fbpx
Wikipedia

Al Jazeera

January 09, 2023

This article is about the Arabic-language TV channel. For similarly-branded channels in other geographies, see Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera Balkans, and Al Jazeera America. For their parent company and the media conglomerate of Qatar, see Al Jazeera Media Network.
For the geographical region, see Upper Mesopotamia.

Al Jazeera (Arabic: الجزيرة, romanized: al-jazīrah, IPA: [æl (d)ʒæˈziːrɐ], "The Island")[3] is a state-owned[a] Arabic-language international radio and TV broadcaster of Qatar. It is based in Doha and operated by the media conglomerate Al Jazeera Media Network. The flagship of the network, its station identification, is Al Jazeera.

Al Jazeera
TypeBroadcasting news, speech, discussions, state media
CountryQatar
Broadcast areaWorldwide
Programming
Language(s)
  • Arabic
  • English
Picture format
Ownership
ParentAl Jazeera Media Network[1][2]
Sister channels
History
Launched1 November 1996; 26 years ago (1996-11-01)
Former namesJazeera Satellite Channel
Links
Website
  • aljazeera.com (in English)
  • aljazeera.net (in Arabic)
Availability
Streaming media
AlJazeera.netLive Stream
YouTubeLive Stream

The patent holding is a "private foundation for public benefit" under Qatari law.[4] Under this organizational structure, the parent receives funding from the government of Qatar but maintains its editorial independence.[5][6] In June 2017, the Saudi, Emirati, Bahraini, and Egyptian governments insisted on the closure of the entire conglomerate as one of thirteen demands made to the Government of Qatar during the Qatar diplomatic crisis.[7] The channel has been criticised by some organisations as well as nations such as Saudi Arabia for being "Qatari propaganda".[8][9][10]

Etymology

In Arabic, al-ǧazīrah literally means "the island". However, it refers here to the Arabian Peninsula,[11] which is شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-ğazīrah al-ʿarabiyyah, abbreviated to الجزيرة العربية al-ğazīrah al-ʿarabiyyah. Compare the Arabic name al-Jazira (Arabic: الجزيرة, lit. 'the island') for Upper Mesopotamia, another area of land almost entirely surrounded by water; also Algeciras, Alzira and Algeria.)

History

Launch

Al Jazeera Satellite Channel, now known as AJA, was launched on 1 November 1996 following the closure of the BBC's Arabic language television station, a joint venture with Orbit Communications Company. The BBC channel closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to censor information, including a graphic report on executions and prominent dissident views.[12]

The Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa, provided a loan of QAR 500 million (US$137 million) to sustain Al Jazeera through its first five years, as Hugh Miles detailed in his book Al Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That Is Challenging the West. Shares were held by private investors as well as the Qatar government.

 
Al Jazeera Arabic building

Al Jazeera's first day on the air was 1 November 1996. It offered 6 hours of programming per day; this increased to 12 hours of programming by the end of 1997. It was broadcast to the immediate neighborhood as a terrestrial signal, and on cable. Al Jazeera is also available through satellites (which was also free to users in the Arab world), although Qatar, and many other Arab countries barred private individuals from having satellite dishes until 2001.[13]

At the time of the Al Jazeera Media Network launch, Arabsat was the only satellite broadcasting to the Middle East, and for the first year could only offer Al Jazeera a weak C-band transponder that needed a large satellite dish for reception. A more powerful Ku-band transponder became available as a peace-offering after its user, Canal France International, accidentally beamed 30 minutes of pornography into ultraconservative Saudi Arabia.[14]

Al Jazeera was not the first such broadcaster in the Middle East; a number had appeared since the Arabsat satellite, a Saudi Arabia-based venture of 21 Arab governments, took orbit in 1985. The unfolding of Operation Desert Storm on CNN International underscored the power of live television in current events. While other local broadcasters in the region would assiduously avoid material embarrassing to their home governments (Qatar has its own official TV station as well), Al Jazeera was pitched as an impartial news source and platform for discussing issues relating to the Arab world.[13]

In presenting "The opinion and the other opinion" (the station's motto), it did not take long for Al Jazeera to shock local viewers by presenting[when?] Israelis speaking Hebrew on Arab television for the first time.[citation needed] Lively and far-ranging talk shows, particularly a popular, confrontational one called The Opposite Direction, were a constant source of controversy regarding issues of morality and religion. This prompted a torrent of criticism from the conservative voices among the region's press. It also led to official complaints and censures from neighboring governments. Some[who?] jammed Al Jazeera's terrestrial broadcast or expelled its correspondents. In 1999, the Algerian government reportedly cut power to several major cities in order to censor one broadcast.[which?] There were also commercial repercussions: a number of Arab countries[which?] reportedly pressured advertisers to avoid the channel, to great success.[13]

Al Jazeera was the only international news network to have correspondents in Iraq during the Operation Desert Fox bombing campaign in 1998. In a precursor of a pattern to follow, its exclusive video clips were highly prized by Western media.[13]

Around the clock

On 1 January 1999, Al Jazeera began to broadcast for 24 hours daily.[15] Employment had more than tripled in one year to 500 employees. The agency had bureaux at a dozen sites as far away as EU and Russia. Its annual budget was estimated at US$25 million at the time.[citation needed]

However controversial, Al Jazeera was rapidly becoming one of the most influential news agencies in the whole region. Eager for news beyond the official versions of events, Arabs became dedicated viewers. A 2000 estimate pegged nightly viewership at 35 million, ranking Al Jazeera first in the Arab world, over the Saudi Arabia-sponsored Middle East Broadcasting Centre (MBC) and London's Arab News Network (ANN). There were about 70 satellite or terrestrial channels being broadcast to the Middle East, most of them in Arabic. Al Jazeera launched a free Arabic-language web site in January 2001. In addition, the TV feed was soon available in the United Kingdom for the first time via British Sky Broadcasting.[citation needed]

War in Afghanistan

Al Jazeera came to the attention of many in the West during the search for Osama bin Laden and the Taliban in Afghanistan after the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States. It aired videos it received from Osama bin Laden and the Taliban, deeming new footage of the world's most wanted fugitives to be newsworthy. Some criticized the network for "giving a voice to terrorists".[16][17] Al Jazeera's Washington, D.C., bureau chief, Hafez al-Mirazi, compared the situation to that of the Unabomber's messages in The New York Times.[18] The network said it had been given the tapes because it had a large Arab audience.[19]

Many other TV networks were eager to acquire the same footage. CNN International had exclusive rights to it for six hours before other networks could broadcast, a provision that was broken by the others on at least one controversial occasion.[20] Prime Minister Tony Blair soon appeared on an Al Jazeera talk show on 14 November 2001, to state Britain's case for pursuing the Taliban into Afghanistan.[21]

Al Jazeera's prominence rose during the war in Afghanistan because it had opened a bureau in Kabul before the war began. This gave it better access for videotaping events than other networks, which bought Al Jazeera's footage, sometimes for up to $250,000.[22]

A United States missile destroyed the Kabul office in 2001.[23] Looking to stay ahead of possible future conflicts, Al Jazeera then opened bureaux in other troubled spots.

The network remained dependent on government support in 2002, with a budget of US$40 million and ad revenues of about US$8 million. It also took in fees for sharing its news feed with other networks. It had an estimated 45 million viewers around the world. Al Jazeera soon had to contend with a new rival, Al Arabiya, a venture of the Middle East Broadcasting Center, which was set up in nearby Dubai with Saudi financial backing.[24]

On 21 May 2003, Al Jazeera broadcast a three-minute clip from a tape that was obtained from Al Qaeda. The tape about Ayman al-Zawahiri, an Egyptian physician and the intellectual supporter of Al Qaeda. In the tape, Zawahiri mentioned the 11 September attack and more terrorism against the Western countries saying that "The Crusaders and Jews understand only the language of killing and blood. They can only be persuaded through returning coffins, devastated interests, burning towers and collapsed economies."

In 2005, Tayseer Allouni, an Al Jazeera journalist who was tasked to interview Osama bin Laden several weeks after the 9/11 attacks was arrested in Spain while he was investigating the Madrid train bombings.[17] Allouni was accused of being close to Al Qaeda, eventually was found guilty, and sentenced to seven years of house arrest.

In October 2003, the managing editor of the Saudi newspaper Arab News, John R. Bradley accounted that the Bush administration had told the Qatari government that "If Al Jazeera failed to reconsider its news context, the US would, in turn, have to consider its relation with Qatar."[25]

2003 Iraq War

Before and during the United States-led invasion of Iraq, where Al Jazeera had a presence since 1997, the network's facilities and footage were again highly sought by foreign networks. The channel and its web site also were seeing unprecedented attention from viewers looking for alternatives to embedded reporting and military press conferences.

Al Jazeera moved its sports coverage to a new, separate channel on 1 November 2003, allowing for more news and public affairs programming on the original channel. An English language web site had launched earlier in March 2003. The channel had about 1,300 to 1,400 employees, its newsroom editor told The New York Times. There were 23 bureaux around the world and 70 foreign correspondents, with 450 journalists in all.

On 1 April 2003, a United States plane fired on Al Jazeera's Baghdad bureau, killing reporter Tareq Ayyoub.[26] The attack was called "a mistake" by The Pentagon; however, Al Jazeera had supplied the US with a precise map of the location of the bureau in order to spare it from attack.[27][28]

2010s Arab Spring

See also: Al Jazeera effect

Al Jazeera became the first channel to air the 2010 Tunisian protests following the death of Mohamed Bouazizi.[29] In a short period, the protests in Tunisia spread to the other Arab states, becoming known as the Arab Spring, often leading to scrutiny from other Arab governments.[30]

2017 Qatar blockade

Main article: 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis

The closing of the Al Jazeera Media Network was one of the terms of diplomatic reestablishment put forward by Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt during the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis.[31][32][33][34]

On 23 June 2017, the countries that cut ties to Qatar issued a list of demands to end the crisis, insisting that Qatar shut down the Al Jazeera network, close a Turkish military base and scale down ties with Iran. The call, included in a list of 13 points, read: "Shut down Al Jazeera and its affiliate stations."[35] Agencies, media outlets, journalists and media rights organisations decried the demands to close Al Jazeera as attempts to curb press freedom, including Reporters Without Borders;[36][37] The Guardian,[38] The New York Times,[39] and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ).[37]

Earlier, Saudi Arabia and the UAE blocked Al Jazeera websites;[40] Saudi Arabia closed Al Jazeera's bureau in Riyadh and halted its operating licence,[41] accusing the network of promoting "terrorist groups" in the region; and Jordan also revoked the licence for Al Jazeera.[42] Saudi Arabia also banned hotels from airing Al Jazeera,[43] threatening fines of up to US$26,000 for those violating the ban.

On 6 June 2017, Al Jazeera was the victim of a cyber attack on all of its platforms.[44]

Qatari Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, has said Doha will not discuss the status of Al Jazeera in any negotiations. "Doha rejects discussing any matter related to Al Jazeera channel as it considers it an internal affair," Qatar News Agency quoted the foreign minister as saying.[45] "Decisions concerning the Qatari internal affairs are Qatari sovereignty - and no one has to interfere with them."

In June 2017, hacked emails from Yousef Al Otaiba (UAE ambassador to US) were reported as "embarrassing" by HuffPost because they showed links between the UAE and the US-based pro-Israel Foundation for Defense of Democracies.[46] UAE-based Al Arabiya English claimed that the extensive media coverage of the email hack was a provocation and that the hacking was a move orchestrated by Qatar.[47]

On 24 November 2017, Dubai Police deputy chief Lieutenant General Dhahi Khalfan Tamim accused Al Jazeera of provoking the 2017 Sinai attack and called for bombing of Al Jazeera by the Saudi-led coalition, tweeting in Arabic "The alliance must bomb the machine of terrorism ... the channel of ISIL, al-Qaeda and the al-Nusra front, Al Jazeera the terrorists".[48][49]

In 2018, Al Jazeera reported apparent new details regarding a 1996 Qatari coup d'état attempt in a documentary accusing the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Egypt, of orchestrating it.[50] According to the documentary, a former French army commander, Paul Barril, was contracted and supplied with weapons by the UAE to carry out the coup operation in Qatar.[50] UAE minister of foreign affairs Anwar Gargash responded to the documentary and stated that Paul Barril was "in fact a security agent of the Qatari Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani who visited Abu Dhabi and had no relationship with the UAE" and the documentary was "a falsification" attempt to inculpate the UAE in the coup.[51]

United Arab Emirates lobbying

As of June 2019, the United Arab Emirates had paid the lobbying firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld $1.9m in the preceding year, principally concerning Qatar government-owned media. Lobbyists met with the FCC nine times and with 30 members of the House and Senate during the same time period. A spokesman for the chair of the Senate Finance Committee, Chuck Grassley, said that the committee had been "reviewing Al Jazeera's activities" prior to the UAE's lobbying effort.[52]

During this time, the firm lobbied for Al Jazeera to be reclassified as a foreign agent as defined by the Foreign Agents Registration Act, which was simultaneously the focus of a Twitter campaign.[52] On 20 September 2019, Twitter announced it had shut down two groups of accounts with links to UAE spreading disinformation primarily aimed against Qatar.[53] According to Bloomberg, the archive of the incriminated accounts' tweets showed hundreds of messages attacking Al-Jazeera.[52]

Organization

The original Al Jazeera channel was launched 1 November 1996 by an emiri decree with a loan of 500 million Qatari riyals (US$137 million) from the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa.[54][55] By securing its funding through loans or grants rather than direct government subsidies, the channel seeks to maintain independent editorial policy.[56][57] The channel began broadcasting in late 1996, with many staff joining from the BBC World Service's Saudi-co-owned Arabic-language TV station, which had shut down on 1 April 1996 after two years of operation because of censorship demands by the Saudi Arabian government.[58] The Al Jazeera logo is a decorative representation of the network's name using Arabic calligraphy. It was selected by the station's founder, Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa, as the winning entry in a design competition.[11]

Staff

 
Wadah Khanfar, former Director General of Al Jazeera Media Network

Al Jazeera restructured its operations to form a network that contains all their different channels. Wadah Khanfar, the then managing director of the Arabic Channel, was appointed as the director general of Al Jazeera Media Network. He also acted as the managing director of the original Arabic Channel. Khanfar resigned on 20 September 2011 proclaiming that he had achieved his original goals, and that 8 years was enough time for any leader of an organization, in an interview aired on Al Jazeera English. Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani replaced Khanfar and served as the director general of the channel from September 2011 to June 2013 when he was appointed minister of economy and trade.[59] The chairman of the channel is Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani. The Director General and editor-in-chief of the Arabic website is Mostefa Souag, who replaced Ahmed Sheikh as editor-in-chief. It has more than 100 editorial staff. The managing director of Al Jazeera English is Al Anstey. Mohamed Nanabhay became editor-in-chief of the English-language site in 2009. Previous editors include Beat Witschi and Russell Merryman.

Prominent on-air personalities include Faisal al-Qassem, host of the talk show The Opposite Direction, Ahmed Mansour, host of the show Without Borders (bi-la Hudud) and Sami Haddad.

Its former Iran and Beirut Bureau Chief was Ghassan bin Jiddo. He became an influential figure on Al Jazeera with his program Hiwar Maftuh, one of the most frequently watched programs.[60] He also interviewed Nasrallah in 2007 and produced a documentary about Hezbollah.[60] Some suggested that he would even replace Wadah Khanfar.[60] Bin Jiddo resigned after political disagreements with the station.[60]

Personnel killed or injured in service

See also: Shireen_Abu_Akleh § Death

On 11 May 2022, the Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot during an Israeli raid in Jenin. Videos revealed that she was shot in the head while covering Israeli raid in Jenin. She was in a critical condition and was declared dead at the hospital. Al Jazeera alleged that their journalist was a target of the Israeli security forces, which killed her deliberately. The media house called for the international community to hold Israel accountable for Abu Akleh's death. On the other hand, Israel Defence Forces said their security forces was operating “to arrest suspects in terrorist activities” in the region. They claimed the firing was from both sides, that is, the Israeli forces and the Palestinian gunmen.[61][62][63] Abu Akleh's producer was also shot and wounded.[64] Al Jazeera stated that Shireen Abu Akleh was "clearly wearing press jacket that identifies her as a journalist."[65][66]

Reach

Many governments in the Middle East deploy state-run media or government censorship to impact local media coverage and public opinion, leading to international objections regarding press freedom and biased media coverage.[67] Some scholars and commentators use the notion of contextual objectivity,[68] which highlights the tension between objectivity and audience appeal, to describe the station's controversial yet popular news approach.[69]

Increasingly, Al Jazeera Media Network's exclusive interviews and other footage are being rebroadcast in American, British, and other western media outlets such as CNN and the BBC. In January 2003, the BBC announced that it had signed an agreement with Al Jazeera for sharing facilities and information, including news footage.[70]

Al Jazeera's availability (via satellite) throughout the Middle East changed the television landscape of the region. Al Jazeera presented controversial views regarding the governments of many Arab states on the Persian Gulf, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar;[71][72][73][74][75] it also presented controversial views about Syria's relationship with Lebanon, and the Egyptian judiciary. Critics accused Al Jazeera Media Network of sensationalism in order to increase its audience share. Al Jazeera's broadcasts have sometimes resulted in drastic action: for example, when, on 27 January 1999, critics of the Algerian government appeared on the channel's live program El-Itidjah el-Mouakass ("The Opposite Direction"), the Algerian government cut the electricity supply to large parts of the capital Algiers (and allegedly also to large parts of the country) to prevent the program from being seen.[67][68][76][77] Al Jazeera's popularity has been attributed to its in-depth coverage of issues considered to be of great importance to the international Arab population, many of which received minimal attention from other outlets, such as: the Palestinian perspective on the second Intifada, the experiences of Iraqis living through the Iraq war, and the exclusive broadcast of tapes produced by Osama Bin-Laden.[78]

At the time of the aforementioned incident in Algeria, Al Jazeera Media Network was not yet generally known in the Western world, but where it was known, opinion was often favorable[79] and Al Jazeera claimed to be the only politically independent television station in the Middle East. However, it was not until late 2001 that Al Jazeera achieved worldwide recognition, when it broadcast video statements by al-Qaeda leaders.[80]

Some observers have argued that Al Jazeera Media Network has formidable authority as an opinion-maker. Noah Bonsey and Jeb Koogler, for example, writing in the Columbia Journalism Review, argue that the way in which the station covers any future Israeli-Palestinian peace deal could well determine whether or not that deal is actually accepted by the Palestinian public.[81]

The channel's tremendous popularity has also, for better or worse, made it a shaper of public opinion. Its coverage often determines what becomes a story and what does not, as well as how Arab viewers think about issues. Whether in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, or Syria, the stories highlighted and the criticisms aired by guests on Al Jazeera's news programs have often significantly affected the course of events in the region. In Palestine, the station's influence is particularly strong. Recent polling indicates that in the West Bank and Gaza, Al Jazeera is the primary news source for an astounding 53.4 percent of Palestinian viewers. The second and third most watched channels, Palestine TV and Al Arabiya, poll a distant 12.8 percent and 10 percent, respectively. The result of Al Jazeera's market dominance is that it has itself become a mover and shaker in Palestinian politics, helping to craft public perceptions and influence the debate. This has obvious implications for the peace process: how Al Jazeera covers the deliberations and the outcome of any negotiated agreement with Israel will fundamentally shape how it is viewed—and, more importantly, whether it is accepted—by the Palestinian public.

Al Jazeera's broad availability in the Arab world "operat[ing] with less constraint than almost any other Arab outlet, and remain[ing] the most popular channel in the region", has been perceived as playing a part in the Arab Spring, including the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. The New York Times stated in January 2011: "The protests rocking the Arab world this week have one thread uniting them: Al Jazeera, ... whose aggressive coverage has helped propel insurgent emotions from one capital to the next." The newspaper quoted Marc Lynch, a professor of Middle East Studies at George Washington University: "They did not cause these events, but it's almost impossible to imagine all this happening without Al Jazeera."[82]

With Al Jazeera's growing global outreach and influence, some scholars including Adel Iskandar have described the station as a transformation of the very definition of "alternative media."[83] Al Jazeera presents a new direction in the discourse of global news flow and shows voices underrepresented by traditional mainstream media regardless of global imbalances in the flow of information.[84]

Expansion

In 2011, Al Jazeera Media Network launched Al Jazeera Balkans, which is based in Sarajevo and serves the ex-Yugoslavia region in Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian. The look and feel of the network is similar to Al Jazeera English.

Al Jazeera launched a Turkish-language news website in 2014; it was shut down on 3 May 2017.[85]

Al Jazeera English

Main article: Al Jazeera English
 
Al Jazeera English newsroom, 2011

In March 2003, it launched an English-language website.[86]

On 4 July 2005, Al Jazeera officially announced plans to launch a new English-language satellite service to be called Al Jazeera International.[87] The new channel started at 12:00 GMT on 15 November 2006 under the name Al Jazeera English and has broadcast centers in Doha (next to the original Al Jazeera headquarters and broadcast center), London, Kuala Lumpur, and Washington D.C. The channel is a 24-hour, 7-days-a-week news channel, with 12 hours broadcast from Doha, and four hours each from London, Kuala Lumpur, and Washington D.C.

Al Jazeera launched an English language channel, originally called Al Jazeera International, in 2006. Among its staff were journalists hired from ABC's Nightline and other top news outfits. Josh Rushing,[88] a former media handler for CENTCOM during the Iraq war, agreed to provide commentary; David Frost was also on board.[89][90] In an interesting technical feat, the broadcast of the new operation was handed off between bases in Doha, London, Washington, D.C., and Kuala Lumpur on a daily cycle.

The new English language venture faced considerable regulatory and commercial hurdles in the North America market for its perceived sympathy with extremist causes.[91][92][93] At the same time, others felt Al Jazeera's competitive advantage lay in programming in the Arabic language. There were hundreds of millions of potential viewers among the non-Arabic language speaking Muslims in Europe and Asia, however, and many others who might be interested in seeing news from the Middle East read by local voices. If the venture panned out, it would extend the influence of Al Jazeera, and tiny Qatar, beyond even what had been achieved in the station's first decade. In an interesting twist of fate, the BBC World Service was preparing to launch its own Arabic language station in 2007. Today, evidence of U.S. antipathy at the Arabic network has dissipated significantly, though not entirely, several American analysts said in 2013.[94]

Al Jazeera America

Main article: Al Jazeera America

In January 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network purchased Current TV, which was partially owned by former U.S. Vice President Al Gore. Using part of Current TV's infrastructure, Al Jazeera launched an American news channel on 20 August 2013.

Though Current TV had large distribution throughout the United States on cable and satellite television, it averaged only 28,000 viewers at any time.[95] The acquisition of Current TV by Al Jazeera allowed Time Warner Cable to drop the network due to its low ratings, but they released a statement saying that they would consider carrying the channel after they evaluated whether it made sense for their customers.[96][97][98][99][100] Time Warner Cable later began carrying Al Jazeera America in December 2013.

In August 2014, Gore and fellow shareholder Joel Hyatt launched a lawsuit against Al Jazeera claiming a residual payment of $65 million of the sale proceeds, due in 2014, remained unpaid.[101] Al Jazeera later announced a countersuit. In 2016, the case was settled outside of court on the basis of a mutual agreement, under which: Gore and Hyatt had their claims waived, Al Jazeera was ordered to pay the $2.35 million in legal fees incurred by the plaintiffs, and the network forfeited its rights to pursue any indemnification claims related to the ordeal.[102]

On 13 January 2016, Al Jazeera America CEO Al Anstey announced that the network would cease operations on 12 April 2016, citing the "economic landscape".[103]

Sport channels

Main article: beIN Sports

beIN SPORTS, formerly Al Jazeera Sport channels, was legally separated from Al Jazeera Media Network on 1 January 2014 and is now controlled by beIN Media Group.

beIN SPORTS currently operates three channels in France – beIN Sport 1, beIN Sport 2 and beIN Sport MAX – and launched two channels in the United States (English and Spanish) in August 2012.[104] The network also has a Canadian Channel and holds Canadian broadcast rights to several sports properties, The network also has an Australian channel.

beIN Sport holds the rights to broadcast major football tournaments on French television, including Ligue 1, Bundesliga, the UEFA Champions League and the European Football Championships. In the United States and Canada, beIN Sport holds the rights to broadcast La Liga, Serie A, Ligue 1, Copa del Rey, South American World Cup Qualifier and English Championship matches, in addition to Barca TV.[105]

In October 2009, Al Jazeera acquired six sports channels of the ART.[106] On 26 November 2009, Al Jazeera English received approval from the CRTC, which enables Al Jazeera English to broadcast via satellite in Canada.[107]

Availability

The original Al Jazeera channel is available worldwide through various satellite and cable systems.[108] For availability info of the Al Jazeera network's other TV channels, see their respective articles. Segments of Al Jazeera English are uploaded to YouTube or at https://www.aljazeera.com/.[109]

Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. Al Jazeera can be freely viewed with a DVB-S receiver in Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East as it is broadcast on the Astra 1M, Eutelsat Hot Bird 13A, Eutelsat 10A, Badr 4, Turksat 2A, Thor 6, Nilesat 102, Hispasat 1C and Eutelsat 28A satellites. The Optus C1 satellite in Australia carries the channel for free and from July 2012 is available at no extra charge to all subscribers to Australia's Foxtel pay-TV service.

Canada. Al Jazeera is available in Canada on Bell Channel 516, as part of the package "International News I." Al Jazeera is available on Rogers Cable individually. Al Jazeera is also available on Shaw Cable TV Channel 513, as part of the package "Multicultural"

India. On 7 December 2010, Al Jazeera said its English language service has got a downlink license to broadcast in India. Satellite and cable companies would therefore be allowed to broadcast Al Jazeera in the country.[110] The broadcaster will be launched soon on Dish TV, and is considering a Hindi-language channel.[111]

United Kingdom. Al Jazeera English is available on the Sky and Freesat satellite platforms, as well as the standard terrestrial service (branded Freeview), thus making it available to the vast majority of UK households. On 26 November 2013, it launched a HD simulcast on certain terrestrial transmitters.[112]

United States. Al Jazeera English is not widely available, as it is not carried by Xfinity or the other major cable television systems which package and market most commercial television in the United States. It can be viewed online via its live stream on its website, DVB-S, Galaxy 19, and Galaxy 23 C-band satellites.

Following the launch of Al Jazeera America in 2013 until 2016 when the channel folded, Al Jazeera English was not available in the United States. It had been available through live streaming over the Al Jazeera website, DVB-S, Galaxy 19, free to air and Galaxy 23 satellites, and it had been broadcast over the air in the Washington, DC DMA by WNVC on digital channel 30–5, and on digital channel 48.2 in the New York metro area, but those broadcasts were discontinued on 20 August 2013. Al Jazeera English had also been available to cable TV viewers in Toledo, Ohio, Burlington, Vermont, New York City (WRNN rebroadcast), Washington State, and Washington, D.C (a rebroadcast of WNVC's feed), but those sources were switched to Al Jazeera America on 20 August 2013. Many analysts had considered the limited availability of Al Jazeera English in the United States to be effectively a "blackout".[113][114] The live stream and programming over the internet that had been geoblocked was made available to viewers in the United States again in September 2016.

Online. Al Jazeera English can be viewed over the Internet from their official website. The low-resolution version is available free of charge to users of computers and video streaming boxes,[115] and the high-resolution version is available under subscription fees through partner sites. Al Jazeera's English division has also partnered with Livestation for Internet-based broadcasting.[116] This enables Al Jazeera English and Al Jazeera live to be watched worldwide.

On the web

Al Jazeera Media Network's web-based service is accessible subscription-free throughout the world, at a variety of websites.[117] The station launched an English-language edition of its online content in March 2003. This English language website was relaunched on 15 November 2006, along with the launch of Al Jazeera English. The English and Arabic sections are editorially distinct, with their own selection of news and comment. Al Jazeera and Al Jazeera English are streamed live on the official site,[118][119] as well as on YouTube.[120][121] On 13 April 2009 Al Jazeera launched versions of its English and Arabic sites suitable for mobile devices.

The Arabic version of the site was brought offline for about 10 hours by an FBI raid on its ISP, InfoCom Corporation, on 5 September 2001. InfoCom was later convicted of exporting to Syria and Gaddafi-ruled Libya, of knowingly being invested in by a Hamas member (both of which are illegal in the United States), and of underpaying customs duties.[122]

In 2014, Al Jazeera Media Network launched an online only channel called AJ+. The channel is based out of the former Current TV studios in San Francisco and has outposts in Doha, Kuala Lumpur and other locations. It is independent of all of Al Jazeera's other channels and is mostly in an on demand format. The channel launched on 13 June 2014 on with a preview on YouTube. This was followed in 2017 by the launch of Jetty, a podcast network which is also based out of the former Current TV studios in San Francisco.

In 2018, Al Jazeera launched a Mandarin-language news website. It is the first Arabic news provider to target the Chinese audience. The staff of the project will be in contact with their audience via Chinese social media like Weibo, Meipai and WeChat.[123]

In 2021, Al Jazeera launched a new online platform called "Rightly" aimed at a conservative US audience. "Right Now with Stephen Kent" is Rightly's first show and is an opinion-led, in-studio interview program hosted by Stephen Kent. Right Now is available on YouTube[124] and as a podcast.[125] It was reported that over 100 staff at Al Jazeera signed an open letter to management objecting to the launch,[126] with some of them voicing their unhappiness with Rightly on Twitter.[127] In 2022, Al Jazeera reportedly stopped creating content for the program.[128]

Creative Commons

On 13 January 2009 Al Jazeera Media Network released some of its broadcast quality footage from Gaza under a Creative Commons license. Contrary to business "All Rights Reserved" standards, the license invites third parties, including rival broadcasters, to reuse and remix the footage, so long as Al Jazeera is credited. The videos are hosted on blip.tv, which allows easy downloading and integration with Miro.[129][130][131][132][133][134][135]

Al Jazeera Media Network also offers over 2,000 Creative Commons-licensed still photos at their Flickr account.

Citizen journalism

Al Jazeera Media Network accepts user-submitted photos and videos about news events through a Your Media page, and this content may be featured on the website or in broadcasts.[136]

The channel used the Ushahidi platform to collect information and reports about the Gaza War, through Twitter, SMS and the website.[137][138]

Plans

Future projects in other languages include Al Jazeera Urdu, an Urdu language channel to cater mainly to Pakistanis.[139] A Kiswahili service called Al Jazeera Kiswahili was to be based in Nairobi and broadcast in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.[140] However, those plans were cancelled due to budget constraints.[141]

The channel also has plans to launch a Spanish-language news network to cater mainly to Spain and Hispanic America, like the Iranian cable TV network HispanTV. Al Jazeera has also been reported to be planning to launch an international newspaper.[142] Al Jazeera Arabic began using a chroma key studio on 13 September 2009. Similar to Sky News, Al Jazeera broadcast from that studio while the channel's main newsroom was given a new look. The channel relaunched, with new graphics and music along with a new studio, on 1 November 2009, the 13th birthday of the channel.

Controversies

Main article: Al Jazeera controversies and criticism

While Al Jazeera has a large audience in the Middle East, the organization and the original Arabic channel in particular have been criticised and involved in a number of controversies.

Bullying and harassment

In 2022, many staff alleged that there was bullying and harassment at Al Jazeera.

The allegations emerged after veteran broadcaster Kamahl Santamaria abruptly quit his job at New Zealand state broadcaster TVNZ amid harassment complaints, shortly after he moved there from Al Jazeera.

Investigations found he had been the subject of multiple complaints at Al Jazeera before moving to New Zealand, and that Al Jazeera staff had also accused other senior employees of harassment or bullying. It was claimed that this behaviour was tolerated at Al Jazeera.[143]

Bahrain

In May 2000, Bahrain banned Al Jazeera's broadcasts due to the channel's comments about Bahrain's municipal elections, labelling it as "serving Zionism".[144]

United States

Several Al Jazeera staff were killed by U.S. military friendly-fire incidents. The United-States-controlled Iraqi interim government closed the offices of Al Jazeera in Baghdad in August 2004 during the United States occupation of Iraq.[145] The interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawi then accused the channel of inciting hatred in the country.[145] At the end of April 2013, the Iraqi government led by Nouri Al Maliki once again ordered Al Jazeera to stop broadcasting due to the alleged role of the channel in encouraging the sectarian unrest.[146] In response to the restrictions imposed by Al Maliki, Al Jazeera issued a statement in which the organization expressed its astonishment at the development, and reiterated their assertion, "We cover all sides of the stories in Iraq, and have done for many years." The network further objected to the ban, saying, "The fact that so many channels have been hit all at once though suggests this is an indiscriminate decision. We urge the authorities to uphold freedom for the media to report the important stories taking place in Iraq."[147]

In 2019, congressman Jack Bergman wrote in the Washington Examiner that "Al Jazeera's record of radical anti-American, anti-Semitic, and anti-Israel broadcasts warrants scrutiny from regulators to determine whether this network is in violation of US law".[148]

Egypt's Tahrir Square

During the 2011 Egyptian protests, on 30 January the Egyptian government ordered the TV channel to close its offices. The next day Egyptian security forces arrested six Al Jazeera journalists for several hours and seized their camera equipment. There were also reports of disruption in Al Jazeera Mubasher's Broadcast to Egypt.[149][150][151] The channel was also criticized for being sympathetic to Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood and former IAEA director Mohammed ElBaradei. It was closed for the same reasons in September 2013.[152] Twenty-two members of staff of Al Jazeera's Egyptian bureau announced their resignation on 8 July 2013, citing biased coverage of the ongoing Egyptian power redistribution in favour of the Muslim Brotherhood.[153][154][155] Al Jazeera says that the resignations were due to pressure from the Egyptian military.

Syria

Al Jazeera has been criticized over unfair coverage of the Syrian Civil War. The channel's reporting has been described as largely supportive of the rebels, while demonizing the Syrian government. The Lebanese newspaper As-Safir cited outtakes of interviews showing that the channel's staff coached Syrian eyewitnesses and fabricated reports of oppression by Syria's government.[156] In January 2013, a former Al Jazeera employee from Syria stated their belief that there was ongoing strong pressure to conform to biased coverage of the Syrian Civil War.[157][158] However, according to Pew Research Center study, in its coverage of the Syrian crisis, Al Jazeera America cable news channel provided viewers with content that often resembles what Americans saw on other U.S. cable news outlets.[159]

India five-day ban

The Indian government banned the Al Jazeera TV channel in April 2015 for five telecast days as it repeatedly displayed disputed maps of India.[160] The suspension concerns maps of Pakistan used in 2013 and 2014 that did not demarcate the part of Kashmir under Pakistani control (Pakistan-administered Kashmir) as a separate territory. Once notified by Indian authorities, the channel said it ensured all maps from 22 September 2014, onward used dotted lines and unique shading for the disputed portions.[161]

Israel

On 19 July 2008, Al Jazeera TV broadcast a program from Lebanon which covered the "welcome-home" festivities for Samir Kuntar, a Lebanese citizen who had been imprisoned in Israel for killing four people in a Palestine Liberation Front raid from Lebanon into Israel.[162][163] In the program, the head of Al Jazeera's Beirut office, Ghassan bin Jiddo, praised Kuntar as a "pan-Arab hero" and organized a birthday party for him. In response, Israel's Government Press Office (GPO) announced a boycott of the channel, which was to include a general refusal by Israeli officials to be interviewed by the station, and a ban on its correspondents from entering government offices in Jerusalem. A few days later an official letter was issued by Al Jazeera's director general, Wadah Khanfar, in which he admitted that the program violated the station's Code of Ethics and that he had ordered the channel's programming director to take steps to ensure that such an incident does not recur.[164][165]

On 15 March 2010, Channel Ten (Israel) broadcast a video story about the Coastal Road massacre on 11 March 1978, with two photographs of a victim and an attacker, both women, with Al Jazeera's logo. Photographer Shmuel Rahmani, who took these photos, sued Al Jazeera in the Jerusalem District Court, for copyright infringement of the two photographs. On 19 February 2014, the court ruled that Al Jazeera would pay 73,500 ILS to Rahmani.[166] On 23 November 2017, a second verdict of 30,000 ILS against Al Jazeera was made in the Nazareth District Court. At the end of 2017, a third lawsuit was brought by Michael Ganoe,[167] an American Evangelical Christian activist who has lived in Israel, in the Tel Aviv District Court, after infringing copyrights of his private videos of volunteering for the Israel Defense Forces, in which he was also compared by an independently produced documentary for Al Jazeera network to volunteering for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[168] On 15 November 2018, Ganoe won in a settlement deal NIS 96,199 from Al Jazeera.[169]

Website attacks

Immediately after its launch in 2003, the English site was attacked by one or several hackers, who launched denial-of-service attacks, and another hacker who redirected visitors to a site featuring a Flag of the United States.[170][171] Both events were widely reported as Al Jazeera's website having been attacked by "hackers".[172] In November 2003, John William Racine II, also known as 'John Buffo', was sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service and a $1,500 U.S. fine for the online disruption. Racine posed as an Al Jazeera employee to get a password to the network's site, then redirected visitors to a page he created that showed an American flag shaped like a U.S. map and a patriotic motto, court documents said.[173] In June 2003, Racine pleaded guilty to wire fraud and unlawful interception of an electronic communication.[174][175][176] As of 2012, the perpetrators of the denial-of-service attacks remain unknown.

Shariah and Life

Shariah and Life (al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh) is an Al Jazeera Arabic show with an estimated audience of 60 million worldwide and stars Muslim preacher Yusuf al-Qaradawi, who is described as "Islam's Spiritual 'Dear Abby'".[177][178] The format of Sharia and Life is similar to that of al-Qaradawi's earlier programing on Qatar TV as well as Egyptian television shows going as far back as the 1960s. Programs interpreting the Quran or dealing with religious issues were popular from Morocco to Saudi Arabia.[179] The now defunct show has been the repeated subject of controversy. In January 2009, Qaradawi stated: "Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the [Jews] people who would punish them for their corruption. The last punishment was carried out by [Adolf] Hitler." In October 2010, Qaradawi was asked if Muslims should acquire nuclear weapons "to terrorize their enemies." Qaradawi said he was pleased Pakistan had such a weapon, that the goal of nuclear weapons would be permissible, and provided religious justification quoting Qur'anic verses urging Muslims "to terrorize thereby the enemy of God and your enemy."[180][181][182]

Censorship in a documentary about slavery

In August 2018, it was reported that Al Jazeera had censored the documentary series Rotas da Escravatura , a joint European series by French channel Arte, Portuguese RTP and LX Filmes. The entire first episode, which dealt with "the process that led the Muslim Empire to enduringly weave an immense network of slave trade across Africa, the Middle East and Asia" was deleted. In return, the television network claimed that slavery in Africa was a practice founded by the Portuguese.[183]

Widespread Muslim involvement in the slave trade is a fact historically established by historians; among others, Bernard Lewis addressed this theme in his book Race and Slavery in the Middle Eastː an Historical Inquiry.

Editorial independence

Al Jazeera Media Network is a "Private Foundation of Public Benefit" under Qatari law.[184] Under this structure, Al Jazeera Media Network receives funding from the government of Qatar, but maintains its editorial independence.[185][186][5] Critics have accused Al Jazeera of supporting the positions of the Qatari government[74][75][187][188][73][72] though Al Jazeera platforms and channels have published content that has been critical of Qatar or has run counter to Qatari laws and norms.[71][189][190][73][72][improper synthesis?] Al Jazeera's editorial independence has been affirmed by journalism associations and organizations including the National Press Club and Reporters Without Borders.[186][185]

In 2010, United States Department of State internal communications, released by WikiLeaks as part of the 2010 diplomatic cables leak, said that the Qatar government manipulates Al Jazeera coverage to suit political interests.[191][192]

In September 2012, The Guardian reported that Al Jazeera's editorial independence came into question when the channel's director of news, Salah Negm, stepped in at the last minute to order that a two-minute video covering a UN debate over the Syrian civil war include a speech by the leader of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. Although the order came from internal editorial staff, staff members protested that the speech was not the most important aspect of the debate, and that it was a repetition of previous calls for Arab intervention.[193][excessive detail?][relevant? – discuss]

On 11 January 2015, The Week published a report describing Al Jazeera as a non-biased network.[194]

Awards

Main article: List of awards awarded to Al Jazeera English
  • In March 2003, Al Jazeera was awarded by Index on Censorship for its "courage in circumventing censorship and contributing to the free exchange of information in the Arab world."[195]
  • In April 2004, the Webby Awards nominated Al Jazeera as one of the five best news Web sites, along with BBC News, National Geographic, RocketNews and The Smoking Gun. According to Tiffany Shlain, the founder of the Webby Awards, this caused a controversy as [other media organisations] "felt it was a risk-taking site".[196]
  • In 2004, Al Jazeera was voted by brandchannel.com readers as the fifth most influential global brand behind Apple Computer, Google, IKEA and Starbucks.[197]
  • In January 2013, Al Jazeera was nominated for the Responsible Media of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards.[198]
  • In 2019 Al Jazeera Investigations Unit won the Walkley Awards for "Scoop of the Year".[199]
  • In 2021 Al Jazeera received a journalism award by Hamas as a result of the network's coverage of the latest Gaza conflict.[200]

Selected documentaries

Competitors

  • Al Mayadeen is a pan-Arabist satellite television channel supported by the Islamic Republic of Iran. It was launched on 11 June 2012 in Lebanon. The channel, claims Gulf-supported media[who?], aims at reducing the influence of the Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya networks, both funded by oil-rich Sunni Arab countries in the Persian Gulf. However, it is said to plan to present an alternative to mainstream Arab satellite media, largely dominated by these two channels.
  • In response to Al Jazeera, a group of Saudi investors created Al Arabiya in the first quarter of 2003. Despite (especially initial) skepticism over the station's Saudi funding (cf. History) and a perception of censorship of anti-Saudi content,[208] Al Arabiya has successfully emulated Al Jazeera, garnered a significant audience share, and has also become involved in controversy – Al Arabiya has been severely criticised by the Iraqi and US authorities and once had journalists killed on the job.[209][210]
  • In order to counter a perceived bias of Al Jazeera, the U.S. government in 2004 founded Al Hurra ("the free one"). Al Hurra is forbidden to broadcast to the US under the provisions of the Smith–Mundt Act. A Zogby poll found that 1% of Arab viewers watch Al Hurra as their first choice.[211] while an Ipsos-MENA poll from March–May 2008 showed that Al Hurra was drawing more viewers in Iraq than Al Jazeera.[212] Citing these figures, Alvin Snyder, author and former USIA executive, referred to Al Hurra as a "go to" network in Iraq.[213]
  • Another competitor is Al Alam, established in 2003 by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, which broadcasts continuously. It seeks to address the most challenging issues of the Shia Muslim and Arab world and the Middle East.
  • A further competitor is the Rusiya Al-Yaum channel – the first Russian TV news channel broadcasting in Arabic and headquartered in Moscow, Russia. Rusiya Al-Yaum started broadcasting on 4 May 2007. The Channel is established and operated by RIA Novosti, the same news agency that launched Russia Today TV in December 2005 to deliver a Russian perspective on news to English-speaking audiences, and "Rusiya Al-Yaum" is indeed a translation of "Russia Today" into Arabic.
  • The BBC launched BBC Arabic Television on 11 March 2008, an Arabic-language news channel in North Africa and the Middle East.[214] This is the second time that the BBC has launched an Arabic language TV channel; as mentioned above, the demise of the original BBC World Service Arabic TV channel had at least contributed to the founding of the original Al Jazeera Arabic TV channel.
  • Deutsche Welle began broadcasting in Arabic in 2002. On 12 September 2011, the German international broadcaster launched DW (Arabia), its Arabic language television channel for North Africa and the Middle East.[215] The network has expanded from an initial two-hour block to 16 hours of daily programming in Arabic starting March 2014. The schedule is completed with 8 hours of English language programming. In February 2014, DW (Arabia) announced the acquisition of reprise transmission rights of Egyptian satirist Bassem Youssef's popular show AlBernameg.[216]
  • On 4 April 2010. TRT Arabi, the Arabic speaking channel of the Turkish national public broadcaster, was launched leading to a more consolidated role of Turkey in the Arab world.
  • When Euronews started broadcasting its programs in Arabic on 12 July 2008, it entered into competition with Al Jazeera. Arabic is the eighth language in which Euronews is broadcast, after English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese.
  • Since the launch of Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera directly competes with BBC World News and CNN International, as do a growing number of other international broadcasters such as Deutsche Welle, France 24, NHK World, RT, Press TV, CGTN, TRT World and WION.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It functions as state media with regards to reporting on Qatar itself, due to restrictions on freedom of speech by law. When it comes to reporting about other countries and their governments it functions more like a public broadcaster

References

  1. ^ Habib Toumi (13 July 2011). "Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation". Gulf News. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  2. ^ Bridges, Scott (19 October 2012). "How Al Jazeera took on the (English-speaking) world". Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  3. ^ "Translation". The name "Al Jazeera" means "The Island."
  4. ^ Dunleavy, Jerry (19 June 2019). "Al Jazeera pushes back on GOP effort to force it to register as a foreign agent". Washington Examiner.
  5. ^ a b Souag, Mostefa (5 October 2018). "National Press Club Declares Support For Al Jazeera". National Press Club Press Release.
  6. ^ See Law No 10 of 2011 on the Conversion of Al Jazeera Satellite Network to a Private Corporation for the Public Benefit promulgated in accordance with provisions of Decree-Law No. 21 of 2006 Regarding Private Foundations for the Public Benefit (amended 2007) issued under the constitution-amendment statute Law no (22) of 2004 Regarding Promulgating the Civil Code (ibid. Articles 53–54). Parent holding Al Jazeera Media Network has its world headquarters registered under the same proviso (cf. Australia's Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act (amended 2019) and Broadcasting Services Act (amended 2020), France's Signature of first contract of objectives and means between the State and France Médias Monde, Germany's Deutsche Welle Act (amended 2004), Japan's The Broadcast Act (amended 2010), United Kingdom's BBC Royal Charter (amended 2017) & Broadcasting Act (amended 1996), United States' International Broadcasting Act (amended 2016) & Public Broadcasting Act).
  7. ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (23 June 2017). "Will Qatar agree to Arab countries' new list of demands? Unlikely". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 30 June 2017.
  8. ^ "Inside Al Jazeera: Is the pan-Arab channel a propaganda outfit or an essential voice?". The World. 10 June 2015. from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  9. ^ "The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  10. ^ "Why Al Jazeera is under threat". The Economist. 1 July 2017. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Arabic in Graphic Design: Al Jazeera's Cartouche". Fight.Boredom. Cloudjammer Creative Network. 18 February 2008. from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
  12. ^ "AL JAZEERA TV: The History of the Controversial Middle East News Station Arabic News Satellite Channel History of the Controversial Station". Allied-media. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d Powers, Shawn (December 2009). The Geopolitics of the News: The Case of the Al Jazeera Network (Dissertation thesis). University of Southern California. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  14. ^ "France seeks to soothe Arab anger over porn film". Hürriyet Daily News. from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  15. ^ "A decade of growth". Al Jazeera. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  16. ^ Joel Campagna (October 2001). "Between Two Worlds". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  17. ^ a b "Al Jazeera America pulls the plug amid energy slump". Deutsche Welle. 14 January 2016. from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  18. ^ Joe Eskenazi (17 October 2003). "Al-Jazeera not 'all bin Laden, all the time,' D.C. bureau chief says". Jweekly. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  19. ^ Fouad Ajami (18 November 2001). "What the Muslim World Is Watching". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  20. ^ Jason Gay (29 October 2001). "CNN Snaps Back to Action". The New York Observer. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  21. ^ Risen, James (12 December 2001). "A nation challenged – Interview With bin Laden Makes the Rounds". The New York Times. New York City; Great Britain; Washington (DC); Afghanistan. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  22. ^ Mohammed El-Nawawy, 2003. Al-jazeera: The Story of the Network That Is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, p. 166, [1]
  23. ^ "Al-Jazeera Kabul offices hit in US raid". BBC News. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  24. ^ Peter Feuilherade (20 February 2003). "Al-Jazeera competitor launches". BBC News. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  25. ^ Seib, P (2012). Al Jazeera English: Global News in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillian. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-230-34021-3.
  26. ^ Jonathan Steele (8 April 2003). "Obituary: Tareq Ayyoub". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  27. ^ "Foreign media suffer Baghdad losses". BBC News. 8 April 2003. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  28. ^ Robert Fisk: The Independent, 2 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011
  29. ^ "Tunisia: A media led revolution?". www.aljazeera.com.
  30. ^ Miles, Hugh (9 February 2011). "Foreign Policy: The Al-Jazeera Effect". NPR.
  31. ^ Wintour, Patrick (23 June 2017). "'Close al-Jazeera': Saudi Arabia gives Qatar 13 demands to end blockade". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  32. ^ CNBC.com, Abid Ali; special to (23 June 2017). "Amid Gulf blockade of Qatar, attempts to muzzle Al-Jazeera are likely to fail". CNBC.
  33. ^ "Arab states issue list of demands to end Qatar crisis". Al Jazeera. 11 July 2017.
  34. ^ "Qatar row: Arab states send list of steep demands". BBC News. 23 June 2017.
  35. ^ "Arab states issue 13 demands to end Qatar-Gulf crisis". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  36. ^ "Unacceptable call for Al Jazeera's closure in Gulf crisis". 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  37. ^ a b Kottasová, Ivana (3 July 2017). "Al Jazeera journalists: Don't treat us like 'criminals'". CNN Business. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  38. ^ "The Guardian view on al-Jazeera: muzzling journalism". 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Misguided Attacks on Al Jazeera". The New York Times. 21 June 2017.
  40. ^ Alkhalisi, Zahraa. "Al Jazeera blocked by Saudi Arabia, Qatar blames fake news". CNN. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  41. ^ Cockburn, Patrick (12 March 2014). "Saudi Arabia closes local al Jazeera office over Qatar's backing for the Muslim Brotherhood". Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  42. ^ "Jordan revokes Al-Jazeera license amid Qatar tensions". CPJ. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  43. ^ "Saudi Arabia bans Al Jazeera channels in hotels". Al Jazeera. 9 June 2017.
  44. ^ Tamkin, Emily (8 June 2017). "Al Jazeera Media Network Hit by Massive Hack". Foreign Policy Magazine. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  45. ^ "Al Jazeera off the table in any Gulf crisis talks: FM". Al Jazeera. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  46. ^ Ahmed, Akbar Shahid (3 June 2017). "Someone Is Using These Leaked Emails To Embarrass Washington's Most Powerful Ambassador". HuffPost. from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  47. ^ "ANALYSIS: UAE envoy's hacked emails and Qatar's escalating Gulf rift". Al Arabiya English. Al Arabiya. 4 June 2017. from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  48. ^ "Dubai security chief calls for bombing of Al Jazeera". Al Jazeera.
  49. ^ . en.farsnews.ir. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  50. ^ a b "Qatar 1996 coup plot: New details reveal Saudi-UAE backing". Al Jazeera. 17 December 2018.
  51. ^ "قرقاش يكذّب "مرتزقا" فرنسيا ربط الإمارات بمحاولة انقلاب 1996 بقطر". CNN. 17 December 2018.
  52. ^ a b c Light, Joe (10 October 2019). "Al Jazeera Target of U.A.E. Campaign in U.S. to Hobble Network". Bloomberg.
  53. ^ Twitter Safety (20 September 2019). "Disclosing new data to our archive of information operations" – via Twitter.
  54. ^ Hugh Miles, 2005. Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press, p.346, Books.Google.com
  55. ^ Naomi Sakr, 2001. Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization & the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, p. 57, Books.google.com
  56. ^ Naomi Sakr, 2001. Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization & the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 58, Books.Google.com
  57. ^ Hugh Miles, 2005. Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press, p. 347, Books.Google.com
  58. ^ "Qatar's Al-Jazeera livens up Arab TV scene". BBC. 7 January 1999. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  59. ^ . Doha News. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  60. ^ a b c d . Arabian Business. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  61. ^ "Shireen Abu Akleh: Al Jazeera journalist shot dead in West Bank". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  62. ^ "Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh shot and killed in West Bank". CNN. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  63. ^ "Al Jazeera says reporter killed in West Bank". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  64. ^ "Al Jazeera reporter killed during Israeli raid in West Bank". BBC News. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  65. ^ "Al Jazeera correspondent Sherine Abu Aqla was killed by the Israeli Occupation Forces". Al Jazeera Media Network. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  66. ^ Gold, Hadas; Salman, Abeer; Tal, Amir. "Al Jazeera reporter Shireen Abu Akleh shot dead while covering Israeli operation in West Bank". CNN. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  67. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2006. TV programme feat. Lawrence Velvel, Dean of the Mass. School of Law, interviewing author Hugh Miles who reveals a lot about the channel (a, c: 48:30, b: 55:00)
  68. ^ a b El-Nawawy and Iskandar. Al-Jazeera: How the free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East. Westview. cf.Further reading
  69. ^ . TBS Journal.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  70. ^ BBC in news deal with Arabic TV BBC News, published 17 January 2003
  71. ^ a b "Amnesty International: Labor abuses still 'rampant' in Qatar". Al Jazeera. 1 December 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  72. ^ a b c "Qatar 'fake news' law signals 'worrying regression': Rights group". Al Jazeera. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  73. ^ a b c "Qatar criticised over migrant worker 'abuse'". Al Jazeera. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  74. ^ a b "Christopher Ingraham compares death toll of past events to Qatar". 28 May 2015.
  75. ^ a b "ILO slams Qatar Airways for sexist policies". Al Jazeera and Agence France-Presse. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  76. ^ Nicolas Eliades. (PDF). Peace & Conflict Monitor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2006.
  77. ^ . meib.org. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  78. ^ "Al-Jazeera's popularity and impact". BBC. 1 November 2006.
  79. ^ E.g. in 1999, The New York Times reporter Thomas L. Friedman called Al-Jazeera "the freest, most widely watched TV network in the Arab world". – Friedman, Thomas L. (12 February 1999). "Fathers and Sons". The New York Times: A27.
  80. ^ Westcott, Kathryn (14 November 2002). "Al Jazeera and Bin Laden". BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  81. ^ CJR.org, Does the Path to Middle East Peace Stop in Doha?
  82. ^ "Seizing a Moment, Al Jazeera Galvanizes Arab Frustration", The New York Times, 27 January 2011
  83. ^ . TBS Journal. 22 July 2003. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  84. ^ Powers, Shawn; el-Nawawy, Mohammed (2009). "Al-Jazeera English and global news networks: clash of civilizations or cross-cultural dialogue?". Media, War & Conflict. 2 (3): 263–284. doi:10.1177/1750635209345185. S2CID 144850273.
  85. ^ "Al Jazeera Türk stops operating in Turkey". Daily Sabah. 3 May 2017.
  86. ^ . www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
  87. ^ . Web.archive. 10 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 July 2005. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  88. ^ Matthew Power (June 2006). . Matthew Power: GQ. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  89. ^ Deborah Soloman (12 February 2006). "Bye-Bye, BBC". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  90. ^ "David Frost joins al-Jazeera TV". BBC News. 7 October 2005. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  91. ^ Jamal Dajani (21 November 2006). . New America Media. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  92. ^ Tony Burman (17 November 2006). . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  93. ^ "Al-Jazeera English TV date set". BBC News. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  94. ^ Martinez, Michael (4 January 2013). "Once called 'terror network,' Al Jazeera America dares to enter U.S. cable market". CNN.
  95. ^ Stelter, Brian (13 January 2012). "Current TV Finds a Good Number Within Its Tiny Ratings". The New York Times.
  96. ^ . Al Jazeera. 4 April 2013. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  97. ^ "Al Jazeera buys Al Gore's Current TV". CNN. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  98. ^ "Al Jazeera buys US channel Current TV". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  99. ^ "Al Jazeera targets US expansion after buying Current TV". BBC. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  100. ^ Calderone, Michael (3 January 2013). "Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera's U.S. Network". HuffPost. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  101. ^ "Al Gore alleges breach of contract in Al Jazeera lawsuit". Boston Star. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  102. ^ "Gore Suit Over Al Jazeera Fee Advancement Rights Settled - Law360". law360.com. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  103. ^ "Al Jazeera America to Shut Down". The Hollywood Reporter. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  104. ^ Al Jazeera to Kick Off Pair of Soccer Channels in U.S. this August Bleacher Report, 2 June 2012
  105. ^ "beIN SPORTS North America's Premier Sports TV Network". beIN SPORTS US. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  106. ^ "Arab Media Outlook 2009–2013" (PDF). Dubai Press Club and Value Partners. (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  107. ^ . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  108. ^ . www.allied-media.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007.
  109. ^ "Al Jazeera YouTube Channel". 23 November 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2012 – via YouTube.
  110. ^ Machado, Kenan (7 December 2010). "Al Jazeera English to Broadcast in India". The Wall Street Journal.
  111. ^ . CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  112. ^ "Al Jazeera launches on Freeview HD". Al Jazeera. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  113. ^ Grim, Ryan (30 January 2011) Al Jazeera English Blacked Out Across Most Of U.S., The Huffington Post
  114. ^ Ronnie Lovler (20 February 2011). "Absence of Al Jazeera English in US is troubling". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  115. ^ "Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com.
  116. ^ "Watch Al Jazeera English on your PC". Livestation. 5 January 2012. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  117. ^ "How to watch Al Jazeera English online". Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  118. ^ "Al Jazeera Livestream". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  119. ^ "Al Jazeera English: Live Stream". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  120. ^ "Al Jazeera Channel". from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011 – via YouTube.
  121. ^ "Al Jazeera English". from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011 – via YouTube.
  122. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2006.
  123. ^ "Al Jazeera launches Mandarin-language website". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  124. ^ "Rightly - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  125. ^ Kent, Right Now with Stephen. "Right Now with Stephen Kent". Google Podcasts. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  126. ^ "Al Jazeera staff say rightwing platform will 'irreparably tarnish' brand". The Guardian. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  127. ^ Cohn, Alicia (25 February 2021). "Al Jazeera doubles down on conservative channel despite staff criticism". The Hill. from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  128. ^ Yang, Maya (19 January 2022). "Al Jazeera winds down Rightly, its conservative US media project – report". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  129. ^ . cc.aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  130. ^ Benenson, Fred (13 January 2009). "Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository". creativecommons.org. from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  131. ^ Steuer, Eric (13 January 2009). . creativecommons.org. Archived from the original on 18 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  132. ^ Cohen, Noam (11 January 2009). . International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  133. ^ . Al Jazeera Creative Commons Repository. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  134. ^ Andrews, Robert (14 November 2009). . paidcontent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  135. ^ Ito, Joi (14 January 2009). "Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository". ito. from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  136. ^ . Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  137. ^ . Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  138. ^ Ekine, Sokari (9 January 2009). "Ushahidi Platform Used to Document Congo, Gaza Crises". MediaShift. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
  139. ^ . Ameinfo. 16 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  140. ^ "Aljazeera Swahili Formally Announce Recruitment". Thejackalnews.com. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  141. ^ "Qatar Scraps Plans for Al-Jazeera Kiswahili". Jackal News. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  142. ^ Al Jazeera plans to launch Arab newspaper 4 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Arabian Business; 4 November 2006
  143. ^ "Al Jazeera staff allege harassment and bullying went unchecked". BBC News. 17 October 2022.
  144. ^ Derhally, Massoud (29 July 2002). "Al Jazeera row causes Saudi Al Watan to attack Qatari FM". Arabian Business. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  145. ^ a b . Al Ahram Weekly. 703. 18 August 2004. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  146. ^ Parker, Ned (28 April 2013). "Iraq shuts down 10 television channels". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  147. ^ "Iraq bans al-Jazeera and nine other TV channels over 'sectarian bias'". The Guardian. Associated Press. 29 April 2013. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  148. ^ "The mask drops at Al Jazeera". Washington Examiner. 4 June 2019.
  149. ^ "Live blog 30/1 – Egypt protests". Al Jazeera. 30 January 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  150. ^ "Al Jazeera camera equipment seized". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  151. ^ "Media should be able to report freely in Egypt, says al-Jazeera". Manila News. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  152. ^ . Natunbarta. 4 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  153. ^ Mohamed Hassan Shaban (10 July 2013). . Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  154. ^ Jessica Chasmar (9 July 2013). "'We aired lies': Al-Jazeera staff quit over biased Egypt coverage". The Washington Times. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  155. ^ Robert F. Worth (10 July 2013). "Egypt Is Arena for Influence of Arab Rivals". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
  156. ^ "Al-Jazeera Gets Rap as Qatar Mouthpiece". Bloomberg.
  157. ^ An exclusive interview with a news editor of Al-Jazeera Channel at AxisOfLogin
  158. ^ at FilmBoxOffice
  159. ^ "How Al Jazeera Tackled the Crisis Over Syria". 16 September 2013.
  160. ^ "Al Jazeera Penalised for Showing Wrong Map of India, Off Air for 5 Days". NDTV.com. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  161. ^ "India Suspends Al-Jazeera Broadcast Over Map Dispute". Time.
  162. ^ Kraft, Dina (16 July 2008). "Prisoner Deal Reopens an Israeli Wound". The New York Times | nytimes.com. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  163. ^ "MK confirms for first time: Israel killed Samir Kuntar". The Times of Israel. 27 February 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  164. ^ Stern, Yoav (7 August 2008). "VIDEO / Al-Jazeera Admits to 'Unethical' Behavior Over Kuntar Party". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  165. ^ "GPO to sanction Al-Jazeera over Kuntar party". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  166. ^ Articles 15 and 31 in the verdict which was made by the Judge Rafael Yaacobi on 19 February 2014 in case 45542-12-11, Shmuel Rahmani vs Al Jazeera International Limited and Al Jazeera Satellite Network
  167. ^ Grossman, Judah Ari (4 January 2016). "IDF allows anti-Islam activist to spread hate, chocolate to soldiers". Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  168. ^ Ashraf Mashharawi (23 August 2017). "Israel's Volunteer Soldiers". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 November 2018. What drives foreign nationals to join the Israeli army, both as paid soldiers and unpaid volunteers?
  169. ^ Netael Bandel (18 November 2018). "Al-Jazeera will pay compensation for a story which compares the IDF to Da'ash". Makor Rishon (in Hebrew).
  170. ^ Al Jazeera and the Net – free speech, but don't say that by John Lettice; The Register; 7 April 2003
  171. ^ Al-Jazeera hacker pleads guilty BBC News; 13 June 2003
  172. ^ . 26 March 2003. Archived from the original on 14 February 2004. by Dominic Timms; Guardian Unlimited; 26 March 2003
  173. ^ Al-Jazeera cracker charged by John Leyden; The Register; 12 June 2003
  174. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  175. ^ Lemos, Robert. "Guilty plea in Al Jazeera site hack". CNET.
  176. ^ Leyden, John. "Al Jazeera hacker gets community service". www.theregister.com.
  177. ^ No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009", Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
  178. ^ Smoltczyk, Alexander (15 February 2011). "Islam's Spiritual 'Dear Abby': The Voice of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  179. ^ Cherribi, Sam (25 January 2018). Fridays of Rage: Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and Political Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199337385 – via Google Books.
  180. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (23 February 2011). "Sheikh Qaradawi Seeks Total War". The Atlantic. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  181. ^ Sherry Ricchiardi (April 2011). . American Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012.
  182. ^ The Anti-Defamation League. . ADL. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  183. ^ Tavares, Pedro S. (17 August 2018). "Al Jazeera corta papel dos muçulmanos na escravatura e culpa portugueses". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  184. ^ Markay, Lachlan (3 March 2021). "DOJ pressed to enforce Al Jazeera foreign agent ruling". Axios. Axios. Retrieved 24 February 2022. "Al Jazeera Media Network is a Private Foundation for Public Benefit under Qatari law; it is not owned by Qatar, and its content is not directed or controlled by the Qatari government nor does it reflect any government viewpoint,” a spokesperson told Axios Tuesday in an emailed statement.
  185. ^ a b "National Press Club Declares Support For Al Jazeera". National Press Club Press Release. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  186. ^ a b "US - RSF concerned by calls for Al Jazeera to register as "foreign agent"". Reporters Without Borders. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  187. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (10 July 2013). "Why Does Al Jazeera Love a Hateful Islamic Extremist?". bloombergview.com. Bloomberg L.P.
  188. ^ "AL JAZEERA: US Government Funded Anti-Muslim Brotherhood Activists". Business Insider. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  189. ^ "ILO slams Qatar Airways for sexist policies". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  190. ^ AJ+ (28 May 2015). "Human toll of FIFA corruption: @washingtonpost's Christopher Ingraham compares death toll of past events to Qatar". @ajplus. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  191. ^ Robert, Booth (6 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy". The Guardian. London. from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  192. ^ Booth, Robert (5 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  193. ^ Dan Sabbagh (30 September 2012). "Al-Jazeera's political independence questioned amid Qatar intervention". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  194. ^ "Is Al Jazeera a legitimate news channel?". The Week. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  195. ^ Index: Free speaking voices in the wilderness 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  196. ^ "The Webby Awards". Web.archive. 29 May 2006. from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  197. ^ . Brand Channel. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  198. ^ "Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards". Asian Image. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  199. ^ "Al Jazeera Investigations Unit". The Walkley Foundation. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  200. ^ "Hamas honors Al Jazeera for 'highly professional' coverage of Gaza conflict". Times of Israel. 10 June 2021.
  201. ^ Benjamin says (10 July 2003). "Wide Angle – Exclusive to Al Jazeera". PBS.
  202. ^ Egypt: A Nation in Waiting Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  203. ^ . Unc. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  204. ^ "Tutu's Children". Al Jazeera. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  205. ^ Grim, Ryan (11 February 2019). "Pro-Israel Lobby Caught on Tape Boasting That Its Money Influences Washington". The Intercept. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  206. ^ Rosen, Armin (20 January 2017). "Pro-Israel Hoaxer Hits DC". Tablet. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  207. ^ "The Day the War Came Home". Al Jazeera. 5 May 2010.
  208. ^ Attacks on the Press 2004: Saudi Arabia (14 March 2005). "Attacks on the Press – 2004: Mideast". Cpj.org. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  209. ^ Feuilherade, Peter (25 November 2003). "Profile: Al Arabiya TV". BBC News. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  210. ^ "Shock over Iraqi reporter's death". BBC News. 23 February 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  211. ^ "Time for the Last Hurrah for US' Al-Hurra". Arab News. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  212. ^ "Alhurra Locates the 'Arab Street'". USC Center on Public Diplomacy. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  213. ^ Snyder, Alvin. "ALHURRA LOCATES THE 'ARAB STREET'". University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  214. ^ "BBC launches Arabic TV channel". BBC News. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  215. ^ "Deutsche Welle debuts Arabic channel". 13 September 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  216. ^ "DW television to broadcast series by Egyptian satirist Bassem Youssef". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

Further reading

  • Abdul-Mageed, M. M., and Herring, S. C. (2008). Arabic and English news coverage on aljazeera.net. In: F. Sudweeks, H. Hrachovec, and C. Ess (Eds.), Proceedings of Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication 2008 (CATaC'08), Nîmes, France, 24 June-27. Abstract and full article:
  • M. Arafa, P.J. Auter, & K. Al-Jaber (2005), Hungry for news and information: Instrumental use of Al-Jazeera TV among viewers in the Arab World and Arab diaspora, Journal of Middle East Media, 1(1), 21–50
  • Marc Lynch (2005), Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today, Columbia University Press
  • N. Miladi (2004), Al-Jazeera, ISBN 1-86020-593-3
  • Hugh Miles (2004), Al Jazeera: How Arab TV news challenged the world, Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11807-8,
  • Mohammed el-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar (2002), Al-Jazeera: How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-4017-9,
  • Erik C. Nisbet, Matthew C. Nisbet, Dietram Scheufele, and James Shanahan (2004), "Public diplomacy, television news, and Muslim opinion" (PDF). (187 KiB), Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 9 (2), 11–37
  • Donatella Della Ratta (2005), (in Italian), Bruno Mondadori, ISBN 88-424-9282-5
  • Naomi Sakr (2002), Satellite Realms: Transnational Television, Globalization and the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-689-1
  • Tatham, Steve (2006), Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion, C. Hurst & Co. (London), Published 1 January 2006, ISBN 0-9725572-3-7
  • Mohamed Zayani (2005), The Al Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives on New Arab Media, Paradigm Publishers, ISBN 1-59451-126-8
  • Augusto Valeriani (2005), Il giornalismo arabo, (Italian) Roma, Carocci ISBN 88-430-3280-1

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al Jazeera.
  • Official website  
  • Al Jazeera's channel on YouTube
  • Al Jazeera's official story

January 09, 2023
jazeera, this, article, about, arabic, language, channel, similarly, branded, channels, other, geographies, english, balkans, america, their, parent, company, media, conglomerate, qatar, media, network, geographical, region, upper, mesopotamia, arabic, الجزيرة. This article is about the Arabic language TV channel For similarly branded channels in other geographies see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera Balkans and Al Jazeera America For their parent company and the media conglomerate of Qatar see Al Jazeera Media Network For the geographical region see Upper Mesopotamia Al Jazeera Arabic الجزيرة romanized al jazirah IPA ael d ʒaeˈziːrɐ The Island 3 is a state owned a Arabic language international radio and TV broadcaster of Qatar It is based in Doha and operated by the media conglomerate Al Jazeera Media Network The flagship of the network its station identification is Al Jazeera Al JazeeraTypeBroadcasting news speech discussions state mediaCountryQatarBroadcast areaWorldwideProgrammingLanguage s Arabic EnglishPicture format1080i HD 576i SD OwnershipParentAl Jazeera Media Network 1 2 Sister channelsAl Jazeera English Al Jazeera Mubasher Al Jazeera Balkans Al Jazeera Documentary ChannelHistoryLaunched1 November 1996 26 years ago 1996 11 01 Former namesJazeera Satellite ChannelLinksWebsitealjazeera com in English aljazeera net in Arabic AvailabilityStreaming mediaAlJazeera netLive StreamYouTubeLive StreamThe patent holding is a private foundation for public benefit under Qatari law 4 Under this organizational structure the parent receives funding from the government of Qatar but maintains its editorial independence 5 6 In June 2017 the Saudi Emirati Bahraini and Egyptian governments insisted on the closure of the entire conglomerate as one of thirteen demands made to the Government of Qatar during the Qatar diplomatic crisis 7 The channel has been criticised by some organisations as well as nations such as Saudi Arabia for being Qatari propaganda 8 9 10 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Launch 2 2 Around the clock 2 3 War in Afghanistan 2 4 2003 Iraq War 2 5 2010s Arab Spring 2 6 2017 Qatar blockade 2 7 United Arab Emirates lobbying 3 Organization 3 1 Staff 3 2 Personnel killed or injured in service 4 Reach 5 Expansion 5 1 Al Jazeera English 5 2 Al Jazeera America 5 3 Sport channels 5 4 Availability 5 5 On the web 5 5 1 Creative Commons 5 5 2 Citizen journalism 5 6 Plans 6 Controversies 6 1 Bullying and harassment 6 2 Bahrain 6 3 United States 6 4 Egypt s Tahrir Square 6 5 Syria 6 6 India five day ban 6 7 Israel 6 8 Website attacks 6 9 Shariah and Life 6 10 Censorship in a documentary about slavery 7 Editorial independence 8 Awards 9 Selected documentaries 10 Competitors 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksEtymology EditIn Arabic al ǧazirah literally means the island However it refers here to the Arabian Peninsula 11 which is شبه الجزيرة العربية sibh al gazirah al ʿarabiyyah abbreviated to الجزيرة العربية al gazirah al ʿarabiyyah Compare the Arabic name al Jazira Arabic الجزيرة lit the island for Upper Mesopotamia another area of land almost entirely surrounded by water also Algeciras Alzira and Algeria History EditLaunch Edit Al Jazeera Satellite Channel now known as AJA was launched on 1 November 1996 following the closure of the BBC s Arabic language television station a joint venture with Orbit Communications Company The BBC channel closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to censor information including a graphic report on executions and prominent dissident views 12 The Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa provided a loan of QAR 500 million US 137 million to sustain Al Jazeera through its first five years as Hugh Miles detailed in his book Al Jazeera The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel That Is Challenging the West Shares were held by private investors as well as the Qatar government Al Jazeera Arabic building Al Jazeera s first day on the air was 1 November 1996 It offered 6 hours of programming per day this increased to 12 hours of programming by the end of 1997 It was broadcast to the immediate neighborhood as a terrestrial signal and on cable Al Jazeera is also available through satellites which was also free to users in the Arab world although Qatar and many other Arab countries barred private individuals from having satellite dishes until 2001 13 At the time of the Al Jazeera Media Network launch Arabsat was the only satellite broadcasting to the Middle East and for the first year could only offer Al Jazeera a weak C band transponder that needed a large satellite dish for reception A more powerful Ku band transponder became available as a peace offering after its user Canal France International accidentally beamed 30 minutes of pornography into ultraconservative Saudi Arabia 14 Al Jazeera was not the first such broadcaster in the Middle East a number had appeared since the Arabsat satellite a Saudi Arabia based venture of 21 Arab governments took orbit in 1985 The unfolding of Operation Desert Storm on CNN International underscored the power of live television in current events While other local broadcasters in the region would assiduously avoid material embarrassing to their home governments Qatar has its own official TV station as well Al Jazeera was pitched as an impartial news source and platform for discussing issues relating to the Arab world 13 In presenting The opinion and the other opinion the station s motto it did not take long for Al Jazeera to shock local viewers by presenting when Israelis speaking Hebrew on Arab television for the first time citation needed Lively and far ranging talk shows particularly a popular confrontational one called The Opposite Direction were a constant source of controversy regarding issues of morality and religion This prompted a torrent of criticism from the conservative voices among the region s press It also led to official complaints and censures from neighboring governments Some who jammed Al Jazeera s terrestrial broadcast or expelled its correspondents In 1999 the Algerian government reportedly cut power to several major cities in order to censor one broadcast which There were also commercial repercussions a number of Arab countries which reportedly pressured advertisers to avoid the channel to great success 13 Al Jazeera was the only international news network to have correspondents in Iraq during the Operation Desert Fox bombing campaign in 1998 In a precursor of a pattern to follow its exclusive video clips were highly prized by Western media 13 Around the clock Edit On 1 January 1999 Al Jazeera began to broadcast for 24 hours daily 15 Employment had more than tripled in one year to 500 employees The agency had bureaux at a dozen sites as far away as EU and Russia Its annual budget was estimated at US 25 million at the time citation needed However controversial Al Jazeera was rapidly becoming one of the most influential news agencies in the whole region Eager for news beyond the official versions of events Arabs became dedicated viewers A 2000 estimate pegged nightly viewership at 35 million ranking Al Jazeera first in the Arab world over the Saudi Arabia sponsored Middle East Broadcasting Centre MBC and London s Arab News Network ANN There were about 70 satellite or terrestrial channels being broadcast to the Middle East most of them in Arabic Al Jazeera launched a free Arabic language web site in January 2001 In addition the TV feed was soon available in the United Kingdom for the first time via British Sky Broadcasting citation needed War in Afghanistan Edit Al Jazeera came to the attention of many in the West during the search for Osama bin Laden and the Taliban in Afghanistan after the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States It aired videos it received from Osama bin Laden and the Taliban deeming new footage of the world s most wanted fugitives to be newsworthy Some criticized the network for giving a voice to terrorists 16 17 Al Jazeera s Washington D C bureau chief Hafez al Mirazi compared the situation to that of the Unabomber s messages in The New York Times 18 The network said it had been given the tapes because it had a large Arab audience 19 Many other TV networks were eager to acquire the same footage CNN International had exclusive rights to it for six hours before other networks could broadcast a provision that was broken by the others on at least one controversial occasion 20 Prime Minister Tony Blair soon appeared on an Al Jazeera talk show on 14 November 2001 to state Britain s case for pursuing the Taliban into Afghanistan 21 Al Jazeera s prominence rose during the war in Afghanistan because it had opened a bureau in Kabul before the war began This gave it better access for videotaping events than other networks which bought Al Jazeera s footage sometimes for up to 250 000 22 A United States missile destroyed the Kabul office in 2001 23 Looking to stay ahead of possible future conflicts Al Jazeera then opened bureaux in other troubled spots The network remained dependent on government support in 2002 with a budget of US 40 million and ad revenues of about US 8 million It also took in fees for sharing its news feed with other networks It had an estimated 45 million viewers around the world Al Jazeera soon had to contend with a new rival Al Arabiya a venture of the Middle East Broadcasting Center which was set up in nearby Dubai with Saudi financial backing 24 On 21 May 2003 Al Jazeera broadcast a three minute clip from a tape that was obtained from Al Qaeda The tape about Ayman al Zawahiri an Egyptian physician and the intellectual supporter of Al Qaeda In the tape Zawahiri mentioned the 11 September attack and more terrorism against the Western countries saying that The Crusaders and Jews understand only the language of killing and blood They can only be persuaded through returning coffins devastated interests burning towers and collapsed economies In 2005 Tayseer Allouni an Al Jazeera journalist who was tasked to interview Osama bin Laden several weeks after the 9 11 attacks was arrested in Spain while he was investigating the Madrid train bombings 17 Allouni was accused of being close to Al Qaeda eventually was found guilty and sentenced to seven years of house arrest In October 2003 the managing editor of the Saudi newspaper Arab News John R Bradley accounted that the Bush administration had told the Qatari government that If Al Jazeera failed to reconsider its news context the US would in turn have to consider its relation with Qatar 25 2003 Iraq War Edit Before and during the United States led invasion of Iraq where Al Jazeera had a presence since 1997 the network s facilities and footage were again highly sought by foreign networks The channel and its web site also were seeing unprecedented attention from viewers looking for alternatives to embedded reporting and military press conferences Al Jazeera moved its sports coverage to a new separate channel on 1 November 2003 allowing for more news and public affairs programming on the original channel An English language web site had launched earlier in March 2003 The channel had about 1 300 to 1 400 employees its newsroom editor told The New York Times There were 23 bureaux around the world and 70 foreign correspondents with 450 journalists in all On 1 April 2003 a United States plane fired on Al Jazeera s Baghdad bureau killing reporter Tareq Ayyoub 26 The attack was called a mistake by The Pentagon however Al Jazeera had supplied the US with a precise map of the location of the bureau in order to spare it from attack 27 28 2010s Arab Spring Edit See also Al Jazeera effect Al Jazeera became the first channel to air the 2010 Tunisian protests following the death of Mohamed Bouazizi 29 In a short period the protests in Tunisia spread to the other Arab states becoming known as the Arab Spring often leading to scrutiny from other Arab governments 30 2017 Qatar blockade Edit Main article 2017 18 Qatar diplomatic crisis The closing of the Al Jazeera Media Network was one of the terms of diplomatic reestablishment put forward by Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Bahrain and Egypt during the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis 31 32 33 34 On 23 June 2017 the countries that cut ties to Qatar issued a list of demands to end the crisis insisting that Qatar shut down the Al Jazeera network close a Turkish military base and scale down ties with Iran The call included in a list of 13 points read Shut down Al Jazeera and its affiliate stations 35 Agencies media outlets journalists and media rights organisations decried the demands to close Al Jazeera as attempts to curb press freedom including Reporters Without Borders 36 37 The Guardian 38 The New York Times 39 and the Committee to Protect Journalists CPJ 37 Earlier Saudi Arabia and the UAE blocked Al Jazeera websites 40 Saudi Arabia closed Al Jazeera s bureau in Riyadh and halted its operating licence 41 accusing the network of promoting terrorist groups in the region and Jordan also revoked the licence for Al Jazeera 42 Saudi Arabia also banned hotels from airing Al Jazeera 43 threatening fines of up to US 26 000 for those violating the ban On 6 June 2017 Al Jazeera was the victim of a cyber attack on all of its platforms 44 Qatari Minister of Foreign Affairs Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani has said Doha will not discuss the status of Al Jazeera in any negotiations Doha rejects discussing any matter related to Al Jazeera channel as it considers it an internal affair Qatar News Agency quoted the foreign minister as saying 45 Decisions concerning the Qatari internal affairs are Qatari sovereignty and no one has to interfere with them In June 2017 hacked emails from Yousef Al Otaiba UAE ambassador to US were reported as embarrassing by HuffPost because they showed links between the UAE and the US based pro Israel Foundation for Defense of Democracies 46 UAE based Al Arabiya English claimed that the extensive media coverage of the email hack was a provocation and that the hacking was a move orchestrated by Qatar 47 On 24 November 2017 Dubai Police deputy chief Lieutenant General Dhahi Khalfan Tamim accused Al Jazeera of provoking the 2017 Sinai attack and called for bombing of Al Jazeera by the Saudi led coalition tweeting in Arabic The alliance must bomb the machine of terrorism the channel of ISIL al Qaeda and the al Nusra front Al Jazeera the terrorists 48 49 In 2018 Al Jazeera reported apparent new details regarding a 1996 Qatari coup d etat attempt in a documentary accusing the United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia Bahrain and Egypt of orchestrating it 50 According to the documentary a former French army commander Paul Barril was contracted and supplied with weapons by the UAE to carry out the coup operation in Qatar 50 UAE minister of foreign affairs Anwar Gargash responded to the documentary and stated that Paul Barril was in fact a security agent of the Qatari Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani who visited Abu Dhabi and had no relationship with the UAE and the documentary was a falsification attempt to inculpate the UAE in the coup 51 United Arab Emirates lobbying Edit As of June 2019 the United Arab Emirates had paid the lobbying firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer amp Feld 1 9m in the preceding year principally concerning Qatar government owned media Lobbyists met with the FCC nine times and with 30 members of the House and Senate during the same time period A spokesman for the chair of the Senate Finance Committee Chuck Grassley said that the committee had been reviewing Al Jazeera s activities prior to the UAE s lobbying effort 52 During this time the firm lobbied for Al Jazeera to be reclassified as a foreign agent as defined by the Foreign Agents Registration Act which was simultaneously the focus of a Twitter campaign 52 On 20 September 2019 Twitter announced it had shut down two groups of accounts with links to UAE spreading disinformation primarily aimed against Qatar 53 According to Bloomberg the archive of the incriminated accounts tweets showed hundreds of messages attacking Al Jazeera 52 Organization EditThe original Al Jazeera channel was launched 1 November 1996 by an emiri decree with a loan of 500 million Qatari riyals US 137 million from the Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa 54 55 By securing its funding through loans or grants rather than direct government subsidies the channel seeks to maintain independent editorial policy 56 57 The channel began broadcasting in late 1996 with many staff joining from the BBC World Service s Saudi co owned Arabic language TV station which had shut down on 1 April 1996 after two years of operation because of censorship demands by the Saudi Arabian government 58 The Al Jazeera logo is a decorative representation of the network s name using Arabic calligraphy It was selected by the station s founder Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa as the winning entry in a design competition 11 Staff Edit Wadah Khanfar former Director General of Al Jazeera Media Network Al Jazeera restructured its operations to form a network that contains all their different channels Wadah Khanfar the then managing director of the Arabic Channel was appointed as the director general of Al Jazeera Media Network He also acted as the managing director of the original Arabic Channel Khanfar resigned on 20 September 2011 proclaiming that he had achieved his original goals and that 8 years was enough time for any leader of an organization in an interview aired on Al Jazeera English Ahmed bin Jassim Al Thani replaced Khanfar and served as the director general of the channel from September 2011 to June 2013 when he was appointed minister of economy and trade 59 The chairman of the channel is Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani The Director General and editor in chief of the Arabic website is Mostefa Souag who replaced Ahmed Sheikh as editor in chief It has more than 100 editorial staff The managing director of Al Jazeera English is Al Anstey Mohamed Nanabhay became editor in chief of the English language site in 2009 Previous editors include Beat Witschi and Russell Merryman Prominent on air personalities include Faisal al Qassem host of the talk show The Opposite Direction Ahmed Mansour host of the show Without Borders bi la Hudud and Sami Haddad Its former Iran and Beirut Bureau Chief was Ghassan bin Jiddo He became an influential figure on Al Jazeera with his program Hiwar Maftuh one of the most frequently watched programs 60 He also interviewed Nasrallah in 2007 and produced a documentary about Hezbollah 60 Some suggested that he would even replace Wadah Khanfar 60 Bin Jiddo resigned after political disagreements with the station 60 Personnel killed or injured in service Edit See also Shireen Abu Akleh Death On 11 May 2022 the Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot during an Israeli raid in Jenin Videos revealed that she was shot in the head while covering Israeli raid in Jenin She was in a critical condition and was declared dead at the hospital Al Jazeera alleged that their journalist was a target of the Israeli security forces which killed her deliberately The media house called for the international community to hold Israel accountable for Abu Akleh s death On the other hand Israel Defence Forces said their security forces was operating to arrest suspects in terrorist activities in the region They claimed the firing was from both sides that is the Israeli forces and the Palestinian gunmen 61 62 63 Abu Akleh s producer was also shot and wounded 64 Al Jazeera stated that Shireen Abu Akleh was clearly wearing press jacket that identifies her as a journalist 65 66 Reach EditMany governments in the Middle East deploy state run media or government censorship to impact local media coverage and public opinion leading to international objections regarding press freedom and biased media coverage 67 Some scholars and commentators use the notion of contextual objectivity 68 which highlights the tension between objectivity and audience appeal to describe the station s controversial yet popular news approach 69 Increasingly Al Jazeera Media Network s exclusive interviews and other footage are being rebroadcast in American British and other western media outlets such as CNN and the BBC In January 2003 the BBC announced that it had signed an agreement with Al Jazeera for sharing facilities and information including news footage 70 Al Jazeera s availability via satellite throughout the Middle East changed the television landscape of the region Al Jazeera presented controversial views regarding the governments of many Arab states on the Persian Gulf including Saudi Arabia Kuwait Bahrain and Qatar 71 72 73 74 75 it also presented controversial views about Syria s relationship with Lebanon and the Egyptian judiciary Critics accused Al Jazeera Media Network of sensationalism in order to increase its audience share Al Jazeera s broadcasts have sometimes resulted in drastic action for example when on 27 January 1999 critics of the Algerian government appeared on the channel s live program El Itidjah el Mouakass The Opposite Direction the Algerian government cut the electricity supply to large parts of the capital Algiers and allegedly also to large parts of the country to prevent the program from being seen 67 68 76 77 Al Jazeera s popularity has been attributed to its in depth coverage of issues considered to be of great importance to the international Arab population many of which received minimal attention from other outlets such as the Palestinian perspective on the second Intifada the experiences of Iraqis living through the Iraq war and the exclusive broadcast of tapes produced by Osama Bin Laden 78 At the time of the aforementioned incident in Algeria Al Jazeera Media Network was not yet generally known in the Western world but where it was known opinion was often favorable 79 and Al Jazeera claimed to be the only politically independent television station in the Middle East However it was not until late 2001 that Al Jazeera achieved worldwide recognition when it broadcast video statements by al Qaeda leaders 80 Some observers have argued that Al Jazeera Media Network has formidable authority as an opinion maker Noah Bonsey and Jeb Koogler for example writing in the Columbia Journalism Review argue that the way in which the station covers any future Israeli Palestinian peace deal could well determine whether or not that deal is actually accepted by the Palestinian public 81 The channel s tremendous popularity has also for better or worse made it a shaper of public opinion Its coverage often determines what becomes a story and what does not as well as how Arab viewers think about issues Whether in Saudi Arabia Egypt Jordan or Syria the stories highlighted and the criticisms aired by guests on Al Jazeera s news programs have often significantly affected the course of events in the region In Palestine the station s influence is particularly strong Recent polling indicates that in the West Bank and Gaza Al Jazeera is the primary news source for an astounding 53 4 percent of Palestinian viewers The second and third most watched channels Palestine TV and Al Arabiya poll a distant 12 8 percent and 10 percent respectively The result of Al Jazeera s market dominance is that it has itself become a mover and shaker in Palestinian politics helping to craft public perceptions and influence the debate This has obvious implications for the peace process how Al Jazeera covers the deliberations and the outcome of any negotiated agreement with Israel will fundamentally shape how it is viewed and more importantly whether it is accepted by the Palestinian public Al Jazeera s broad availability in the Arab world operat ing with less constraint than almost any other Arab outlet and remain ing the most popular channel in the region has been perceived as playing a part in the Arab Spring including the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions The New York Times stated in January 2011 The protests rocking the Arab world this week have one thread uniting them Al Jazeera whose aggressive coverage has helped propel insurgent emotions from one capital to the next The newspaper quoted Marc Lynch a professor of Middle East Studies at George Washington University They did not cause these events but it s almost impossible to imagine all this happening without Al Jazeera 82 With Al Jazeera s growing global outreach and influence some scholars including Adel Iskandar have described the station as a transformation of the very definition of alternative media 83 Al Jazeera presents a new direction in the discourse of global news flow and shows voices underrepresented by traditional mainstream media regardless of global imbalances in the flow of information 84 Expansion EditIn 2011 Al Jazeera Media Network launched Al Jazeera Balkans which is based in Sarajevo and serves the ex Yugoslavia region in Bosnian Serbian and Croatian The look and feel of the network is similar to Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera launched a Turkish language news website in 2014 it was shut down on 3 May 2017 85 Al Jazeera English Edit Main article Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera English newsroom 2011 In March 2003 it launched an English language website 86 On 4 July 2005 Al Jazeera officially announced plans to launch a new English language satellite service to be called Al Jazeera International 87 The new channel started at 12 00 GMT on 15 November 2006 under the name Al Jazeera English and has broadcast centers in Doha next to the original Al Jazeera headquarters and broadcast center London Kuala Lumpur and Washington D C The channel is a 24 hour 7 days a week news channel with 12 hours broadcast from Doha and four hours each from London Kuala Lumpur and Washington D C Al Jazeera launched an English language channel originally called Al Jazeera International in 2006 Among its staff were journalists hired from ABC s Nightline and other top news outfits Josh Rushing 88 a former media handler for CENTCOM during the Iraq war agreed to provide commentary David Frost was also on board 89 90 In an interesting technical feat the broadcast of the new operation was handed off between bases in Doha London Washington D C and Kuala Lumpur on a daily cycle The new English language venture faced considerable regulatory and commercial hurdles in the North America market for its perceived sympathy with extremist causes 91 92 93 At the same time others felt Al Jazeera s competitive advantage lay in programming in the Arabic language There were hundreds of millions of potential viewers among the non Arabic language speaking Muslims in Europe and Asia however and many others who might be interested in seeing news from the Middle East read by local voices If the venture panned out it would extend the influence of Al Jazeera and tiny Qatar beyond even what had been achieved in the station s first decade In an interesting twist of fate the BBC World Service was preparing to launch its own Arabic language station in 2007 Today evidence of U S antipathy at the Arabic network has dissipated significantly though not entirely several American analysts said in 2013 94 Al Jazeera America Edit Main article Al Jazeera America In January 2013 Al Jazeera Media Network purchased Current TV which was partially owned by former U S Vice President Al Gore Using part of Current TV s infrastructure Al Jazeera launched an American news channel on 20 August 2013 Though Current TV had large distribution throughout the United States on cable and satellite television it averaged only 28 000 viewers at any time 95 The acquisition of Current TV by Al Jazeera allowed Time Warner Cable to drop the network due to its low ratings but they released a statement saying that they would consider carrying the channel after they evaluated whether it made sense for their customers 96 97 98 99 100 Time Warner Cable later began carrying Al Jazeera America in December 2013 In August 2014 Gore and fellow shareholder Joel Hyatt launched a lawsuit against Al Jazeera claiming a residual payment of 65 million of the sale proceeds due in 2014 remained unpaid 101 Al Jazeera later announced a countersuit In 2016 the case was settled outside of court on the basis of a mutual agreement under which Gore and Hyatt had their claims waived Al Jazeera was ordered to pay the 2 35 million in legal fees incurred by the plaintiffs and the network forfeited its rights to pursue any indemnification claims related to the ordeal 102 On 13 January 2016 Al Jazeera America CEO Al Anstey announced that the network would cease operations on 12 April 2016 citing the economic landscape 103 Sport channels Edit Main article beIN Sports beIN SPORTS formerly Al Jazeera Sport channels was legally separated from Al Jazeera Media Network on 1 January 2014 and is now controlled by beIN Media Group beIN SPORTS currently operates three channels in France beIN Sport 1 beIN Sport 2 and beIN Sport MAX and launched two channels in the United States English and Spanish in August 2012 104 The network also has a Canadian Channel and holds Canadian broadcast rights to several sports properties The network also has an Australian channel beIN Sport holds the rights to broadcast major football tournaments on French television including Ligue 1 Bundesliga the UEFA Champions League and the European Football Championships In the United States and Canada beIN Sport holds the rights to broadcast La Liga Serie A Ligue 1 Copa del Rey South American World Cup Qualifier and English Championship matches in addition to Barca TV 105 In October 2009 Al Jazeera acquired six sports channels of the ART 106 On 26 November 2009 Al Jazeera English received approval from the CRTC which enables Al Jazeera English to broadcast via satellite in Canada 107 Availability Edit The original Al Jazeera channel is available worldwide through various satellite and cable systems 108 For availability info of the Al Jazeera network s other TV channels see their respective articles Segments of Al Jazeera English are uploaded to YouTube or at https www aljazeera com 109 Europe Northern Africa and the Middle East Al Jazeera can be freely viewed with a DVB S receiver in Europe Northern Africa and the Middle East as it is broadcast on the Astra 1M Eutelsat Hot Bird 13A Eutelsat 10A Badr 4 Turksat 2A Thor 6 Nilesat 102 Hispasat 1C and Eutelsat 28A satellites The Optus C1 satellite in Australia carries the channel for free and from July 2012 is available at no extra charge to all subscribers to Australia s Foxtel pay TV service Canada Al Jazeera is available in Canada on Bell Channel 516 as part of the package International News I Al Jazeera is available on Rogers Cable individually Al Jazeera is also available on Shaw Cable TV Channel 513 as part of the package Multicultural India On 7 December 2010 Al Jazeera said its English language service has got a downlink license to broadcast in India Satellite and cable companies would therefore be allowed to broadcast Al Jazeera in the country 110 The broadcaster will be launched soon on Dish TV and is considering a Hindi language channel 111 United Kingdom Al Jazeera English is available on the Sky and Freesat satellite platforms as well as the standard terrestrial service branded Freeview thus making it available to the vast majority of UK households On 26 November 2013 it launched a HD simulcast on certain terrestrial transmitters 112 United States Al Jazeera English is not widely available as it is not carried by Xfinity or the other major cable television systems which package and market most commercial television in the United States It can be viewed online via its live stream on its website DVB S Galaxy 19 and Galaxy 23 C band satellites Following the launch of Al Jazeera America in 2013 until 2016 when the channel folded Al Jazeera English was not available in the United States It had been available through live streaming over the Al Jazeera website DVB S Galaxy 19 free to air and Galaxy 23 satellites and it had been broadcast over the air in the Washington DC DMA by WNVC on digital channel 30 5 and on digital channel 48 2 in the New York metro area but those broadcasts were discontinued on 20 August 2013 Al Jazeera English had also been available to cable TV viewers in Toledo Ohio Burlington Vermont New York City WRNN rebroadcast Washington State and Washington D C a rebroadcast of WNVC s feed but those sources were switched to Al Jazeera America on 20 August 2013 Many analysts had considered the limited availability of Al Jazeera English in the United States to be effectively a blackout 113 114 The live stream and programming over the internet that had been geoblocked was made available to viewers in the United States again in September 2016 Online Al Jazeera English can be viewed over the Internet from their official website The low resolution version is available free of charge to users of computers and video streaming boxes 115 and the high resolution version is available under subscription fees through partner sites Al Jazeera s English division has also partnered with Livestation for Internet based broadcasting 116 This enables Al Jazeera English and Al Jazeera live to be watched worldwide On the web Edit Al Jazeera Media Network s web based service is accessible subscription free throughout the world at a variety of websites 117 The station launched an English language edition of its online content in March 2003 This English language website was relaunched on 15 November 2006 along with the launch of Al Jazeera English The English and Arabic sections are editorially distinct with their own selection of news and comment Al Jazeera and Al Jazeera English are streamed live on the official site 118 119 as well as on YouTube 120 121 On 13 April 2009 Al Jazeera launched versions of its English and Arabic sites suitable for mobile devices The Arabic version of the site was brought offline for about 10 hours by an FBI raid on its ISP InfoCom Corporation on 5 September 2001 InfoCom was later convicted of exporting to Syria and Gaddafi ruled Libya of knowingly being invested in by a Hamas member both of which are illegal in the United States and of underpaying customs duties 122 In 2014 Al Jazeera Media Network launched an online only channel called AJ The channel is based out of the former Current TV studios in San Francisco and has outposts in Doha Kuala Lumpur and other locations It is independent of all of Al Jazeera s other channels and is mostly in an on demand format The channel launched on 13 June 2014 on with a preview on YouTube This was followed in 2017 by the launch of Jetty a podcast network which is also based out of the former Current TV studios in San Francisco In 2018 Al Jazeera launched a Mandarin language news website It is the first Arabic news provider to target the Chinese audience The staff of the project will be in contact with their audience via Chinese social media like Weibo Meipai and WeChat 123 In 2021 Al Jazeera launched a new online platform called Rightly aimed at a conservative US audience Right Now with Stephen Kent is Rightly s first show and is an opinion led in studio interview program hosted by Stephen Kent Right Now is available on YouTube 124 and as a podcast 125 It was reported that over 100 staff at Al Jazeera signed an open letter to management objecting to the launch 126 with some of them voicing their unhappiness with Rightly on Twitter 127 In 2022 Al Jazeera reportedly stopped creating content for the program 128 Creative Commons Edit On 13 January 2009 Al Jazeera Media Network released some of its broadcast quality footage from Gaza under a Creative Commons license Contrary to business All Rights Reserved standards the license invites third parties including rival broadcasters to reuse and remix the footage so long as Al Jazeera is credited The videos are hosted on blip tv which allows easy downloading and integration with Miro 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Al Jazeera Media Network also offers over 2 000 Creative Commons licensed still photos at their Flickr account Citizen journalism Edit Al Jazeera Media Network accepts user submitted photos and videos about news events through a Your Media page and this content may be featured on the website or in broadcasts 136 The channel used the Ushahidi platform to collect information and reports about the Gaza War through Twitter SMS and the website 137 138 Plans Edit Future projects in other languages include Al Jazeera Urdu an Urdu language channel to cater mainly to Pakistanis 139 A Kiswahili service called Al Jazeera Kiswahili was to be based in Nairobi and broadcast in Kenya Tanzania Uganda Rwanda and Burundi 140 However those plans were cancelled due to budget constraints 141 The channel also has plans to launch a Spanish language news network to cater mainly to Spain and Hispanic America like the Iranian cable TV network HispanTV Al Jazeera has also been reported to be planning to launch an international newspaper 142 Al Jazeera Arabic began using a chroma key studio on 13 September 2009 Similar to Sky News Al Jazeera broadcast from that studio while the channel s main newsroom was given a new look The channel relaunched with new graphics and music along with a new studio on 1 November 2009 the 13th birthday of the channel Controversies EditMain article Al Jazeera controversies and criticism While Al Jazeera has a large audience in the Middle East the organization and the original Arabic channel in particular have been criticised and involved in a number of controversies Bullying and harassment Edit In 2022 many staff alleged that there was bullying and harassment at Al Jazeera The allegations emerged after veteran broadcaster Kamahl Santamaria abruptly quit his job at New Zealand state broadcaster TVNZ amid harassment complaints shortly after he moved there from Al Jazeera Investigations found he had been the subject of multiple complaints at Al Jazeera before moving to New Zealand and that Al Jazeera staff had also accused other senior employees of harassment or bullying It was claimed that this behaviour was tolerated at Al Jazeera 143 Bahrain Edit In May 2000 Bahrain banned Al Jazeera s broadcasts due to the channel s comments about Bahrain s municipal elections labelling it as serving Zionism 144 United States Edit Several Al Jazeera staff were killed by U S military friendly fire incidents The United States controlled Iraqi interim government closed the offices of Al Jazeera in Baghdad in August 2004 during the United States occupation of Iraq 145 The interim Iraqi prime minister Iyad Allawi then accused the channel of inciting hatred in the country 145 At the end of April 2013 the Iraqi government led by Nouri Al Maliki once again ordered Al Jazeera to stop broadcasting due to the alleged role of the channel in encouraging the sectarian unrest 146 In response to the restrictions imposed by Al Maliki Al Jazeera issued a statement in which the organization expressed its astonishment at the development and reiterated their assertion We cover all sides of the stories in Iraq and have done for many years The network further objected to the ban saying The fact that so many channels have been hit all at once though suggests this is an indiscriminate decision We urge the authorities to uphold freedom for the media to report the important stories taking place in Iraq 147 In 2019 congressman Jack Bergman wrote in the Washington Examiner that Al Jazeera s record of radical anti American anti Semitic and anti Israel broadcasts warrants scrutiny from regulators to determine whether this network is in violation of US law 148 Egypt s Tahrir Square Edit During the 2011 Egyptian protests on 30 January the Egyptian government ordered the TV channel to close its offices The next day Egyptian security forces arrested six Al Jazeera journalists for several hours and seized their camera equipment There were also reports of disruption in Al Jazeera Mubasher s Broadcast to Egypt 149 150 151 The channel was also criticized for being sympathetic to Mohamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood and former IAEA director Mohammed ElBaradei It was closed for the same reasons in September 2013 152 Twenty two members of staff of Al Jazeera s Egyptian bureau announced their resignation on 8 July 2013 citing biased coverage of the ongoing Egyptian power redistribution in favour of the Muslim Brotherhood 153 154 155 Al Jazeera says that the resignations were due to pressure from the Egyptian military Syria Edit Al Jazeera has been criticized over unfair coverage of the Syrian Civil War The channel s reporting has been described as largely supportive of the rebels while demonizing the Syrian government The Lebanese newspaper As Safir cited outtakes of interviews showing that the channel s staff coached Syrian eyewitnesses and fabricated reports of oppression by Syria s government 156 In January 2013 a former Al Jazeera employee from Syria stated their belief that there was ongoing strong pressure to conform to biased coverage of the Syrian Civil War 157 158 However according to Pew Research Center study in its coverage of the Syrian crisis Al Jazeera America cable news channel provided viewers with content that often resembles what Americans saw on other U S cable news outlets 159 India five day ban Edit The Indian government banned the Al Jazeera TV channel in April 2015 for five telecast days as it repeatedly displayed disputed maps of India 160 The suspension concerns maps of Pakistan used in 2013 and 2014 that did not demarcate the part of Kashmir under Pakistani control Pakistan administered Kashmir as a separate territory Once notified by Indian authorities the channel said it ensured all maps from 22 September 2014 onward used dotted lines and unique shading for the disputed portions 161 Israel Edit On 19 July 2008 Al Jazeera TV broadcast a program from Lebanon which covered the welcome home festivities for Samir Kuntar a Lebanese citizen who had been imprisoned in Israel for killing four people in a Palestine Liberation Front raid from Lebanon into Israel 162 163 In the program the head of Al Jazeera s Beirut office Ghassan bin Jiddo praised Kuntar as a pan Arab hero and organized a birthday party for him In response Israel s Government Press Office GPO announced a boycott of the channel which was to include a general refusal by Israeli officials to be interviewed by the station and a ban on its correspondents from entering government offices in Jerusalem A few days later an official letter was issued by Al Jazeera s director general Wadah Khanfar in which he admitted that the program violated the station s Code of Ethics and that he had ordered the channel s programming director to take steps to ensure that such an incident does not recur 164 165 On 15 March 2010 Channel Ten Israel broadcast a video story about the Coastal Road massacre on 11 March 1978 with two photographs of a victim and an attacker both women with Al Jazeera s logo Photographer Shmuel Rahmani who took these photos sued Al Jazeera in the Jerusalem District Court for copyright infringement of the two photographs On 19 February 2014 the court ruled that Al Jazeera would pay 73 500 ILS to Rahmani 166 On 23 November 2017 a second verdict of 30 000 ILS against Al Jazeera was made in the Nazareth District Court At the end of 2017 a third lawsuit was brought by Michael Ganoe 167 an American Evangelical Christian activist who has lived in Israel in the Tel Aviv District Court after infringing copyrights of his private videos of volunteering for the Israel Defense Forces in which he was also compared by an independently produced documentary for Al Jazeera network to volunteering for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 168 On 15 November 2018 Ganoe won in a settlement deal NIS 96 199 from Al Jazeera 169 Website attacks Edit Immediately after its launch in 2003 the English site was attacked by one or several hackers who launched denial of service attacks and another hacker who redirected visitors to a site featuring a Flag of the United States 170 171 Both events were widely reported as Al Jazeera s website having been attacked by hackers 172 In November 2003 John William Racine II also known as John Buffo was sentenced to 1 000 hours of community service and a 1 500 U S fine for the online disruption Racine posed as an Al Jazeera employee to get a password to the network s site then redirected visitors to a page he created that showed an American flag shaped like a U S map and a patriotic motto court documents said 173 In June 2003 Racine pleaded guilty to wire fraud and unlawful interception of an electronic communication 174 175 176 As of 2012 the perpetrators of the denial of service attacks remain unknown Shariah and Life Edit Shariah and Life al Shariʿa wa al Ḥayah is an Al Jazeera Arabic show with an estimated audience of 60 million worldwide and stars Muslim preacher Yusuf al Qaradawi who is described as Islam s Spiritual Dear Abby 177 178 The format of Sharia and Life is similar to that of al Qaradawi s earlier programing on Qatar TV as well as Egyptian television shows going as far back as the 1960s Programs interpreting the Quran or dealing with religious issues were popular from Morocco to Saudi Arabia 179 The now defunct show has been the repeated subject of controversy In January 2009 Qaradawi stated Throughout history Allah has imposed upon the Jews people who would punish them for their corruption The last punishment was carried out by Adolf Hitler In October 2010 Qaradawi was asked if Muslims should acquire nuclear weapons to terrorize their enemies Qaradawi said he was pleased Pakistan had such a weapon that the goal of nuclear weapons would be permissible and provided religious justification quoting Qur anic verses urging Muslims to terrorize thereby the enemy of God and your enemy 180 181 182 Censorship in a documentary about slavery Edit In August 2018 it was reported that Al Jazeera had censored the documentary series Rotas da Escravatura a joint European series by French channel Arte Portuguese RTP and LX Filmes The entire first episode which dealt with the process that led the Muslim Empire to enduringly weave an immense network of slave trade across Africa the Middle East and Asia was deleted In return the television network claimed that slavery in Africa was a practice founded by the Portuguese 183 Widespread Muslim involvement in the slave trade is a fact historically established by historians among others Bernard Lewis addressed this theme in his book Race and Slavery in the Middle Eastː an Historical Inquiry Editorial independence EditAl Jazeera Media Network is a Private Foundation of Public Benefit under Qatari law 184 Under this structure Al Jazeera Media Network receives funding from the government of Qatar but maintains its editorial independence 185 186 5 Critics have accused Al Jazeera of supporting the positions of the Qatari government 74 75 187 188 73 72 though Al Jazeera platforms and channels have published content that has been critical of Qatar or has run counter to Qatari laws and norms 71 189 190 73 72 improper synthesis Al Jazeera s editorial independence has been affirmed by journalism associations and organizations including the National Press Club and Reporters Without Borders 186 185 In 2010 United States Department of State internal communications released by WikiLeaks as part of the 2010 diplomatic cables leak said that the Qatar government manipulates Al Jazeera coverage to suit political interests 191 192 In September 2012 The Guardian reported that Al Jazeera s editorial independence came into question when the channel s director of news Salah Negm stepped in at the last minute to order that a two minute video covering a UN debate over the Syrian civil war include a speech by the leader of Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Although the order came from internal editorial staff staff members protested that the speech was not the most important aspect of the debate and that it was a repetition of previous calls for Arab intervention 193 excessive detail relevant discuss On 11 January 2015 The Week published a report describing Al Jazeera as a non biased network 194 Awards EditMain article List of awards awarded to Al Jazeera English In March 2003 Al Jazeera was awarded by Index on Censorship for its courage in circumventing censorship and contributing to the free exchange of information in the Arab world 195 In April 2004 the Webby Awards nominated Al Jazeera as one of the five best news Web sites along with BBC News National Geographic RocketNews and The Smoking Gun According to Tiffany Shlain the founder of the Webby Awards this caused a controversy as other media organisations felt it was a risk taking site 196 In 2004 Al Jazeera was voted by brandchannel com readers as the fifth most influential global brand behind Apple Computer Google IKEA and Starbucks 197 In January 2013 Al Jazeera was nominated for the Responsible Media of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards 198 In 2019 Al Jazeera Investigations Unit won the Walkley Awards for Scoop of the Year 199 In 2021 Al Jazeera received a journalism award by Hamas as a result of the network s coverage of the latest Gaza conflict 200 Selected documentaries EditAl Jazeera s coverage of the invasion of Iraq was the focus of a documentary film Control Room 2004 by Egyptian American director Jehane Noujaim In July 2003 PBS broadcast a documentary called Exclusive to al Jazeera on its program Wide Angle 201 In 2008 Al Jazeera filmed Egypt A Nation in Waiting which documented trends in Egypt s political history and foreshadowed the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 202 Another documentary Al Jazeera An Arab Voice for Freedom or Demagoguery The UNC Tour 203 was filmed two months after 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attack ISIL and the Taliban Filmed in 2015 by an Arab Al Jazeera reporter named Najibullah Quraishi it covers Islamic State s presence in Afghanistan and how they groom children for their causes It is about Taliban commanders angry about Islamic State s presence Afghan National Army starting offensives in Achin and 2 suicide bombers targeting Jandal a former warlord Tutu s Children 2017 a documentary about Desmond Tutu s experiment of coaching young professionals to be African leaders 204 The Lobby TV series is about an undercover Al Jazeera reporter who infiltrates several pro Israel advocacy organizations in Washington D C including Stand With Us The Israel Project the Foundation for Defense of Democracies the Israel on Campus Coalition and the Zionist Organization of America s ZOA Fuel For Truth 205 206 Four Dead in Ohio 2010 a documentary about the 1970 Kent State shootings at Kent State University Also known as the 4 May Massacre or the Kent State Massacre the incident involved unarmed college students shot by Ohio National Guard members on campus during a mass protest against bombing of Cambodia by U S military forces 207 Competitors EditAl Mayadeen is a pan Arabist satellite television channel supported by the Islamic Republic of Iran It was launched on 11 June 2012 in Lebanon The channel claims Gulf supported media who aims at reducing the influence of the Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya networks both funded by oil rich Sunni Arab countries in the Persian Gulf However it is said to plan to present an alternative to mainstream Arab satellite media largely dominated by these two channels In response to Al Jazeera a group of Saudi investors created Al Arabiya in the first quarter of 2003 Despite especially initial skepticism over the station s Saudi funding cf History and a perception of censorship of anti Saudi content 208 Al Arabiya has successfully emulated Al Jazeera garnered a significant audience share and has also become involved in controversy Al Arabiya has been severely criticised by the Iraqi and US authorities and once had journalists killed on the job 209 210 In order to counter a perceived bias of Al Jazeera the U S government in 2004 founded Al Hurra the free one Al Hurra is forbidden to broadcast to the US under the provisions of the Smith Mundt Act A Zogby poll found that 1 of Arab viewers watch Al Hurra as their first choice 211 while an Ipsos MENA poll from March May 2008 showed that Al Hurra was drawing more viewers in Iraq than Al Jazeera 212 Citing these figures Alvin Snyder author and former USIA executive referred to Al Hurra as a go to network in Iraq 213 Another competitor is Al Alam established in 2003 by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting which broadcasts continuously It seeks to address the most challenging issues of the Shia Muslim and Arab world and the Middle East A further competitor is the Rusiya Al Yaum channel the first Russian TV news channel broadcasting in Arabic and headquartered in Moscow Russia Rusiya Al Yaum started broadcasting on 4 May 2007 The Channel is established and operated by RIA Novosti the same news agency that launched Russia Today TV in December 2005 to deliver a Russian perspective on news to English speaking audiences and Rusiya Al Yaum is indeed a translation of Russia Today into Arabic The BBC launched BBC Arabic Television on 11 March 2008 an Arabic language news channel in North Africa and the Middle East 214 This is the second time that the BBC has launched an Arabic language TV channel as mentioned above the demise of the original BBC World Service Arabic TV channel had at least contributed to the founding of the original Al Jazeera Arabic TV channel Deutsche Welle began broadcasting in Arabic in 2002 On 12 September 2011 the German international broadcaster launched DW Arabia its Arabic language television channel for North Africa and the Middle East 215 The network has expanded from an initial two hour block to 16 hours of daily programming in Arabic starting March 2014 The schedule is completed with 8 hours of English language programming In February 2014 DW Arabia announced the acquisition of reprise transmission rights of Egyptian satirist Bassem Youssef s popular show AlBernameg 216 On 4 April 2010 TRT Arabi the Arabic speaking channel of the Turkish national public broadcaster was launched leading to a more consolidated role of Turkey in the Arab world When Euronews started broadcasting its programs in Arabic on 12 July 2008 it entered into competition with Al Jazeera Arabic is the eighth language in which Euronews is broadcast after English French German Russian Spanish Italian and Portuguese Since the launch of Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera directly competes with BBC World News and CNN International as do a growing number of other international broadcasters such as Deutsche Welle France 24 NHK World RT Press TV CGTN TRT World and WION See also Edit Television portal Journalism portal Media portal Freedom of Speech portalAl Jazeera effect International news channels List of Arabic language television channels Media of Qatar State mediaNotes Edit It functions as state media with regards to reporting on Qatar itself due to restrictions on freedom of speech by law When it comes to reporting about other countries and their governments it functions more like a public broadcasterReferences Edit Habib Toumi 13 July 2011 Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation Gulf News Retrieved 14 February 2021 Bridges Scott 19 October 2012 How Al Jazeera took on the English speaking world Retrieved 13 January 2021 Translation The name Al Jazeera means The Island Dunleavy Jerry 19 June 2019 Al Jazeera pushes back on GOP effort to force it to register as a foreign agent Washington Examiner a b Souag Mostefa 5 October 2018 National Press Club Declares Support For Al Jazeera National Press Club Press Release See Law No 10 of 2011 on the Conversion of Al Jazeera Satellite Network to a Private Corporation for the Public Benefit promulgated in accordance with provisions of Decree Law No 21 of 2006 Regarding Private Foundations for the Public Benefit amended 2007 issued under the constitution amendment statute Law no 22 of 2004 Regarding Promulgating the Civil Code ibid Articles 53 54 Parent holding Al Jazeera Media Network has its world headquarters registered under the same proviso cf Australia s Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act amended 2019 and Broadcasting Services Act amended 2020 France s Signature of first contract of objectives and means between the State and France Medias Monde Germany s Deutsche Welle Act amended 2004 Japan s The Broadcast Act amended 2010 United Kingdom s BBC Royal Charter amended 2017 amp Broadcasting Act amended 1996 United States International Broadcasting Act amended 2016 amp Public Broadcasting Act Hennessy Fiske Molly 23 June 2017 Will Qatar agree to Arab countries new list of demands Unlikely Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 Inside Al Jazeera Is the pan Arab channel a propaganda outfit or an essential voice The World 10 June 2015 Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 Retrieved 23 October 2021 The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera The Washington Institute Retrieved 2 June 2021 Why Al Jazeera is under threat The Economist 1 July 2017 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 4 March 2022 a b Arabic in Graphic Design Al Jazeera s Cartouche Fight Boredom Cloudjammer Creative Network 18 February 2008 Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 Retrieved 5 November 2008 AL JAZEERA TV The History of the Controversial Middle East News Station Arabic News Satellite Channel History of the Controversial Station Allied media Retrieved 12 April 2012 a b c d Powers Shawn December 2009 The Geopolitics of the News The Case of the Al Jazeera Network Dissertation thesis University of Southern California Retrieved 13 January 2021 France seeks to soothe Arab anger over porn film Hurriyet Daily News Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 17 June 2012 A decade of growth Al Jazeera 1 November 2006 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Joel Campagna October 2001 Between Two Worlds Committee to Protect Journalists Retrieved 18 November 2012 a b Al Jazeera America pulls the plug amid energy slump Deutsche Welle 14 January 2016 Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Joe Eskenazi 17 October 2003 Al Jazeera not all bin Laden all the time D C bureau chief says Jweekly Retrieved 18 November 2012 Fouad Ajami 18 November 2001 What the Muslim World Is Watching The New York Times Retrieved 18 November 2012 Jason Gay 29 October 2001 CNN Snaps Back to Action The New York Observer Retrieved 18 November 2012 Risen James 12 December 2001 A nation challenged Interview With bin Laden Makes the Rounds The New York Times New York City Great Britain Washington DC Afghanistan Retrieved 20 November 2012 Mohammed El Nawawy 2003 Al jazeera The Story of the Network That Is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism Cambridge MA Westview Press p 166 1 Al Jazeera Kabul offices hit in US raid BBC News 13 November 2001 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Peter Feuilherade 20 February 2003 Al Jazeera competitor launches BBC News Retrieved 18 November 2012 Seib P 2012 Al Jazeera English Global News in a Changing World Palgrave Macmillian pp 15 16 ISBN 978 0 230 34021 3 Jonathan Steele 8 April 2003 Obituary Tareq Ayyoub The Guardian London Retrieved 18 November 2012 Foreign media suffer Baghdad losses BBC News 8 April 2003 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Robert Fisk The Independent 2 November 2011 Retrieved 5 November 2011 Tunisia A media led revolution www aljazeera com Miles Hugh 9 February 2011 Foreign Policy The Al Jazeera Effect NPR Wintour Patrick 23 June 2017 Close al Jazeera Saudi Arabia gives Qatar 13 demands to end blockade The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 CNBC com Abid Ali special to 23 June 2017 Amid Gulf blockade of Qatar attempts to muzzle Al Jazeera are likely to fail CNBC Arab states issue list of demands to end Qatar crisis Al Jazeera 11 July 2017 Qatar row Arab states send list of steep demands BBC News 23 June 2017 Arab states issue 13 demands to end Qatar Gulf crisis Al Jazeera Retrieved 12 July 2017 Unacceptable call for Al Jazeera s closure in Gulf crisis 28 June 2017 Retrieved 28 June 2017 a b Kottasova Ivana 3 July 2017 Al Jazeera journalists Don t treat us like criminals CNN Business Retrieved 13 May 2022 The Guardian view on al Jazeera muzzling journalism 23 June 2017 Retrieved 23 July 2017 Misguided Attacks on Al Jazeera The New York Times 21 June 2017 Alkhalisi Zahraa Al Jazeera blocked by Saudi Arabia Qatar blames fake news CNN Retrieved 24 May 2017 Cockburn Patrick 12 March 2014 Saudi Arabia closes local al Jazeera office over Qatar s backing for the Muslim Brotherhood Retrieved 23 July 2017 Jordan revokes Al Jazeera license amid Qatar tensions CPJ 6 June 2017 Retrieved 23 July 2017 Saudi Arabia bans Al Jazeera channels in hotels Al Jazeera 9 June 2017 Tamkin Emily 8 June 2017 Al Jazeera Media Network Hit by Massive Hack Foreign Policy Magazine Retrieved 23 July 2017 Al Jazeera off the table in any Gulf crisis talks FM Al Jazeera 13 June 2017 Retrieved 23 July 2017 Ahmed Akbar Shahid 3 June 2017 Someone Is Using These Leaked Emails To Embarrass Washington s Most Powerful Ambassador HuffPost Archived from the original on 3 June 2017 Retrieved 5 June 2017 ANALYSIS UAE envoy s hacked emails and Qatar s escalating Gulf rift Al Arabiya English Al Arabiya 4 June 2017 Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 Retrieved 5 June 2017 Dubai security chief calls for bombing of Al Jazeera Al Jazeera Farsnews en farsnews ir Archived from the original on 11 December 2019 Retrieved 3 October 2022 a b Qatar 1996 coup plot New details reveal Saudi UAE backing Al Jazeera 17 December 2018 قرقاش يكذ ب مرتزقا فرنسيا ربط الإمارات بمحاولة انقلاب 1996 بقطر CNN 17 December 2018 a b c Light Joe 10 October 2019 Al Jazeera Target of U A E Campaign in U S to Hobble Network Bloomberg Twitter Safety 20 September 2019 Disclosing new data to our archive of information operations via Twitter Hugh Miles 2005 Al Jazeera The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West New York Grove Press p 346 Books Google com Naomi Sakr 2001 Satellite Realms Transnational Television Globalization amp the Middle East London I B Tauris p 57 Books google com Naomi Sakr 2001 Satellite Realms Transnational Television Globalization amp the Middle East London I B Tauris pp 58 Books Google com Hugh Miles 2005 Al Jazeera The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West New York Grove Press p 347 Books Google com Qatar s Al Jazeera livens up Arab TV scene BBC 7 January 1999 Retrieved 12 August 2014 Al Jazeera s Director General resigns to serve my country Doha News 26 June 2013 Archived from the original on 15 August 2013 Retrieved 28 June 2013 a b c d The World s Most Influential Arabs Arabian Business 2011 Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 Retrieved 11 June 2012 Shireen Abu Akleh Al Jazeera journalist shot dead in West Bank Al Jazeera Retrieved 11 May 2022 Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh shot and killed in West Bank CNN 11 May 2022 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Al Jazeera says reporter killed in West Bank Deutsche Welle Retrieved 11 May 2022 Al Jazeera reporter killed during Israeli raid in West Bank BBC News 11 May 2022 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Al Jazeera correspondent Sherine Abu Aqla was killed by the Israeli Occupation Forces Al Jazeera Media Network 11 May 2022 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Gold Hadas Salman Abeer Tal Amir Al Jazeera reporter Shireen Abu Akleh shot dead while covering Israeli operation in West Bank CNN Retrieved 11 May 2022 a b Al Jazeera The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the We Archived from the original on 15 January 2008 Retrieved 25 November 2006 TV programme feat Lawrence Velvel Dean of the Mass School of Law interviewing author Hugh Miles who reveals a lot about the channel a c 48 30 b 55 00 a b El Nawawy and Iskandar Al Jazeera How the free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East Westview cf Further reading The Minotaur of Contextual Objectivity War coverage and the pursuit of accuracy with appeal TBS Journal com Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 Retrieved 12 April 2012 BBC in news deal with Arabic TV BBC News published 17 January 2003 a b Amnesty International Labor abuses still rampant in Qatar Al Jazeera 1 December 2015 Retrieved 22 April 2020 a b c Qatar fake news law signals worrying regression Rights group Al Jazeera 24 January 2020 Retrieved 22 April 2020 a b c Qatar criticised over migrant worker abuse Al Jazeera 12 June 2012 Retrieved 22 April 2020 a b Christopher Ingraham compares death toll of past events to Qatar 28 May 2015 a b ILO slams Qatar Airways for sexist policies Al Jazeera and Agence France Presse 16 June 2015 Retrieved 22 April 2020 Nicolas Eliades The Rise of Al Jazeera PDF Peace amp Conflict Monitor Archived from the original PDF on 3 October 2006 Qatar s Al Jazeera TV The Power of Free Speech meib org Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 Retrieved 28 September 2016 Al Jazeera s popularity and impact BBC 1 November 2006 E g in 1999 The New York Times reporter Thomas L Friedman called Al Jazeera the freest most widely watched TV network in the Arab world Friedman Thomas L 12 February 1999 Fathers and Sons The New York Times A27 Westcott Kathryn 14 November 2002 Al Jazeera and Bin Laden BBC News Retrieved 12 April 2012 CJR org Does the Path to Middle East Peace Stop in Doha Seizing a Moment Al Jazeera Galvanizes Arab Frustration The New York Times 27 January 2011 Is Al Jazeera Alternative Mainstreaming Alterity and Assimilating Discourses of Dissent TBS Journal 22 July 2003 Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Powers Shawn el Nawawy Mohammed 2009 Al Jazeera English and global news networks clash of civilizations or cross cultural dialogue Media War amp Conflict 2 3 263 284 doi 10 1177 1750635209345185 S2CID 144850273 Al Jazeera Turk stops operating in Turkey Daily Sabah 3 May 2017 Breaking News World News and Video from Al Jazeera www aljazeera com Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 Al Jazeera turns its signal West Web archive 10 July 2005 Archived from the original on 10 July 2005 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Matthew Power June 2006 Josh Rushing From USMC to Al Jazeera Matthew Power GQ Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Deborah Soloman 12 February 2006 Bye Bye BBC The New York Times Retrieved 18 November 2012 David Frost joins al Jazeera TV BBC News 7 October 2005 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Jamal Dajani 21 November 2006 Al Jazeera English Falls Short of Expectations New America Media Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Tony Burman 17 November 2006 Al Jazeera should be available in Canada Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Al Jazeera English TV date set BBC News 1 November 2006 Retrieved 18 November 2012 Martinez Michael 4 January 2013 Once called terror network Al Jazeera America dares to enter U S cable market CNN Stelter Brian 13 January 2012 Current TV Finds a Good Number Within Its Tiny Ratings The New York Times Ali Velshi Joins Al Jazeera America Al Jazeera 4 April 2013 Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 Retrieved 9 April 2013 Al Jazeera buys Al Gore s Current TV CNN 3 January 2013 Retrieved 9 April 2013 Al Jazeera buys US channel Current TV Al Jazeera Retrieved 9 April 2013 Al Jazeera targets US expansion after buying Current TV BBC 3 January 2013 Retrieved 9 April 2013 Calderone Michael 3 January 2013 Time Warner Cable Will Consider Carrying Al Jazeera s U S Network HuffPost Retrieved 9 April 2013 Al Gore alleges breach of contract in Al Jazeera lawsuit Boston Star 16 August 2014 Retrieved 16 August 2014 Gore Suit Over Al Jazeera Fee Advancement Rights Settled Law360 law360 com Retrieved 7 December 2017 Al Jazeera America to Shut Down The Hollywood Reporter 13 January 2016 Retrieved 13 January 2016 Al Jazeera to Kick Off Pair of Soccer Channels in U S this August Bleacher Report 2 June 2012 beIN SPORTS North America s Premier Sports TV Network beIN SPORTS US Retrieved 16 June 2015 Arab Media Outlook 2009 2013 PDF Dubai Press Club and Value Partners Archived PDF from the original on 31 March 2010 Retrieved 15 September 2013 Al Jazeera English gets CRTC approval Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 26 November 2009 Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Al jazeera News Satellite TV Signal Coverage www allied media com Archived from the original on 26 April 2007 Al Jazeera YouTube Channel 23 November 2006 Retrieved 12 April 2012 via YouTube Machado Kenan 7 December 2010 Al Jazeera English to Broadcast in India The Wall Street Journal Al Jazeera English to be available in India CNN IBN Archived from the original on 19 November 2011 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Al Jazeera launches on Freeview HD Al Jazeera 26 November 2013 Retrieved 26 November 2013 Grim Ryan 30 January 2011 Al Jazeera English Blacked Out Across Most Of U S The Huffington Post Ronnie Lovler 20 February 2011 Absence of Al Jazeera English in US is troubling San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 12 April 2012 Breaking News World News and Video from Al Jazeera www aljazeera com Watch Al Jazeera English on your PC Livestation 5 January 2012 Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 Retrieved 12 April 2012 How to watch Al Jazeera English online Retrieved 17 March 2021 Al Jazeera Livestream Al Jazeera Retrieved 19 March 2011 Al Jazeera English Live Stream Al Jazeera Retrieved 19 March 2011 Al Jazeera Channel Archived from the original on 28 February 2011 Retrieved 19 March 2011 via YouTube Al Jazeera English Archived from the original on 19 March 2011 Retrieved 19 March 2011 via YouTube Elisha Brothers convicted PDF Archived from the original PDF on 21 February 2006 Retrieved 21 February 2006 Al Jazeera launches Mandarin language website Al Jazeera Retrieved 2 January 2018 Rightly YouTube www youtube com Retrieved 17 March 2021 Kent Right Now with Stephen Right Now with Stephen Kent Google Podcasts Retrieved 17 March 2021 Al Jazeera staff say rightwing platform will irreparably tarnish brand The Guardian 25 February 2021 Retrieved 17 March 2021 Cohn Alicia 25 February 2021 Al Jazeera doubles down on conservative channel despite staff criticism The Hill Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 Retrieved 23 October 2021 Yang Maya 19 January 2022 Al Jazeera winds down Rightly its conservative US media project report The Guardian Retrieved 15 May 2022 cc aljazeera net cc aljazeera net Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Benenson Fred 13 January 2009 Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository creativecommons org Archived from the original on 18 January 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2009 Steuer Eric 13 January 2009 Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage Under Creative Commons License creativecommons org Archived from the original on 18 January 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2009 Cohen Noam 11 January 2009 Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict International Herald Tribune Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2009 Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage under Creative Commons License Al Jazeera Creative Commons Repository Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2009 Andrews Robert 14 November 2009 Al Jazeera Offers Creative Commons Video Lessig Lends Backing paidcontent co uk Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2009 Ito Joi 14 January 2009 Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository ito Archived from the original on 23 January 2009 Retrieved 19 January 2009 Submit Your Contributions Your Media Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 Retrieved 19 March 2011 War on Gaza Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 12 January 2009 Retrieved 19 March 2011 Ekine Sokari 9 January 2009 Ushahidi Platform Used to Document Congo Gaza Crises MediaShift Public Broadcasting Service Retrieved 19 March 2011 Aljazeera and ARY Digital Network to launch Aljazeera Urdu Ameinfo 16 November 2006 Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Aljazeera Swahili Formally Announce Recruitment Thejackalnews com Retrieved 12 April 2012 Qatar Scraps Plans for Al Jazeera Kiswahili Jackal News 7 October 2012 Retrieved 22 November 2012 Al Jazeera plans to launch Arab newspaper Archived 4 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine Arabian Business 4 November 2006 Al Jazeera staff allege harassment and bullying went unchecked BBC News 17 October 2022 Derhally Massoud 29 July 2002 Al Jazeera row causes Saudi Al Watan to attack Qatari FM Arabian Business Retrieved 8 April 2013 a b Gag order Al Ahram Weekly 703 18 August 2004 Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 Retrieved 19 April 2013 Parker Ned 28 April 2013 Iraq shuts down 10 television channels Los Angeles Times Retrieved 29 April 2013 Iraq bans al Jazeera and nine other TV channels over sectarian bias The Guardian Associated Press 29 April 2013 ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 7 December 2017 The mask drops at Al Jazeera Washington Examiner 4 June 2019 Live blog 30 1 Egypt protests Al Jazeera 30 January 2011 Retrieved 30 November 2012 Al Jazeera camera equipment seized Al Jazeera Retrieved 20 November 2012 Media should be able to report freely in Egypt says al Jazeera Manila News 29 January 2011 Retrieved 20 November 2012 Egypt bans four TV networks Natunbarta 4 September 2013 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 19 September 2013 Mohamed Hassan Shaban 10 July 2013 22 resign from Al Jazeera Egypt in protest over bias Asharq Al Awsat Archived from the original on 12 July 2013 Retrieved 11 July 2013 Jessica Chasmar 9 July 2013 We aired lies Al Jazeera staff quit over biased Egypt coverage The Washington Times Retrieved 11 July 2013 Robert F Worth 10 July 2013 Egypt Is Arena for Influence of Arab Rivals The New York Times Retrieved 11 July 2013 Al Jazeera Gets Rap as Qatar Mouthpiece Bloomberg An exclusive interview with a news editor of Al Jazeera Channel at AxisOfLogin An exclusive interview with a news editor of Al Jazeera Channel at FilmBoxOffice How Al Jazeera Tackled the Crisis Over Syria 16 September 2013 Al Jazeera Penalised for Showing Wrong Map of India Off Air for 5 Days NDTV com 22 April 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2015 India Suspends Al Jazeera Broadcast Over Map Dispute Time Kraft Dina 16 July 2008 Prisoner Deal Reopens an Israeli Wound The New York Times nytimes com Retrieved 20 November 2018 MK confirms for first time Israel killed Samir Kuntar The Times of Israel 27 February 2016 Retrieved 20 November 2018 Stern Yoav 7 August 2008 VIDEO Al Jazeera Admits to Unethical Behavior Over Kuntar Party Haaretz Retrieved 15 November 2017 GPO to sanction Al Jazeera over Kuntar party The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 15 November 2017 Articles 15 and 31 in the verdict which was made by the Judge Rafael Yaacobi on 19 February 2014 in case 45542 12 11 Shmuel Rahmani vs Al Jazeera International Limited and Al Jazeera Satellite Network Grossman Judah Ari 4 January 2016 IDF allows anti Islam activist to spread hate chocolate to soldiers Times of Israel Retrieved 30 January 2021 Ashraf Mashharawi 23 August 2017 Israel s Volunteer Soldiers Al Jazeera Retrieved 21 November 2018 What drives foreign nationals to join the Israeli army both as paid soldiers and unpaid volunteers Netael Bandel 18 November 2018 Al Jazeera will pay compensation for a story which compares the IDF to Da ash Makor Rishon in Hebrew Al Jazeera and the Net free speech but don t say that by John Lettice The Register 7 April 2003 Al Jazeera hacker pleads guilty BBC News 13 June 2003 Al Jazeera websites hit by hackers 26 March 2003 Archived from the original on 14 February 2004 by Dominic Timms Guardian Unlimited 26 March 2003 Al Jazeera cracker charged by John Leyden The Register 12 June 2003 Southern California Man Who Hijacked Al Jazeera Website Agrees to Plead Guilty to Federal Charges Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 Retrieved 26 January 2018 Lemos Robert Guilty plea in Al Jazeera site hack CNET Leyden John Al Jazeera hacker gets community service www theregister com No 9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009 Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin Edmund A Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Smoltczyk Alexander 15 February 2011 Islam s Spiritual Dear Abby The Voice of Egypt s Muslim Brotherhood Der Spiegel Retrieved 11 July 2014 Cherribi Sam 25 January 2018 Fridays of Rage Al Jazeera the Arab Spring and Political Islam Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199337385 via Google Books Goldberg Jeffrey 23 February 2011 Sheikh Qaradawi Seeks Total War The Atlantic Retrieved 18 August 2013 Sherry Ricchiardi April 2011 The Al Jazeera Effect American Journalism Review Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 The Anti Defamation League Sheik Yusuf al Qaradawi Theologian of Terror ADL Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 11 February 2015 Tavares Pedro S 17 August 2018 Al Jazeera corta papel dos muculmanos na escravatura e culpa portugueses www dn pt in European Portuguese Retrieved 22 November 2022 Markay Lachlan 3 March 2021 DOJ pressed to enforce Al Jazeera foreign agent ruling Axios Axios Retrieved 24 February 2022 Al Jazeera Media Network is a Private Foundation for Public Benefit under Qatari law it is not owned by Qatar and its content is not directed or controlled by the Qatari government nor does it reflect any government viewpoint a spokesperson told Axios Tuesday in an emailed statement a b National Press Club Declares Support For Al Jazeera National Press Club Press Release 5 October 2018 Retrieved 22 April 2020 a b US RSF concerned by calls for Al Jazeera to register as foreign agent Reporters Without Borders 19 March 2018 Retrieved 22 April 2020 Goldberg Jeffrey 10 July 2013 Why Does Al Jazeera Love a Hateful Islamic Extremist bloombergview com Bloomberg L P AL JAZEERA US Government Funded Anti Muslim Brotherhood Activists Business Insider 10 July 2013 Retrieved 16 June 2015 ILO slams Qatar Airways for sexist policies Al Jazeera Retrieved 23 April 2020 AJ 28 May 2015 Human toll of FIFA corruption washingtonpost s Christopher Ingraham compares death toll of past events to Qatar ajplus Retrieved 23 April 2020 Robert Booth 6 December 2010 WikiLeaks cables claim al Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy The Guardian London Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 Retrieved 21 December 2010 Booth Robert 5 December 2010 WikiLeaks cables claim al Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy The Guardian London Retrieved 8 August 2013 Dan Sabbagh 30 September 2012 Al Jazeera s political independence questioned amid Qatar intervention The Guardian London Retrieved 3 January 2013 Is Al Jazeera a legitimate news channel The Week Retrieved 27 May 2022 Index Free speaking voices in the wilderness Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Webby Awards Web archive 29 May 2006 Archived from the original on 29 May 2006 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Apple bites big Brand Channel Archived from the original on 29 March 2012 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards Asian Image 31 January 2013 Retrieved 1 November 2015 Al Jazeera Investigations Unit The Walkley Foundation Retrieved 19 December 2020 Hamas honors Al Jazeera for highly professional coverage of Gaza conflict Times of Israel 10 June 2021 Benjamin says 10 July 2003 Wide Angle Exclusive to Al Jazeera PBS Egypt A Nation in Waiting Retrieved 15 February 2011 Al Jazeera An Arab Voice for Freedom or Demagoguery The UNC Tour Unc Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Tutu s Children Al Jazeera 17 October 2012 Retrieved 24 November 2018 Grim Ryan 11 February 2019 Pro Israel Lobby Caught on Tape Boasting That Its Money Influences Washington The Intercept Retrieved 26 February 2019 Rosen Armin 20 January 2017 Pro Israel Hoaxer Hits DC Tablet Retrieved 26 February 2019 The Day the War Came Home Al Jazeera 5 May 2010 Attacks on the Press 2004 Saudi Arabia 14 March 2005 Attacks on the Press 2004 Mideast Cpj org Retrieved 12 April 2012 Feuilherade Peter 25 November 2003 Profile Al Arabiya TV BBC News Retrieved 20 November 2012 Shock over Iraqi reporter s death BBC News 23 February 2006 Retrieved 20 November 2012 Time for the Last Hurrah for US Al Hurra Arab News 16 February 2006 Retrieved 12 April 2012 Alhurra Locates the Arab Street USC Center on Public Diplomacy 7 January 2009 Retrieved 20 November 2012 Snyder Alvin ALHURRA LOCATES THE ARAB STREET University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy Retrieved 10 January 2013 BBC launches Arabic TV channel BBC News 11 March 2008 Retrieved 23 April 2010 Deutsche Welle debuts Arabic channel 13 September 2011 Retrieved 16 June 2015 DW television to broadcast series by Egyptian satirist Bassem Youssef Deutsche Welle Retrieved 16 June 2015 Further reading EditAbdul Mageed M M and Herring S C 2008 Arabic and English news coverage on aljazeera net In F Sudweeks H Hrachovec and C Ess Eds Proceedings of Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication 2008 CATaC 08 Nimes France 24 June 27 Abstract and full article Arabic and English News Coverage on aljazeera net M Arafa P J Auter amp K Al Jaber 2005 Hungry for news and information Instrumental use of Al Jazeera TV among viewers in the Arab World and Arab diaspora Journal of Middle East Media 1 1 21 50 Marc Lynch 2005 Voices of the New Arab Public Iraq al Jazeera and Middle East Politics Today Columbia University Press N Miladi 2004 Al Jazeera ISBN 1 86020 593 3 Hugh Miles 2004 Al Jazeera How Arab TV news challenged the world Abacus ISBN 0 349 11807 8 a k a Al Jazeera How Arab TV News challenges America Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 1789 9 2005 reprint a k a Al Jazeera The inside story of the Arab news channel that is challenging the West Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 4235 4 2006 reprint Mohammed el Nawawy and Adel Iskandar 2002 Al Jazeera How the Free Arab News Network Scooped the World and Changed the Middle East Westview Press ISBN 0 8133 4017 9 a k a Al Jazeera The story of the network that is rattling governments and redefining modern journalism a k a Al Jazeera Ambassador of the Arab World Westview Press Basic Books Perseus Books ISBN 0 8133 4149 3 2003 reprint Erik C Nisbet Matthew C Nisbet Dietram Scheufele and James Shanahan 2004 Public diplomacy television news and Muslim opinion PDF 187 KiB Harvard International Journal of Press Politics 9 2 11 37 Donatella Della Ratta 2005 Al Jazeera Media e societa arabe nel nuovo millennio in Italian Bruno Mondadori ISBN 88 424 9282 5 Naomi Sakr 2002 Satellite Realms Transnational Television Globalization and the Middle East I B Tauris ISBN 1 86064 689 1 Tatham Steve 2006 Losing Arab Hearts amp Minds The Coalition Al Jazeera amp Muslim Public Opinion C Hurst amp Co London Published 1 January 2006 ISBN 0 9725572 3 7 Mohamed Zayani 2005 The Al Jazeera Phenomenon Critical Perspectives on New Arab Media Paradigm Publishers ISBN 1 59451 126 8 Augusto Valeriani 2005 Il giornalismo arabo Italian Roma Carocci ISBN 88 430 3280 1External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al Jazeera Official website Al Jazeera s channel on YouTube Al Jazeera s official story Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Al Jazeera amp oldid 1131844900, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.