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Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions, particularly Timurid architecture.[2][3][4][5][6] It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture, especially during the reign of Akbar (r. 1556–1605).[2][3][5][6] Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.

The Taj Mahal at Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general,[1]
Badshahi Mosque, in Lahore, Pakistan, was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals
The Alamgiri Gate at Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as "Alamgir".
Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, which was built by Aurangzeb in the memory of his wife, Dilras Banu Begum

The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526. During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson Akbar built widely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were Agra Fort, the fort-city of Fatehpur Sikri, and the Buland Darwaza. Akbar's son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir.

Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan, who constructed Taj Mahal, the Jama Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, the Wazir Khan Mosque, and who renovated the Lahore Fort. The last of the great Mughal architects was Aurangzeb, who built the Badshahi Mosque, Bibi Ka Maqbara, Moti Masjid etc.

Features

 
The use of elephant-shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort reflects Hindu influences on Mughal Architecture during the reign of Akbar

Mughal architecture incorporates Hindu elements with Persian and Islamic elements. Some features common to many buildings are: Large bulbous onion domes, sometimes surrounded by four smaller domes.

Mughal architecture has also influenced later Indian architectural styles, including the Indo-Saracenic style of the British Raj, the Rajput style and the Sikh style.

Monuments

 
Gardens of Babur in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Akbar

Agra Fort

Agra fort is a UNESCO world heritage site in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. The major part of Agra fort was built by Akbar from 1565 to 1574. The architecture of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the Rajput planning and construction. Some of the important buildings in the fort are Jahangiri Mahal built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars. The Jahangiri Mahal is an impressive structure and has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms.

Humayun's Tomb

 
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, India

Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi, India. The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum (also known as Haji Begum), in 1569-70, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad, Persian architects chosen by her. It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent. It is often regarded as the first mature example of Mughal architecture.

Fatehpur Sikri

 
Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri, was built by Akbar the Great to commemorate his victory.

Akbar's greatest architectural achievement was the construction of Fatehpur Sikri, his capital city near Agra at a trade and Jain pilgrimages.[7][8][9] The construction of the walled city was started in 1569 and completed in 1574.

It contained some of the most beautiful buildings – both religious and secular which testify to the Emperor's aim of achieving social, political and religious integration. The main religious buildings were the huge Jama Masjid and small Tomb of Salim Chisti. Buland Darwaza, also known as the Gate of Magnificence, was built by Akbar in 1576 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat and the Deccan. It is 40 metres high and 50 metres from the ground. The total height of the structure is about 54 metres from ground level.

The Haramsara, the royal seraglio in Fatehpur Sikri was an area where the royal women lived. The opening to the Haramsara is from the Khwabgah side separated by a row of cloisters. According to Abul Fazl, in Ain-i-Akbari, the inside of Harem was guarded by senior and active women, outside the enclosure the eunuchs were placed, and at a proper distance there were faithful Rajput guards.[10]

Jodha bai Palace is the largest palace in the Fatehpur Sikri seraglio, connected to the minor haramsara quarters. The main entrance is double storied, projecting out of the facade to create a kind of porch leading into a recessed entrance with a balcony. Inside there is a quadrangle surrounded by rooms. The columns of rooms are ornamented with a variety of Hindu sculptural motifs.

Tomb of Salim Chisti

 
The tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti is considered to be one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture

The Tomb of Salim Chishti is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India, built during the years 1580 and 1581. The tomb, built in 1571 in the corner of the mosque compound, is a square marble chamber with a verandah. The cenotaph has an exquisitely designed lattice screen around it. It enshrines the burial place of the Sufi saint, Salim Chisti (1478 – 1572), a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer, who lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri. The mausoleum, constructed by Akbar as a mark of his respect for the Sufi saint, who foretold the birth of his son.

Jahangir

Begum Shahi Mosque

 
Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque

The Begum Shahi Mosque is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir by his mother, Mariam-Uz-Zamani,[11][12][13] and is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal-era mosque.[14][11][15] It is known for its exquisite fresco decoration of geometric and floral motifs painted on stucco, along with inscriptions of the names of God.[14][16][15] The mosque would later influence construction of the larger Wazir Khan Mosque a few decades later.[17]

Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah

 
The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Tāj Mahal.

The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah, is a mausoleum in the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the "Bachcha Taj", as the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal.

Shah Jahan

 
The Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore does not have a dome as Jahangir forbade construction of a dome over his tomb.

Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power, Shah Jahan built elegant monuments. The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at Agra, Delhi and Lahore. Some examples include the Taj Mahal at Agra, the tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in the Agra Fort and the Jama Masjid at Delhi are imposing buildings of his era, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Shah Jahan also renovated buildings such as the Moti Masjid, Sheesh Mahal and Naulakha pavilion, which are all enclosed in the Lahore Fort. He also built a mosque named after himself in Thatta called Shahjahan Mosque (not built in the Mughal architecture, but in Safavid and Timurid architecture that were influenced by the Persian architecture). Shah Jahan also built the Red Fort in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad, now Old Delhi. The red sandstone Red Fort is noted for its special buildings-Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas. Another mosque was built during his tenure in Lahore called Wazir Khan Mosque, by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor. It is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface.

Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, a World Heritage Site was built between 1632 and 1653 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal .[1] Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants, at a cost of 32 million rupees. (corresponding to US$ 827 million in 2015) It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and finial.

The building's longest plane of symmetry runs through the entire complex except for the sarcophagus of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone, to complement the Mecca-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. Parchin kari, a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and Jali work has been used to decorate the structure.

 
Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River (northern view).

Wazir Khan Mosque

 
Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque

The Wazir Khan Mosque was commissioned during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1634, and completed in 1642.[18] Considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque,[19] Wazir Khan Mosque is renowned for its intricate faience tile work known as kashi-kari, as well as its interior surfaces that are almost entirely embellished with elaborate Mughal-era frescoes. The mosque has been under extensive restoration since 2009 under the direction of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Government of Punjab.[20]

Shalimar Gardens

 
The Shalimar Gardens, Lahore are among the most famous Mughal gardens.

It is a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab. The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic and aesthetic zenith.[21] Construction of the gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan,[22] and was completed in 1642.[23] In 1981 the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as they embody Mughal garden design at the apogee of its development.[21]

Shah Jahan Mosque

 
The mosque's tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan's campaigns in Central Asia.

The Shah Jahan Mosque is the central mosque for the city of Thatta, in the Pakistani province of Sindh. The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan, who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude.[24] Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture, which was introduced after Shah Jahan's campaigns near Balkh and Samarkand.[24] The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in South Asia,[24][25] and is also notable for its geometric brick work - a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques.[26]

Shahi Hammam

 
The central chamber of the Shahi Hammam is decorated with frescoes

Shahi Hammam is a Persian-style bath which was built in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1635 C.E. during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. It was built by chief physician to the Mughal Court, Ilam-ud-din Ansari, who was widely known as Wazir Khan.[27][28][29] The baths were built to serve as a waqf, or endowment, for the maintenance of the Wazir Khan Mosque.[30]

Aurangzeb

In Aurangzeb's reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with stucco ornament. Srirangapatna and Lucknow have examples of later Indo-Mughal architecture. He made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which were later named after him (Alamgir).

Badshahi Mosque

 
Badshahi Masjid, Lahore, Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is now the second-largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent.

The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, was commissioned by the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Constructed between 1671 and 1673, it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. It is the third-largest mosque in Pakistan and the seventh-largest mosque in the world. The mosque is adjacent to the Lahore Fort and is the last in the series of congregational mosques in red sandstone. The red sandstone of the walls contrasts with the white marble of the domes and the subtle intarsia decoration. Aurangzeb's mosque's architectural plan is similar to that of his father, Shah Jahan, the Jama Masjid in Delhi; though it is much larger. It also functions as an idgah. The courtyard which spreads over 276,000 square feet, can accommodate one hundred thousand worshippers; ten thousand can be accommodated inside the mosque. The minarets are 196 feet (60 m) tall. The Mosque is one of the most famous Mughal structures but suffered greatly under the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In 1993, the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site.[31]

Additional monuments

Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb's imperial family. The construction of the elegant Zinat al-Masjid in Daryaganj was overseen by Aurangzeb's second daughter Zinat-al-Nissa. Aurangzeb's sister Roshan-Ara who died in 1671. The tomb of Roshanara Begum and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay.

Bibi ka Maqbara

Bibi Ka Maqbara was a mausoleum built by Emperor Aurangzeb, in the late 17th century as a loving tribute to his first wife, Dilras Bano Begum in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Some accounts suggest that later it was taken care by Azam Shah, son of aurangzeb. It is a replica of the Taj Mahal, and was designed by Ata-Ullah, the son of Ahmed Lahori, who was the principal designer of the Taj Mahal.

Late Mughal

Lalbagh Fort

 
Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka is an incomplete fort built by Prince Azam Shah

Lalbagh Fort (also known as "Fort Aurangabad"), a Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka, Bangladesh, whose construction started in 1678 during the reign of Aurangzeb's son Azam Shah.

Sunehri Mosque

 
The 18th-century Sunehri Mosque is named for its gilded domes.

Sunehri Mosque is a late Mughal-era mosque in the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan. Sunehri Mosque was built in 1753 when the empire was in decline, during the reign of Muhammad Shah.

Tomb of Safdar Jang

The Tomb of Safdar Jung completed in 1754 is one of the last examples of Mughal Architecture.

Gardens

Mughal gardens are gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style. This style was influenced by Persian gardens. They are built in the char bagh structure, which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Qur'an. This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.[32]

The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.

Some famous examples of Mughal gardens are the Bagh-e-Babur at Kabul, Mehtab Bagh gardens at the Taj Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb, Shalimar Gardens at Lahore, Wah Gardens in Wah , Khusro Bagh at Prayagraj, as well as Pinjore Gardens at Haryana.

The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir (Pari Mahal, Nishat Bagh, Shalimar Bagh, Chashme Shahi, Verinag Garden, Achabal Gardens) are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India.

Bridges

Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur was constructed during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Mughal Emperor Akbar ordered the construction of the Shahi Bridge, which was completed in the year 1568–69 by Munim Khan. It took four years to complete the bridge. It was designed by Afghan architect Afzal Ali.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Taj Mahal World Heritage". UNESCO World Heritage. Centre. from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  2. ^ a b Asher 1992, pp. 1–2.
  3. ^ a b Petersen, Andrew (1996). "Mughals". Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. pp. 199–205. ISBN 9781134613663.
  4. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900; D. India.". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
  5. ^ a b Vaughan, Philippa (2011). "Indian Subcontinent: from Sultanate to Mughal Empire". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. pp. 464–483. ISBN 9783848003808.
  6. ^ a b Asher, Catherine B. (2020). "Mughal architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830.
  7. ^ Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book. Zee News. 27 February 2013.
  8. ^ "Excavation at Akbars fort at Fatehpur Sikri reveals flourishing Jain and Hindu habitation". Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  9. ^ "Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book". hindustantimes.com/. 27 February 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  10. ^ Gupta, Fathepur Sikri:Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill, pp. 146.
  11. ^ a b Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1970). Pakistan archaeology no.7. pp. 121–122, 126.
  12. ^ Koch, Ebba (1990). Mughal architecture. p. 83.
  13. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie; Waghmar, Burzine K. (2004). The empire of the great Mughals : history, art and culture. Internet Archive. London : Reaktion Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-86189-185-3.
  14. ^ a b Wheeler, R. E. M. (1950). Five thousand years of Pakistan. p. 83.
  15. ^ a b Asher 1992, p. 116-117.
  16. ^ Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1970). Pakistan archaeology no.7. pp. 121–122, 126.
  17. ^ "The mosque that Jodha Bai built". Daily Times. 26 June 2004. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  18. ^ (PDF). Aga Khan Development Network. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016. The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634-35 AD (1044-45 AH), by Hakim 'Ali ud din* a governor of Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
  19. ^ Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231038761.
  20. ^ "Walled city of Lahore conservation". Retrieved 25 August 2016. The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort – a World Heritage site, the Badshahi, and Wazir Khan mosques. Close to 2,000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore's centuries-old cultural landscape. A majority of these buildings and the mohallas (local neighbourhoods) in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint. The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (A.K.T.C.) and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) was initiated under a 2007 public-private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab.
  21. ^ a b "Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore". UNESCO. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  22. ^ REHMAN, A. (2009). "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times". Garden History. 37 (2): 205–217. JSTOR 27821596.
  23. ^ Shalamar Gardens Gardens of the Mughal Empire. Retrieved 20 June 2012
  24. ^ a b c Khazeni, Arash (2014). Sky Blue Stone: The Turquoise Trade in World History. Univ of California Press. ISBN 9780520279070. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  25. ^ "Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  26. ^ Asher 1992, p. [page needed].
  27. ^ Asher 1992, p. 225.
  28. ^ Shelomo Dov Goitein. Studies in Islamic History and Institutions BRILL, 2010 ISBN 9004179313 p 170
  29. ^ "Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān". Archnet. Retrieved 25 August 2016. The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.
  30. ^ "History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment". Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme. Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan. 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2016. The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
  31. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Badshahi Mosque, Lahore – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  32. ^ REHMAN, ABDUL (2009). "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times". Garden History. 37 (2): 205–217. ISSN 0307-1243. JSTOR 27821596.

Sources

  • Asher, Catherine Blanshard (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. The New Cambridge History of India, Part I. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521267281. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  • George Michell, Amit Pasricha (2011). Mughal Architecture & Gardens. ISBN 9781851496709.
  • Gupta, Subhadra Sen; Irani, Prakash (2013). Fathepur Sikri: Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill. ISBN 9789381523728.

mughal, architecture, type, indo, islamic, architecture, developed, mughals, 16th, 17th, 18th, centuries, throughout, ever, changing, extent, their, empire, indian, subcontinent, developed, from, architectural, styles, earlier, muslim, dynasties, india, from, . Mughal architecture is the type of Indo Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent It developed from the architectural styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India and from Iranian and Central Asian architectural traditions particularly Timurid architecture 2 3 4 5 6 It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider Indian architecture especially during the reign of Akbar r 1556 1605 2 3 5 6 Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character including large bulbous domes slender minarets at the corners massive halls large vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation examples of the style can be found in modern day Afghanistan Bangladesh India and Pakistan The Taj Mahal at Agra Uttar Pradesh India is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India s most recognisable landmarks in general 1 Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals The Alamgiri Gate at Lahore Fort Lahore Pakistan was named for Aurangzeb who was sometimes referred to as Alamgir Bibi Ka Maqbara is a tomb in Aurangabad Maharashtra which was built by Aurangzeb in the memory of his wife Dilras Banu Begum The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of Babur at Panipat in 1526 During his five year reign Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings though few have survived His grandson Akbar built widely and the style developed vigorously during his reign Among his accomplishments were Agra Fort the fort city of Fatehpur Sikri and the Buland Darwaza Akbar s son Jahangir commissioned the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of Shah Jahan who constructed Taj Mahal the Jama Masjid the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore the Wazir Khan Mosque and who renovated the Lahore Fort The last of the great Mughal architects was Aurangzeb who built the Badshahi Mosque Bibi Ka Maqbara Moti Masjid etc Contents 1 Features 2 Monuments 2 1 Akbar 2 1 1 Agra Fort 2 1 2 Humayun s Tomb 2 1 3 Fatehpur Sikri 2 1 4 Tomb of Salim Chisti 2 2 Jahangir 2 2 1 Begum Shahi Mosque 2 2 2 Tomb of I timad ud Daulah 2 3 Shah Jahan 2 3 1 Taj Mahal 2 3 2 Wazir Khan Mosque 2 3 3 Shalimar Gardens 2 3 4 Shah Jahan Mosque 2 3 5 Shahi Hammam 2 4 Aurangzeb 2 4 1 Badshahi Mosque 2 4 2 Additional monuments 2 4 3 Bibi ka Maqbara 2 5 Late Mughal 2 5 1 Lalbagh Fort 2 5 2 Sunehri Mosque 2 5 3 Tomb of Safdar Jang 3 Gardens 4 Bridges 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 SourcesFeatures EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed December 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The use of elephant shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort reflects Hindu influences on Mughal Architecture during the reign of Akbar Mughal architecture incorporates Hindu elements with Persian and Islamic elements Some features common to many buildings are Large bulbous onion domes sometimes surrounded by four smaller domes Use of white marble and red sandstone Use of delicate ornamentation work including pachin kari decorative work and jali latticed screens Monumental buildings surrounded by gardens on all four sides Mosques with large courtyards Persian and Arabic calligraphic inscriptions including verses from the Quran Large gateways leading up to the main building Iwans on two or four sides Use of decorative chhatris Use of jalis and jharokhas Mughal architecture has also influenced later Indian architectural styles including the Indo Saracenic style of the British Raj the Rajput style and the Sikh style Monuments EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Gardens of Babur in Kabul Afghanistan Akbar Edit Main article Akbari ArchitectureSee also Allahabad Fort Begum Shahi Mosque Tomb of I timad ud Daulah and List of tombs of Mughal Empire Agra Fort Edit Main article Agra fort Agra fort is a UNESCO world heritage site in Agra Uttar Pradesh The major part of Agra fort was built by Akbar from 1565 to 1574 The architecture of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the Rajput planning and construction Some of the important buildings in the fort are Jahangiri Mahal built for Jahangir and his family the Moti Masjid and Mena Bazaars The Jahangiri Mahal is an impressive structure and has a courtyard surrounded by double storeyed halls and rooms Humayun s Tomb Edit Main article Humayun s Tomb Humayun s Tomb Delhi India Humayun s tomb is the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi India The tomb was commissioned by Humayun s first wife and chief consort Empress Bega Begum also known as Haji Begum in 1569 70 and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son Sayyid Muhammad Persian architects chosen by her It was the first garden tomb on the Indian subcontinent It is often regarded as the first mature example of Mughal architecture Fatehpur Sikri Edit Main article Fatehpur Sikri Buland Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar the Great to commemorate his victory Akbar s greatest architectural achievement was the construction of Fatehpur Sikri his capital city near Agra at a trade and Jain pilgrimages 7 8 9 The construction of the walled city was started in 1569 and completed in 1574 It contained some of the most beautiful buildings both religious and secular which testify to the Emperor s aim of achieving social political and religious integration The main religious buildings were the huge Jama Masjid and small Tomb of Salim Chisti Buland Darwaza also known as the Gate of Magnificence was built by Akbar in 1576 to commemorate his victory over Gujarat and the Deccan It is 40 metres high and 50 metres from the ground The total height of the structure is about 54 metres from ground level The Haramsara the royal seraglio in Fatehpur Sikri was an area where the royal women lived The opening to the Haramsara is from the Khwabgah side separated by a row of cloisters According to Abul Fazl in Ain i Akbari the inside of Harem was guarded by senior and active women outside the enclosure the eunuchs were placed and at a proper distance there were faithful Rajput guards 10 Jodha bai Palace is the largest palace in the Fatehpur Sikri seraglio connected to the minor haramsara quarters The main entrance is double storied projecting out of the facade to create a kind of porch leading into a recessed entrance with a balcony Inside there is a quadrangle surrounded by rooms The columns of rooms are ornamented with a variety of Hindu sculptural motifs Tomb of Salim Chisti Edit The tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti is considered to be one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture The Tomb of Salim Chishti is famed as one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture in India built during the years 1580 and 1581 The tomb built in 1571 in the corner of the mosque compound is a square marble chamber with a verandah The cenotaph has an exquisitely designed lattice screen around it It enshrines the burial place of the Sufi saint Salim Chisti 1478 1572 a descendant of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmer who lived in a cavern on the ridge at Sikri The mausoleum constructed by Akbar as a mark of his respect for the Sufi saint who foretold the birth of his son Jahangir Edit Begum Shahi Mosque Edit Main article Begum Shahi Mosque Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore s earliest dated Mughal period mosque The Begum Shahi Mosque is an early 17th century mosque situated in the Walled City of Lahore Pakistan The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir by his mother Mariam Uz Zamani 11 12 13 and is Lahore s earliest dated Mughal era mosque 14 11 15 It is known for its exquisite fresco decoration of geometric and floral motifs painted on stucco along with inscriptions of the names of God 14 16 15 The mosque would later influence construction of the larger Wazir Khan Mosque a few decades later 17 Tomb of I timad ud Daulah Edit Main article Tomb of I timad ud Daulah The tomb of I timad ud Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal The tomb of I timad ud Daulah is a mausoleum in the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh Often described as a jewel box sometimes called the Bachcha Taj as the tomb of I timad ud Daulah is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal Shah Jahan Edit See also Red Fort and Tomb of Dai Anga The Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore does not have a dome as Jahangir forbade construction of a dome over his tomb Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power Shah Jahan built elegant monuments The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at Agra Delhi and Lahore Some examples include the Taj Mahal at Agra the tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal The Moti Masjid Pearl Mosque in the Agra Fort and the Jama Masjid at Delhi are imposing buildings of his era and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well balanced proportion of parts Shah Jahan also renovated buildings such as the Moti Masjid Sheesh Mahal and Naulakha pavilion which are all enclosed in the Lahore Fort He also built a mosque named after himself in Thatta called Shahjahan Mosque not built in the Mughal architecture but in Safavid and Timurid architecture that were influenced by the Persian architecture Shah Jahan also built the Red Fort in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad now Old Delhi The red sandstone Red Fort is noted for its special buildings Diwan i Aam and Diwan i Khas Another mosque was built during his tenure in Lahore called Wazir Khan Mosque by Shaikh Ilm ud din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor It is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface Taj Mahal Edit Main article Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal a World Heritage Site was built between 1632 and 1653 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal 1 Its construction took 22 years and required 22 000 laborers and 1 000 elephants at a cost of 32 million rupees corresponding to US 827 million in 2015 It is a large white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan an arch shaped doorway topped by a large dome and finial The building s longest plane of symmetry runs through the entire complex except for the sarcophagus of Shah Jahan which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone to complement the Mecca facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure Parchin kari a method of decoration on a large scale inlaid work of jewels and Jali work has been used to decorate the structure Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River northern view Wazir Khan Mosque Edit Main article Wazir Khan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore Pakistan is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal era mosque The Wazir Khan Mosque was commissioned during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1634 and completed in 1642 18 Considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal era mosque 19 Wazir Khan Mosque is renowned for its intricate faience tile work known as kashi kari as well as its interior surfaces that are almost entirely embellished with elaborate Mughal era frescoes The mosque has been under extensive restoration since 2009 under the direction of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Government of Punjab 20 Shalimar Gardens Edit Main article Shalimar Gardens Lahore The Shalimar Gardens Lahore are among the most famous Mughal gardens It is a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic and aesthetic zenith 21 Construction of the gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan 22 and was completed in 1642 23 In 1981 the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as they embody Mughal garden design at the apogee of its development 21 Shah Jahan Mosque Edit Main article Shah Jahan Mosque Thatta The mosque s tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan s campaigns in Central Asia The Shah Jahan Mosque is the central mosque for the city of Thatta in the Pakistani province of Sindh The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude 24 Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture which was introduced after Shah Jahan s campaigns near Balkh and Samarkand 24 The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in South Asia 24 25 and is also notable for its geometric brick work a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal period mosques 26 Shahi Hammam Edit Main article Shahi Hammam The central chamber of the Shahi Hammam is decorated with frescoes Shahi Hammam is a Persian style bath which was built in Lahore Pakistan in 1635 C E during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan It was built by chief physician to the Mughal Court Ilam ud din Ansari who was widely known as Wazir Khan 27 28 29 The baths were built to serve as a waqf or endowment for the maintenance of the Wazir Khan Mosque 30 Aurangzeb Edit In Aurangzeb s reign 1658 1707 squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with stucco ornament Srirangapatna and Lucknow have examples of later Indo Mughal architecture He made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which were later named after him Alamgir Badshahi Mosque Edit Main article Badshahi Mosque Badshahi Masjid Lahore Pakistan was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years and is now the second largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Pakistan was commissioned by the sixth Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Constructed between 1671 and 1673 it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction It is the third largest mosque in Pakistan and the seventh largest mosque in the world The mosque is adjacent to the Lahore Fort and is the last in the series of congregational mosques in red sandstone The red sandstone of the walls contrasts with the white marble of the domes and the subtle intarsia decoration Aurangzeb s mosque s architectural plan is similar to that of his father Shah Jahan the Jama Masjid in Delhi though it is much larger It also functions as an idgah The courtyard which spreads over 276 000 square feet can accommodate one hundred thousand worshippers ten thousand can be accommodated inside the mosque The minarets are 196 feet 60 m tall The Mosque is one of the most famous Mughal structures but suffered greatly under the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh In 1993 the Government of Pakistan included the Badshahi Mosque in the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site 31 Additional monuments Edit See also Bibi Ka Maqbara and Tomb of Safdar Jang Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb s imperial family The construction of the elegant Zinat al Masjid in Daryaganj was overseen by Aurangzeb s second daughter Zinat al Nissa Aurangzeb s sister Roshan Ara who died in 1671 The tomb of Roshanara Begum and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay Bibi ka Maqbara Edit Bibi Ka Maqbara was a mausoleum built by Emperor Aurangzeb in the late 17th century as a loving tribute to his first wife Dilras Bano Begum in Aurangabad Maharashtra Some accounts suggest that later it was taken care by Azam Shah son of aurangzeb It is a replica of the Taj Mahal and was designed by Ata Ullah the son of Ahmed Lahori who was the principal designer of the Taj Mahal Late Mughal Edit Lalbagh Fort Edit Lalbagh Fort in Dhaka is an incomplete fort built by Prince Azam Shah Lalbagh Fort also known as Fort Aurangabad a Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka Bangladesh whose construction started in 1678 during the reign of Aurangzeb s son Azam Shah Sunehri Mosque Edit Main article Sunehri Mosque Lahore The 18th century Sunehri Mosque is named for its gilded domes Sunehri Mosque is a late Mughal era mosque in the Walled City of Lahore Pakistan Sunehri Mosque was built in 1753 when the empire was in decline during the reign of Muhammad Shah Tomb of Safdar Jang Edit The Tomb of Safdar Jung completed in 1754 is one of the last examples of Mughal Architecture Gardens EditMain article Mughal garden Mughal gardens are gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style This style was influenced by Persian gardens They are built in the char bagh structure which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Qur an This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature 32 The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures Some of the typical features include pools fountains and canals inside the gardens Some famous examples of Mughal gardens are the Bagh e Babur at Kabul Mehtab Bagh gardens at the Taj Mahal gardens at Humayun s Tomb Shalimar Gardens at Lahore Wah Gardens in Wah Khusro Bagh at Prayagraj as well as Pinjore Gardens at Haryana The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir Pari Mahal Nishat Bagh Shalimar Bagh Chashme Shahi Verinag Garden Achabal Gardens are on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India Bridges EditShahi Bridge Jaunpur was constructed during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar Mughal Emperor Akbar ordered the construction of the Shahi Bridge which was completed in the year 1568 69 by Munim Khan It took four years to complete the bridge It was designed by Afghan architect Afzal Ali Gallery Edit The Darwaza i Rauza Great Gate of the Taj Mahal Jali decorative work at the Tomb of Salim Chishti Fatehpur Sikri Lahori Gate of the Red Fort Delhi India Jahangir s grave at the Tomb of Jahangir decorated with parchin kari work Tomb of Nithar Begum at Khusro Bagh Allahabad India The shahada in Arabic calligraphy at the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore Pakistan Akbar s Tomb at Agra India uses red sandstone and white marble like many of the Mughal monuments The Taj Mahal is a notable exception as it uses only marble Diwan i Khas Hall of private audience at Lahore Fort Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta Pakistan The mosque is not built in the Mughal style but reflects a heavy Persian influence One of the Tombs of Ustad Shagird Nakodar India See also Edit Architecture portalIndo Islamic architecture Indo Persian cultureReferences Edit a b Taj Mahal World Heritage UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 1 February 2019 Retrieved 31 December 2018 a b Asher 1992 pp 1 2 a b Petersen Andrew 1996 Mughals Dictionary of Islamic architecture Routledge pp 199 205 ISBN 9781134613663 M Bloom Jonathan S Blair Sheila eds 2009 Architecture VII c 1500 c 1900 D India The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195309911 a b Vaughan Philippa 2011 Indian Subcontinent from Sultanate to Mughal Empire In Hattstein Markus Delius Peter eds Islam Art and Architecture h f ullmann pp 464 483 ISBN 9783848003808 a b Asher Catherine B 2020 Mughal architecture In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Brill ISSN 1873 9830 Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre Book Zee News 27 February 2013 Excavation at Akbars fort at Fatehpur Sikri reveals flourishing Jain and Hindu habitation Retrieved 15 December 2017 Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre Book hindustantimes com 27 February 2013 Retrieved 15 December 2017 Gupta Fathepur Sikri Akbar s Magnificent City on a Hill pp 146 a b Khan Ahmad Nabi 1970 Pakistan archaeology no 7 pp 121 122 126 Koch Ebba 1990 Mughal architecture p 83 Schimmel Annemarie Waghmar Burzine K 2004 The empire of the great Mughals history art and culture Internet Archive London Reaktion Books p 148 ISBN 978 1 86189 185 3 a b Wheeler R E M 1950 Five thousand years of Pakistan p 83 a b Asher 1992 p 116 117 Khan Ahmad Nabi 1970 Pakistan archaeology no 7 pp 121 122 126 The mosque that Jodha Bai built Daily Times 26 June 2004 Retrieved 5 June 2013 Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment PDF Aga Khan Development Network 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 27 August 2016 Retrieved 25 August 2016 The Wazir Khan Mosque was built in 1634 35 AD 1044 45 AH by Hakim Ali ud din a governor of Punjab in the early part of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan Masson Vadim Mikhaĭlovich 2003 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Development in contrast from the sixteenth to the mid nineteenth century UNESCO ISBN 9789231038761 Walled city of Lahore conservation Retrieved 25 August 2016 The Walled city of Lahore is famous for several historic monuments including the Lahore Fort a World Heritage site the Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques Close to 2 000 buildings within the Walled city display a range of architectural features that mark Lahore s centuries old cultural landscape A majority of these buildings and the mohallas local neighbourhoods in which they are situated form a unique heritage footprint The work consequently carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture A K T C and the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme AKHCP was initiated under a 2007 public private partnership framework agreement with the Government of Punjab a b Fort and Shalimar Gardens in Lahore UNESCO Retrieved 4 January 2017 REHMAN A 2009 Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times Garden History 37 2 205 217 JSTOR 27821596 Shalamar Gardens Gardens of the Mughal Empire Retrieved 20 June 2012 a b c Khazeni Arash 2014 Sky Blue Stone The Turquoise Trade in World History Univ of California Press ISBN 9780520279070 Retrieved 16 July 2017 Shah Jahan Mosque Thatta UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 3 October 2018 Retrieved 31 December 2018 Asher 1992 p page needed Asher 1992 p 225 Shelomo Dov Goitein Studies in Islamic History and Institutions BRILL 2010 ISBN 9004179313 p 170 Masjid Vazir K h an Archnet Retrieved 25 August 2016 The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of Wazir Khan under the reign of Shah Jahan and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme Aga Khan Cultural Services Pakistan 2012 Retrieved 25 August 2016 The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan UNESCO World Heritage Centre Badshahi Mosque Lahore UNESCO World Heritage Centre Whc unesco org Retrieved 2 January 2014 REHMAN ABDUL 2009 Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times Garden History 37 2 205 217 ISSN 0307 1243 JSTOR 27821596 Sources EditAsher Catherine Blanshard 1992 Architecture of Mughal India The New Cambridge History of India Part I Vol 4 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521267281 Retrieved 16 July 2017 George Michell Amit Pasricha 2011 Mughal Architecture amp Gardens ISBN 9781851496709 Gupta Subhadra Sen Irani Prakash 2013 Fathepur Sikri Akbar s Magnificent City on a Hill ISBN 9789381523728 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mughal architecture amp oldid 1138078247, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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