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Military junta

January 19, 2024

A military junta (/ˈhʊntə, ˈdʒʌntə/ ⓘ) is a government led by a committee of military leaders. The term junta means "meeting" or "committee" and originated in the national and local junta organized by the Spanish resistance to Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808.[1] The term is now used to refer to an authoritarian form of government characterized by oligarchic military dictatorship, as distinguished from other categories of authoritarian rule, specifically strongman (autocratic military dictatorships); machine (oligarchic party dictatorships); and bossism (autocratic party dictatorships).[2]

The Chilean military junta, led by Augusto Pinochet in March 1986

A junta often comes to power as a result of a coup d'état.[1] The junta may either formally take power as the nation's governing body, with the power to rule by decree, or may wield power by exercising binding (but informal) control over a nominally civilian government.[3] These two forms of junta rule are sometimes called open rule and disguised rule.[4] Disguised rule may take the form of either civilianization or indirect rule.[4] Civilianization occurs when a junta publicly ends its obviously military features, but continues its dominance.[4] For example, the junta may terminate the martial law, forgo military uniforms in favor of civilian attire, "colonize" government with former military officers, and make use of political parties or mass organizations.[5] "Indirect rule" involves the junta's exertion of concealed, behind-the-scenes control over a civilian puppet.[4] Indirect rule by the military can include either broad control over the government or control over a narrower set of policy areas, such as military or national security matters.[4]

Throughout the 20th century, military juntas were frequently seen in Latin America, typically in the form of an "institutionalized, highly corporate/professional junta" headed by the commanding officers of the different military branches (army, navy, and air force), and sometimes joined by the head of the national police or other key bodies.[3] Political scientist Samuel Finer, writing in 1988, noted that juntas in Latin America tended to be smaller than juntas elsewhere; the median junta had 11 members, while Latin American juntas typically had three or four.[3] "Corporate" military coups have been distinguished from "factional" military coups. The former are carried out by the armed forces as an institution, led by senior commanders at the top of the military hierarchy, while the latter are carried out by a segment of the armed forces and are often led by mid-ranking officers.[3][6]

A 2014 study published in the Annual Review of Political Science journal found that military regimes behaved differently from both civilian dictatorships and autocratic military strongmen. Military regime is ruled by a group of high ranking officers, whereas military strongman is ruled by a single dictator.[7] The study found that (1) "strongmen and military regimes are more likely to commit human rights abuses and become embroiled in civil wars than are civilian dictatorships"; (2) "military strongmen start more international wars than either military regimes or civilian dictators, perhaps because they have more reason to fear postouster exile, prison, or assassination" and (3) military regimes and civilian dictatorships are more likely to end in democratization, in contrast to the rule of military strongmen, which more often ends by insurgency, popular uprising, or invasion.[7]

Examples edit

Bold indicates a current military junta.

Africa edit

Americas edit

Asia edit

Europe edit

Oceania edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Junta, Encyclopædia Britannica (last updated 1998).
  2. ^ Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950-1992". American Journal of Political Science. 50 (1): 113–126. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x. JSTOR 3694260.
  3. ^ a b c d Paul Brooker, Non-Democratic Regimes (Palgrave Macmillan: 2d ed. 2009), pp. 148-150.
  4. ^ a b c d e Paul Brooker, Comparative Politics (ed. Daniele Caramani: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 101-102.
  5. ^ Brooker, Non-Democratic Regimes (2d ed.), p. 153.
  6. ^ David Kuehn, "Democratic Control of the Military" in Handbook of the Sociology of the Military (eds. Giuseppe Caforio & Marina Nuciari: Springer, 2nd ed.), p. 164.
  7. ^ a b Geddes, Barbara; Frantz, Erica; Wright, Joseph G. (2014). "Military Rule". Annual Review of Political Science. 17: 147–162. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418.
  8. ^ Ramadane, Mahamat (2 October 2022). "Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years". Reuters. N'Djamena. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  9. ^ "Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP". The Africa Report.com. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  10. ^ Ahmed, Baba (2 January 2022). "Mali junta defies mediators with 5-year transition plan". Associated Press. Bamako. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  11. ^ Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022). "Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  12. ^ Jeffrey, Jack (23 October 2022). "Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta". Associated Press. Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  13. ^ "Fiji holds historic election after years of military rule - DW - 17.09.2014". DW.com. Deutsche Welle.

January 19, 2024
military, junta, military, junta, government, committee, military, leaders, term, junta, means, meeting, committee, originated, national, local, junta, organized, spanish, resistance, napoleon, invasion, spain, 1808, term, used, refer, authoritarian, form, gov. A military junta ˈ h ʊ n t e ˈ dʒ ʌ n t e is a government led by a committee of military leaders The term junta means meeting or committee and originated in the national and local junta organized by the Spanish resistance to Napoleon s invasion of Spain in 1808 1 The term is now used to refer to an authoritarian form of government characterized by oligarchic military dictatorship as distinguished from other categories of authoritarian rule specifically strongman autocratic military dictatorships machine oligarchic party dictatorships and bossism autocratic party dictatorships 2 The Chilean military junta led by Augusto Pinochet in March 1986 A junta often comes to power as a result of a coup d etat 1 The junta may either formally take power as the nation s governing body with the power to rule by decree or may wield power by exercising binding but informal control over a nominally civilian government 3 These two forms of junta rule are sometimes called open rule and disguised rule 4 Disguised rule may take the form of either civilianization or indirect rule 4 Civilianization occurs when a junta publicly ends its obviously military features but continues its dominance 4 For example the junta may terminate the martial law forgo military uniforms in favor of civilian attire colonize government with former military officers and make use of political parties or mass organizations 5 Indirect rule involves the junta s exertion of concealed behind the scenes control over a civilian puppet 4 Indirect rule by the military can include either broad control over the government or control over a narrower set of policy areas such as military or national security matters 4 Throughout the 20th century military juntas were frequently seen in Latin America typically in the form of an institutionalized highly corporate professional junta headed by the commanding officers of the different military branches army navy and air force and sometimes joined by the head of the national police or other key bodies 3 Political scientist Samuel Finer writing in 1988 noted that juntas in Latin America tended to be smaller than juntas elsewhere the median junta had 11 members while Latin American juntas typically had three or four 3 Corporate military coups have been distinguished from factional military coups The former are carried out by the armed forces as an institution led by senior commanders at the top of the military hierarchy while the latter are carried out by a segment of the armed forces and are often led by mid ranking officers 3 6 A 2014 study published in the Annual Review of Political Science journal found that military regimes behaved differently from both civilian dictatorships and autocratic military strongmen Military regime is ruled by a group of high ranking officers whereas military strongman is ruled by a single dictator 7 The study found that 1 strongmen and military regimes are more likely to commit human rights abuses and become embroiled in civil wars than are civilian dictatorships 2 military strongmen start more international wars than either military regimes or civilian dictators perhaps because they have more reason to fear postouster exile prison or assassination and 3 military regimes and civilian dictatorships are more likely to end in democratization in contrast to the rule of military strongmen which more often ends by insurgency popular uprising or invasion 7 Contents 1 Examples 1 1 Africa 1 2 Americas 1 3 Asia 1 4 Europe 1 5 Oceania 2 See also 3 ReferencesExamples editBold indicates a current military junta Africa edit nbsp Burkina Faso Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration 2022 present nbsp Chad Transitional Military Council 2021 2022 Transitional Administration 2022 present 8 nbsp Egypt Supreme Council of the Armed Forces 2011 2012 nbsp Ethiopia Derg 1974 1987 nbsp Gabon Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions 2023 present nbsp Guinea National Committee of Reconciliation and Development 2021 present nbsp Liberia People s Redemption Council 1980 1984 nbsp Libya Revolutionary Command Council 1969 1977 nbsp Mali National Committee for the Salvation of the People 2020 2021 9 Transitional Administration 2021 present 10 nbsp Niger National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland 2023 present nbsp Nigeria Military juntas 1966 1979 and 1983 1999 nbsp Sudan Transitional Military Council 2019 Transitional Sovereignty Council 2021 present 11 12 Americas edit nbsp Argentina Argentine Revolution 1966 1973 National Reorganization Process 1976 1983 nbsp Bolivia Bolivian military juntas 1970 1971 and 1980 1982 nbsp Brazil Brazilian military juntas of 1930 and 1969 nbsp Chile Government Junta 1973 1990 nbsp Colombia Military Junta 1957 1958 nbsp Ecuador Military Junta 1963 Supreme Council of Government 1976 1979 nbsp El Salvador Civic Directory 1931 Junta of Government 1960 1961 Civic Military Directory 1961 1962 Revolutionary Government Junta 1979 1982 nbsp Guatemala Junta of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d etat nbsp Haiti Junta of the 1991 Haitian coup d etat 1991 1994 nbsp Nicaragua Junta of National Reconstruction 1979 1985 nbsp Peru Military junta 1962 1963 Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru 1968 1980 Military junta 1989 2000 nbsp Uruguay Military junta 1973 1985 nbsp Venezuela Military junta 1948 1958 Asia edit nbsp Bangladesh Military governments of Ziaur Rahman 1975 1981 and Hussain Muhammad Ershad 1982 1990 nbsp China Republic of Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion 1948 1991 used by the Kuomintang after the fall of mainland China to the Communists nbsp Indonesia Military government of Suharto also known as the New Order 1966 1998 nbsp Myanmar Union Revolutionary Council 1962 1974 State Peace and Development Council 1988 2011 State Administration Council 2021 present nbsp Pakistan Military governments of Ayub Khan 1958 1969 Yahya Khan 1969 1971 Muhammad Zia ul Haq 1977 1988 Pervez Musharraf 1999 2008 nbsp South Korea Military governments of Park Chung Hee 1962 1979 Chun Doo hwan 1980 1988 nbsp Thailand National Peace Keeping Council 1991 1992 Council for National Security 2006 2008 National Council for Peace and Order 2014 2019 Europe edit nbsp Bulgaria 1934 Bulgarian coup d etat 1934 1935 nbsp Georgia Military Council of the Republic of Georgia 6 January 10 March 1992 nbsp Greece Regime of the Colonels officially the Revolutionary Committee 1967 1974 nbsp Poland Military Council of National Salvation 1981 1983 nbsp Portugal National Salvation Junta 1974 1975 nbsp Turkey National Unity Committee 1960 1961 Council for National Security 1980 1983 Oceania edit nbsp Fiji Military government of Frank Bainimarama 2006 2014 13 See also editCivilian control of the military Civil military relations StratocracyReferences edit a b Junta Encyclopaedia Britannica last updated 1998 Lai Brian Slater Dan 2006 Institutions of the Offensive Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes 1950 1992 American Journal of Political Science 50 1 113 126 doi 10 1111 j 1540 5907 2006 00173 x JSTOR 3694260 a b c d Paul Brooker Non Democratic Regimes Palgrave Macmillan 2d ed 2009 pp 148 150 a b c d e Paul Brooker Comparative Politics ed Daniele Caramani Oxford University Press 2014 pp 101 102 Brooker Non Democratic Regimes 2d ed p 153 David Kuehn Democratic Control of the Military in Handbook of the Sociology of the Military eds Giuseppe Caforio amp Marina Nuciari Springer 2nd ed p 164 a b Geddes Barbara Frantz Erica Wright Joseph G 2014 Military Rule Annual Review of Political Science 17 147 162 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 032211 213418 Ramadane Mahamat 2 October 2022 Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years Reuters N Djamena Retrieved 20 October 2022 Mali President Bah N Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP The Africa Report com 2021 01 28 Retrieved 2021 02 02 Ahmed Baba 2 January 2022 Mali junta defies mediators with 5 year transition plan Associated Press Bamako Retrieved 20 March 2023 Gavin Michelle 8 April 2022 Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan Council on Foreign Relations Retrieved 20 March 2023 Jeffrey Jack 23 October 2022 Analysis Year post coup cracks in Sudan s military junta Associated Press Cairo Egypt Retrieved 20 March 2023 Fiji holds historic election after years of military rule DW 17 09 2014 DW com Deutsche Welle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Military junta amp oldid 1194080784, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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