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Rickshaw

February 15, 2024

For other uses, see Rickshaw (disambiguation).

Rickshaw originally denoted a pulled rickshaw, which is a two- or three-wheeled cart generally pulled by one person carrying one passenger. The first known use of the term was in 1879.[1] Over time, cycle rickshaws (also known as pedicabs or trishaws), auto rickshaws, and electric rickshaws were invented, and have replaced the original pulled rickshaws, with a few exceptions for their use in tourism.

Pulled rickshaw, Japan, c. 1897

Pulled rickshaws created a popular form of transportation, and a source of employment for male labourers, within Asian cities in the 19th century. Their appearance was related to newly acquired knowledge of ball-bearing systems. Their popularity declined as cars, trains and other forms of transportation became widely available.

Auto rickshaws are becoming more popular in some cities in the 21st century as an alternative to taxis because of their low cost of hire. Bangladesh holds record of hosting highest number of rickshaws in the world with 40,000 rickshaws operating in the capital Dhaka alone every day..[2] In 2023, UNESCO listed rickshaws and rickshaw art as ‘intangible heritage’ of Bangladesh.[3]

Etymology edit

(video) Various rickshaws for tourists in Asakusa, Japan (2015).

Rickshaw originates from the Japanese word jinrikisha (人力車, 人 jin = human, 力 riki = power or force, 車 sha = vehicle), which literally means "human-powered vehicle".[4]

History edit

Origin edit

The first rickshaws were invented in France in the late 17th century, to fulfill, along with other types of carriages such as cabriolets and fiacres, the unmet demand for public transportation created by the 1679 cessation of Paris' first omnibus service. These vehicles, called "vinaigrettes" for their resemblance to the handcarts used by contemporary vinegar-sellers,[5] were fully-enclosed two-wheeled carriages with space for a single person. Usually, they were moved by two people; one holding the bars at the front and the other pushing from behind.[6]

Rickshaws were independently invented in Japan circa 1869,[7][8] after the lifting of a ban on wheeled vehicles from the Tokugawa period (1603–1868),[9] and at the beginning of a period of rapid technical advancement in Japan.[8][10]

Inventor edit

There are many theories about the inventor, with the most likely and widely accepted theory describing the rickshaw as having been invented in Japan in 1869,[8] by Izumi Yosuke,[11][12] who formed a partnership with Suzuki Tokujiro and Takayama Kosuke to build the vehicles,[13] having been "inspired by the horse carriages that had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo a few years earlier".[14]

Other theories about the inventor of the rickshaw include:

Japan historian Seidensticker wrote of the theories:

Though the origins of the rickshaw are not entirely clear, they seem to be Japanese, and of Tokyo specifically. The most widely accepted theory offers the name of three inventors, and gives 1869 as the date of invention.[7]

Description edit

The vehicle had a wooden carriage that rode on "superior Western wheels" and was a dramatic improvement over earlier modes of transportation. Whereas the earlier sedan chairs required two people, the rickshaw generally only required one. More than one person was required for hilly or mountainous areas. It also provided a smoother ride for the passenger. Other forms of vehicles at the time were drawn by animals or were wheelbarrows.[8] The vehicle also has an collapsible hood for protection from sun or rain.

The Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, has had a rickshaw in its collection for over 120 years. It was made about 1880 and is described as:

A rickshaw, or jinrikisha, is a light, two-wheeled cart consisting of a doorless, chairlike body, mounted on springs with a collapsible hood and two shafts. Finished in black lacquer-ware over timber, it was drawn by a single rickshaw runner.[19]

Late 19th century edit

 
19th century rickshaw in Hanoi.

In the Late 19th century, hand-pulled rickshaws became an inexpensive, popular mode of transportation across Asia.[8] Peasants who migrated to large Asian cities often worked first as a rickshaw runner.[20][21] It was "the deadliest occupation in the East, [and] the most degrading for human beings to pursue."[21][nb 1]

Japan edit

 
Edward, Prince of Wales, and his staff disguised as rickshaw men during his visit to Japan in 1922. He bought the clothes himself in Kyoto.

Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued a permit to build and sell 人力車 (jinrikisha: rickshaw in Japanese) to the trio that are believed in Asia to be the rickshaw's inventors: Izumi Yosuke, Takayama Kosuke, and Suzuki Tokujiro. In order to operate a rickshaw in Tokyo, a seal was required from these men.[14] By 1872, they replaced the kago and norimono, becoming the main mode of transportation in Japan, with about 40,000 rickshaws in service. At that time man-power was much cheaper than horse-power; horses were generally only used by the military. Some of the rickshaws were artistically decorated with paintings and rear elevations. In this time, the more exuberant styles of decorations were banned.[22] If the families were well-off financially they might have their own rickshaw runner. Generally, runners covered 30 to 50 kilometres (20–30 mi) in a day, at an average traveling speed of 8 km/h (5 mph).[13][19]

Japanese rickshaw manufacturers produced and exported rickshaws to Asian countries and South Africa.[13]

Singapore edit

Singapore received its first rickshaws in 1880 and soon after they were prolific, making a "noticeable change in the traffic on Singapore's streets."[8] Bullock carts and gharries were used before rickshaws were introduced.[21]

Many of the poorest individuals in Singapore in the late nineteenth century were poverty-stricken, unskilled people of Chinese ancestry. Sometimes called coolies, the hardworking men found that pulling a rickshaw was a new opportunity for employment.[23]

In 1897, martial law was declared to end a four-day rickshaw workers' strike.[24]

Other edit

 
Traditional Chinese touring cycle rickshaw in Beijing.

In China, the rickshaw was first seen in 1873 and was used for public transportation the following year. Within a year there were 10,000 rickshaws in operation.[25] Around 1880 rickshaws appeared in India, first introduced in Simla by Reverend J. Fordyce.[26] At the turn of the century they were introduced in Calcutta, India, and by 1914 were a conveyance for hire.[8] The rickshaw was also introduced to Korea in the late 19th century.[27]

20th century edit

After World War II, there was a major shift in the use of man-powered rickshaws:

Hand-pulled rickshaws became an embarrassment to modernizing urban elites in the Third World, and were widely banned, in part because they were symbolic, not of modernity, but of a feudal world of openly marked class distinctions. Perhaps the seated rickshaw passenger is too close to the back of the laboring driver, who, besides, is metaphorically a draught animal harnessed between shafts.[24]

The cycle rickshaw was built in the 1880s and was first used with regularity starting in 1929 in Singapore. They were found in every south and east Asian country by 1950. By the late 1980s there were estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws in the world.[28]

Africa edit

 
An auto rickshaw (tuk-tuk) in Nairobi.

Rickshaws were introduced to Durban, South Africa, and by 1904 there were about 2,000 registered rickshaw pullers.[8][29][30] Rickshaws operated in Nairobi in the beginning of the 20th century; pullers went on strike there in 1908.[31] In the 1920s, they were used in Bagamoyo, Tanga, Tanzania and other areas of East Africa for short distances.[32][33]

Asia edit

The rickshaw's popularity in Japan had declined by the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation like automobiles and trains. After World War II, when gasoline and automobiles were scarce, they made a temporary comeback. The rickshaw tradition has stayed alive in Kyoto and Tokyo's geisha districts.[19][20] In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called "velotaxis" were introduced in Japanese cities, including Kobe.[20]

 
A row of rickshaws parked near a pier in Hong Kong, c. 1930s.

In post-war Hong Kong, rickshaws was one of the main transportation either for transporting goods or for transporting people during the Japanese invasion, known as the Battle of Hong Kong. Japanese military hired many rickshaw pullers to have them gathered and organize with other cooks and seamen for an underground armed team to enact the anti-British Colony clan.[34] However, after World War II, other forms of transport such as pedicabs and streetcar became strong competitors of rickshaws, leading the business of rickshaws into stagnation.[35]

Chiuchow men formed a faction within the Canton rickshaw pullers union in the 1920s. In addition, the Chiuchow pullers could be identified by their hats which were rounded and flat at the top; while the rival Hoklo men had a cone-shaped headgear with sharp points at the top.[36] However, rickshaw use began to decline in the 1920s[20] as the government introduced the streetcar system in 1924.[37] The number of rickshaw pullers had declined from 44,200 to 25,877 six months after the opening of the tramway.[37] It had also caused the Beijing tramway riot in October 1929.[37] A rough form of a rickshaw is sometimes used for hauling coal, building materials or other material. Both motorized and pedal-power cycle rickshaws, or pedicabs, were used for short distance passenger travel.[38] There are still many rickshaws in many cities for either touring purposes (in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, with traditional Chinese rickshaws) or short range transportation in some counties. However, the new Communist government banned rickshaws in Canton in the early 1950s, leading to another low tide of rickshaws.[36]

In Singapore, the rickshaw's popularity increased into the 20th century. There were approximately 50,000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number had doubled by 1930.[7] Cycle rickshaws were used in Singapore beginning in 1929. Within six years pulled rickshaws were outnumbered by cycle rickshaws,[28] which were also used by sightseeing tourists.[39][nb 2]

 
Cycle rickshaw Bangladeshi Rickshaw in Sweden.

In the 1930s, cycle rickshaws were used in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Kolkata, India; and Jakarta, Indonesia. By 1950 they could be found in many South and East Asian countries.[28] By the end of the 20th century, there were 300,000 such vehicles in Dhaka.[40] By the end of 2013, there were about 100,000 electric rickshaws in Delhi.[41]

North America edit

Pedicabs were introduced in North America in 1962, where they were a means of transportation at the Seattle World's Fair in the state of Washington.[42]

21st century edit

 
Velotaxis in Nagoya, Japan, 2005.

The 21st century has seen a resurgence in rickshaws, particularly in motorized rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. Auto rickshaws, also called velotaxis, have resurged as they are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. German velotaxis are three-wheeled, powered vehicles with a space for a driver and, behind the driver, space for two passengers.[43] Cycle rickshaws are used in many Asian, North American, and European cities.[16] They are increasingly being used as an eco-friendly way of short-range transportation, particularly in urban areas. Along with auto rickshaws, they are also used (particularly by Asian cities) for tourism, because of their "novelty value as an entertaining form of transportation".[16]

Africa edit

In Madagascar, pulled cycle and auto rickshaws are a common form of transportation in a number of cities, especially Antsirabe. They are known as pousse-pousse, meaning push-push.[44][45] Aboboyaa is a tricycle used in the transportation of goods and service in Ghana.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

Asia edit

 
Cycle rickshaw decoration in Bangladesh

Macau still uses tri-wheeled bicycle rickshaw, or riquexó in Portuguese, as Macau was a Portuguese colony in the past. This kind of transportation was very famous until the late 20th century, due to the fact of being a small city and few cars, not so many motorcycles, very bad public transport and no other transport such as train or subway. You can go around Macau peninsula and the twos island on rickshaw, and visit the Riquexó Museum and see the evolution of rickshaws from the 18th century until modern times.

Automated cycle rickshaws, called velotaxis, are popular in Kyoto and Tokyo, Japan. Their use is growing at a rate of about 20–30% a year in Japanese cities. The traditional rickshaws are still alive for travelers in some tourist places in Japan. Rickshaws are found in Hong Kong.[43] In China, automated and pedal-power cycle rickshaws, or pedicabs, are used for short distance passenger travel in large cities and many medium-sized cities.[38] Most Indian cities offer auto rickshaw service; hand-pulled rickshaws do exist in some areas, such as Kolkata (Calcutta) as a part of their transport system which also includes cycle rickshaws.[55] Sri Lanka has over 1 million auto rickshaws registered in use as of 2018.

Australia edit

In Australia, cycle rickshaws or trishaws (3 wheels) are used in Melbourne and St Kilda. They are also seen in Cowaramup, Western Australia at Bakehouse '38.

Europe edit

 
Biketaxi rickshaw in Kuopio, Finland.[56]
 
Auto rickshaw located in Brighton Marina.

Cycle rickshaws or trishaws (3 wheels) are used in some large continental European cities,[57] such as:

Within the United Kingdom, pedicabs operate in:

North America edit

 
A cycle rickshaw (bicitaxi) in Mexico City, 2019.
See also: Rickshaws in the United States
  • In Mexico there are thousands of pedicabs. All drivers are in informal circumstances, and have precarious working conditions, long hours (11.3 hours a day), low wages (US$59.18 per week), and no social protections or benefits. 6.3% reported suffering from a disease, 49.5% corresponded to musculoskeletal conditions and only 11.6% were affiliated to any health system. 53.8% are owners of the vehicle and, although it does not seem to influence physical illness (P=0.03), it is related to the psychosocial ones (P=0.260).[76]
See also: Rickshaws in Mexico City

Types edit

Types of rickshaws include:

See also edit

Rickshaws
Designers
Other human powered transport

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ In China, coolies performed rickshaw pulling. Other hard or demeaning jobs included being night soil cleaners and dock workers.[21]
  2. ^ Other means of transportation in Singapore are buses, lorries and trams.[39]
  3. ^ Rickshaws or Pedicabs as they are also known, have been operating on the streets of London for over 7 years in and around the West End, Soho, Covent Garden and Leicester Square areas.
  4. ^ At a rate of $5 plus $1 per block per person, a 20-block (one mile) pedicab ride for two people will cost $50.[71][72] In a taxicab, the same ride would cost under $10.[73] According to Peter Meitzler of New York's Manhattan Rickshaw Company, a passenger has an entirely different urban experience when one rides in a rickshaw.[74]

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Further reading edit

  • Bandyopadhyay, Subir (1990). Calcutta cycle-rickshaw pullers: a sociological study. Minerva Associates Publications. ISBN 978-8185195278.
  • Fung, Chi Ming (2005). Reluctant Heroes: Richshaw Pullers in Hong Kong And Canton, 1874-1954. Hong Kong University Press. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. ISBN 978-9622097346.
  • Indian Institute of Economics (1962). A socio-economic survey of rickshaw drivers in Hyderabad City area. A.P.
  • Mulhall, Priscilla (2010). Solar-assisted Electric Auto Rickshaw Three Wheeler. Illinois Institute of Technology.
  • Warren, James Francis (2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971692667.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Rickshaws at Wikimedia Commons
  •   The dictionary definition of rickshaw at Wiktionary

February 15, 2024
rickshaw, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, template. For other uses see Rickshaw disambiguation This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Rickshaw originally denoted a pulled rickshaw which is a two or three wheeled cart generally pulled by one person carrying one passenger The first known use of the term was in 1879 1 Over time cycle rickshaws also known as pedicabs or trishaws auto rickshaws and electric rickshaws were invented and have replaced the original pulled rickshaws with a few exceptions for their use in tourism Pulled rickshaw Japan c 1897Pulled rickshaws created a popular form of transportation and a source of employment for male labourers within Asian cities in the 19th century Their appearance was related to newly acquired knowledge of ball bearing systems Their popularity declined as cars trains and other forms of transportation became widely available Auto rickshaws are becoming more popular in some cities in the 21st century as an alternative to taxis because of their low cost of hire Bangladesh holds record of hosting highest number of rickshaws in the world with 40 000 rickshaws operating in the capital Dhaka alone every day 2 In 2023 UNESCO listed rickshaws and rickshaw art as intangible heritage of Bangladesh 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Origin 2 1 1 Inventor 2 2 Description 2 3 Late 19th century 2 3 1 Japan 2 3 2 Singapore 2 3 3 Other 2 4 20th century 2 4 1 Africa 2 4 2 Asia 2 4 3 North America 2 5 21st century 2 5 1 Africa 2 5 2 Asia 2 5 3 Australia 2 5 4 Europe 2 5 5 North America 3 Types 4 See also 5 Explanatory notes 6 Citations 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology edit source source source source source source source source video Various rickshaws for tourists in Asakusa Japan 2015 Rickshaw originates from the Japanese word jinrikisha 人力車 人 jin human 力 riki power or force 車 sha vehicle which literally means human powered vehicle 4 History editOrigin edit The first rickshaws were invented in France in the late 17th century to fulfill along with other types of carriages such as cabriolets and fiacres the unmet demand for public transportation created by the 1679 cessation of Paris first omnibus service These vehicles called vinaigrettes for their resemblance to the handcarts used by contemporary vinegar sellers 5 were fully enclosed two wheeled carriages with space for a single person Usually they were moved by two people one holding the bars at the front and the other pushing from behind 6 Rickshaws were independently invented in Japan circa 1869 7 8 after the lifting of a ban on wheeled vehicles from the Tokugawa period 1603 1868 9 and at the beginning of a period of rapid technical advancement in Japan 8 10 Inventor edit There are many theories about the inventor with the most likely and widely accepted theory describing the rickshaw as having been invented in Japan in 1869 8 by Izumi Yosuke 11 12 who formed a partnership with Suzuki Tokujiro and Takayama Kosuke to build the vehicles 13 having been inspired by the horse carriages that had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo a few years earlier 14 Other theories about the inventor of the rickshaw include Reverend Jonathan Goble sometimes called Jonathan Scobie an American Free Baptist minister and missionary to Japan is said to have invented the rickshaw around 1869 to transport his invalid wife through the streets of Yokohama 10 15 16 An American blacksmith named Albert Tolman is said to have invented the rickshaw or man drawn lorry in 1846 in Worcester Massachusetts for a South American bound missionary 17 In New Jersey the Burlington County Historical Society claims an 1867 invention by carriage maker James Birch and exhibits a Birch rickshaw in its museum 18 Japan historian Seidensticker wrote of the theories Though the origins of the rickshaw are not entirely clear they seem to be Japanese and of Tokyo specifically The most widely accepted theory offers the name of three inventors and gives 1869 as the date of invention 7 Description edit The vehicle had a wooden carriage that rode on superior Western wheels and was a dramatic improvement over earlier modes of transportation Whereas the earlier sedan chairs required two people the rickshaw generally only required one More than one person was required for hilly or mountainous areas It also provided a smoother ride for the passenger Other forms of vehicles at the time were drawn by animals or were wheelbarrows 8 The vehicle also has an collapsible hood for protection from sun or rain The Powerhouse Museum in Sydney has had a rickshaw in its collection for over 120 years It was made about 1880 and is described as A rickshaw or jinrikisha is a light two wheeled cart consisting of a doorless chairlike body mounted on springs with a collapsible hood and two shafts Finished in black lacquer ware over timber it was drawn by a single rickshaw runner 19 Late 19th century edit nbsp 19th century rickshaw in Hanoi In the Late 19th century hand pulled rickshaws became an inexpensive popular mode of transportation across Asia 8 Peasants who migrated to large Asian cities often worked first as a rickshaw runner 20 21 It was the deadliest occupation in the East and the most degrading for human beings to pursue 21 nb 1 Japan edit nbsp Edward Prince of Wales and his staff disguised as rickshaw men during his visit to Japan in 1922 He bought the clothes himself in Kyoto Starting in 1870 the Tokyo government issued a permit to build and sell 人力車 jinrikisha rickshaw in Japanese to the trio that are believed in Asia to be the rickshaw s inventors Izumi Yosuke Takayama Kosuke and Suzuki Tokujiro In order to operate a rickshaw in Tokyo a seal was required from these men 14 By 1872 they replaced the kago and norimono becoming the main mode of transportation in Japan with about 40 000 rickshaws in service At that time man power was much cheaper than horse power horses were generally only used by the military Some of the rickshaws were artistically decorated with paintings and rear elevations In this time the more exuberant styles of decorations were banned 22 If the families were well off financially they might have their own rickshaw runner Generally runners covered 30 to 50 kilometres 20 30 mi in a day at an average traveling speed of 8 km h 5 mph 13 19 Japanese rickshaw manufacturers produced and exported rickshaws to Asian countries and South Africa 13 Singapore edit Singapore received its first rickshaws in 1880 and soon after they were prolific making a noticeable change in the traffic on Singapore s streets 8 Bullock carts and gharries were used before rickshaws were introduced 21 Many of the poorest individuals in Singapore in the late nineteenth century were poverty stricken unskilled people of Chinese ancestry Sometimes called coolies the hardworking men found that pulling a rickshaw was a new opportunity for employment 23 In 1897 martial law was declared to end a four day rickshaw workers strike 24 Other edit nbsp Traditional Chinese touring cycle rickshaw in Beijing In China the rickshaw was first seen in 1873 and was used for public transportation the following year Within a year there were 10 000 rickshaws in operation 25 Around 1880 rickshaws appeared in India first introduced in Simla by Reverend J Fordyce 26 At the turn of the century they were introduced in Calcutta India and by 1914 were a conveyance for hire 8 The rickshaw was also introduced to Korea in the late 19th century 27 20th century edit After World War II there was a major shift in the use of man powered rickshaws Hand pulled rickshaws became an embarrassment to modernizing urban elites in the Third World and were widely banned in part because they were symbolic not of modernity but of a feudal world of openly marked class distinctions Perhaps the seated rickshaw passenger is too close to the back of the laboring driver who besides is metaphorically a draught animal harnessed between shafts 24 The cycle rickshaw was built in the 1880s and was first used with regularity starting in 1929 in Singapore They were found in every south and east Asian country by 1950 By the late 1980s there were estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws in the world 28 Africa edit nbsp An auto rickshaw tuk tuk in Nairobi Rickshaws were introduced to Durban South Africa and by 1904 there were about 2 000 registered rickshaw pullers 8 29 30 Rickshaws operated in Nairobi in the beginning of the 20th century pullers went on strike there in 1908 31 In the 1920s they were used in Bagamoyo Tanga Tanzania and other areas of East Africa for short distances 32 33 Asia edit The rickshaw s popularity in Japan had declined by the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation like automobiles and trains After World War II when gasoline and automobiles were scarce they made a temporary comeback The rickshaw tradition has stayed alive in Kyoto and Tokyo s geisha districts 19 20 In the 1990s German made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were introduced in Japanese cities including Kobe 20 nbsp A row of rickshaws parked near a pier in Hong Kong c 1930s In post war Hong Kong rickshaws was one of the main transportation either for transporting goods or for transporting people during the Japanese invasion known as the Battle of Hong Kong Japanese military hired many rickshaw pullers to have them gathered and organize with other cooks and seamen for an underground armed team to enact the anti British Colony clan 34 However after World War II other forms of transport such as pedicabs and streetcar became strong competitors of rickshaws leading the business of rickshaws into stagnation 35 Chiuchow men formed a faction within the Canton rickshaw pullers union in the 1920s In addition the Chiuchow pullers could be identified by their hats which were rounded and flat at the top while the rival Hoklo men had a cone shaped headgear with sharp points at the top 36 However rickshaw use began to decline in the 1920s 20 as the government introduced the streetcar system in 1924 37 The number of rickshaw pullers had declined from 44 200 to 25 877 six months after the opening of the tramway 37 It had also caused the Beijing tramway riot in October 1929 37 A rough form of a rickshaw is sometimes used for hauling coal building materials or other material Both motorized and pedal power cycle rickshaws or pedicabs were used for short distance passenger travel 38 There are still many rickshaws in many cities for either touring purposes in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai with traditional Chinese rickshaws or short range transportation in some counties However the new Communist government banned rickshaws in Canton in the early 1950s leading to another low tide of rickshaws 36 In Singapore the rickshaw s popularity increased into the 20th century There were approximately 50 000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number had doubled by 1930 7 Cycle rickshaws were used in Singapore beginning in 1929 Within six years pulled rickshaws were outnumbered by cycle rickshaws 28 which were also used by sightseeing tourists 39 nb 2 nbsp Cycle rickshaw Bangladeshi Rickshaw in Sweden In the 1930s cycle rickshaws were used in Dhaka Bangladesh Kolkata India and Jakarta Indonesia By 1950 they could be found in many South and East Asian countries 28 By the end of the 20th century there were 300 000 such vehicles in Dhaka 40 By the end of 2013 there were about 100 000 electric rickshaws in Delhi 41 North America edit Pedicabs were introduced in North America in 1962 where they were a means of transportation at the Seattle World s Fair in the state of Washington 42 21st century edit nbsp Velotaxis in Nagoya Japan 2005 The 21st century has seen a resurgence in rickshaws particularly in motorized rickshaws and cycle rickshaws Auto rickshaws also called velotaxis have resurged as they are about 1 3 to 1 2 the cost of regular taxis German velotaxis are three wheeled powered vehicles with a space for a driver and behind the driver space for two passengers 43 Cycle rickshaws are used in many Asian North American and European cities 16 They are increasingly being used as an eco friendly way of short range transportation particularly in urban areas Along with auto rickshaws they are also used particularly by Asian cities for tourism because of their novelty value as an entertaining form of transportation 16 Africa edit In Madagascar pulled cycle and auto rickshaws are a common form of transportation in a number of cities especially Antsirabe They are known as pousse pousse meaning push push 44 45 Aboboyaa is a tricycle used in the transportation of goods and service in Ghana 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Asia edit nbsp Cycle rickshaw decoration in BangladeshMacau still uses tri wheeled bicycle rickshaw or riquexo in Portuguese as Macau was a Portuguese colony in the past This kind of transportation was very famous until the late 20th century due to the fact of being a small city and few cars not so many motorcycles very bad public transport and no other transport such as train or subway You can go around Macau peninsula and the twos island on rickshaw and visit the Riquexo Museum and see the evolution of rickshaws from the 18th century until modern times Automated cycle rickshaws called velotaxis are popular in Kyoto and Tokyo Japan Their use is growing at a rate of about 20 30 a year in Japanese cities The traditional rickshaws are still alive for travelers in some tourist places in Japan Rickshaws are found in Hong Kong 43 In China automated and pedal power cycle rickshaws or pedicabs are used for short distance passenger travel in large cities and many medium sized cities 38 Most Indian cities offer auto rickshaw service hand pulled rickshaws do exist in some areas such as Kolkata Calcutta as a part of their transport system which also includes cycle rickshaws 55 Sri Lanka has over 1 million auto rickshaws registered in use as of 2018 Australia edit In Australia cycle rickshaws or trishaws 3 wheels are used in Melbourne and St Kilda They are also seen in Cowaramup Western Australia at Bakehouse 38 Europe edit nbsp Biketaxi rickshaw in Kuopio Finland 56 nbsp Auto rickshaw located in Brighton Marina Cycle rickshaws or trishaws 3 wheels are used in some large continental European cities 57 such as Austria Vienna Denmark Copenhagen and Odense 58 59 Estonia Tallinn 60 France Paris and Nantes 59 Germany Lake Constance Berlin Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover and other cities 57 59 Hungary Budapest 59 Ireland Cork and Dublin Italy Florence Milan 59 and Rome The Netherlands Amsterdam and in the Caribbean Willemstad 59 61 Norway Oslo 59 Poland Krakow and Lodz Russia Saint Petersburg 62 Spain Barcelona 59 Switzerland Bern Romania BucharestWithin the United Kingdom pedicabs operate in London mostly in Soho and other areas of central London Their activity is not regulated by Transport for London so there are no limits of the fees they can charge 28 59 nb 3 The Queen s Speech in May 2022 introduced plans to legislate a licensing scheme for pedicabs 63 Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours 64 Oxford 59 North America edit nbsp A cycle rickshaw bicitaxi in Mexico City 2019 In Canada there are pedicabs in operation in Victoria 65 and Vancouver They are regulated in Toronto and Vancouver 66 67 Pulled rickshaw rides are available in downtown Ottawa with tours of historical Byward Market 68 69 In the United States San Diego and New York City each host hundreds of pedicabs dozens of other North American cities also have pedicab services 70 In New York human powered transport is used primarily by tourists due to its cost 71 72 nb 4 In New Orleans pedicabs have been used to transport French Quarter tourists since the summer of 2012 75 See also Rickshaws in the United States In Mexico there are thousands of pedicabs All drivers are in informal circumstances and have precarious working conditions long hours 11 3 hours a day low wages US 59 18 per week and no social protections or benefits 6 3 reported suffering from a disease 49 5 corresponded to musculoskeletal conditions and only 11 6 were affiliated to any health system 53 8 are owners of the vehicle and although it does not seem to influence physical illness P 0 03 it is related to the psychosocial ones P 0 260 76 See also Rickshaws in Mexico CityTypes editTypes of rickshaws include a pulled rickshaw a two wheeled passenger cart pulled by a human runner a cycle rickshaw also called a pedicab an auto rickshaw also called a tuk tuk auto mototaxi or baby taxi an electric rickshaw also called e rickshaw nbsp Pulled rickshaw Madagascar nbsp Cycle rickshaws Nepal nbsp Auto rickshaw San Francisco California nbsp Pulled Rickshaw in Kolkata nbsp FRP GEM e rickshaw Haryana India nbsp Cycle rickshaw in Jakarta Indonesia known as Bechak See also editRickshawsAuto rickshaw Cycle rickshaw Electric rickshaw Pulled rickshaw Rickshaw art DesignersGeorge Bliss pedicab designer Other human powered transportBath chair Human powered transport Boda boda bicycle taxi Bicycle trailer Cargo bike Quadracycle Utility cyclingExplanatory notes edit In China coolies performed rickshaw pulling Other hard or demeaning jobs included being night soil cleaners and dock workers 21 Other means of transportation in Singapore are buses lorries and trams 39 Rickshaws or Pedicabs as they are also known have been operating on the streets of London for over 7 years in and around the West End Soho Covent Garden and Leicester Square areas At a rate of 5 plus 1 per block per person a 20 block one mile pedicab ride for two people will cost 50 71 72 In a taxicab the same ride would cost under 10 73 According to Peter Meitzler of New York s Manhattan Rickshaw Company a passenger has an entirely different urban experience when one rides in a rickshaw 74 Citations edit Rickshaw Merriam Webster Incorporated Retrieved 10 April 2013 Molla Mohammad Al Masum 7 July 2019 Ban on rickshaw How logical is it The Daily Star Retrieved 15 December 2023 Report Star Digital 6 December 2023 Unesco lists rickshaws and rickshaw art as intangible heritage The Daily Star Retrieved 15 December 2023 Chamberlain Basil Hall 1891 Things Japanese being notes on various subjects connected with Japan for the use of travellers and others K Paul Trench Trubner amp Co Ltd pp 241 242 Oxford Reference Retrieved 23 May 2020 Mellot and Blancart 2006 p 7 a b c Hanchao Lu 1999 Beyond the Neon Lights Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century University of California Press pp 348 ISBN 978 0520215641 a b c d e f g h James Francis Warren 2003 Rickshaw Coolie A People s History of Singapore 1880 1940 NUS Press pp 14 ISBN 978 9971692667 Chris Rowthorn 2007 Chris Rowthorn ed Japan 10 ed Lonely Planet p 44 ISBN 978 1741046670 a b David Diefendorf 2007 Amazing But False Hundreds of Facts You Thought Were True But Aren t Sterling Publishing Company pp 223 ISBN 978 1402737916 Chris Carlsson 2002 Critical Mass bicycling s defiant celebration AK Press pp 170 ISBN 978 1902593593 DK Publishing Stephen Mansfield 2009 Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide Series Tokyo Penguin p 84 ISBN 978 0756653675 a b c Louis Frederic 2002 Japan enciklopedia Kathe Roth translator Harvard University Press p 424 ISBN 978 0674017535 a b Boye De Mente 2010 Demetra De Ment ed The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun Cultural Insight Books p 94 ISBN 978 1456424756 Parker F Calvin 1990 Jonathan Goble of Japan New York University Press of America ISBN 978 0 8191 7639 4 a b c Ed Sobey 2009 A Field Guide to Automotive Technology Chicago Review Press p 172 ISBN 978 1556528125 William E Lewis 26 March 2007 Through the Heartland on U S 20 Massachusetts Volume I A Historical Travel Guide PublishAmerica ISBN 978 1462624591 Corson Poley Center Burlington County Historical Society Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 Retrieved 28 September 2011 a b c Japanese rickshaw Powerhouse Museum Retrieved 11 April 2013 a b c d Boye De Mente 2010 Demetra De Ment ed The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun Cultural Insight Books p 95 ISBN 978 1456424756 a b c d Leo Suryadinata 1992 Chinese Adaptation and Diversity Essays on Society and Literature in Indonesia Malaysia amp Singapore NUS Press National University of Singapore Centre for Advanced Studies p 37 ISBN 978 9971691868 Edward Seidensticker 2010 Tokyo from Edo to Showa Tuttle Classics p 59 James Francis Warren 2003 Rickshaw Coolie A People s History of Singapore 1880 1940 NUS Press pp 15 ISBN 978 9971692667 a b Chris Carlsson 2002 Critical Mass bicycling s defiant celebration AK Press pp 171 ISBN 978 1902593593 Beyond the Neon Lights Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century Pamela Kanwar 2003 Imperial Simla the political culture of the Raj 2 ed Oxford University Press p 176 ISBN 978 0195667219 Kwang joong Kim ed 2003 Seoul twentieth century growth and change of the last 100 years 2 ed 서울시정개발연구원 p 164 ISBN 978 8980523054 a b c d David Edgerton 2011 The Shock of the Old Technology and Global History Since 1900 Oxford University Press p 46 ISBN 978 0199832613 Romita Hanuman Rickshaws City of Durban Archived from the original on 19 May 2010 Retrieved 2 July 2010 Mary Fitzpatrick Kate Armstrong 2006 South Africa Lesotho amp Swaziland 7 ed Lonely Planet p 308 ISBN 978 1740599702 A Adu Boahen Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa ed 1985 Africa under colonial domination 1880 1935 7 UNESCO p 666 ISBN 978 9231017131 Werner Voigt 1995 60 Years in East Africa The Life of a Settler General Store Publishing House pp 32 34 35 ISBN 978 1896182391 http www ezakwantu com Gallery 20Zulu 20Ricksha htm Tsai Jung fang 2005 Wartime Experience Collective Memories and Hong Kong Identity China Review International 12 1 229 246 doi 10 1353 cri 2005 0161 S2CID 144855673 Project MUSE 191055 Frank Owen 1945 Des Voeux Road Central Central District digitalrepository lib hku hk Photograph Retrieved 5 March 2019 a b David Strand June 2007 Reviewed Work Reluctant Heroes Rickshaw Pullers in Hong Kong and Canton 1874 1954 by Fung Chi Ming The American Historical Review 112 3 830 doi 10 1086 ahr 112 3 830 JSTOR 40006699 a b c Perry Elizabeth May 1984 Collective Violence in China 1880 1980 Theory and Society 13 3 427 454 doi 10 1007 bf00213233 JSTOR 657459 S2CID 143101510 a b China Travel Guide Tiki Travel FB Editions pp PT61 ISBN 9791021306523 a b Suryadinata 1992 p 40 David Edgerton 2011 The Shock of the Old Technology and Global History Since 1900 Oxford University Press pp 46 47 ISBN 978 0199832613 Faiz JamilFaiz Jamil Regulation threatens India s e rickshaws Retrieved 15 May 2016 Bill Cotter 2010 Seattle s 1962 World s Fair Arcadia Publishing pp 55 125 ISBN 978 0738581255 a b Boye De Mente 2010 Demetra De Ment ed The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun Cultural Insight Books pp 95 96 ISBN 978 1456424756 Jay Heale Zawiah Abdul Latif 2008 Madagascar Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World Group 15 2 ed Marshall Cavendish pp 75 76 ISBN 978 0761430360 Madagascar Travel Guide 7 ed Lonely Planet 2012 ISBN 978 1743213018 Retrieved 13 April 2013 Nartey Laud 25 October 2021 Gov t restricts Aboboyaa on major highways in Accra 3NEWS Retrieved 18 February 2022 Use beach road to Tema Police caution aboboyaa riders GhanaWeb 2 November 2021 Retrieved 18 February 2022 Annang Evans 24 January 2022 Apiate Disaster I did not collide with explosives truck Aboboyaa driver speaks Pulse Ghana Retrieved 18 February 2022 Ban on aboboyaa on Accra highways to take effect from Nov 1 Henry Quartey MyJoyOnline com www myjoyonline com 22 October 2021 Retrieved 18 February 2022 Arrested Aboboyaa riders on Tema Motorway to be pardoned Modern Ghana Retrieved 18 February 2022 Aboboyaa operators call for designation of tricycle routes MyJoyOnline com www myjoyonline com 3 November 2021 Retrieved 18 February 2022 Aboboyaa operators still using Accra Tema motorway despite ban Citinewsroom Comprehensive News in Ghana 1 November 2021 Retrieved 18 February 2022 No aboboyaa on highways from Nov 1 Graphic Online Retrieved 18 February 2022 Quist Ebenezer 2 November 2021 If I can t use Motorway I have to carry the borla to my house Aboboyaa rider Yen com gh Ghana news Retrieved 18 February 2022 Pippa de Bruyn Keith Bain David Allardice Shonar Joshi 18 February 2010 Frommer s India Fourth ed John Wiley and Sons pp 15 57 156 ISBN 978 0470645802 Biketaxi Official Site in Finnish a b Pedicabs Cycle Rickshaws International Directory International Bicycle Fund Retrieved 13 April 2013 Elizabet Olesen 2011 Denmark Travel Adventures Hunter Publishing Inc pp PT56 ISBN 978 1588437075 a b c d e f g h i j Main Street Pedicab Operators Main Street Pedicabs Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 Retrieved 13 April 2013 Tallinn puts a stop to cycle rickshaw expansion ERR 10 August 2015 Retrieved 9 October 2020 Bike taxi Amsterdam Tourism amp Convention Board Retrieved 13 April 2013 pinokio Velorikshi v Pitere GreenWord ru illyustrirovannyj internet zhurnal o cheloveke i prirode Retrieved 15 May 2016 Queen s Speech 2022 10 Downing Street 10 May 2022 Retrieved 15 May 2022 Lesley Anne Rose Michael Macaroon Vivienne Crow 2012 Frommer s Scotland 12 ed John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1119992769 Ulysses Travel Editorial Staff Ulysses Travel Guides 2003 Vancouver and Victoria 4th ed Hunter Publishing Inc ISBN 978 2894645178 Pedicabs City of Vancouver City of Vancouver Retrieved 13 April 2013 Rickshaw owners back in driver s seat Toronto rickshaws can now charge unlimited fares after a judge said City Hall s price limits were chosen on a whim National Post CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc posted on Canada com 9 May 2007 Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 Retrieved 13 April 2013 Hilary Davidson Paul Karr Herbert Bailey Livesey Bill McRae Donald Olson 2006 Frommer s Canada With the best hiking amp outdoor adventures 14 ed John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0470044575 Downtown Ottawa Rickshaw Tours Ottawa Rickshaws Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 Retrieved 13 April 2013 Indian Institute of Technology Madras India Dept of Civil Engineering 2004 V Thamizh Arasan ed Proceedings of the International Conferences on Transportation Systems Planning and Operation Volume 1 Allied Publishers p 202 a b Travel Inspiration Conde Nast Traveler Retrieved 15 May 2016 a b New York City News Latest Headlines Videos amp Pictures am New York Retrieved 15 May 2016 NYC Taxi amp Limousine Commission RATE OF FARE Retrieved 15 May 2016 Rickshaws Reinvented The ancient transportation takes a modern turn Dina Modianot Fox Smithsonian Magazine March 2007 Big Breezy Pedaling The New Orleans Pedicab GoNOLA com Retrieved 15 May 2016 Berrones Sanz Luis David 2018 The working conditions of motorcycle taxi drivers in Tlahuac Mexico City Journal of Transport amp Health 8 73 80 doi 10 1016 j jth 2017 04 008 Further reading editBandyopadhyay Subir 1990 Calcutta cycle rickshaw pullers a sociological study Minerva Associates Publications ISBN 978 8185195278 Fung Chi Ming 2005 Reluctant Heroes Richshaw Pullers in Hong Kong And Canton 1874 1954 Hong Kong University Press Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ISBN 978 9622097346 Indian Institute of Economics 1962 A socio economic survey of rickshaw drivers in Hyderabad City area A P Mulhall Priscilla 2010 Solar assisted Electric Auto Rickshaw Three Wheeler Illinois Institute of Technology Warren James Francis 2003 Rickshaw Coolie A People s History of Singapore 1880 1940 NUS Press ISBN 978 9971692667 External links edit nbsp Media related to Rickshaws at Wikimedia Commons nbsp The dictionary definition of rickshaw at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rickshaw amp oldid 1191103152, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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