Bangladesh Armed Forces
The Bangladesh Armed Forces (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ সশস্ত্র বাহিনী, romanized: Bangladesh Sashastra Bahinī) are the combined military forces of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It consists of the three uniformed military services: the Bangladesh Army, the Bangladesh Navy and the Bangladesh Air Force. The Armed Forces are under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Defence of the Government of Bangladesh, and is directly administered by the Armed Forces Division of the Prime Minister's Office.[5] The President of Bangladesh serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. It has the third-largest defence budget in South Asia and according to the Global Firepower index it is the third most powerful military force in South Asia.[6] Border Guards Bangladesh (formerly Bangladesh Rifles) and Bangladesh Coast Guard are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs[7] during peacetime, but during wartime they fall under the command of Bangladesh Army and Bangladesh Navy respectively.
| Bangladesh Armed Forces | |
|---|---|
| বাংলাদেশ সশস্ত্র বাহিনী Bangladesh Shoshostro Bahinī | |
Crest of Bangladesh Armed Forces | |
Flag of Bangladesh Armed Forces | |
| Motto | "চির উন্নত মম শির" (de facto) "Ever High is My Head" |
| Founded | 21 November 1971 |
| Current form | 12 January 1972 |
| Service branches | Bangladesh Army Bangladesh Navy Bangladesh Air Force |
| Headquarters | Armed Forces Division Headquarters, Dhaka Cantonment |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | President Abdul Hamid |
| Head of Armed Forces Division and Minister of Defence | Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina |
| Principal Staff Officer | Lieutenant General Waqar Uz Zaman |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 years |
| Conscription | No[1] |
| Active personnel | 227,050[2] |
| Deployed personnel | 6,417 [3] |
| Expenditures | |
| Budget | ৳40360 crore (US$4.3 billion)[a][4] |
| Percent of GDP | 0.91% (2022 est.) |
| Industry | |
| Domestic suppliers | |
| Foreign suppliers | |
| Related articles | |
| History | Bangladesh War of Liberation 1972-1975 Bangladesh insurgency Chittagong Hill Tracts Insurgency Gulf War Operation Clean Heart |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Bangladesh |
Military policy is formulated and executed by the Armed Forces Division (AFD) whereas the Ministry of Defence (MoD) does not exercise any operational or policy authority over the Armed Forces. Since independence, the AFD and MoD has been led by the Prime Minister. To coordinate military policy with foreign and intelligence policy, both the president and the prime minister are advised by a six-member advisory board which consists of the three military services' Chiefs of Staff, the Principal Staff Officer of the Armed Forces Division, and military secretaries to the president and the prime minister. The directors general of the NSI, the DGFI and the BGB also serve in an advisory capacity, when invited.[8][9]
Armed Forces Day is observed on 21 November and commemorates the founding of the three services of the Armed Forces who subsequently initiated a joint operation against the occupying Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[10][11] Official functions are held across the country including at Bangabhaban, the Armed Forces Division Headquarters at Dhaka Cantonment, all military cantonments and at every military installation throughout the country.[12]
History
Eastern wing of Pakistan
With the partitioning of India on August 15th 1947, the territory constituting modern Bangladesh was partitioned from the province of Bengal as East Bengal, joining the newly created state of Pakistan. Ethnic and sectional discrimination prevailed in all sectors of the state. Like other government sectors, Bengalis were under-represented in the Pakistan military too. Officers of Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of overall force by 1965.[13] West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially inclined" unlike Pashtuns and Punjabis; the "Martial Races" notion was dismissed as ridiculous and humiliating by Bengalis.[13] Moreover, despite huge defence spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts, purchasing and military support jobs. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over Kashmir also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis as only an under-strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft without tank support were in East Pakistan to thwart any Indian retaliations during the conflict.[14][15]
The East Bengal Regiment was formed on 15 February 1948 following Pakistan's independence and transition from post British rule, composed exclusively of men from the western part of the country. The first East Bengal Regiment was composed of Bengali members of the British Indian Army Pioneer Corps and Bihar Regiment of the abolished British-Indian army. Between 1948 and 1965, a total of eight battalions of EBR were raised.[16][17]
Bangladesh Liberation War
Following the victory of the Awami League in the 1970 elections, then-president General Yahya Khan refused to appoint its leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the prime minister and launched a brutal attack named Operation Searchlight on the civilians of the then East Pakistan, using the Pakistani army to repress political movements.[18] The number of people killed by Pakistani forces vary from a minimum of around 300,000 to a maximum of around 3 million.[19][20] Responding to Mujib's call for rebellion, many students, workers and other civilians mutinied against Pakistan and raised the Mukti Bahini, a guerrilla force. Later on, many Bengali officers and units from Pakistan Army and East Pakistan Rifles mutinied against their West Pakistani counterparts and joined the Mukti bahini.[21][22][23] On 17 April 1971, Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani took oath as the commander-in-chief of Mukti bahini. While the war raged on, the necessity of a well-trained armed force was always felt. During the first Bangladesh Sector Commanders Conference, held from 11 to 17 July 1971, the Bangladesh Forces started its journey composed of the revolting Bengali members of the Pakistan Army and EPR.[24] In this historic conference the field command structure, sector reorganization, reinforcement, appointment of field commanders and tactics of warfare were decided upon and carried out. On 21 November 1971, the Bangladesh Forces was divided into three separate services as Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force.
The Bangladesh Forces received modest assistance from the Indian Government soon after the start of the war.[25] On 3 December 1971, India-Pakistan war broke out and Indian troops enter Bangladesh allied with the Bangladesh Armed Forces.[26] On 16 December 1971 the Pakistani Military force in Bangladesh surrender to a joint force of Indian and Bangladesh forces.[27]
Post-independence
The newly formed Bangladeshi armed forces incorporated some of the units and guerrillas of the Mukti Bahini.[28] Gen. Osmani, who had led the Mukti Bahini was appointed the General of the Bangladesh armed forces.[29] For many years, there was active discrimination in favour of the inductees from the Mukti Bahini against those Bengali officers who had continued service in the Pakistani armed forces or had been detained in West Pakistan.[28][30] A group of angered officers assassinated the president Sheikh Mujib on 15 August 1975 and established a regime with politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed as President of Bangladesh and new army chief Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman.[30] The military itself was subject of divisions as Mujib's assassins were overthrown by the pro-Mujib Brig. Gen. Khaled Mosharraf on 3 November, who himself was soon overthrown by a socialist group of officers under Col. Abu Taher on 7 November who returned Ziaur Rahman to power—an event now called the Sipoy-Janata Biplob (Soldiers and People's Coup).[31] Under the presidency of Ziaur Rahman, the military was reorganised to remove conflicts between rival factions and discontented cadre.[32] However, Ziaur Rahman was himself overthrown in a 1981 coup attempt,[33] and a year later, Lt. Gen. Hossain Mohammad Ershad took power from the elected government of president Abdus Sattar. The military remained the most important force in national politics under the regimes of Ziaur Rahman and later Hossain Mohammad Ershad until democracy was restored in 1991.[32]
Modern period
Having relied primarily on India and Soviet Union for military aid, Bangladesh has also developed military ties with the People's Republic of China and the United States. The Bangladesh Army has been actively involved in United Nations Peace Support Operations (UNPSO). During the first Gulf War in 1991, the Bangladesh Army sent a 2,193 member team to monitor peace in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Bangladesh Army also participated in peace keeping activities in Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique, former Yugoslavia, Liberia, Haiti, Tajikistan, Western Sahara, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, Georgia, East Timor, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire and Ethiopia. As of October 2008, Bangladesh remained the second largest contributor with 9,800 troops in the UN Peacekeeping forces.
Until a peace accord was signed in 1997, the Bangladeshi military engaged in counterinsurgency operations in the Chittagong Hill Tracts fighting the Shanti Bahini separatist group. In 2001, Bangladeshi military units engaged in clashes with the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) along the northern border.[34]
Several projects and schemes aiming to expand and modernize the Bangladeshi armed forces were launched by the government of former Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia.
Forces Goal 2030 was launched by the government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to secure new equipment for the Bangladeshi military.
Bangladesh-Myanmar border
Standoffs have occasionally occurred at the Bangladesh-Myanmar border, including in 1991 and 2008. Most of the standoffs took place when Myanmar attempted to force Rohingyas into Bangladesh. In 2008, the two countries deployed warships after Myanmar attempted to explore a disputed Bay of Bengal seabed for oil and gas. The dispute was resolved at an international tribunal in 2012. Bangladesh and Myanmar have also conducted counter-insurgency operations on the border.
Medals and decorations
The following are the various gallantry, service and war medals of the Bangladesh Armed Forces.[35][36][37][38][39][self-published source?]
Gallantry awards
- Bir Sreshtho-(Bengali: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ; literally, "The Most Valiant Hero"), the highest gallantry award
- Bir Uttom- (Bengali: বীর উত্তম; literally, "Better among Braves"), the second highest gallantry award
- Bir Bikrom- (Bengali: বীর বিক্রম; literally, "Valiant hero"), the third highest gallantry award
- Bir Protik- (Bengali: বীর প্রতীক; literally, "Symbol of Bravery or Idol of Courage"), the fourth highest gallantry award
Service medals
- Order of Military Merit
- Jestha Padak I (10 years service)
- Jestha Padak II (20 years service)
- Jestha Padak III (30 years service)
Current deployments
Bangladesh has consistently made large contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations. As of May 2007, Bangladesh had major deployments in Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Lebanon, Sudan, Timor-Leste and Cote d'Ivoire.[40] With 10,736 troops deployed, it ranks first in personnel contributions to UN peacekeeping.[41] The government declined to participate in Iraq on a request from the United States. The deployment to Liberia began in October 2003 and has remained at a level of about 3200 who are participating in peacekeeping, charitable activities and infrastructure development.
Training
Officers are trained and educated for three years at the Bangladesh Military Academy, Bhatiary, Bangladesh Naval Academy at Patenga, both located in Chittagong and Bangladesh Air Force Academy located in Jessore. For advance training during their career, officers are sent to Bangladesh Defence Services Command and Staff College at Mirpur, while senior officers attend the National Defense University for Armed Forces War Course. Many attend the Military Institute of Science and Technology while serving. Officers of the Army Medical Corps are recruited after graduation from both military or civil medical colleges. They undergo basic military training at Bangladesh Military Academy followed by professional training in medical corps centre and Armed Forces Medical Institute. Recently cadets of Armed Forces Medical College also started joining the services directly.[42]
Ranks
Bangladesh military ranks, essentially corresponds to those used by the armed forces of the commonwealth nations.
The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the Armed forces respectively.
| Rank group | General/flag officers | Field/senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh Army[43] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| General জেনারেল | Lieutenant general লেফটেন্যান্ট জেনারেল | Major general মেজর জেনারেল | Brigadier general ব্রিগেডিয়ার জেনারেল | Colonel কর্নেল | Lieutenant colonel লেফটেন্যান্ট কর্নেল | Major মেজর | Captain ক্যাপ্টেন | Lieutenant লেফটেন্যান্ট | Second lieutenant সেকেন্ড লেফটেন্যান্ট | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bangladesh Navy[44] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Admiral এ্যাডমিরাল | Vice admiral ভাইস এ্যাডমিরাল | Rear admiral রিয়ার এ্যাডমিরাল | Commodore কমোডোর | Captain ক্যাপ্টেন | Commander কমান্ডার | Lieutenant commander লেফটেন্যান্ট কমান্ডার | Lieutenant লেফটেন্যান্ট | Sub-lieutenant সাব-লেফটেন্যান্ট | Acting sub-lieutenant এ্যাক্টিং সাব-লেফটেন্যান্ট | Midshipman | Officer cadet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bangladesh Air Force[45] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Air chief marshal এয়ার চিফ মার্শাল | Air marshal এয়ার মার্শাল | Air vice-marshal এয়ার ভাইস মার্শাল | Air commodore এয়ার কমোডোর | Group captain গ্রুপ ক্যাপ্টেন | Wing Commander উইং কমান্ডার | Squadron leader স্কোয়াড্রন লীডার | Flight lieutenant ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট | Flying officer ফ্লাইং অফিসার | Pilot officer | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank group | General/flag officers | Field/senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Organization
Regular forces
- Bangladesh Army (Bangladesh Sena Bahini)
- Bangladesh Navy (Bangladesh Nou-bahini)
- Bangladesh Air Force (Bangladesh Biman Bahini)
Para-military forces
- Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB)
- Bangladesh Coast Guard (BCG)
Civil forces and reserves
Specialized forces
- President Guard Regiment (PGR) – Bangabhaban (President's Office)
- Special Security Force (SSF) – Prime Minister's Office
- Para-Commando Brigade (The Cheetahs) – Under Command AHQ, Dhaka, Bangladesh Army
- Special Warfare Diving And Salvage (SWADS) – Bangladesh Navy
- 41 Squadron Airborne - Special Ground Combatants (SGC) – Bangladesh Air Force
Military districts
- Savar Area Command
- Ghatail Area Command,Tangail
- Bogra Area Command
- Rangpur Area Command
- Comilla Area Command
- Chittagong Area Command
- Ramu Area Command
- Jessore Area Command
- Sylhet Area Command
- Barisal Area Command
- Army Training and Doctrine Command
- Army Logistics Area
- HQ All Military Lands
- HQ Cantonment Boards
- HQ's of Bangladesh Army
- Armed Forces Division (AFD)
- 46 Independent Infantry Brigade
- 24 Independent Engineers Brigade
- 18 Engineers Brigade
- 6 Air Defence Brigade
- 14 Army Signal Brigade
- HQ, President's Guard Regiment
- Inter Services Selection Board (ISSB)
- HQ's Armed Forces Medical and Nursing Corps (AFMNC)
- Central Officer's Record Office (CORO)
- HQ's Armed Forces Recruiting Centre (AFRC)
- HQ's Cantonment Public Schools
- HQ's Armed Forces Library
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP)
- National Armed Forces Cemetery
Educational and training institutes
- Army Institute of Business Administration (Army IBA), Savar Cantonment, Dhaka
- Bangladesh Military Academy (BMA), Bhatiary, Chittagong
- School of Infantry and Tactics (SI&T), Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet.
- Defence Services Command and Staff College (DSC&SC), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka.
- National Defence College (NDC), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka.
- Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka.
- Armoured Corps Centre & School (ACC&S), Majira Cantonment, Bogra.[46]
- Engineer Centre and School of Military Engineering, Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore.
- Signal Training Centre and School, Jashore Cantonment, Jashore.
- Army Service Corp Centre & School, Jahanabad Cantonment, Khulna.
- Army Medical Corps Centre & School, Shaheed Salahuddin Cantonment, Ghatail, Tangail.
- Ordnance Corps Centre & School, Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur
- Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training (BIPSOT), Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur.
- Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Centre and School, Saidpur Cantonment, Nilphamari.
- Corps of Military Police Centre and School, Savar Cantonment, Savar, Dhaka.
- Army School of Education and Administration, Shahid Salahuddin Cantonment, Ghatail, Tangail.
- Army School of Physical Training and Sports (ASPTS), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka.
- Army School of Music, Chittagong Cantonment, Chittagong.
- Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka.
- Army Medical College Chattogram (AMCC)
- Army Medical College Comilla (AMCCo)
- Army Medical College Bogra (AMCB)
- Army Medical College Jessore (AMCJ)
- Rangpur Army Medical College (RAMC)
Artillery Centre and School, Halishahar, Chittagong.
- School of Military Intelligence, Moynamoti Cantonment, Comilla.
- East Bengal Regimental Centre, Chittagong Cantonment, Chittagong.
- Bangladesh Infantry Regimental Centre, Rajshahi Cantonment, Rajshahi.
- Non Commissioned Officers Academy, Majira Cantonment, Bogra.[47]
- Bangladesh University Of Professionals(BUP), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka.
Training institutes of Bangladesh Air Force
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University[48]
- Bangladesh Air Force Academy (BAFA), Jessore.
- Flying Instructors School (FIS), Bogra.
- Command and Staff Training Institute (CSTI), Dhaka.
- (FSI), Dhaka.
- (OTS), Jessore.
- (AMI), Dhaka.
- (FCTU), Dhaka.
- (SOPF), Dhaka.
- (RTS), Chittagong.
- (TW), Chittagong.
- (MTDS), Shamsher Nagar.
- Helicopter Simulator Institute BAF(HSI), Dhaka
- Bangladesh Naval Academy (BNA), Chittagong.
- BNS Shaheed Moazzem, Kaptai, Rangamati Hill District, Chittagong. (For Sailor's Advanced Training)
- BNS ISA KHAN, Chittagong (Home of 13 Different Training Schools)
- BNS TITUMIR, Khulna (Home of New Entry Training School (NETS) and School of Logistics and Management (SOLAM))
- School of Maritime Warfare & Tactics, Chittagong Port.
Army Cantonments
Cantonments are where Bangladesh Army personnel work, train, and live.[49]
- Alikadam Cantonment (Bandarban)
- Bandarban Cantonment (Bandarban)
- Bangladesh Military Academy (Chittagong District)
- Bogra Cantonment (Bogra)
- Chittagong Cantonment (Chittagong)
- Comilla Cantonment (Comilla)
- Dhaka Cantonment (Dhaka)
- Dighinala Cantonment (Khagrachari)
- Halishahar Cantonment (Chittagong)
- Jahanabad Cantonment (Khulna)
- Jahangirabad Cantonment (Bogra)
- Jalalabad Cantonment (Sylhet)
- Jamuna Cantonment (Bhuapur, Tangail)
- Jessore Cantonment (Jessore)
- Kaptai Cantonment (Kaptai)
- Khagrachari Cantonment (Khagrachari)
- Kholahati Cantonment (Parbatipur, Dinajpur)
- Mirpur Cantonment (Mirpur)
- Mymensingh Cantonment (Mymensingh)
- Padma Cantonment (Munshiganj and Shariatpur)
- Postogola Cantonment (Dhaka)
- Qadirabad Cantonment (Natore)
- Rajendrapur Cantonment (Gazipur)
- Rajshahi Cantonment (Rajshahi)
- Ramu Cantonment (Ramu, Cox's Bazar)
- Rangamati Cantonment (Rangamati)
- Rangpur Cantonment (Rangpur)
- Saidpur Cantonment (Saidpur, nilphamary)
- Savar Cantonment (Savar)
- Shahid Salahuddin Cantonment (Ghatail, Tangail)
- Sheikh Hasina cantonment (Patuakhali)
Air Force bases
- BAF Base Bangabandhu (Dhaka)
- BAF Base Sheikh Hasina (Cox's Bazar)
- BAF Base Khademul Bashar (Dhaka)
- BAF Base Matiur Rahman (Jessore)
- BAF Base Paharkanchanpur (Tangail)
- BAF Base Zahurul Haq (Chittagong)
- BNS Haji Mohshin (Dhaka)
- BNS Sheikh Mujib (Dhaka)
- BNS Issa Khan (Chittagong)
- BNS Shaheed Moazzem (Rangamati)
- BNS Sheikh Hasina (Cox's Bazar)
- BNS Sher-e-Bangla (Patuakhali)
- BNS Titumir (Khulna)
- BNS Ulka (Chittagong)
- BNS Vatiary (Chittagong)
- BNS Nirvik (Chittagong)
- BNS Mongla (Bagerhat)
Future modernisation plans
Bangladesh has made a long term modernisation plan for its Armed Forces named Forces Goal 2030.[50] The plan includes the modernization and expansion of all equipment and infrastructures and providing enhanced training.[50]
Gallery
This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. |
Humanitarian operation after Cyclone Sidr
Bangladesh Army soldiers unload a shipment of bottled water for cyclone victims.
Bangladesh Army personnel unloading boxes of food for cyclone victims at Barisal
Bangladesh Army personnel and armoured personnel carrier in UN peacekeeping mission
Army soldiers on active duty in Dhaka
Army personnel at Victory Day Parade 2012
Bangladesh Army's main battle tanks at Victory Day Parade 2017
Bangladesh Army's MBT-2000 main battle tank
Bangladesh Army's Type-69 IIG main battle tank
AS365 Dauphin helicopter of Bangladesh Army Aviation Group
C-295 transport aircraft of Bangladesh Army
BTR-80 armoured personnel carrier of Bangladesh Army
Bangladesh navy frigate BNS Somudra Joy (F-28) at Pearl Harbor in 2013
BNS Bangabandhu (F-25) guided missile frigate at sea.
BNS Osman (F-18) guided missile frigate at sea
Bangladesh navy frigate BNS Somudra Avijan (F-29) at Alameda, California, in 2015
Bangladesh navy patrol ship BNS Sangu
Bangladesh Navy frigate and OPV at Exercise CARAT 2012 conducted by US Pacific Fleet
Bangladesh Navy SWADS personnel amid a joint military exercise with the US Navy in 2011
BNS Nirmul Durjoy-class patrol craft of Navy
Flypast of victory day, 2016 at National Parade Ground
Bangladesh Air Force Mikoyan MiG-29 multirole fighter aircraft
Bangladesh Air Force Mig-29 rushes of for a short mission
Chengdu F-7 BG fighter aircraft of Bangladesh Air Force
Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules military transport aircraft of Bangladesh Air Force
Lockheed C-130B military transport aircraft of Bangladesh Air Force
Bangladesh Air Force Antonov An-32 (converted bomber)
Mil Mi-171Sh assault helicopter of Bangladesh Air Force
Bangladesh Air Force Mil Mi-17 helicopter at UN Peacekeeping mission
Bangladesh Air Force paratroopers descend from a C-130 aircraft
See also
Notes
- ^ Excludes funding allocated by the Government of Bangladesh for Forces Goal 2030.
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- ^ UN Mission's Summary detailed by Country, Monthly Summary of Contributors of Military and Civilian Police Personnel, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations, 31 May 2007
- ^ Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations, Monthly Summary of Contributors of Military and Civilian Police Personnel, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations, 31 May 2007
- ^ . Bangladesharmy.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ "Ranks & insignia". joinbangladesharmy.army.mil.bd. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ . joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ . www.army.mil.bd. Bangladesh Army. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain (2005). Asian Strategic and Military Perspective. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 817062245X.
- ^ BSMR aviation and aerospace university bill passed | The Daily Star
- ^ . www.joinbangladesharmy.mil.bd. Bangladesh Army. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Forces Goal 2030 to be implemented in four phases: PM". New Age. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
External links
- Official Website of Bangladesh Army 31 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Official Website of Bangladesh Air Force