiated at her wedding 15 to television host Jacques Martin In 1988 she left her husband for Sarkozy and divorced one year later She and Sarkozy married in October 1996 with witnesses Martin Bouygues and Bernard Arnault 16 They have one son Louis born 23 April 1997 Between 2002 and 2005 the couple often appeared together on public occasions with Cecilia Sarkozy acting as the chief aide for her husband 17 On 25 May 2005 however the Swiss newspaper Le Matin revealed that she had left Sarkozy for Moroccan national Richard Attias head of Publicis in New York 18 There were other accusations of a private nature in Le Matin which led to Sarkozy suing the paper 19 In the meantime he was said to have had an affair with a journalist of Le Figaro Anne Fulda 20 Sarkozy and Cecilia ultimately divorced on 15 October 2007 soon after his election as president 21 Carla Bruni edit nbsp Sarkozy and his wife Carla Bruni greet President Barack Obama at the G8 Summit dinner in Deauville France 26 May 2011 Less than a month after separating from Cecilia Sarkozy met Italian born singer songwriter and former fashion model Carla Bruni at a dinner party and soon entered into a relationship with her 22 They married on 2 February 2008 at the Elysee Palace in Paris 23 The couple have a daughter Giulia born on 19 October 2011 24 It was the first time a French president has publicly had a child while in office 25 Personal wealth edit Sarkozy declared to the Constitutional Council a net worth of 2 million most of the assets being in the form of life insurance policies 26 As the French President one of his first actions was to give himself a pay raise his yearly salary went from 101 000 to 240 000 matching other European officeholders 27 He is also entitled to a mayoral parliamentarian and presidential pension as a former Mayor of Neuilly sur Seine member of the National Assembly and President of France Early political career editSarkozy is recognized by French parties on both the Right and Left as a skilled politician and striking orator 28 His supporters within France emphasize his charisma political innovation and willingness to make a dramatic break amid mounting disaffection against politics as usual Overall he is considered more pro American and pro Israeli than most French politicians From 2004 to 2007 Sarkozy was president of the Union pour un Mouvement Populaire UMP France s major right wing political party and he was Minister of the Interior in the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin with the honorific title of Minister of State making him effectively the number three official in the French State after President Jacques Chirac and Villepin His ministerial responsibilities included law enforcement and working to co ordinate relationships between the national and local governments as well as Minister of Worship in this role he created the French Council of the Muslim Faith CFCM Previously he was a depute in the French National Assembly He was forced to resign this position in order to accept his ministerial appointment He previously also held several ministerial posts including Finance Minister In Government 1993 1995 edit Sarkozy s political career began when he was 23 when he became a city councillor in Neuilly sur Seine A member of the Neo Gaullist party RPR he went on to be elected mayor of that town after the death of the incumbent mayor Achille Peretti Sarkozy had been close to Peretti as his mother was Peretti s secretary A more senior RPR councillor Charles Pasqua wanted to become mayor and asked Sarkozy to organize his campaign Instead Sarkozy took that opportunity to propel himself into the office of mayor 29 He was the youngest mayor of any town in France with a population of over 50 000 He served from 1983 to 2002 In 1988 he became a deputy in the National Assembly In 1993 Sarkozy was in the national news for personally negotiating with the Human Bomb a man who had taken small children hostages in a kindergarten in Neuilly 30 The Human Bomb was killed after two days of talks by policemen of the RAID who entered the school stealthily while the attacker was resting At the same time from 1993 to 1995 he was Minister for the Budget and spokesman for the executive in the cabinet of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur Throughout most of his early career Sarkozy had been seen as a protege of Jacques Chirac During his tenure he increased France s public debt more than any other French Budget Minister by the equivalent of 200 billion US 260 billion FY 1994 1996 The first two budgets he submitted to the parliament budgets for FY1994 and FY1995 assumed a yearly budget deficit equivalent to six percent of GDP note 2 According to the Maastricht Treaty the French yearly budget deficit may not exceed three percent of France s GDP In 1995 he spurned Chirac and backed Edouard Balladur for President of France After Chirac won the election Sarkozy lost his position as Minister for the Budget and found himself outside the circles of power However he returned after the right wing defeat at the 1997 parliamentary election as the number two candidate of the RPR When the party leader Philippe Seguin resigned in 1999 he took the leadership of the Neo Gaullist party But it obtained its worst result at the 1999 European Parliament election winning 12 7 of the votes less than the dissident Rally for France of Charles Pasqua Sarkozy lost the RPR leadership nbsp Sarkozy speaking at the congress of his party 28 November 2004In 2002 however after his re election as President of the French Republic see 2002 French presidential election Chirac appointed Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean Pierre Raffarin despite Sarkozy s support of Edouard Balladur for President in 1995 31 Following Chirac s 14 July keynote speech on road safety Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior pushed through new legislation leading to the mass purchase of speed cameras and a campaign to increase the awareness of dangers on the roads In the cabinet reshuffle of 30 April 2004 Sarkozy became Finance Minister Tensions continued to build between Sarkozy and Chirac and within the UMP party as Sarkozy s intentions of becoming head of the party after the resignation of Alain Juppe became clear In party elections of 10 November 2004 Sarkozy became leader of the UMP with 85 of the vote In accordance with an agreement with Chirac he resigned as Finance Minister Sarkozy s ascent was marked by the division of UMP between sarkozystes such as Sarkozy s first lieutenant Brice Hortefeux and Chirac loyalists such as Jean Louis Debre Sarkozy was made Chevalier de la Legion d honneur Knight of the Legion of Honour by President Chirac in February 2005 He was re elected on 13 March 2005 to the National Assembly As required by the constitution 32 he had to resign as a deputy when he became minister in 2002 On 31 May 2005 the main French news radio station France Info reported a rumour that Sarkozy was to be reappointed Minister of the Interior in the government of Dominique de Villepin without resigning from the UMP leadership This was confirmed on 2 June 2005 when the members of the government were officially announced First term as Minister of the Interior 2002 2004 edit Towards the end of his first term as Minister of the Interior in 2004 Sarkozy was the most divisive conservative politician in France according to polls conducted at the beginning of 2004 Sarkozy has sought to ease the sometimes tense relationships between the general French population and the Muslim community Unlike the Catholic Church in France with their official leaders or Protestants with their umbrella organisations the French Muslim community had a lack of structure with no group that could legitimately deal with the French government on their behalf Sarkozy supported the foundation in May 2003 of the private non profit Conseil francais du culte musulman French Council of the Muslim Faith an organisation meant to be representative of French Muslims 33 In addition Sarkozy has suggested amending the 1905 law on the separation of Church and State mostly in order to be able to finance mosques and other Muslim institutions with public funds 34 so that they are less reliant on money from outside France It was not followed by any concrete measure Minister of Finance 2004 edit During his short appointment as Minister of Finance Sarkozy was responsible for introducing a number of policies The degree to which this reflected liberalisme a hands off approach to running the economy or more traditional French state dirigisme intervention is controversial He resigned the day following his election as president of the UMP In September 2004 Sarkozy oversaw the reduction of the government ownership stake in France Telecom from 50 4 percent to 41 percent 35 Sarkozy backed a partial nationalisation of the large engineering company Alstom decided by his predecessor when the company was exposed to bankruptcy in 2003 36 In June 2004 Sarkozy reached an agreement with the major retail chains in France to concertedly lower prices on household goods by an average of two percent the success of this measure is disputed with studies suggesting that the decrease was close to one percent in September 37 Taxes Sarkozy avoided taking a position on the ISF solidarity tax on wealth This is considered an ideological symbol by many on the left and right Some in the business world and on the liberal right such as Alain Madelin wanted it abolished For Sarkozy that would have risked being categorised by the left as a gift to the richest classes of society at a time of economic difficulties 38 Second term as Minister of the Interior 2005 2007 edit nbsp Sarkozy as Minister of the Interior with U S Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice after their bilateral meeting in Washington D C 12 September 2006During his second term at the Ministry of the Interior Sarkozy was initially more discreet about his ministerial activities instead of focusing on his own topic of law and order many of his declarations addressed wider issues since he was expressing his opinions as head of the UMP party Main article Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France However the civil unrest in autumn 2005 put law enforcement in the spotlight again Sarkozy was accused of having provoked the unrest by calling young delinquents from housing projects a rabble racaille in Argenteuil near Paris and controversially suggested cleansing the minority suburbs with a Karcher After the accidental death of two youths which sparked the riots Sarkozy first blamed it on hoodlums and gangsters These remarks were sharply criticised by many on the left wing and by a member of his own government Delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities Azouz Begag 39 After the rioting he made a number of announcements on future policy selection of immigrants greater tracking of immigrants and a reform on the 1945 ordinance government justice measures for young delinquents UMP leader 2004 2007 edit nbsp Nicolas Sarkozy in 2006 with Cypriot opposition leader Nicos AnastasiadesBefore he was elected President of France Sarkozy was president of UMP the French conservative party elected with 85 percent of the vote During his presidency the number of members increased significantly In 2005 he supported a yes vote in the French referendum on the European Constitution but the No vote won Throughout 2005 Sarkozy called for radical changes in France s economic and social policies These calls culminated in an interview with Le Monde on 8 September 2005 during which he claimed that the French had been misled for 30 years by false promises 40 Among other issues he called for a simplified and fairer taxation system with fewer loopholes and a maximum taxation rate all direct taxes combined at 50 percent of revenue he approved measures reducing or denying social support to unemployed workers who refuse work offered to them he pressed for a reduction in the budget deficit claiming that the French state had been living off credit for some time Such policies are what are called in France liberal that is in favour of laissez faire economic policies or with a pejorative undertone ultra liberal Sarkozy rejects this label of liberal and prefers to call himself a pragmatist Sarkozy opened another avenue of controversy by declaring that he wanted a reform of the immigration system with quotas designed to admit the skilled workers needed by the French economy He also wanted to reform the current French system for foreign students saying that it enabled foreign students to take open ended curricula in order to obtain residency in France instead he wanted to select the best students to the best curricula in France In early 2006 the French parliament adopted a controversial bill known as DADVSI which reforms French copyright law Since his party was divided on the issue Sarkozy stepped in and organised meetings between various parties involved Later groups such as the Odebi League and EUCD info alleged that Sarkozy personally and unofficially supported certain amendments to the law which enacted strong penalties against designers of peer to peer systems Presidential election 2007 edit nbsp Segolene Royal was Sarkozy s final opponent during the 2007 campaign Main article French presidential election 2007 Sarkozy was a likely candidate for the presidency in 2007 in an oft repeated comment made on television channel France 2 when asked by a journalist whether he thought about the presidential election when he shaved in the morning Sarkozy commented Not just when I shave 41 On 14 January 2007 Sarkozy was chosen by the UMP to be its candidate in the 2007 presidential election Sarkozy who was running unopposed 42 won 98 percent of the votes Of the 327 000 UMP members who could vote 69 percent participated in the online ballot 43 In February 2007 Sarkozy appeared on a televised debate on TF1 where he expressed his support for affirmative action and the freedom to work overtime Despite his opposition to same sex marriage he advocated civil unions and the possibility for same sex partners to inherit under the same regime as married couples The law was voted in July 2007 note 3 On 7 February Sarkozy decided in favour of a projected second non nuclear aircraft carrier for the national Navy adding to the nuclear Charles de Gaulle during an official visit in Toulon with Defence Minister Michele Alliot Marie This would allow permanently having an operational ship taking into account the constraints of maintenance he explained 44 On 21 March President Jacques Chirac announced his support for Sarkozy Chirac pointed out that Sarkozy had been chosen as presidential candidate for the ruling UMP party and said So it is totally natural that I give him my vote and my support 45 To focus on his campaign Sarkozy stepped down as Minister of the Interior on 26 March 46 During the campaign rival candidates had accused Sarkozy of being a candidate for brutality and of presenting hard line views about France s future 47 Opponents also accused him of courting conservative voters in policy making in a bid to capitalise on right wing sentiments among some communities However his popularity was sufficient to see him polling as the frontrunner throughout the later campaign period consistently ahead of rival Socialist candidate Segolene Royal nbsp Demonstrations in Paris 6 May 2007 following the election of Nicolas SarkozyThe first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April 2007 Sarkozy came in first with 31 18 percent of the votes ahead of Segolene Royal of the Socialists with 25 87 percent In the second round Sarkozy came out on top to win the election with 53 06 percent of the votes ahead of Segolene Royal with 46 94 percent 48 In his speech immediately following the announcement of the election results Sarkozy stressed the need for France s modernisation but also called for national unity mentioning that Royal was in his thoughts In that speech he claimed The French have chosen to break with the ideas habits and behaviour of the past I will restore the value of work authority merit and respect for the nation Presidency of France editMain article Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy Inauguration edit nbsp Sarkozy greets U S First Lady Laura Bush in Germany June 2007On 6 May 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy became the sixth person to be elected President of the Fifth Republic which was established in 1958 and the 23rd President in French history The official transfer of power from Chirac to Sarkozy took place on 16 May at 11 00 am 9 00 UTC at the Elysee Palace where he was given the authorization codes of the French nuclear arsenal 49 In the afternoon the new president flew to Berlin to meet with German Chancellor Angela Merkel Under Sarkozy s government Francois Fillon replaced Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister 50 Sarkozy appointed Bernard Kouchner the left wing founder of Medecins Sans Frontieres as his Foreign Minister leading to Kouchner s expulsion from the Socialist Party In addition to Kouchner three more Sarkozy ministers are from the left including Eric Besson who served as Segolene Royal s economic adviser at the beginning of her campaign Sarkozy also appointed seven women to form a total cabinet of 15 one Justice Minister Rachida Dati is the first woman of Northern African origin to serve in a French cabinet Of the 15 two attended the elite Ecole nationale d administration ENA 51 The ministers were reorganised with the controversial creation of a Ministry of Immigration Integration National Identity and Co Development given to his right hand man Brice Hortefeux and of a Ministry of Budget Public Accounts and Civil Administration handed out to Eric Wœrth supposed to prepare the replacement of only a third of all civil servants who retire However after 17 June parliamentary elections the Cabinet was adjusted to 15 ministers and 16 deputy ministers totalling 31 officials Sarkozy broke with the custom of amnestying traffic tickets and of releasing thousands of prisoners from overcrowded jails on Bastille Day a tradition that Napoleon had started in 1802 to commemorate the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution 52 nbsp Nicolas Sarkozy and General Jean Louis Georgelin Chief of the Defence Staff reviewing troops during the Bastille Day 2008 military parade on the Champs Elysees ParisIn 2007 and 2008 French President Nicolas Sarkozy 53 Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Quebec Premier Jean Charest 54 all spoke in favour of a Canada EU free trade agreement In October 2008 Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada He said that to France Canada was a friend and Quebec was family 53 Release of hostages edit Shortly after taking office Sarkozy began negotiations with Colombian president Alvaro Uribe and the left wing guerrilla FARC regarding the release of hostages held by the rebel group especially Franco Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt According to some sources Sarkozy himself asked for Uribe to release FARC s chancellor Rodrigo Granda 55 Furthermore he announced on 24 July 2007 that French and European representatives had obtained the extradition of the Bulgarian nurses detained in Libya to their country In exchange he signed with Muammar Gaddafi security health care and immigration pacts and a 230 million 168 million euros MILAN antitank missile sale 52 The contract was the first made by Libya since 2004 and was negotiated with MBDA a subsidiary of EADS Another 128 million euro contract would have been signed according to Tripoli with EADS for a TETRA radio system The Socialist Party PS and the Communist Party PCF criticised a state affair and a barter with a Rogue state 56 The leader of the PS Francois Hollande requested the opening of a parliamentary investigation 57 Green policy edit On 8 June 2007 during the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm Sarkozy set a goal of reducing French CO2 emissions by 50 percent by 2050 in order to prevent global warming He then pushed forward Socialist Dominique Strauss Kahn as European nominee to the International Monetary Fund IMF 58 Critics alleged that Sarkozy proposed to nominate Strauss Kahn as managing director of the IMF to deprive the Socialist Party of one of its more popular figures 59 In 2010 a study of Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most respectful country of the G20 concerning the environment 60 Economic policy edit The Union for a Popular Movement UMP Sarkozy s party won a majority at the June 2007 legislative election although by less than expected In July the UMP majority seconded by the Nouveau Centre ratified one of Sarkozy s electoral promises which was to partially revoke the inheritance tax 61 62 The inheritance tax formerly provided 8 billion in revenue 63 nbsp Sarkozy at left attending the G 8 Summit in 2009Sarkozy s UMP majority prepared a budget that reduced taxes in particular for upper middle class people allegedly in an effort to boost GDP growth but did not reduce state expenditures He was criticised by the European Commission for doing so On 23 July 2008 parliament voted the loi de modernisation de l economie Modernization of the Economy Law which loosened restrictions on retail prices and reduced limitations on the creation of businesses The Government has also made changes to long standing French work hour regulations allowing employers to negotiate overtime with employees and making all hours worked past the traditional French 35 hour week tax free 64 nbsp Nicolas Sarkozy addresses the E G8 Forum in Paris in 2011However as a result of the global financial crisis that came to a head in September 2008 Sarkozy has returned to the state interventionism of his predecessors declaring that laissez faire capitalism is over and denouncing the dictatorship of the market Confronted with the suggestion that he had become a socialist he responded Have I become socialist Perhaps He has also pledged to create 100 000 state subsidised jobs 65 Security policy edit Sarkozy s government issued a decree on 7 August 2007 to generalise a voluntary biometric profiling program of travellers in airports The program called Parafes was to use fingerprints The new database would be interconnected with the Schengen Information System SIS as well as with a national database of wanted persons FPR The Commission nationale de l informatique et des libertes CNIL protested against this new decree opposing itself to the recording of fingerprints and to the interconnection between the SIS and the FPR 66 Constitutional reform edit On 21 July 2008 the French parliament passed constitutional reforms which Sarkozy had made one of the key pledges of his presidential campaign The vote was 539 to 357 one vote over the three fifths majority required the changes are not yet timeframe finalized They would introduce a two term limit for the presidency and end the president s right of collective pardon They would allow the president to address parliament in session and parliament to set its own agenda They would give parliament a veto over some presidential appointments while ending government control over parliament s committee system He has claimed that these reforms strengthen parliament while some opposition socialist lawmakers have described it as a consolidation of a monocracy 67 International affairs edit nbsp President Nicolas Sarkozy with President of Brazil Dilma RousseffDuring his 2007 presidential campaign Sarkozy promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom 68 and closer cooperation with the United States 69 nbsp Sarkozy with President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso July 2008Sarkozy wielded special international power when France held the rotating EU Council Presidency from July 2008 through December 2008 Sarkozy has publicly stated his intention to attain EU approval of a progressive energy package before the end of his EU Presidency This energy package would clearly define climate change objectives for the EU and hold members to specific reductions in emissions In further support of his collaborative outlook on climate change Sarkozy has led the EU into a partnership with China 70 On 6 December 2008 Nicolas Sarkozy as part of France s then presidency of the Council of the EU met the Dalai Lama in Poland and outraged China which has announced that it would postpone the China EU summit indefinitely 71 On 3 April 2009 at the NATO Summit in Strasbourg Sarkozy announced that France would offer asylum to a former Guantanamo captive 72 73 We are on the path to failure if we continue to act as we have French President Nicolas Sarkozy cautioned at the U N Climate Summit on 22 September 2009 74 nbsp Sarkozy with British Prime Minister David Cameron November 2010On 5 January 2009 Sarkozy called for a ceasefire plan for the Gaza Strip Conflict 75 The plan which was jointly proposed by Sarkozy and Egyptian ex President Hosni Mubarak envisions the continuation of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza through the Egyptian border Welcoming the proposal US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security 76 Military intervention in Libya edit Muammar Gaddafi s official visit to Nicolas Sarkozy in December 2007 triggered a strong wave of protests against the President in France 77 nbsp Sarkozy at the Paris Summit of 19 March 2011 which marked the start of a military intervention in LibyaIn March 2011 after having been criticized for his unwillingness to support the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions and persuaded by the philosopher Bernard Henri Levy to have France actively engage against the forces of the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi Nicolas Sarkozy was amongst the first Heads of State to demand the resignation of Gaddafi and his government which was then fighting a civil war in Libya On 10 March 2011 Nicolas Sarkozy welcomed to the Elysee Palace three emissaries from the Libyan National Transitional Council NTC brought to him by Bernard Henri Levy who mediated at the meeting Nicolas Sarkozy promised them a no fly zone would be imposed on Gaddafi s aeroplanes He also promised them French military assistance On 17 March 2011 at the behest of France resolution 1973 was adopted by the Security Council of the United Nations permitting the creation of a no fly zone over Libya and for the undertaking of necessary measures for the protection of the country s civilian population On 19 March 2011 Nicolas Sarkozy officially announced the beginning of a military intervention in Libya with France s participation These actions of Nicolas Sarkozy were favorably received by the majority of the French political class and public opinion 78 79 80 In 2016 the Foreign Affairs Committee of the British Parliament published a report stating that the military intervention was based on erroneous assumptions that the threat of a massacre of civilian populations has been overvalued and that the coalition Has not verified the real threat to civilians He also believes that the true motivations of Nicolas Sarkozy were to serve French interests and to improve his political situation in France 81 2012 presidential campaign edit nbsp Popularity polls during his presidencyMain article French presidential election 2012 Sarkozy was one of ten candidates who qualified for the first round of voting 82 Francois Hollande the Socialist Party candidate received the most votes in the first round held on 22 April election with Sarkozy coming second meaning that both progressed to the second round of voting on 5 6 May 2012 83 Sarkozy lost in the runoff and conceded to Hollande He received an estimated 48 38 compared to Hollande s 51 62 84 Post presidency editTemporary retirement 2012 2014 edit After his defeat at the 2012 election Nicolas Sarkozy asked his supporters to respect Hollande s victory He invited his successor to attend his last 8 May Victory in Europe Day commemoration in office His last day as President of the French Republic was 15 May Shortly after Sarkozy briefly considered a career in private equity and secured a 250 million commitment from the Qatar Investment Authority to back his planned buyout firm He abandoned his private equity plans when he decided to make a political comeback in 2014 85 86 Return to politics 2014 2016 edit Further information The Republicans France presidential primary 2016 nbsp Nicolas Sarkozy s rally Belfort 12 March 2015On 19 September 2014 Sarkozy announced that he was returning to politics and would run for chairman of the UMP party 87 and was elected to the post on 29 November 2014 88 Led by Sarkozy UMP won over two thirds of the 102 local departements in the nationwide elections on 29 March 2015 89 On 13 December the Republicans won the majority of regional office races another set of national elections 90 On 30 May the UMP s name was changed to the Republicans 2017 retirement from politics edit In January 2016 Sarkozy published the book La France pour la vie In August 2016 he announced his candidacy for 2016 Republican presidential primary in November 2016 but only came in third place behind Francois Fillon and Alain Juppe He decided to endorse Fillon and signaled that he was retiring from politics 91 Being defeated at the Republican presidential primary in 2016 he retired from public life He was charged with corruption by French prosecutors in two cases notably concerning the alleged Libyan interference in the 2007 French elections At issue for Sarkozy were campaign costs exceeding the maximum allowed and how they were paid In 2021 Sarkozy was convicted of corruption in two separate trials His first conviction resulted in him receiving a sentence of three years two of them suspended and one in prison he has appealed against the ruling For his second conviction in September 2021 he received a one year sentence which he is allowed to serve under home confinement his lawyer said he would appeal this decision 92 He is still a force in conservative politics in France Sarkozy retired from active politics in 2017 but is still playing a role behind the scenes French media have reported that he is involved in the process of choosing a conservative candidate ahead of France s presidential election next year But the pair of convictions could force Sarkozy to play a more discreet role in 2022 s presidential race 92 Sarkozy endorsed Emmanuel Macron in the April 2022 election 93 In February 2023 Sarkozy together with his wife and daughter visited the Western Wall where they expressed their enthusiasm for the exciting place as well as their deep friendship with Israel 94 Other activities editCorporate boards edit Lagardere Group Member of the Supervisory Board since 2020 95 Accor Independent Member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the International Strategy Committee since 2017 96 97 86 Groupe Lucien Barriere Member of the Board of Directors since 2019 98 Non profit organizations edit Berggruen Institute Member of the 21st Century Council 99 Schwarzman Scholars Honorary Member of the Advisory Board 100 Public image editSarkozy was named the 68th best dressed person in the world by Vanity Fair alongside David Beckham and Brad Pitt 101 However Sarkozy has also been named as the third worst dressed person in the world by GQ 102 Beside publicising at times and at others refusing to publicise his ex wife Cecilia Ciganer Albeniz s image 103 Sarkozy takes care of his own personal image sometimes to the point of censorship such as in the Paris Match affair when he allegedly forced its director to resign following an article on his ex wife and her affair with Publicis executive Richard Attias or pressures exercised on the Journal du dimanche which was preparing to publish an article concerning Ciganer Albeniz s decision not to vote in the second round of the 2007 presidential election 104 In its edition of 9 August 2007 Paris Match retouched a photo of Sarkozy in order to erase a love handle 105 106 107 His official portrait destined for all French town halls was done by Sipa Press photographer Philippe Warrin better known for his paparazzi work 108 Former Daily Telegraph journalist Colin Randall has highlighted Sarkozy s tighter control of his image and frequent interventions in the media he censors a book or fires the chief editor of a weekly 108 Sarkozy is reported by Reuters to be sensitive about his height believed to be 165 cm 5 ft 5 in 109 The French media have pointed out that Carla Bruni frequently wears flats when in public with him In 2009 a worker at a factory where Sarkozy gave a speech said she was asked to stand next to him because she was of a similar height to Sarkozy This story was corroborated by some trade union officials This was the subject of a political row the president s office called the accusation completely absurd and grotesque while the Socialist Party mocked his fastidious preparation 110 nbsp Sarkozy with Mohammad bin Salman Gianni Infantino and Juan Carlos Varela at the FIFA World Cup in Russia 14 June 2018Sarkozy lost a suit against a manufacturer of Sarkozy voodoo dolls in which he claimed that he had a right to his own image 111 Sarkozy was nicknamed as Hyper president or hyperpresident by some French media 112 after his 2007 election as president to describe his desire to control everything 113 Whereas in the history of the Fifth Republic the successive presidents were traditionally focused on the foreign policy of the country and on international relations leaving the Prime Minister and the government to determine the domestic policy as the Constitution states it 114 Nicolas Sarkozy appeared to determine both the foreign and domestic policy citation needed Some compared Nicolas Sarkozy to Napoleon Bonaparte and Louis XIV 115 Indeed he appointed a very close friend of his Francois Fillon as a Prime Minister 116 Fillon was accused of being an instrument of the President s power citation needed The biopic The Conquest is a 2011 film that dramatizes Sarkozy s rise to power with candid portrayals of Nicolas Sarkozy himself Chirac and Villepin 117 It was shown at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival 118 Controversies editSarkozy is generally disliked by the left and has been criticised by some on the right most vocally by moderate Gaullist supporters of Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin 119 The communist leaning magazine L Humanite accused Sarkozy of populism 120 Views on religions edit nbsp Many on the left distrust Sarkozy specific anti Sarko movements have been started In 2004 Sarkozy co authored a book La Republique les religions l esperance The Republic Religions and Hope 121 in which he argued that the young should not be brought up solely on secular or republican values He advocated reducing the separation of church and state arguing for the government subsidies for mosques to encourage Islamic integration into French society 122 He has opposed financing of religious institutions with funds from outside France After meeting with Tom Cruise Sarkozy was criticized by some for meeting with a member of the Church of Scientology which has been seen by some as a cult 123 Sarkozy was criticized by some after he claimed the roots of France are essentially Christian at a December 2007 speech in Rome Similarly he drew criticism after he called Islam one of the greatest and most beautiful civilizations the world has known at a speech in Riyadh in January 2008 124 Controversial statements edit In the midst of a tense period and following the death of an 11 year old boy caught in the crossfire of a gang brawl in the Paris suburb of La Courneuve in June 2005 Sarkozy went to the scene and said on va nettoyer au Karcher la cite we will clean the area with a pressure washer Two days before the 2005 Paris riots he referred to young criminals of nearby housing projects as voyous thugs and racaille a slang term which can be translated into English as rabble scum or riff raff in answer to resident who addressed Sarkozy with Quand nous debarrassez vous de cette racaille When will you rid us of these dregs 125 The French Communist Party publication L Humanite branded this language as inappropriate 126 Following Sarkozy s use of the word racaille many people in the banlieues identified him as a politician of the far right His period as Minister of the Interior saw the use of police as shock troops in the banlieues and a police raid on the suburb of Clichy sous Bois in October 2005 led to two boys being electrocuted in a power sub station The riots began that night 127 In September 2005 Sarkozy was accused of pushing for a hasty inquiry into an arson attack on a police station in Pau of which the alleged perpetrators were acquitted for lack of proof 128 On 22 June 2005 Sarkozy told law enforcement officials that he had questioned the Minister of Justice about the future of the judge who had freed a man on parole who had later committed a murder 129 A few weeks before the first round of the 2007 presidential elections Sarkozy had an interview with philosopher Michel Onfray 130 Sarkozy stated that disorders such as paedophilia and depression have a genetic as well as social basis saying I d be inclined to think that one is born a paedophile and it is actually a problem that we do not know how to cure this disease he claimed that suicides among youth were linked to genetic predispositions by stating I don t want to give parents a complex It s not exclusively the parents fault every time a youngster commits suicide These statements were criticised by some scientists including geneticist Axel Kahn 131 132 Sarkozy later added What part is innate and what part is acquired At least let s debate it let s not close the door to all debate 133 On 27 July 2007 Sarkozy delivered a speech in Dakar Senegal written by Henri Guaino in which he claimed that the African has never really entered into history 134 135 The controversial remarks were widely condemned by Africans with some viewing them as racist 135 136 South African president Thabo Mbeki praised Sarkozy s speech which raised criticism by some in the South African media 135 On 30 July 2010 Sarkozy suggested a new policy of security and he proposed stripping foreign born French citizens who opted to acquire their nationality at their majority of their citizenship if they are convicted of threatening the life of a police officer or other serious crimes 137 This policy has been criticized for example by the US newspaper The New York Times 137 by Sarkozy s political opponents including the Socialist Party leader Martine Aubry 138 and by experts of French law including the ex member of the Constitutional Council of France Robert Badinter who said that such action would be unconstitutional 139 He called for coercive methods to promote metissage cultural mixing which can sometimes include genetic mixing which he called an obligation during a press conference on 17 December 2008 140 Casse toi pauv con editOn 23 February 2008 Sarkozy was filmed by a reporter for French newspaper Le Parisien having the following exchange while visiting the Paris International Agricultural Show 141 While quickly crossing the hall Saturday morning in the middle of the crowd Sarkozy encounters a recalcitrant visitor who refuses to shake his hand Ah no don t touch me said the man The president retorted immediately Get lost then You re making me dirty yelled the man With a frozen smile Sarkozy says his teeth glistening a refined Get lost then poor dumb ass go note 4 A precise translation into English has many possible variations 142 143 144 On 28 August 2008 Herve Eon from Laval came to an anti Sarkozy demonstration with a sign bearing the words Casse toi pov con the exact words Sarkozy had uttered Eon was arrested for causing offence to the presidential function and the prosecutor who in France indirectly reports to the president requested a fine of 1000 145 146 The court eventually imposed a symbolic 30 suspended fine which has generally been interpreted as a defeat for the prosecution side 147 This incident was widely reported on in particular as Sarkozy as president of the Republic is immune from prosecution notably restricting Eon s rights to sue Sarkozy for defamation 148 Position on the Iraq war edit Sarkozy opposed the U S led invasion of Iraq However he was critical of the way Chirac and his foreign minister Dominique de Villepin expressed France s opposition to the war Talking at the French American Foundation in Washington D C on 12 September 2006 he denounced what he called the French arrogance and said It is bad manners to embarrass one s allies or sound like one is taking delight in their troubles 149 He added We must never again turn our disagreements into a crisis Chirac reportedly said in private that Sarkozy s speech was appalling and a shameful act 149 Accusations of nepotism edit In October 2009 Sarkozy was accused of nepotism for helping his son Jean try to become head of the public body running France s biggest business district EPAD 150 151 152 On 3 July 2012 French police raided Sarkozy s residence and office as part of a probe into claims that Sarkozy was involved in illegal political campaign financing 153 Political and financial scandals and criminal conviction edit On 5 July 2010 following its investigations on the Bettencourt affair online newspaper Mediapart ran an article in which Claire Thibout a former accountant of billionairess Liliane Bettencourt accused Sarkozy and Eric Woerth of receiving illegal campaign donations in 2007 in cash 154 155 On 1 July 2014 Sarkozy was detained for questioning by police over claims he had promised a prestigious role in Monaco to a high ranking judge Gilbert Azibert in exchange for information about the investigation into alleged illegal campaign funding Mr Azibert one of the most senior judges at the Court of Appeal was called in for questioning on 30 June 2014 156 It is believed to be the first time a former French president has been held in police custody although his predecessor Jacques Chirac was found guilty of embezzlement and breach of trust while he was mayor of Paris and given a suspended prison sentence in 2011 157 After 15 hours in police custody Sarkozy was put under official investigation for active corruption misuse of influence and obtained through a breach of professional secrecy on 2 July 2014 158 Mr Azibert and Sarkozy s lawyer Thierry Herzog are also now under official investigation The two accusations carry sentences of up to 10 years in prison 159 The developments were seen as a blow to Sarkozy s attempts to challenge for the presidency in 2017 160 161 Nevertheless he later stood as a candidate for the Republican party nomination 162 but was eliminated from the contest in November 2016 163 A trial on this case Sarkozy s first started on 23 November 2020 164 On 16 February 2016 Sarkozy was indicted on illegal financing of political campaign charges related to overspending in his 2012 presidential campaign and retained as witness in connection with the Bygmalion scandal 165 166 167 168 In April 2016 Arnaud Claude former law partner of Sarkozy was named in the Panama Papers 169 On 23 November 2020 the trial of Nicolas Sarkozy started who is accused of corruption and influence peddling for an attempted bribery of a judge The trial was postponed until November 26 following a request from one of his co defendants for health reasons 170 On 1 March 2021 a court in Paris found former French President Nicolas Sarkozy guilty of corruption trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange case involving a number of individuals like magistrate Gilbert Azibert and Sarkozy s former lawyer Thierry Herzog Both men were tried with him and convicted as well Sarkozy and his two co defendants were sentenced to three years two of them suspended and one in prison 171 172 Sarkozy appealed the ruling which suspends its application 173 174 On 20 May 2021 a second criminal trial this time pertaining to the Bygmalion Scandal related to illegal campaign funding began for Sarkozy as well as 13 other defendants who were said to have been involved in the Bygmalion scandal 175 176 Sarkozy s second corruption trial involved allegations of diverting tens of millions of euros which was intended to be spent on his failed 2012 re election campaign and then hiring a PR firm to cover it up 176 177 The illicit campaign finance money was instead used to overspend on lavish campaign rallies and events 177 176 On 30 September 2021 Sarkozy as well as his co defendants was convicted 178 177 For this conviction Sarkozy was given a 1 year prison sentence though he was also given the option to serve this sentence at home with an electronic bracelet 177 178 In 2023 Sarkozy s attempt to appeal the decision was denied and he has been banned from holding public office for three years and but will still have the option of serving his sentence from home with an electronic bracelet 179 Alleged Libyan agent of influence edit Main article Alleged Libyan influence in the 2007 French elections nbsp The government of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi allegedly paid 50 million to Sarkozy in exchange for access Shortly after his inauguration as President of France in 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy invited Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to France over the objections of both the political opposition and members of his own government 180 The visit marked the first time Gaddafi had been to France in more than 35 years and during it France agreed to sell Libya 21 Airbus aircraft and signed a nuclear cooperation agreement 180 Negotiations for the purchase of more than a dozen Dassault Rafale fighter jets plus military helicopters were also initiated during the trip 181 During the 2011 Libyan Civil War a conflict in which France intervened Saif al Islam Gaddafi said in an interview with euronews that the Libyan state had donated 50 million to Sarkozy s 2007 presidential campaign in exchange for access and favors by Sarkozy 182 183 Investigative website Mediapart subsequently published several documents appearing to prove a payment of 50 million and also published a claim by Ziad Takieddine disclaimer by the same person in another video that he had personally handed three briefcases stuffed with cash to Sarkozy 182 184 French magistrates later acquired diaries of former Libyan oil minister Shukri Ghanem in which payments to Sarkozy were mentioned 185 Shortly thereafter however Ghanem was found dead floating in the Danube in Austria and thereby preventing his corroboration of the diaries 183 185 In January 2018 British police arrested Alexandre Djouhri on a European Arrest Warrant 186 Djouhri was an associate of Sarkozy and had refused to respond to a French judicial summons for questioning over allegations he had helped launder Libyan funds on behalf of Sarkozy 186 Ukraine edit In an interview with Le Figaro in August 2023 187 Sarkozy said that Ukraine should remain neutral and not join NATO or the EU that France and Russia need each other and that Macron should renew dialogue with Putin 188 In the same interview Sarkozy called for Ukraine to accept the Russian occupation of Crimea as well as other contested territory 187 Critics have reproved his comments as shameful and shocking and others have accused Sarkozy of being a Kremlin influencer 189 Sarkozy has also received support from others for his position arguing that it presents a diplomatic way out of the war 190 Political career editPresident of the French Republic 2007 2012 Member of the Constitutional Council of France since 2012 Governmental functions Minister of Budget and government s spokesman 1993 1995 Minister of Communication and government s spokesman 1994 1995 Minister of State minister of Interior of the Internal Security and Local Freedoms 2002 2004 Minister of State minister of Economy Finance and Industry March November 2004 resignation Minister of State minister of Interior and Land Planning 2005 2007 resignation Electoral mandatesEuropean Parliament Member of the European Parliament July September 1999 resignation Elected in 1999 National Assembly of France Member of the National Assembly of France for Hauts de Seine 6th constituency 1988 1993 became minister in 1993 1995 2002 became minister in 2002 March June 2005 became minister in June 2005 Elected in 1988 reelected in 1993 1995 1997 2002 2005 Regional Council Regional councillor of Ile de France 1983 1988 resignation Elected in 1986 General Council President of the General Council of Hauts de Seine 2004 2007 resignation became President of the French Republic in 2007 Vice president of the General Council of Hauts de Seine 1986 1988 resignation General councillor of Hauts de Seine elected in the canton of Neuilly sur Seine Nord 1985 1988 2004 2007 Resignation became President of the French Republic in 2007 Municipal Council Mayor of Neuilly sur Seine 1983 2002 resignation Reelected in 1989 1995 and 2001 Deputy mayor of Neuilly sur Seine 2002 2005 resignation Municipal councillor of Neuilly sur Seine 1977 2005 resignation Reelected in 1983 1989 1995 and 2001 Political functions President of The Republicans 2015 2016 President of the Union for a Popular Movement 2004 2007 and 2014 2015 resignation became President of the French Republic in 2007 Reelected in 2014 President of the Rally for the Republic April October 1999 General secretary of the Rally for the Republic 1998 1999 Deputy general secretary of the Rally for the Republic 1992 1993 Awards and honours editFrench Honours edit Legion of Honour nbsp Grand Cross 2007 automatic when taking office nbsp Knight 2004 ex officio nbsp Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit 2007 automatic when taking office Foreign Honours edit nbsp Gran Cross of the Order of Glory Armenia 2011 191 nbsp Commander of the Order of Leopold Belgium 2004 192 nbsp Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross Brazil 2009 193 nbsp First Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains Bulgaria 2007 194 nbsp Medal of the St George s Order of Victory Georgia 2011 195 nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer Grece 2008 196 nbsp Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast Ivory Coast 2012 197 nbsp Medal of the Order of the Golden Eagle Kazakhstan 2009 198 nbsp Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great Kuwait 2009 199 nbsp Extraordinary Grade of the Order of Merit Lebanon 2009 200 nbsp Collar of the Order of Muhammad Morocco 2007 201 nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Charles Monaco 25 April 2008 202 nbsp Collar of the Order of the Independence Qatar 2008 203 nbsp Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud Saudi Arabia 2008 204 nbsp Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece Spain 2011 205 206 nbsp Collar of the Order of Charles III Spain 2009 207 nbsp Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III Spain 2004 208 nbsp Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seventh of November Tunisia 28 April 2008 209 nbsp First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise Ukraine 2010 210 nbsp Collar of the Order of Zayed United Arab Emirates 2008 211 nbsp Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath United Kingdom 2008 212 Other Honours edit nbsp Holy See Proto canon of the Papal Basilicas of St John Lateran and St Peter s 2007 2012 the post is held ex officio by the French Head of State 213 214 nbsp Italy Premio Mediterraneo 215 Notes edit Sarkozy is the westernized or internationalized version of his Hungarian name In Hungarian the given name comes last rather than first The French aristocratic particle de is also used instead of the Hungarian aristocratic ending i This westernization of Hungarian names is frequent particularly for people with an aristocratic name For example the leader of Hungary from 1920 to 1944 whose Hungarian name is nagybanyai Horthy Miklos is known in English as Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya The French name of Pal Sarkozy de Nagy Bocsa changed in 1948 to Paul Etienne Arnaud Sarkozy de Nagy Bocsa when Pal was translated as Paul in French and the acute accents on the a of Sarkozy and the o of Bocsa were dropped as these letters never carry an acute accent accent aigu in French The trema on the o of Sarkozy was kept probably because French typewriters allow this combination whereas it is impossible to write a or o with an acute accent using a French typewriter See also Dette publique de la France in French It was included in the paquet fiscal that has been one of the first laws passed in Parliament In French Lors de sa traversee eclair du salon samedi matin en plein bain de foule Sarkozy croise un visiteur recalcitrant qui refuse sa poignee de main Ah non touche moi pas previent il Le chef de l Etat retorque sans detour Casse toi alors Tu me salis embraye l homme Le sourire se crispe Sarkozy lache desserrant a peine les dents un raffine Casse toi alors pauv con va References edit Nicolas Sarkozy loses appeal against corruption conviction BBC News 17 May 2023 Retrieved 17 May 2023 Schmemann Serge 15 May 2007 The New French President s Roots Are Worth Remembering The New York Times Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 Retrieved 28 September 2008 La mere de Nicolas Sarkozy Andree Mallah dite Dadu est morte Le Dauphine 13 December 2017 Archived from the original on 21 July 2020 Retrieved 20 July 2020 a b Profile Nicolas Sarkozy BBC News 26 July 2009 Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2010 A Greek book on Nicolas Sarkozy The European Jewish Press Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 Retrieved 12 April 2008 Ancestry of Nicolas Sarkozy William Addams Reitwiesner Archived from the original on 27 August 2009 Retrieved 9 March 2010 a b c d e Un pouvoir nomme desir Catherine Nay 2007 Le service militaire de Sarkozy Nousnours 22 February 1999 Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Augustin Scalbert Un soupcon de vantardise sur les CV ministeriels Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Rue 89 18 September 2007 in French Berlusconi le bon Nicolas Sarkozy a ete mon avocat Le Nouvel Observateur in French 29 June 2009 Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Corfu il vertice del disgelo Riparte collaborazione Nato Russia Il Cavaliere Mandai il mio avvocato Sarkozy da lui per la Georgia in Italian la Repubblica Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Berlusconi al vertice Nato Russia Quando mandai l avvocato Sarkozy in Italian L Unione Sarda 27 June 2009 Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Indrisek Scott 7 January 2008 Pierre Sarkozy Hip Hop Producer Rhapsody Blog Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Sarkozy Closes in on his Goal Ambition and Honesty on the French Campaign Trail Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Spiegel de 4 September 2007 Cecilia Sarkozy The First Lady vanishes The Independent London 24 June 2007 Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 Retrieved 31 March 2010 Cecilia Sarkozy Biography NetGlimse com Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Wyatt Caroline 15 May 2007 Sarkozy soap opera grips Paris BBC News Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Nicolas Sarkozy divorce official HULIQ 18 October 2007 Archived from the original on 12 July 2011 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Globaljournalist org Global Journalist Archived from the original on 31 July 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Willsher Kim 19 February 2006 The Sarkozy saga The Daily Telegraph UK Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 Retrieved 12 August 2007 AFX News Limited 18 October 2007 French president Sarkozy separation is divorce official UPDATE Forbes Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 France begins to grow weary with the Sarkozy soap opera Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 13 January 2008 French President Marries Former Model ABC News Associated Press 2 February 2008 Samuel Henry 20 October 2011 Carla Bruni Sarkozy confirms name of daughter Giulia The Daily Telegraph London Archived from the original on 6 March 2018 Retrieved 3 April 2018 France s first couple welcomes their baby girl Giulia after low profile pregnancy The Washington Post Retrieved 23 October 2011 dead link AFP 11 May 2007 L homme qui valait 2 millions The man worth 2 million Liberation in French France Archived from the original on 16 February 2010 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Boyle Jon 31 October 2007 Jokes and anger in France over Sarkozy pay rise Reuters UK Archived from the original on 1 January 2008 Retrieved 12 March 2010 French Populism by Ignacio Ramonet Le Monde Diplomatique June 2007 Edition French version Archived 1 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine in French English translation Archived 12 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Le Parisien 11 January 2007 Craig S Smith 7 May 2007 Sarkozy Wins the Chance to Prove His Critics Wrong The New York Times Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 Retrieved 8 January 2008 Sauced Sarkozy Archived 2 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine Felice E Baker The Dartmouth Independent 31 October 2007 French Constitution article 23 Assemblee Nationale Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 Retrieved 9 March 2010 JO associations 28 May 2003 WorldWide Religious News Archived 24 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Thorel Jerome 1 September 2004 Le gouvernement finalise la privatisation de France Telecom in French ZDNet France Archived from the original on 30 November 2021 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Bruxelles valide le sauvetage d Alstom L Expansion in French France L Express 22 September 2003 Archived from the original on 3 September 2005 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Grande distribution l accord Sarkozy a moitie applique L Expansion in French France 30 September 2004 Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 Retrieved 18 March 2010 Martine Gilson 20 May 2004 ISF la tentation des deputes press review Le Nouvel Observateur in French France Archived from the original on 8 February 2005 Azouz Begag principal opposant a Nicolas Sarkozy Archived 4 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Le Monde 2 November 2005 in French Interview with Le Monde 8 September 2005 Sarkozy Blog 19 September 2004 Archived from the original on 30 December 2006 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Broadcast of France 2 Archived 27 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine 19 November 2003 Boutin renonce a se presenter et soutient Sarkozy La Croix France 3 December 2006 Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 4 January 2007 Sarkozy nod for presidential run Archived 16 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 14 January 2007 Retrieved 14 January 2007 Sarkozy pour un deuxieme porte avions francais AFP Louet Sophie 21 March 2007 France s Chirac backs Sarkozy presidential bid Reuters Archived from the original on 30 November 2021 Retrieved 3 April 2021 via www reuters com Chirac finally endorses his old rival Sarkozy www telegraph co uk 21 March 2007 Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 Retrieved 3 April 2021 French confused over the real Sarkozy Archived 27 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine 18 April 2007 Election presidentielle de 2007 resultats definitifs Archived 3 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine French Ministry of the Interior Samuel Henry 17 May 2007 Radiant Cecilia puts Sarkozy in the shade The Daily Telegraph UK Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Communique de la Presidence de la Republique concernant la nomination du Premier ministre Archived 19 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Elysee Palace 17 May 2007 France s New Government A study in perpetual motion Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine The Economist 23 June 2007 a b Molly Moore France s Sarkozy Off to a Running Start Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post 4 August 2007 a b Sarkozy professes love for Quebec and Canada Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 27 April 2016 Wells Paul Canada and Quebec Unite on EU Free Trade Accord Maclean s Magazine Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 Llama G8 a FARC contribuir a liberacion de rehenes Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine La Cronica 8 June 2007 in Spanish Tripoli annonce un contrat d armement avec la France l Elysee dans l embarras Le Monde 2 August 2007 in French Molly Moore France s Sarkozy Off to a Running Start Archived 17 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post 4 August 2007 in English FMI Strauss Kahn candidat officiel de l Union europeenne Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Le Figaro 10 July 2007 in French France s Sarkozy wants Strauss Kahn as IMF head Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine Reuters 7 July 2007 in French La France au 7e rang mondial pour l environnement Le Monde Les deputes votent la quasi suppression des droits de succession Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Le Figaro 13 July 2007 in French Les droits de succession presque supprimes Archived 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Liberation 13 July 2007 in French Droits de succession pour une minorite de menages aises Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine L Humanite 7 June 2007 in French France The reformist president The Economist 24 July 2008 Archived from the original on 27 July 2008 Retrieved 27 July 2008 Is Sarkozy a closet socialist The Economist 13 November 2008 Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 Retrieved 14 November 2008 Generalisation du fichage biometrique volontaire des voyageurs dans les aeroports francais Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Le Monde 8 August 2007 in French France backs constitution reform France backs constitution reform Archived 12 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 21 July 2008 Byers David 26 March 2008 Nicolas Sarkozy calls for Franco British brotherhood as state visit begins The Times UK Archived from the original on 10 May 2008 Retrieved 26 March 2008 Anderson John Ward and Molly Moore Sarkozy Wins Vows to Restore Pride in France Archived 23 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post 7 May 2007 New chapter opens in EU China Climate Change Partnership Archived 24 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine EUbusiness com 29 April 2008 France s Sarkozy meets Dalai Lama as China fumes AFP 6 December 2008 Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Sarkozy says France to accept Guantanamo prisoner Houston Chronicle 3 April 2009 Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 Retrieved 3 April 2009 Raum Tom 3 April 2009 Obama Sarkozy find common ground on Guantanamo Associated Press Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 Retrieved 3 April 2009 NPR org dead link MacDonald Alastair 7 January 2009 France s Sarkozy calls for Gaza ceasefire Reuters Archived from the original on 30 November 2021 Retrieved 7 January 2009 UN chief demands Gaza ceasefire BBC News 7 January 2009 Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 Retrieved 7 January 2009 Naegelen Jacky 22 February 2011 2007 Gaddafi Sarkozy photo disappeared from the website of the Elysee L Express Reuters Archived from the original on 8 January 2013 Retrieved 4 February 2013 La Libye un veritable succes diplomatique pour Sarkozy leJDD fr Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 Retrieved 20 January 2012 1 Archived 10 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine No Exit by Philip Gourevitch 12 December 2011 New Yorker Erlanger Steven 1 April 2011 In His Telling One Man Made Libya a French Cause The New York Times Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 Retrieved 17 February 2017 Royaume Uni un rapport parlementaire ereinte Sarkozy et Cameron pour l intervention en Libye LEFIGARO in French 14 September 2016 Archived from the original on 3 January 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Decision du 19 mars 2012 arretant la liste des candidats a l election presidentielle Conseil Constitutionnel Resultats de l election presidentielle 2012 Sarkozy lost the second round to the socialist candidate Francois Hollande making Hollande the new President of France Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 Retrieved 23 April 2012 Socialist Hollande triumphs in French presidential poll France 24 France 24 6 May 2012 Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Anne Sylvaine Chassany and Camilla Hall March 28 2013 Nicolas Sarkozy s road from the Elysee to private equity Archived 10 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times a b Anne Sylvaine Chassany 21 February 2017 Nicolas Sarkozy joins AccorHotels to head international strategy Archived 24 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Financial Times Willsher Kim 19 September 2014 Sarkozy announces return to politics in France The Guardian Archived from the original on 19 September 2014 Retrieved 19 September 2014 Willsher Kim 29 November 2014 Nicolas Sarkozy elected to head French opposition party in comeback bid The Guardian Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 29 November 2014 French local elections Exit polls suggest Conservative win bbc com 29 March 2015 Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 Retrieved 27 August 2016 BBC News 13 December 2015 French Far Right National Front Routed in Key Vote France Sarkozy Ex president exits after defeat 21 November 2016 Archived from the original on 6 December 2018 Retrieved 21 June 2018 a b France s ex president Nicolas Sarkozy to serve a year of house arrest for illegal campaign financing France 24 30 September 2021 Retrieved 22 April 2022 Batchelor Tom 12 April 2022 France s ex President Sarkozy endorses Macron in election battle against Le Pen The Independent Retrieved 22 April 2022 Former French President Sarkozy Visits the Kosel Matzav com Matzav com Retrieved 20 February 2023 Benoit Van Overstraeten and Maya Nikolaeva 27 February 2020 France s Lagardere adds Nicolas Sarkozy to its board Archived 29 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine Reuters Nicolas Sarkozy joins AccorHotels Board of Directors to support its international vision Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Accor press release of 21 February 2017 Dominique Vidalon 21 February 2017 AccorHotels beats profit expectations ex president Sarkozy joins board Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Reuters Board of Directors Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Groupe Lucien Barriere 21st Century Council Archived 21 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Berggruen Institute Advisors Archived 5 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Schwarzman Scholars French President Is Best Dressed Pol Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine CBS 9 August 2007 Gordon Brown tops GQ worst dressed man poll Archived 20 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Daily Mirror 4 January 2010 original GQ article no longer available Frederic Pages Cecilia dame d enfer Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine in Le Canard enchaine 22 August 2007 in French Cecilia Sarkozy n a pas vote scoop censure du JDD Archived 10 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Rue 89 13 May 2007 in French Sarkozy les poignees de l amour Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine L Express 22 August 2007 in French Un bourrelet relance le debat sur la retouche d images Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Rue 89 23 August 2007 in French Topless Sarkozy s love handles airbrushed away Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Foreign Policy blog 22 August 2007 a b Chloe Leprince Pour le nouveau President la rupture commence par l image Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Rue 89 21 August 2007 in French Socialists say Sarkozy has small man syndrome Reuters 21 September 2007 Archived from the original on 17 September 2009 Retrieved 1 July 2017 Sarkozy height row grips France BBC News 8 August 2009 Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 Retrieved 8 August 2009 Bennhold Katrin 30 October 2008 France enjoys Sarkozy s voodoo doll setback International Herald Tribune Archived from the original on 31 October 2008 Retrieved 31 October 2008 The hyper president s biggest problem BBC News 28 November 2007 Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 Retrieved 28 October 2015 L hyper president Le Monde 06 Juin 2007 in French Le nouveau president de la Republique a marque des points grace a son style direct son art de la communication son omnipresence sur tous les fronts interieurs et exterieurs sa volonte affichee d engager les reformes promises Constitution of 4 October 1958 PDF Conseil Constitutionnel Archived PDF from the original on 30 November 2021 Retrieved 28 October 2015 in English Cohen Roger 23 August 2007 OP ED COLUMNIST Sarkozy s New Order The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 Retrieved 7 February 2017 Sarkozy names ally Fillon as PM BBC News 17 May 2007 Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 28 October 2015 The Conquest La Conquete Cannes 2011 Review The Hollywood Reporter 18 May 2011 Archived from the original on 13 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Poirier Agnes C 18 May 2011 Cannes 2011 review La Conquete The Conquest The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 13 June 2020 Retrieved 13 June 2020 Cette droite qui dit non a Sarkozy Marianne2007 info Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 L Humanite Humanite presse fr Archived 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine 11 June 2005 Thibaud Collin Philippe Verdin Sarkozy Nicolas 2004 La Republique les religions l esperance Les editions du Cerf ISBN 2 204 07283 4 L Etat Doit Il Financer La Construction de Mosquees in French Libres org 2 July 2007 Archived from the original on 10 October 2009 Worldwide Religious News 2 September 2004 French President s religious mixing riles critics Christianity Today 23 January 2008 Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 Retrieved 29 January 2009 Banlieues filmer et raconter avec Francoise Laborde Claude Dilain Nicolas Comte Guillaume Biet Les videos Arret sur images in French France 5 6 November 2005 Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy pompier pyromane L Humanite France 2 November 2005 Archived from the original on 14 December 2005 Retrieved 4 January 2007 The Independent 17 April 2007 p 20 The banlieues prepare to vote We hate Sarkozy because he hates us Incendie de Pau les 8 accuses acquittes Le Nouvel Observateur in French France Associated Press 1 October 2005 dead link Nicolas Sarkozy veut faire payer un juge pour sa faute Le Monde in French 23 June 2005 Archived from the original Fee required for full article on 26 June 2005 Retrieved 3 October 2005 online extracts Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Philosophie Magazine nr 8 April 2007 Un gene ne commande jamais un destin humain 4 April 2007 L Humanite Tolle dans la communaute scientifique apres les propos de Nicolas Sarkozy sur la genetique Archived 26 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine 11 April 2007Le Monde in French Row over Sarkozy s paedophilia comment refuses to go away Archived 30 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 10 April 2007 News24 com 28 July 2007 Sarkozy s Africa vision under fire Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine a b c Chris McGreal The Guardian UK 27 August 2007 Mbeki criticised for praising racist Sarkozy Archived 30 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine Michel Agier l Afrique en France apres le discours de Dakar Archived 5 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Vacarme n 42 in French a b Casting Out the Un French The New York Times 5 August 2010 Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 Retrieved 17 February 2017 SECURITE Aubry denonce la derive antirepublicaine de Sarkozy et de sa majorite actualite Politique Le Point Le Point France August 2010 Archived from the original on 6 August 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2010 Badinter rappelle a Sarkozy l egalite de tous les Francais devant la loi Le Monde France 2 August 2010 Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 Retrieved 5 November 2010 Sarkozy Metissage obligatoire cultural mixing is necessary full press conference 6 August 2016 Retrieved 5 October 2017 Premiers pas mouvementes de Sarkozy au salon de l agriculture Le Parisien in French France 23 February 2008 Archived from the original SWF on 18 July 2012 Goldhammer Arthur 25 February 2008 Found on the web French Politics An American observer comments on French politics Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 Retrieved 9 March 2010 French supporters defend Sarkozy Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Agence France Presse 25 February 2008 Balmer Crispian 26 February 2008 Sarkozy runs afoul of critics with rank reply National Post Toronto Reuters p A2 dead link Article noted at fpinfomart ca Archived 30 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine but is not available Poignard Anne Claire 24 October 2008 Casse toi pauvre con quatre mots a 1 000 euros Fee required for full article Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 27 October 2008 Retrieved 27 October 2008 Eon 4 September 2008 Casse toi pov con au tribunal pour outrage au President in French Rue 89 Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 Retrieved 27 October 2008 Casse toi pov con 30 euros avec sursis pour Herve Eon Rue89 14 November 2008 Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 Retrieved 20 January 2012 Raphaelle Besse Desmoulieres 23 October 2008 Le delit d outrage est une infraction obsolete Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 27 October 2008 Retrieved 27 October 2008 a b Liberation 18 September 2006 Chirac juge lamentable l atlantisme de Sarkozy in French Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 Retrieved 28 April 2007 Angelique Chrisafis Oct 2009 Sarkozy s son sparks nepotism row after being tipped for top public job Archived 22 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian Friday 9 October 2009 Accessed 2 July 2014 Samuel Henry 23 October 2009 Nicolas Sarkozy s son will not seek high profile post after nepotism row The Telegraph United Kingdom Archived from the original on 9 March 2013 Retrieved 15 May 2012 Samuel Henry 6 May 2012 France election 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy booted out of office having exhausted France The Telegraph United Kingdom Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 Retrieved 15 May 2012 Chrisafis Angelique 3 July 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy s home raided by French police The Guardian Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 Retrieved 15 December 2016 L ex comptable des Bettencourt accuse des enveloppes d argent a Woerth et a Sarkozy Archived 24 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine original report in French Financial Times article Financial Times 6 July 2010 Archived from the original on 30 November 2021 Retrieved 5 November 2010 BBC News July 2014 French ex President Sarkozy held over influence claims Archived 5 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 1 July 2014 Accessed 1 July 2014 Kim Willsher July 2014 Nicolas Sarkozy detained for questioning over alleged corruption Archived 8 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 1 July 2014 Accessed 1 July 2014 BBC News July 2014 France s ex President Sarkozy put under investigation Archived 5 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 2 July 2014 Accessed 2 July 2014 Kim Willsher July 2014 Nicolas Sarkozy under official investigation after questioning Archived 27 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 2 July 2014 Accessed 2 July 2014 BBC News July 2014 French ex President Sarkozy held over influence claims Archived 5 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 1 July 2014 Accessed 1 July 2014 Nicolas Sarkozy I am victim of a grotesque witch hunt Daily Telegraph 2 July 2014 Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 Retrieved 3 July 2014 Profile Nicolas Sarkozy BBC News Online BBC 22 August 2016 Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 Retrieved 5 December 2016 France Sarkozy Ex president exits after defeat BBC News Online BBC 21 November 2016 Archived from the original on 12 December 2016 Retrieved 5 December 2016 Nicolas Vaux Montagny and Sylvie Corbet 23 November 2020 French ex President Sarkozy s trial for corruption suspended ABC News Associated Press Archived from the original on 24 November 2020 Retrieved 24 November 2020 Affaire Bygmalion Nicolas Sarkozy est mis en examen Archived 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Le Figaro 16 February 2016 Accessed 16 February 2016 Nicolas Sarkozy investigated over France campaign funds BBC News BBC News 16 February 2016 Archived from the original on 17 February 2016 Retrieved 18 February 2016 France 24 Sarkozy questioned by judges over campaign funding scandal France 24 16 February 2016 Archived from the original on 17 February 2016 Retrieved 18 February 2016 Nicolas Sarkozy under investigation over 2012 campaign funds The Guardian Reuters 16 February 2016 ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 17 February 2016 Retrieved 18 February 2016 L emission Cash Investigation met en cause la Societe generale et cite l avocat Arnaud Claude associe de Nicolas Sarkozy dans son emission sur le scandale Panama Papers L Obs Archived from the original on 1 October 2018 Retrieved 4 April 2016 Coronavirus fears postpone corruption trial of former French President Sarkozy Politico 23 November 2020 Archived from the original on 23 November 2020 Retrieved 23 November 2020 Sarkozy Former French president sentenced to jail for corruption BBC News 1 March 2021 Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Corbert Sylvie 1 March 2021 France s Sarkozy convicted of corruption sentenced to jail Associated Press Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Nicolas Sarkozy va faire appel apres sa condamnation pour corruption L Obs in French Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Affaire des ecoutes Nicolas Sarkozy va faire appel Le Point in French Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Sebag Gaspard 20 May 2021 Sarkozy a No Show as Second Criminal Trial Begins in Paris Bloomberg News Retrieved 11 February 2022 a b c Nicolas Sarkozy Ex president goes on trial for illegal campaign funding BBC News 20 May 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2022 a b c d France s ex president Nicolas Sarkozy to serve a year of house arrest for illegal campaign financing France 24 30 September 2022 Retrieved 11 February 2022 a b Sarkozy Ex French president gets jail sentence over campaign funding BBC News 30 September 2021 Retrieved 11 February 2022 Nicolas Sarkozy to wear tag after losing corruption appeal BBC News 17 May 2023 Retrieved 17 May 2023 a b Gaddafi visit seals French deals BBC News 10 December 2007 Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 20 March 2018 Walt Vivienne 14 December 2007 French Defense Execs Woo Gaddafi TIME Archived from the original on 12 March 2018 Retrieved 20 March 2018 a b Chazan David Sarkozy aide charged with money laundering Telegraph Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 Retrieved 18 August 2016 a b Explained What we know about the Gaddafi Sarkozy funding scandal euronews 20 March 2018 Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 Retrieved 20 March 2018 French police hold ex president Sarkozy over Gaddafi funding BBC News 20 March 2018 Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 Retrieved 20 March 2018 a b Gaddafi relations haunt Sarkozy in 2007 campaign financing case France24 20 March 2018 Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 Retrieved 20 March 2018 a b UK arrests French suspect in Sarkozy financing probe France24 20 March 2018 Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 Retrieved 9 January 2018 a b Jaigu Charles Roquette Guillaume 16 August 2023 Nicolas Sarkozy Nous avons besoin des Russes et ils ont besoin de nous Le Figaro in French Retrieved 27 August 2023 Cohen Roger 27 August 2023 A Former French President Gives a Voice to Obstinate Russian Sympathies The New York Times Willsher Kim 19 August 2023 Shameful Nicolas Sarkozy under fire for defending Putin The Observer Sarkozy vilified for speaking uncomfortable truths about Ukraine 31 August 2023 Serzh Sargsyan awards Nicolas Sarkozy Order of Glory mediamax am French Finance Minister Nicolas Sarkozy gettyimages fi G1 gt Mundo NOTICIAS Lula e Sarkozy reforcarao associacao militar entre Franca e Brasil Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 30 December 2016 France s President Sarkozy Awarded Bulgaria s Highest State Order Novinite com Sofia News Agency Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 President Saakashvili Awards French President YouTube 11 August 2008 Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 Retrieved 20 January 2012 D une Republique a l autre Decorations presidentielles amp diplomatie PDF legiondhonneur fr En visite d Etat en France Le couple presidentiel ivoirien au Diner d Etat offert par SEM Nicolas Sarkozy abidjan net French President to be awarded Altyn Kyran Order trend az 6 October 2009 Le president francais Nicolas Sarkozy recoit la medaille du Grand Moubarak Al Kebir de sa Cheikh Sabah Al Ahmed Al Jaber Al Sabah au Palais Bayan a Koweit alamyimages fr Le president francais Nicolas Sarkozy pose avec des medailles remises par le president libanais Michel Sleiman a l Elysee a Paris alamyimages fr Le roi Mohammed VI du Maroc remet le cadeau de Wissan Mohammad au president francais Nicolas Sarkozy lors d une reception au palais royal de Marrakech alamyimages fr N 7857 du VENDREDI 25 AVRIL 2008 Ordonnance Souveraine n 1 622 du 25 avril 2008 portant elevation a la dignite d Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 L emir cheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani du Qatar recoit le president francais Nicolas Sarkozy au Palais Emiri de Doha au Qatar alamyimages fr Le president Nicolas Sarkozy pose apres avoir recu la medaille du roi Abdelaziz a la residence du roi a Riyad en Arabie Saoudite alamyimages fr El Rey concede el Toison de Oro a Sarkozy El Mundo 25 November 2011 Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 Retrieved 25 November 2011 BOE es Documento BOE A 2011 18623 BOE es Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 BOE es Documento BOE A 2009 6944 BOE es Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 BOE es Documento BOE A 2004 538 BOE es Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2016 Decrets et arretes PDF Archived PDF from the original on 24 February 2019 Retrieved 23 February 2019 Ukaz Prezidenta Ukrayini 934 2010 vid 6 zhovtnya 2010 roku Pro nagorodzhennya ordenom knyazya Yaroslava Mudrogo in Ukrainian Le president des Emirats arabes Unis Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan recoit le president Nicolas Sarkozy au Palais presidentiel d Abu Dhabi aux Emirats arabes Unis alamyimages fr Queen hosts French President Nicolas Sarkozy and wife Carla News com au 27 March 2008 Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 Retrieved 9 March 2010 Ente Santissimo Salvatore e Santi Giovanni Battista ed Evangelista in Laterano in Italian Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 Retrieved 7 August 2008 Ente San Pietro in Vaticano in Italian Vicariate of the Diocese of Rome Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 Retrieved 18 June 2014 A Sarkozy il Premio Mediterraneo Istituzioni Denaro it in Italian 13 March 2008 Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 Retrieved 20 January 2012 Further reading editSarkozy Nicolas 1994 Georges Mandel le moine de la politique Paris B Grasset ISBN 978 2 246 46301 6 Ottenheimer Ghislaine 1994 Les deux Nicolas la machine Balladur Paris Plon ISBN 2 259 18115 5 Sarkozy Nicolas Michel Denisot 1995 Au bout de la passion l equilibre Paris A Michel ISBN 2 226 07616 6 interviews with Michel Denisot Hauser Anita 1995 Sarkozy l ascension d un jeune homme presse Paris Belfond ISBN 2 7144 3235 2 Grand livre du mois 1995 Sarkozy Nicolas 2003 Libre Paris Pocket ISBN 2 266 13303 9 subject s Pratiques politiques France 1990 France Politique et gouvernement 1997 2002 Mantoux Aymeric 2003 Nicolas Sarkozy l instinct du pouvoir Paris First Ed ISBN 2 87691 783 1 Mayaffre Damon 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy Mesure et demesure du discours 2007 2012 in French Paris Presses de Sciences Po ISBN 978 2724612431 Nay Catherine 2007 Un pouvoir nomme desir Paris l Archipel ISBN 978 2 84187 495 8 Hauser Anita 2003 Sarkozy itineraire d une ambition Paris Grasset ISBN 978 2 246 68001 7 Le Canard enchaine periodical 2003 Sarkozy l homme trop presse Les dossiers du Canard enchaine Vol 89 Paris ISSN 0292 5354 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Domenach Nicolas 2004 Sarkozy au fond des yeux Paris Jacob Duvernet ISBN 2 84724 064 0 Blocier Antoine 2004 Voyage a Sarkoland Pantin le Temps des cerises ISBN 2 84109 449 9 Cabu 2004 Sarko circus Paris le Cherche Midi ISBN 2 7491 0277 4 subject s Sarkozy Nicolas 1955 Caricatures et dessins humoristiques Gurrey Beatrice 2004 Le rebelle et le roi Paris A Michel ISBN 2 226 15576 7 Grand Livre du mois 2004 subject s Chirac Jacques 1932 Sarkozy Nicolas 1955 France Politique et gouvernement 1995 Sarkozy Nicolas Verdin Philippe Collin Thibaud 2004 La Republique les religions l esperance entretiens avec Thibaud Collin et Philippe Verdin Paris les ed du Cerf ISBN 2 204 07283 4 subject s Laicite France 1990 Islam France 1990 Darmon Michael 2004 Sarko Star Paris Ed du Seuil ISBN 2 02 066826 2 Friedman Jean Pierre 2005 Dans la peau de Sarko et de ceux qui veulent sa peau Paris Michalon ISBN 2 84186 270 4 Noir Victor 2005 Nicolas Sarkozy le destin de Brutus Denoel ISBN 2 207 25751 7 Reinhard Philippe 2005 Chirac Sarkozy mortelle randonne Paris First Ed ISBN 2 7540 0003 8 Sautreau Serge 2005 Nicoleon roman Paris L Atelier des Brisants ISBN 2 84623 074 9 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Nicolas Sarkozy nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicolas Sarkozy Official websites edit in French President of France in French Website of the UMP Sarkozy s party in French Official personal website in French 2012 campaign website in English and French Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations during the General Debate of the 63rd Session 23 September 2008 Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the Assembly both as President of France and as President of the European UnionPress edit Radio France International feature Sarkozy s 90 minute address to the nation 6 February 2009 Hosing Sarkozy an article in the TLS by Sudhir Hazareesingh 28 November 2007 Interview after One Month in Office Archived 14 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Le Figaro 7 June 2007 Sarkozy takes over Chirac s UMP party BBC News Profile Nicolas Sarkozy BBC News Nicolas Sarkozy French Choose the American Way by David Storobin Vive this difference Archived 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Suzanne Fields France s chance The Economist 12 April 2007 Letter From Europe Round 1 Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Jane Kramer The New Yorker 23 April 2007 On the so called rupture by Sarkozy Mathieu Potte Bonneville amp Pierre Zaoui Vacarme n 41 Winter 2007 The Bettencourt L Oreal scandal Radio France Internationale in English French politics no stranger to scandals Radio France Internationale in English L Oreal scandals and the far right Radio France Internationale in English Articles and Coverage Guardian UK Related contents edit in Spanish Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation Archived 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine in French Sarkozy s opinion poll tracker Archived 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine in French Some of Sarkozy s quotations Nicolas Sarkozy at IMDb Appearances on C SPAN nbsp Offices and titles edit Political officesPreceded byAchille Peretti Mayor of Neuilly sur Seine1983 2002 Succeeded byLouis Charles BaryPreceded byLouis Mermaz Government Spokesperson1993 1995 Succeeded byPhilippe Douste BlazyPreceded byMichel Charasse Minister of the Budget1993 1995 Succeeded byFrancois d AubertPreceded byAlain Carignon Minister of Communications1994 1995 Succeeded byCatherine TrautmannPreceded byDaniel Vaillant Minister of the Interior2002 2004 Succeeded byDominique de VillepinPreceded byCharles Pasqua President of the General Council ofHauts de Seine2004 2007 Succeeded byPatrick DevedjianPreceded byFrancis Mer Minister of Finance2004 Succeeded byHerve GaymardPreceded byDominique de Villepin Minister of the Interior2005 2007 Succeeded byFrancois BaroinPreceded byJacques Chirac President of France2007 2012 Succeeded byFrancois HollandePreceded byJanez Jansa President of the European Council2008 Succeeded byMirek TopolanekParty political officesPreceded byPhilippe Seguin Acting President of Rally for the Republic1999 Succeeded byMichele Alliot MariePreceded byJean Claude GaudinActing President of Union for a Popular Movement2004 2007 Succeeded byJean Claude GaudinActingPreceded byAlain JuppeJean Pierre RaffarinFrancois FillonActing President of Union for a Popular Movement2014 2015 Party abolishedNew political party President of The Republicans2015 2016 Succeeded byLaurent WauquiezRegnal titlesPreceded byJacques Chirac Co Prince of Andorra2007 2012With Joan Enric Vives Sicilia Succeeded byFrancois HollandePreceded byJoan Enric Vives Sicilia Succeeded byJoan Enric Vives SiciliaCatholic Church titlesPreceded byJacques Chirac Honorary Canon of the Papal Basilicas of St John Lateran and St Peter2007 2012 Succeeded byFrancois HollandeDiplomatic postsPreceded byStephen Harper Chair of the Group of 82011 Succeeded byBarack ObamaPreceded byLee Myung bak Chair of the Group of 202011 Succeeded byFelipe CalderonOrder of precedencePreceded byYael Braun Pivetas President of the National Assembly Order of precedence of Franceas Former President of the Republic Succeeded byFrancois Hollandeas Former President of the Republic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nicolas Sarkozy amp oldid 1191062266, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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