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Caravanserai

April 28, 2023

This article is about the roadside inns. For the album by Santana, see Caravanserai (album). For the tour by Santana, see Caravanserai Tour. For the European equivalent, see Inn.
"Funduq" redirects here. For the Palestinian village, see al-Funduq.

A caravanserai (or caravansary; /kærəˈvænsəˌraɪ/)[1] was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.[2] Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce, information and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa and Southeast Europe, most notably the Silk Road.[3][4] Often located along rural roads in the countryside, urban versions of caravanserais were also historically common in cities throughout the Islamic world, and were often called other names such as khan, wikala, or funduq.[5]

The Shah-Abbasi caravansarai in Karaj, Iran
The Izadkhast caravanserai (early 17th century), Fars Province, Iran

Terms and etymology

Caravanserai

Caravanserai (Persian: کاروانسرای, romanized: kārvānsarāy), is the Persian compound word variant combining kārvān "caravan" with -sarāy "palace", "building with enclosed courts".[6] Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims or other travellers, engaged in long-distance travel. The word is also rendered as caravansary, caravansaray, caravanseray, caravansara, and caravansarai.[4] In scholarly sources, it is often used as an umbrella term for multiple related types of commercial buildings similar to inns or hostels, whereas the actual instances of such buildings had a variety of names depending on the region and the local language.[5] However, the term was typically preferred for rural inns built along roads outside of city walls.[7]

 
Khan As'ad Pasha (1751–52) in Damascus, Syria

Khan

The word khan (خان) derives from Middle Persian hʾn' (xān, "house").[8][5] It could refer to an "urban caravanserai" built within a town or a city,[5][9] or generally to any caravanserai, including those built in the countryside and along desert routes.[10] In Turkish the word is rendered as han.[5] The same word was used in Bosnian and Bulgarian, having arrived through Ottoman conquest. In addition to Turkish and Persian, the term was widely used in Arabic as well, and examples of such buildings are found throughout the Middle East from as early as the Ummayyad period.[5][9] The term han is also used in Romanian being adopted from Ottoman Turkish.

Funduq

The term funduq (Arabic: فندق; sometimes spelled foundouk or fondouk from the French transliteration) is frequently used for historic inns in Morocco and around the Maghreb.[5][11][12]: 116  The word comes from Greek pandocheion, lit.: "welcoming all",[13][5] thus meaning 'inn'; it appears as pundak in Hebrew (פונדק‎), fundaco in Venice, fondaco in Genoa and alhóndiga[14] or fonda in Spanish (funduq is the origin of Spanish term fonda). In the cities of this region such buildings were also frequently used as housing for artisan workshops.[15][11][16]: 318 

Wikala

The Arabic word wikala (وكالة), sometimes spelled wakala or wekala, is a term found frequently in historic Cairo for an urban caravanserai which housed merchants and their goods and served as a center for trade, storage, transactions and other commercial activity.[17] The word wikala means roughly "agency" in Arabic, in this case a commercial agency,[17] which may also have been a reference to the customs offices that could be located here to deal with imported goods.[18] The term khan was also frequently used for this type of building in Egypt.[5]

History

See also: Safavid Iran § Travel and caravanserais
 
The entrance portal of the Sultan Han (13th century) near Aksaray, Turkey

Caravanserais were a common feature not only along the Silk Road, but also along the Achaemenid Empire's Royal Road, a 2,500-kilometre-long (1,600 mi) ancient highway that stretched from Sardis to Susa according to Herodotus: "Now the true account of the road in question is the following: Royal stations exist along its whole length, and excellent caravanserais; and throughout, it traverses an inhabited tract, and is free from danger."[19] Other significant urban caravanserais were built along the Grand Trunk Road in the Indian subcontinent, especially in the region of Mughal Delhi and Bengal Subah.

Throughout most of the Islamic period (seventh century and after), caravanserais were a common type of structure both in the rural countryside and in dense urban centers across the Middle East, North Africa, and Ottoman Europe.[5] A number of 12th to 13th-century caravanserais or hans were built throughout the Seljuk Empire, many examples of which have survived across Turkey today[20][21] (e.g. the large Sultan Han in Aksaray Province) as well as in Iran (e.g. the Ribat of Sharaf in Khorasan province). Urban versions of caravanserais also became important centers of economic activity in cities across these different regions of the Muslim world, often concentrated near the main bazaar areas, with many examples still standing in the historic areas of Damascus, Aleppo, Cairo, Istanbul, Fes, etc.[22][23][24][25][16]

Ibn Battuta, a 14th-century Muslim traveler, described the function of a caravenserai in the region of China:

China is the safest and best country for the traveller. A man travels for nine months alone with great wealth and has nothing to fear. What is responsible for this is that in every post station in their country is funduq which has a director living there with a company of horse and foot. After sunset or nightfall the director comes to the funduq with his secretary and writes down the names of all the travellers who will pass the night there, seals it and locks the door of the fundug. In the morning he and his secretary come and call everybody by name and write down a record. He sends someone with the travellers to conduct them to the next post station and he brings back a certificate from the director of the funduq confirming that they have all arrived. If he does not do this he is answerable for them. This is the procedure in every post station in their country from Sin al-Sin to Khan Baliq. In them is everything the traveller needs by way of provisions, especially hens and geese. Sheep are rare among them.[26]

— Ibn Battuta

In many parts of the Muslim world, caravanserais also provided revenues that were used to fund charitable or religious functions or buildings. These revenues and functions were managed through a waqf, a protected agreement which gave certain buildings and revenues the status of mortmain endowments guaranteed under Islamic law.[27][28] Many major religious complexes in the Ottoman and Mamluk empires, for example, either included a caravanserai building (like in the külliye of the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul) or drew revenues from one in the area (such as the Wikala al-Ghuri in Cairo, which was built to contribute revenues for the nearby complex of Sultan al-Ghuri).[25][24][29]

Caravanserai in Arab literature

Al-Muqaddasi the Arab geographer wrote in 985 CE about the hostelries, or wayfarers' inns, in the Province of Palestine, a province at that time listed under the topography of Syria, saying: "Taxes are not heavy in Syria, with the exception of those levied on the Caravanserais (Fanduk); Here, however, the duties are oppressive..."[30] The reference here being to the imposts and duties charged by government officials on the importation of goods and merchandise, the importers of which and their beasts of burden usually stopping to take rest in these places. Guards were stationed at every gate to ensure that taxes for these goods be paid in full, with the revenues going to the Fatimid kingdom of Egypt.

Architecture

 
A sample floor plan of a Safavid Empire-era caravanserai in Karaj, Iran

Most typically a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior, with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter. The courtyard was almost always open to the sky, and the inside walls of the enclosure were outfitted with a number of identical animal stalls, bays, niches or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants, animals, and merchandise.[31]

Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing and ritual purification such as wudu and ghusl. Sometimes they had elaborate public baths (hammams), or other attached amenities such as a fountain or a sabil/sebil. They kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies. Some shops bought goods from the travelling merchants.[32] Many caravanserais were equipped with small mosques, such as the elevated examples in the Seljuk and Ottoman caravanserais in Turkey.[25][33][24]

In Cairo, starting in the Burji Mamluk period, wikalas (urban caravanserais) were frequently several stories tall and often included a rab', a low-income rental apartment complex, which was situated on the upper floors while the merchant accommodations occupied the lower floors.[34][23] While making the best use of limited space in a crowded city, this provided the building with two sources of revenue which were managed through the waqf system.[28][35]

Notable caravanserais

 
The Wikala of Sultan al-Ghuri (1504-05), one of the best-preserved examples in Cairo
Further information: List of caravanserais

Alphabetically, not taking article (al-, el-, etc.) into consideration.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Dictionary.com – caravansary". from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2016.)
  2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Caravanserai" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ "Caravanserais: cross-roads of commerce and culture along the Silk Roads | Silk Roads Programme". en.unesco.org. from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Caravanserai". National Geographic Society. 23 July 2019. from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Caravanserai". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  6. ^ "caravanserai | Origin and meaning of caravanserai by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  7. ^ "Caravansary | building". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  8. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), "xān", in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, p. 93.
  9. ^ a b "Khan | architecture". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  10. ^ Petersen, Andrew (1996). "khan". Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. pp. 146–147. ISBN 9781134613663.
  11. ^ a b Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre (in French) (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3902782311.
  12. ^ Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747523888.
  13. ^ "Strong's Greek: 3829. πανδοχεῖον (pandocheion) -- an inn". biblehub.com. from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  14. ^ "alhóndiga in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española". from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  15. ^ Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
  16. ^ a b Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman (in French). Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
  17. ^ a b Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule: 1516-1800. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 9780582418998.
  18. ^ AlSayyad, Nezar (2011). Cairo: Histories of a City. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 143. ISBN 978-0-674-04786-0.
  19. ^ "The History - Herodotus" - http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "Seljuk Caravanserais". Archnet. from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  21. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  22. ^ "Khans of Damascus". Archnet. from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  23. ^ a b Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  24. ^ a b c Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Antique Collectors' Club.
  25. ^ a b c Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City. Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
  26. ^ Gibb 2010, p. 894.
  27. ^ "Waḳf". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. 2012.
  28. ^ a b Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  29. ^ "Wakala Qansuh al-Ghawri". ArchNet. from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  30. ^ Mukaddasi, Description of Syria, Including Palestine, ed. Guy Le Strange, London 1886, pp. 91, 37
  31. ^ Sims, Eleanor. 1978. Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravansary.' In: Michell, George. (ed.). 1978. Architecture of the Islamic World - Its History and Social Meaning. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 101.
  32. ^ Ciolek, T. Matthew. 2004-present. Catalogue of Georeferenced Caravansaras/Khans 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine. Old World Trade Routes (OWTRAD) Project. Canberra: www.ciolek.com - Asia Pacific Research Online.
  33. ^ Freely, John (2008). Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey. I. B. Tauris.
  34. ^ Yeomans, Richard (2006). The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo. Reading: Garnet. pp. 230-231. ISBN 978-1-85964-154-5.
  35. ^ Denoix, Sylvie; Depaule, Jean-Charles; Tuchscherer, Michel, eds. (1999). Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale.
  36. ^ Vladimir Braginskiy. Tourist Attractions in the USSR: A Guide. Raduga Publishers, 1982. 254 pages. Page 104.

    The whole of the centre of Sheki has been proclaimed a reserve protected by the state. To take you back to the time of the caravans, two large eighteenth-century caravanserais have been preserved with spacious courtyards where the camels used to rest, cellars where goods were stored, and rooms for travellers.

Further reading

  • Branning, Katharine. 2018. turkishhan.org, The Seljuk Han in Anatolia. New York, USA.
  • Cytryn-Silverman, Katia. 2010. The Road Inns (Khans) in Bilad al-Sham. BAR (British Archaeological Reports), Oxford. ISBN 9781407306711
  • Kīānī, Moḥammad-Yūsuf; Kleiss, Wolfram (1990). "Caravansary". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7. pp. 798–802.
  • Erdmann, Kurt, Erdmann, Hanna. 1961. Das anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, 3 vols. Berlin: Mann, 1976, ISBN 3-7861-2241-5
  • Gibb, H.A.R. (2010), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, AD 1325-1354, Volume IV
  • Hillenbrand, Robert. 1994. Islamic Architecture: Form, function and meaning. New York: Columbia University Press. (see Chapter VI for an in depth overview of the caravanserai).
  • Kiani, Mohammad Yusef. 1976. Caravansaries in Khorasan Road. Reprinted from: Traditions Architecturales en Iran, Tehran, No. 2 & 3, 1976.
  • Schutyser, Tom. 2012. Caravanserai: Traces, Places, Dialogue in the Middle East. Milan: 5 Continents Editions, ISBN 978-88-7439-604-7
  • Yavuz, Aysil Tükel. 1997. The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravansara. In: Gülru Necipoglu (ed). 1997. Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 80–95. [archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/8967/doc/DPC1304.pdf Available online as a PDF document, 1.98 MB]

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caravanserais.
 
Look up caravanserai in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • , Texts and photos on research on caravanserais and travel journeys in Middle East and Central Asia.
  • Persian Caravanserai, UNESCO application

April 28, 2023
caravanserai, this, article, about, roadside, inns, album, santana, album, tour, santana, tour, european, equivalent, funduq, redirects, here, palestinian, village, funduq, caravanserai, caravansary, roadside, where, travelers, caravaners, could, rest, recover. This article is about the roadside inns For the album by Santana see Caravanserai album For the tour by Santana see Caravanserai Tour For the European equivalent see Inn Funduq redirects here For the Palestinian village see al Funduq A caravanserai or caravansary k aer e ˈ v ae n s e ˌ r aɪ 1 was a roadside inn where travelers caravaners could rest and recover from the day s journey 2 Caravanserais supported the flow of commerce information and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia North Africa and Southeast Europe most notably the Silk Road 3 4 Often located along rural roads in the countryside urban versions of caravanserais were also historically common in cities throughout the Islamic world and were often called other names such as khan wikala or funduq 5 The Shah Abbasi caravansarai in Karaj Iran The Izadkhast caravanserai early 17th century Fars Province Iran Contents 1 Terms and etymology 1 1 Caravanserai 1 2 Khan 1 3 Funduq 1 4 Wikala 2 History 3 Caravanserai in Arab literature 4 Architecture 5 Notable caravanserais 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksTerms and etymology Edit The Ganjali Khan Caravanserai 1598 in Kerman Iran Caravanserai EditCaravanserai Persian کاروانسرای romanized karvansaray is the Persian compound word variant combining karvan caravan with saray palace building with enclosed courts 6 Here caravan means a group of traders pilgrims or other travellers engaged in long distance travel The word is also rendered as caravansary caravansaray caravanseray caravansara and caravansarai 4 In scholarly sources it is often used as an umbrella term for multiple related types of commercial buildings similar to inns or hostels whereas the actual instances of such buildings had a variety of names depending on the region and the local language 5 However the term was typically preferred for rural inns built along roads outside of city walls 7 Khan As ad Pasha 1751 52 in Damascus Syria Khan Edit The word khan خان derives from Middle Persian hʾn xan house 8 5 It could refer to an urban caravanserai built within a town or a city 5 9 or generally to any caravanserai including those built in the countryside and along desert routes 10 In Turkish the word is rendered as han 5 The same word was used in Bosnian and Bulgarian having arrived through Ottoman conquest In addition to Turkish and Persian the term was widely used in Arabic as well and examples of such buildings are found throughout the Middle East from as early as the Ummayyad period 5 9 The term han is also used in Romanian being adopted from Ottoman Turkish Funduq Edit Funduq al Najjarin in Fes Morocco The term funduq Arabic فندق sometimes spelled foundouk or fondouk from the French transliteration is frequently used for historic inns in Morocco and around the Maghreb 5 11 12 116 The word comes from Greek pandocheion lit welcoming all 13 5 thus meaning inn it appears as pundak in Hebrew פונדק fundaco in Venice fondaco in Genoa and alhondiga 14 or fonda in Spanish funduq is the origin of Spanish term fonda In the cities of this region such buildings were also frequently used as housing for artisan workshops 15 11 16 318 Wikala Edit The Arabic word wikala وكالة sometimes spelled wakala or wekala is a term found frequently in historic Cairo for an urban caravanserai which housed merchants and their goods and served as a center for trade storage transactions and other commercial activity 17 The word wikala means roughly agency in Arabic in this case a commercial agency 17 which may also have been a reference to the customs offices that could be located here to deal with imported goods 18 The term khan was also frequently used for this type of building in Egypt 5 History EditSee also Safavid Iran Travel and caravanserais The entrance portal of the Sultan Han 13th century near Aksaray Turkey Caravanserais were a common feature not only along the Silk Road but also along the Achaemenid Empire s Royal Road a 2 500 kilometre long 1 600 mi ancient highway that stretched from Sardis to Susa according to Herodotus Now the true account of the road in question is the following Royal stations exist along its whole length and excellent caravanserais and throughout it traverses an inhabited tract and is free from danger 19 Other significant urban caravanserais were built along the Grand Trunk Road in the Indian subcontinent especially in the region of Mughal Delhi and Bengal Subah Throughout most of the Islamic period seventh century and after caravanserais were a common type of structure both in the rural countryside and in dense urban centers across the Middle East North Africa and Ottoman Europe 5 A number of 12th to 13th century caravanserais or hans were built throughout the Seljuk Empire many examples of which have survived across Turkey today 20 21 e g the large Sultan Han in Aksaray Province as well as in Iran e g the Ribat of Sharaf in Khorasan province Urban versions of caravanserais also became important centers of economic activity in cities across these different regions of the Muslim world often concentrated near the main bazaar areas with many examples still standing in the historic areas of Damascus Aleppo Cairo Istanbul Fes etc 22 23 24 25 16 Ibn Battuta a 14th century Muslim traveler described the function of a caravenserai in the region of China China is the safest and best country for the traveller A man travels for nine months alone with great wealth and has nothing to fear What is responsible for this is that in every post station in their country is funduq which has a director living there with a company of horse and foot After sunset or nightfall the director comes to the funduq with his secretary and writes down the names of all the travellers who will pass the night there seals it and locks the door of the fundug In the morning he and his secretary come and call everybody by name and write down a record He sends someone with the travellers to conduct them to the next post station and he brings back a certificate from the director of the funduq confirming that they have all arrived If he does not do this he is answerable for them This is the procedure in every post station in their country from Sin al Sin to Khan Baliq In them is everything the traveller needs by way of provisions especially hens and geese Sheep are rare among them 26 Ibn Battuta In many parts of the Muslim world caravanserais also provided revenues that were used to fund charitable or religious functions or buildings These revenues and functions were managed through a waqf a protected agreement which gave certain buildings and revenues the status of mortmain endowments guaranteed under Islamic law 27 28 Many major religious complexes in the Ottoman and Mamluk empires for example either included a caravanserai building like in the kulliye of the Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul or drew revenues from one in the area such as the Wikala al Ghuri in Cairo which was built to contribute revenues for the nearby complex of Sultan al Ghuri 25 24 29 Caravanserai in Arab literature EditAl Muqaddasi the Arab geographer wrote in 985 CE about the hostelries or wayfarers inns in the Province of Palestine a province at that time listed under the topography of Syria saying Taxes are not heavy in Syria with the exception of those levied on the Caravanserais Fanduk Here however the duties are oppressive 30 The reference here being to the imposts and duties charged by government officials on the importation of goods and merchandise the importers of which and their beasts of burden usually stopping to take rest in these places Guards were stationed at every gate to ensure that taxes for these goods be paid in full with the revenues going to the Fatimid kingdom of Egypt Architecture Edit A sample floor plan of a Safavid Empire era caravanserai in Karaj Iran Most typically a caravanserai was a building with a square or rectangular walled exterior with a single portal wide enough to permit large or heavily laden beasts such as camels to enter The courtyard was almost always open to the sky and the inside walls of the enclosure were outfitted with a number of identical animal stalls bays niches or chambers to accommodate merchants and their servants animals and merchandise 31 Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption washing and ritual purification such as wudu and ghusl Sometimes they had elaborate public baths hammams or other attached amenities such as a fountain or a sabil sebil They kept fodder for animals and had shops for travellers where they could acquire new supplies Some shops bought goods from the travelling merchants 32 Many caravanserais were equipped with small mosques such as the elevated examples in the Seljuk and Ottoman caravanserais in Turkey 25 33 24 In Cairo starting in the Burji Mamluk period wikalas urban caravanserais were frequently several stories tall and often included a rab a low income rental apartment complex which was situated on the upper floors while the merchant accommodations occupied the lower floors 34 23 While making the best use of limited space in a crowded city this provided the building with two sources of revenue which were managed through the waqf system 28 35 Notable caravanserais Edit The Wikala of Sultan al Ghuri 1504 05 one of the best preserved examples in Cairo Further information List of caravanserais Alphabetically not taking article al el etc into consideration Abbasi Hotel Isfahan Iran Agzikara Han Agzikarahan Aksaray Province Turkey Akbari Sarai Lahore Pakistan Aminoddole Carvansarai in the Kashan Bazaar Kashan Iran Buyuk Han Nicosia Cyprus Buyuk Valide Han Istanbul Turkey Buyuk Yeni Han Istanbul Turkey Caravanserai of Sa d al Saltaneh Qazvin Iran Caravanserai of Zor Igdir Turkey Corral del Carbon Granada Spain Elbasan Han Korce Albania Funduq Nejjarine Fes Morocco Funduq Sagha Fes Morocco Funduq Shamma in Fes Morocco Funduq Staouniyyin Fes Morocco Garghabazar Caravanserai Kharabakh Azerbaijan Kapan Han Skopje North Macedonia Khan As ad Pasha Damascus Syria Khan Jaqmaq Damascus Syria Khan el Khalili Cairo Egypt Khan Sulayman Pasha Damascus Syria Khan al Tujjar Mount Tabor Israel Khan al Tujjar Nablus West Bank Khan Tuman Damascus Syria Khan al Umdan Acre Israel Koza Han Bursa Turkey Kurkcu Han Istanbul Turkey Kursumli An Skopje North Macedonia Manuc s Inn Bucharest Romania Morica Han Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Multani Caravanserai Baku Azerbaijan Mughal Sarai Surat Gujarat India Nampally Sarai Nampally Hyderabad India Orbelian s Caravanserai Armenia Rabati Malik Uzbekistan Shaki Caravanserai Shaki Azerbaijan Stari Han Kremna Uzice Serbia Suli An Skopje North Macedonia Sultan Han Sultanhani Aksaray Province Turkey Sultan Han Sultanhani Kayseri Province Turkey Wikala al Ghuri Cairo Egypt Wikala Qaytbay at al Azhar Cairo Egypt Wikala Qaytbay at Bab al Nasr Cairo Egypt Zeinodin Caravanserai Zein o din Yazd IranGallery Edit 16th century Akbari Sarai in Lahore Pakistan Fallujah s Caravanserai in use ca 1914 Iraq An 1850 drawing of Khan al Tujjar near Mount Tabor Israel Khan al Umdan in Acre Israel Khan al Wazir Aleppo Syria Inside the Orbelian s Caravanserai Armenia The interior of the Caravanserai of Sa d al Saltaneh in Qazvin Iran The caravanserai of Shah Abbas now Abbasi Hotel in Isfahan Iran View is from the courtyard sahn An abandoned caravanserai in Neyestanak Iran The courtyard of the Koza Han 1490 91 of Bursa Turkey the domed building is a small mosque mescit 18th century 36 caravanserai in Sheki Azerbaijan Multani Caravanserai Baku Azerbaijan The Caravenserai Mosque in Murshidabad India built by Nawab Murshid Quli Khan of Bengal An 1823 etching of Bara Katra or Great Caravanserai in Dhaka Bangladesh built by the Mughal Prince Shah Shuja An 1817 sketch of the Choto Katra caravanserai in Dhaka Bangladesh built by the Mughal viceroy Shaista Khan Anderkilla in Chittagong Bangladesh The entrance portal of the Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay dating from 1477 south of Al Azhar Mosque Cairo Corral del Carbon a former caravanserai in Granada Spain The ruins of a Silk Road caravanserai in Tash Rabat Kyrgyzstan Titi Caravanserai Panoramic view of the roof of Dirgchin Caravanserai in Qom Province surviving architecture from the Sassanid periodSee also EditList of caravanserais List of caravanserais in Azerbaijan List of Seljuk hans and kervansarays in Turkey List of streets hans and gates in Grand Bazaar Istanbul Ribat Early Muslim frontier fort later caravanserai or Sufi retreat Robat the Persian word for ribat Bedesten type of covered Ottoman market or market hall Caravan city Islamic architecture Architecture of Azerbaijan Ottoman architecture Persian architecture Shukuba the Japanese equivalent Rest area Motel Roadhouse Hotels portalReferences Edit Dictionary com caravansary Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 Retrieved 31 January 2016 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Caravanserai Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Caravanserais cross roads of commerce and culture along the Silk Roads Silk Roads Programme en unesco org Archived from the original on 29 May 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 a b Caravanserai National Geographic Society 23 July 2019 Archived from the original on 29 July 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 a b c d e f g h i j M Bloom Jonathan S Blair Sheila eds 2009 Caravanserai The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 530991 1 caravanserai Origin and meaning of caravanserai by Online Etymology Dictionary www etymonline com Archived from the original on 18 June 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 Caravansary building Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 27 July 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 MacKenzie D N 1971 xan in A concise Pahlavi dictionary London New York Toronto Oxford University Press p 93 a b Khan architecture Encyclopedia Britannica Archived from the original on 27 July 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 Petersen Andrew 1996 khan Dictionary of Islamic architecture Routledge pp 146 147 ISBN 9781134613663 a b Touri Abdelaziz Benaboud Mhammad Boujibar El Khatib Naima Lakhdar Kamal Mezzine Mohamed 2010 Le Maroc andalou a la decouverte d un art de vivre in French 2 ed Ministere des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc amp Museum With No Frontiers ISBN 978 3902782311 Wilbaux Quentin 2001 La medina de Marrakech Formation des espaces urbains d une ancienne capitale du Maroc in French Paris L Harmattan ISBN 2747523888 Strong s Greek 3829 pandoxeῖon pandocheion an inn biblehub com Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 Retrieved 19 February 2015 alhondiga in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Parker Richard 1981 A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco Charlottesville VA The Baraka Press a b Le Tourneau Roger 1949 Fes avant le protectorat etude economique et sociale d une ville de l occident musulman in French Casablanca Societe Marocaine de Librairie et d Edition a b Hathaway Jane 2008 The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule 1516 1800 Routledge p 141 ISBN 9780582418998 AlSayyad Nezar 2011 Cairo Histories of a City Cambridge MA The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press pp 143 ISBN 978 0 674 04786 0 The History Herodotus http classics mit edu Herodotus history mb txt Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Seljuk Caravanserais Archnet Archived from the original on 18 June 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit UNESCO World Heritage Centre Archived from the original on 22 June 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 Khans of Damascus Archnet Archived from the original on 18 June 2020 Retrieved 17 June 2020 a b Williams Caroline 2018 Islamic Monuments in Cairo The Practical Guide 7th ed Cairo The American University in Cairo Press a b c Kuban Dogan 2010 Ottoman Architecture Antique Collectors Club a b c Sumner Boyd Hilary Freely John 2010 Strolling Through Istanbul The Classic Guide to the City Tauris Parke Paperbacks Gibb 2010 p 894 Waḳf Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill 2012 a b Behrens Abouseif Doris 2007 Cairo of the Mamluks A History of Architecture and its Culture Cairo The American University in Cairo Press Wakala Qansuh al Ghawri ArchNet Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 Retrieved 2 January 2018 Mukaddasi Description of Syria Including Palestine ed Guy Le Strange London 1886 pp 91 37 Sims Eleanor 1978 Trade and Travel Markets and Caravansary In Michell George ed 1978 Architecture of the Islamic World Its History and Social Meaning London Thames and Hudson Ltd 101 Ciolek T Matthew 2004 present Catalogue of Georeferenced Caravansaras Khans Archived 2005 02 07 at the Wayback Machine Old World Trade Routes OWTRAD Project Canberra www ciolek com Asia Pacific Research Online Freely John 2008 Storm on Horseback The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey I B Tauris Yeomans Richard 2006 The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo Reading Garnet pp 230 231 ISBN 978 1 85964 154 5 Denoix Sylvie Depaule Jean Charles Tuchscherer Michel eds 1999 Le Khan al Khalili et ses environs Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siecle in French Cairo Institut francais d archeologie orientale Vladimir Braginskiy Tourist Attractions in the USSR A Guide Raduga Publishers 1982 254 pages Page 104 The whole of the centre of Sheki has been proclaimed a reserve protected by the state To take you back to the time of the caravans two large eighteenth century caravanserais have been preserved with spacious courtyards where the camels used to rest cellars where goods were stored and rooms for travellers Further reading EditBranning Katharine 2018 turkishhan org The Seljuk Han in Anatolia New York USA Cytryn Silverman Katia 2010 The Road Inns Khans in Bilad al Sham BAR British Archaeological Reports Oxford ISBN 9781407306711 Kiani Moḥammad Yusuf Kleiss Wolfram 1990 Caravansary Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol IV Fasc 7 pp 798 802 Erdmann Kurt Erdmann Hanna 1961 Das anatolische Karavansaray des 13 Jahrhunderts 3 vols Berlin Mann 1976 ISBN 3 7861 2241 5 Gibb H A R 2010 The Travels of Ibn Battuta AD 1325 1354 Volume IV Hillenbrand Robert 1994 Islamic Architecture Form function and meaning New York Columbia University Press see Chapter VI for an in depth overview of the caravanserai Kiani Mohammad Yusef 1976 Caravansaries in Khorasan Road Reprinted from Traditions Architecturales en Iran Tehran No 2 amp 3 1976 Schutyser Tom 2012 Caravanserai Traces Places Dialogue in the Middle East Milan 5 Continents Editions ISBN 978 88 7439 604 7 Yavuz Aysil Tukel 1997 The Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravansara In Gulru Necipoglu ed 1997 Muqarnas XIV An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World Leiden E J Brill 80 95 archnet org library pubdownloader pdf 8967 doc DPC1304 pdf Available online as a PDF document 1 98 MB External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caravanserais Look up caravanserai in Wiktionary the free dictionary Shah Abbasi Caravanserai Tishineh Caravansara Pictures Consideratcaravanserai net Texts and photos on research on caravanserais and travel journeys in Middle East and Central Asia Caravanserais Kervansaray in Turkey The Seljuk Han in Anatolia Persian Caravanserai UNESCO application Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caravanserai amp oldid 1151536219, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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