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Culture of the Philippines

April 09, 2023

The culture of the Philippines is characterized by cultural and ethnic diversity.[1] Although the multiple ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago have only recently established a shared Filipino national identity,[2] their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the region,[3][4] and by centuries of interaction with neighboring cultures, and colonial powers.[5][6] In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the global community.[7] "

History

Further information: History of the Philippines

Among the contemporary ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago, the Negritos are generally considered the earliest settlers;[8] today, although few in numbers, they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture. After those early settlers, the Austronesians arrived on the archipelago. The Austronesian culture is strongly evident in the ethnic majority and languages.

Before the arrival of European colonizers in the 1500s, the various ethnic groups of the Philippines were organized into various independent polities,[5][6] which historians have come to call "barangays".[9][10][Notes 1] These polities consisted of about thirty to a hundred households,[2][9] and were ruled by leaders with titles.[2] The largest of these, such as Butuan, Tondo and the Sultanate of Sulu were complex political formations based on the deltas of the archipelago's biggest river systems, with political and trade relationships with polities further upstream on one hand, and with the political and trading powers of Maritime Southeast Asia and East Asia such as the Sultanate of Brunei, the Majapahit empire, the Qing and Ming Dynasties of China, and even Japan. Indirect cultural exchange and some trade also took place with the Indian subcontinent and Arabia.[11]

The advent of Spanish colonial rule in the islands marked the beginning of the Philippines as an entity, a collection of Southeast Asian countries united under Spanish Empire. The empire ruled, via the Viceroyalty of New Spain and later directly from Madrid (after 1821 Mexican independence), the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries (Batanes being one of the last places to be colonized in the mid-1800s), resulting in Christianity to spread and dominate throughout the archipelago and influenced the religion and beliefs of the natives. Then, the Philippines became a U.S. territory for almost 50 years. Influence from the United States is manifested in the wide use of the English language, media and in the modern culture and clothing of present-day Philippines.[12]

Geography and ethnic groups

 
Dominant ethnic groups by province.
Main articles: Geography of the Philippines and Ethnic groups in the Philippines

The Philippines' culture is shaped by its archipelagic geography, topography and physical location within Maritime Southeast Asia, all of which defined the cultural histories of the country's 175 Ethnolinguistic groups.[3][4][13]: 68 

Influence of geography

The cultural diversity of Philippines is the result of the fact that it is an archipelagic state. It is the world's fifth largest island country[14] and is one of the five original archipelagic states recognized under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[15] It is made out of 7,641 islands[18] with a total land area of 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi),[19][20] and an exclusive economic zone that covers 2,263,816 square kilometers (874,064 sq mi) of sea, covering an area 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores.[21] Settlement on the islands by its many ethnic groups and the cultural exchanges that shaped the cultural histories of those groups was enabled and defined by maritime and riverine transport - with travel by oceans and rivers serving as these cultures' main way of relating to each other, and long inland mountain ranges being the major physical hindrance to cultural linkages between various groups.[2]

Ethnic groups of the Philippines

Main article: Ethnic groups of the Philippines

The Philippines is inhabited by more than 182 ethnolinguistic groups,[22]: 5  many of which are classified as "Indigenous Peoples" under the country's Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997. Traditionally-Muslim peoples from the southernmost island group of Mindanao are usually categorized together as Moro peoples, whether they are classified as Indigenous peoples or not. About 142 are classified as non-Muslim Indigenous People groups, and about 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither indigenous nor moro.[22]: 6  Various migrant groups have also had a significant presence throughout the country's history.

The Muslim-majority ethnic groups ethnolinguistic groups of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan are collectively referred to as the Moro people,[23] a broad category which includes some indigenous people groups and some non-indigenous people groups.[22]: 6 

About 142 of the Philippines' Indigenous People groups are not classified as moro peoples.[22]: 6  Some of these people groups are commonly grouped together due to their strongly association with a shared geographic area, although these broad categorizations are not always welcomed by the ethnic groups themselves.[24][25][26] For example, the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range in northern Luzon are often referred to using the exonym[24] "Igorot people," or more recently, as the Cordilleran peoples.[24] Meanwhile, the non-Moro peoples of Mindanao are collectively referred to as the Lumad, a collective autonym conceived in 1986 as a way to distinguish them from their neighboring indigenous Moro neighbors.[27]

About 86 to 87 percent of the Philippine population belong to the 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither indigenous nor moro.[22]: 6  These groups are sometimes collectively referred to as "Lowland Christianized groups," to distinguish them from the other ethnolinguistic groups.[28] The most populous of these groups, with populations exceeding a million individuals, are the Ilocano, the Pangasinense, the Kapampangan, the Tagalog, the Bicolano, the Visayans and Cebuanos, the Boholano, the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, and the Waray.[22]: 16  Many of these groups converted to Christianity,[citation needed] particularly both the native and migrant lowland-coastal groups,[29] and adopted foreign elements of culture throughout the country's history.[citation needed]

Due to the history of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial era, there are also some historical migrant heritage groups such as the Chinese Filipinos and Spanish Filipinos, both of whom intermixed with the above lowland Austronesian-speaking ethnic groups, which produced Filipino Mestizos. These groups also comprise and contribute a considerable proportion of the country's population,[30] especially its bourgeois,[31] and economy[31][32][33][34] and were integral to the establishment of the country,[29] from the rise of Filipino nationalism by the Ilustrado intelligentsia to the Philippine Revolution.[35] Other peoples of migrant and/or mixed descent include those such as, American Filipinos, Indian Filipinos,[36] Japanese Filipinos,[37] and many more.

Indigenous peoples

Main article: Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
 
A Tboli woman weaving t'nalak from South Cotabato.

The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines are groups of people that were only fully annexed to the borders of the Philippines later in history, especially during the post war modern era. They are not fully absorbed by centuries of Spanish and United States colonization of the Philippines, and in the process, have developed their cultures, customs and traditions distinct from the lowland Christianized people of the Filipino culture. They consist of full or partial Negritos tribes scattered throughout the archipelago, and a large number of Austronesian ethnic groups. They are the descendants of the original Austronesian inhabitants of the Philippines, that settled in the islands thousands of years ago.[38] Some of these tribes, have partial populations who converted to Christianity and even integrated to the lowland Christian populations.

In the interest of clarity, the term indigenous as used in the Philippines refers to ethnolinguistic groups or subgroups that maintain partial isolation, or independence, throughout the Spanish and American colonial era. The term indigenous when applied to the Philippine population can be a deceptive misnomer, connoting alien migrant populations who have over time become the majority ethnolinguistic and cultural group in the land and thereby pushing indigens to the fringes of socio-cultural inclusion, such as in the Americas, Middle East, Australia, or New Zealand. Contrarily, the majority of people in the Philippines descend from the same Austronesian ancestral populations indigenous to the archipelago, regardless of cultural, religious, ethnolinguistic or tribal affiliations. (Ethnic groups in the Philippines). In the context of Philippine population, the term is used to refer to a group of people who have developed their culture away from the Christianized lowland culture of Filipinos whose population, though, overwhelmingly Austronesian, had partial mestizos, Insulares, Chinese and few other foreign populations, and is characterized by a hybrid of east and west culture.

In 1990, more than 100 highland peoples constituted approximately three percent of the Philippine population. Over the centuries, the isolated highland peoples have retained their Indigenous cultures. The folk arts of these groups were, in a sense, the last remnants of Indigenous traditions that flourished throughout the Philippines before the Islamic and Spanish contacts.[39]

The highland peoples are a primitive ethnic group like other Filipinos, although they did not, as a group, have as much contact with the outside world. These peoples displayed a variety of native cultural expressions and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity such as the production of bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. These peoples ranged from various groups of Igorot people, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga and Kankana-ey, who built the Rice Terraces thousands of years ago. They have also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with Christian Filipinos. Other Indigenous peoples include the Lumad peoples of the highlands of Mindanao. These groups have remained isolated from Western and Eastern influences.

Filipino psychology

Main article: Filipino psychology

A formal field interpreting Psychology as rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos, called Filipino psychology, was established in 1975.[40]

Values

Main article: Filipino values

As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships.[41]

Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group.[42] The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of "Hiya", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame', and "Amor propio" or 'self-esteem'.[42] Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.[43]

Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating people financially and thievery.[44]

Arts

Main article: Art of the Philippines

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of the Philippines
See also: Nipa hut, Ancestral houses of the Philippines, and Earthquake Baroque
 
Bahay na bato is a traditional Filipino house.

Before the arrival of European colonizers, Austronesian architecture was the common form of housing on the archipelago.[citation needed]

During the Spanish era, the new Christianized lowland culture collectively evolved a new style known as the Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo). It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood. Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy seasons. Regional variations include the use of thicker, and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. The Bahay na bato architecture is a variant of Nipa Hut that emerged during the Spanish era.[45]

Spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a central square or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II.[46] Some examples remain, mainly among the country's churches, government buildings, and universities. Four Philippine baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the San Agustín Church in Manila, Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, and Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.[47] Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.[48] The introduction of Christianity brought European churches and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities in the nation. The Spaniards also introduced stones and rocks as housing and building materials and the Filipinos merged it with their existing architecture and forms a hybrid mix-architecture only exclusive to the Philippines. Filipino colonial architecture can still be seen in centuries-old buildings such as Filipino baroque churches, Bahay na bato; houses, schools, convents, government buildings around the nation. The best collection of Spanish colonial era architecture can be found in the walled city of Intramuros in Manila and in the historic town of Vigan. Colonial-era churches are also on the best examples and legacies of Spanish Baroque architecture called Earthquake Baroque which are only found in the Philippines. Historic provinces such as Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Iloilo, Negros, Cebu, Bohol and Zamboanga del Sur also boasts colonial-era buildings.

The American occupation in 1898 introduced a new breed of architectural structures in the Philippines. This led to the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the American period, some semblance of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done on the portions of the city of Manila. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings that resembled Greek or Neoclassical architecture.[49] In Iloilo, a lot of the colonial edifices constructed during the American occupation in the country can still be seen. Commercial buildings, houses and churches in that era are abundant in the city and especially in Calle Real.[50]

The University of Santo Tomas Main Building in Manila is an example of Renaissance Revival architecture. The building was built in 1924 and was completed at 1927. The building, designed by Fr. Roque Ruaño, O.P., is the first earthquake-resistant building in the Philippines that is not a church[citation needed].[51] Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples. Pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas. Contemporary-style housing subdivisions and suburban-gated communities are popular in urbanized places such as Metro Manila, Central Visayas, Central Luzon, Negros Island and other prosperous regions.

However, certain areas of the country like Batanes have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate. Limestones and coral were used as building materials.[52]

 
Kalesa, a traditional Philippine urban transportation in front of Manila Cathedral entrance.

There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city's architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country's dying heritage sites, which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization, culturally-irresponsible development, and lack of towns-cape architectural vision. Such policies are used by countries which have preserved their architectural marvels, and entire cities as a whole, for hundreds of years, such as Italy, France, Romania, Germany, and Spain. The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous, colonial, and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality. The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping, especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50-year time frame. Unfortunately, many Philippine-based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes, such as the case in Manila, where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila's architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts, effectively destroying Manila's architectural townscape one building at a time. Only the city of Vigan has passed such an ordinance, which led to its declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles. In 2016, bills proposing to establish a Department of Culture were filed in both chambers of Congress to help formulate policy on architecture.[53][54]

Traditional clothing

 
Filipina wearing traditional attire.
Main article: Fashion and clothing in the Philippines

Baro evolved from its forerunner garment worn by the Tagalogs of Luzon Prior to the Spanish Era. When the Spaniards came and settled into the islands, the fashion changed drastically as the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history. The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country, resulting in a mixture of cultures from different ethnic groups of the conquered archipelago and Spanish culture. A new type of clothing called Barong tagalog (for men) and Baro't saya (for women) began to emerged and would ultimately define the newly formed Filipino culture.

 
Pineapple fiber is used to create traditional Philippine garments.

Throughout the 16th century up to the 18th century, women wore a more updated version of the Baro't saya, composed of a bodice – called a Camisa, often made in pineapple fiber or muslin – and a floor length skirt, while the Barong Tagalog of men, was a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit. Aside from Barong, men also wore suits. Most Visayan lowland women wear Kimona, a type of Baro't Saya blouse matching with a knee-length or floor-length skirt printed with the Patadyong pattern, hence getting the name Patadyong skirt. The dress is often accompanied with a handkerchief called tubao also printed with patadyong pattern and is often placed above the right shoulder. These traditions was brought by the Visayans to Mindanao where they also dominate the Christian lowland culture.

 
 
Left to right: [1] Silver‑inlaid Salakot, San Pablo, Laguna; [2] Tortoise-shell and silver Salakot.

Salakot hat is a Filipino general term for a range of related traditional headgear used by virtually all ethnic groups of the Philippines and is a Filipino variation of the Asian conical hat of East and Southeast Asia. It is usually dome-shaped or cone-shaped, but various other styles also exist, including versions with dome-shaped, cone-shaped, or flat crowns with a flat or gently sloping brim. It can be made from various materials including bamboo, rattan, nito, bottle gourd, buri straw, nipa leaves, pandan leaves, carabao horn, and tortoiseshell. In addition to Salakot and western hats, Buntal hat, Buri hat and calasiao hat are another traditional hats worn by Filipinos. By the 19th century, due to the continuing influence of the Western culture, the rising economy, globalization, and exposure from the European fashion scene, the women's clothing began to have a change; by the 1850s, women's clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train rather than the simple floor length skirts, a bodice called camisa which means blouse in English and a pañuelo, The attire is composed of four pieces, namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo (a scarf, also spelled panuelo) and the Tapis this would later be called Maria Clara. The men also continued to wear a more intricate version Barong Tagalog. Underneath the transparent Barong Tagalog is the Camisa de Chino a type of shirt, usually in white. When the Americans arrived baro't saya started to change again and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style. The women then wore the new version called, Traje de Mestiza, the more modern version of the Maria Clara. By the 1920s, the style of the skirt still remained, influenced by the flapper dress; however, the wide sleeves had been flattened to butterfly sleeves and the big pañuelo reduced its size.

 
 
Left to right: [1] Villa Escudero exhibit depicting 19th century Filipino family wearing a traditional attire. ; [2] Painting of a couple wearing traditional attire by Justiniano Asuncion

Men wore suit and coat worn in the West, mostly Americans hence the name it was called, the Americana, It was more popularly white or light in color than western counterpart. By the 1930s, young adult women and children embraced the more American style, but the typical "Traje de Mestiza" was not fully gone. By 1940's onward baro't saya was still evolving. But people started wearing more updated modern clothing and fully turned away from baros as everyday clothing. Though it became a symbol of traditional culture to be preserved for traditional ceremonies and cultural occasions, from the modern more globalized culture of the post war era.

Cultures that are un-hispanized like the Negritos, Igorot, Lumad and Moro etc. was mostly only fully absorbed into the Filipino borders much later in history, especially during the post-war's modern and globalized culture when the hispanized lowland Filipinos are modernized. As a result, they were mostly unaffected by the traditional lowland Christian Filipino culture and clothing. What influenced them instead was the modern culture and fashions. Though traditional clothing are retained for traditional ceremonies and cultural occasions as well.

Visual arts

See also: Batok, Tapayan, and Okir

Early pottery has been found in the form of mostly anthropomorphic earthenware jars dating from c. 5 BC to 225 AD.[55] Early Philippine painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga-Sanga Cave, Sulu and Cagayan's Laurente Cave. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the archipelago. Early Austronesian peoples, especially in the Philippines, started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors, and at about the same time as the Thais and Laotians as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology.

Further evidence of painting is manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the 'Painted People' of the Visayas.[56][57] Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranaos who are well known for the Nāga dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King's House.

 
 
Left to right: [1] The Kutkut art from Samar. ; [2] Letras y figuras painting by Jose Honorato Lozano

Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th-century Spanish period. The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light.

The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics. The binakol is a blanket which features designs that incorporate optical illusions.Other parts of Highlands in the Cordillera Region or in local term " KaIgorotan" displays their art in tattoing, weaving bags like the "sangi" a traditional backpack and carving woods. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have bright red tones. Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation. Other peoples such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl, red hornbill beaks, plants, and metals. Many Filipino painters were influenced by this and started using materials such as extract from onion, tomato, tuba, coffee, rust, molasses and other materials available anywhere as paint. The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B'laan, Mandaya, Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber. Abaca is a plant closely related to bananas, and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp. The fiber is dyed by a method called ikat. Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human, animal and plant themes.

Kut-kut, a technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. It is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques: sgraffito, encaustic and layering. The merging of the ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines,

Islamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. One is a curved-line woodcarving and multi-layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space.metalworking called okir, similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. This style is associated with men. The other style is geometric tapestries, and is associated with women. The Tausug and Sama–Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat-like imagery. The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the kampilan are skillfully carved.

 
 
 
Left to right: [1] La Madre Filipina. ; [2] Old Senate Hall with ornamentation works done by Master sculptor Isabelo Tampinco with his Estilo Tampinco style of carving and ornamentation. ; [3] Guardian lions was a tradition brought by the Chinese in the Philippines. Used as Grotesques in many Filipino churches and a unique feature of the Filipino baroque.

Early modernist painters such as Haagen Hansen was associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of Lorenzo Miguelito and Alleya Espanol showed a trend for political statement. The first American national artist Jhurgen D. C. Pascua used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artists such as Bea Querol used realities and abstract on his work. In the 1980s, Odd Arthur Hansen, popularly known as ama ng makabayan pintor or father of patriotic paint, gained recognition. He uses his own white hair to make his own paintbrushes and signs his painting using his own blood on the right side corner. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from professionals.

 
Filipino traditional dance at a festival.

Dancing

Main article: Philippine dance

Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles.[58][59]

Music

Main articles: Music in the Philippines and Harana (serenade)

The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukulele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes.

Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music.

Literature

Main article: Literature of the Philippines

The Philippine literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved throughout the centuries. It had started with traditional folktales and legends made by the ancient Filipinos before Spanish colonization. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country's pre-Hispanic cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Spanish period, while being preserved orally prior to Spanish colonization. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, or any indigenous Philippine languages.

Some well known works of literature were created in the 17th to 19th centuries. The Ibong Adarna is a famous epic about a magical bird which was claimed to be written by José de la Cruz or "Huseng Sisiw".[60] Francisco Balagtas is one of the country's prominent Filipino poets, he is named as one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his contributions in Philippine literature. His greatest work, the Florante at Laura is considered as his greatest work and one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature. Balagtas wrote the epic during his imprisonment.[61] José Rizal, the national hero of the country, wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed). Nínay By Pedro Paterno, explores the tragic life of a female protagonist Ninay.

There have been proposals to revive all indigenous ethnic scripts or suyat in the Philippines, where the ethnic script of the ethnic majority of the student population shall be taught in public and private schools. The proposal came up after major backlash came about when a bill declaring the Tagalog baybayin as the national script of the country. The bill became controversial as it focuses only on the traditional script of the Tagalog people, while dismissing the traditional scripts of more than 100 ethnic groups in the country. The new proposal that came after the backlash cites that if the ethnic majority is Sebwano, then the script that will be taught is badlit. If the ethnic majority is Tagalog, then the script that will be taught is baybayin. If the ethnic majority is Hanunuo Mangyan, then the script that will be taught is hanunu'o, and so on.[62]

Cinema and media

Main article: Cinema of the Philippines

Salón de Pertierra was the first introduced moving picture on January 1, 1897, in the Philippines. All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country. Antonio Ramos was the first known movie producer. He used the Lumiere Cinematograph when he filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de España (Bridge of Spain), and Escenas Callejeras (Street scenes). Meanwhile, Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema".[63] Dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema", his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines.[64] His first film produced was entitled Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) in 1919.

Film showing resumed in 1900 during the American period. Walgrah, a British entrepreneur, opened the Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. It was also during this time that a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies. These silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, a quartet, or a 200-man choir. During the Japanese occupation, filmmaking was put on hold. Nonetheless, it was continued on 1930s up until 1945 replacing the Hollywood market with Japanese films but met with little success. Postwar 1940s and the 1950s were known as the first golden age of Philippine cinema with the resurgence of mostly Visayan films through Lapu-Lapu Pictures. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences.[citation needed]

 
Mila del Sol starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies, Giliw Ko (1939), along with Fernando Poe Sr.

The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[65][66] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts.

During the 1960s, James Bond movies, bomba (soft porn) pictures and an era of musical films, produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures, dominated the cinema. The second golden age occurred from the 1970s to early 1980s. It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. A rise in Hollywood films dominated theater sales during the late 1980s until the 2000s.[67] The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the mainstream Philippine movie industry.[68]

The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines.[citation needed] The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films.[66]

The mid-2010s also saw broader commercial success of films produced by independent studios.[69][70]

The Philippines, being one of Asia's earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004.[71][67] From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007.[71][67] The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige.

With the high rates of film production in the past, several movie artists have appeared in over 100+ roles in Philippine Cinema and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers.

Protest art

Main articles: Propaganda Movement and Protest art against the Marcos dictatorship

Protest art has played an important part in Philippine history, and in the development of Philippine culture.[72] The Propaganda Movement had been key in the formation of the Philippine national consciousness in the 19th century.[73] In the 20th century, the proclamation of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos - and the subsequent human rights abuses which came with it - led to the prominence of protest art in Filipino popular culture.[74][75]

Folklore

Philippine mythology

Main article: Philippine mythology

Philippine mythologies are the first literature of the Philippines, usually passed on through generation via traditional and oral folk literature. Written texts recording the stories have also been made. These literary stories are mostly chanted as part of a dynamic Philippine epic poetry.[76][77] While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures, such as the aswang, the manananggal, the diwata/engkanto, and nature. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Makiling, Lam-Ang, and the Sarimanok.[78]

Religion

Main article: Religion in the Philippines

Christianity

Main articles: Christianity in the Philippines, Catholic Church in the Philippines, and Protestantism in the Philippines
 
Original image of the Santo Niño de Cebú.

The arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century brought the beginning of the Christianization of the people in the Philippines. This phase in history is noted as the tipping point for the destruction of a variety of Anitist beliefs in the country, which were replaced by colonial belief systems that fitted the tastes of the Spanish, notably Christian beliefs. Christianity in form of has influenced Filipino culture in almost every facet, from visual arts, architecture, dance, and music. Presently, the Philippines is one of the two predominantly Catholic (80.58%) nations in Asia-Pacific, the other being East Timor. The country also has its own independent Philippine church, the Aglipayan, which accounts for around 2% of the national population. Other Christian churches are divided among a variety of Christian sects and cults. From the census in 2014, Christianity consisted of about 90.07% of the population and is largely present throughout the nation.[79]

Indigenous folk religions

Main articles: Indigenous Philippine folk religions, Philippine mythology, and List of Philippine mythological figures
 
An Itneg shaman offering pigs to anito spirits, 1922.
 
A performer depicting a babaylan (shaman).

Indigenous Philippine folk religions, also referred collectively as Anitism,[80][81] meaning ancestral religions,[82][83] are the original faiths of the diverse ethnic groups of the Philippines. Much of the texts of the religions are stored through memory which are traditionally chanted, rather than written in manuscripts.[citation needed]

Written texts, however, have been utilized as well in modern times to preserve aspects of the religions, notably their stories which are important aspects of Philippine mythology and traditional rites and other practices. These stories consist of creation stories or stories about important figures such as deities and heroes and certain creatures.[citation needed]

Some popular, but distinct, figures include the Tagalog's Bathala and Makiling, the Ilocano's Lam-Ang, and the Maranao's Sarimanok.[78]

Islam

Islamic mythology arrived in the Philippines in the 13th century through trade routes in Southeast Asia. The spread of Islam established a variety of belief systems, notably in the southwestern portions of the archipelago, where the sultanate system was embraced by the natives without the need for forced conversions, as the religious traders did not intended to colonize the islands. Presently, around 6% of the population are Muslims, concentrating in the Bangsamoro region in Mindanao. Most Filipino Muslims practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi'i school.[79]

Others

Hinduism arrived in the Philippines in 200–300 AD while Vajrayana Buddhism arrived around 900 AD. Most adherent of Hinduism have Indian origins while those practicing Buddhism have Chinese or Japanese origins, notably those who immigrated in the Philippines in the last few decades. Shintoism arrived prior to the 12th century due to Japanese traders, while Judaism arrived in the 16th century due to the Inquisition. Taoism is also practiced by some Chinese immigrants. Atheism is also found in the Philippines.[84][79]

Cuisine

Main article: Filipino cuisine
 
 
 
 
Clockwise from top left: Lumpia, Sinigang, Halo-halo and Sisig.

Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by of main Indian, Chinese, influences indigenous ingredients.[85]

The Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th century brought with them produce from the Americas such as chili peppers, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, and the method of sautéing with garlic and onions. Eating out is a favorite Filipino pastime. A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six meals a day; breakfast, snacks, lunch, snacks, dinner, and again a midnight snack before going to sleep. Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet, and is usually eaten together with other dishes. Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks and knives. Some also eat with their hands, especially in informal settings, and also Filipinos use chopsticks when eating seafood. Rice, corn, and popular dishes such as adobo (a meat stew made from either pork or chicken), lumpia (meat or vegetable rolls), pancit (a noodle dish), and lechón baboy (roasted pig) are served on plates.

Other popular dishes include afritada, asado, tapa, empanada, mani (roasted peanuts), paksiw (fish or pork, cooked in vinegar and water with some spices like garlic and pepper), pandesal (bread of salt), laing, sisig, torta (omelette), kare-kare (ox-tail stew), kilawen, pinakbet (vegetable stew), pinapaitan, and sinigang (tamarind soup with a variety of pork, fish, or prawns). Some delicacies eaten by some Filipinos may seem unappetizing to the Western palate include balut (boiled egg with a fertilized duckling inside), longganisa (sweet sausage), and dinuguan (soup made from pork blood).

 
A Filipino Lechon.

Popular snacks and desserts such as chicharon (deep fried pork or chicken skin), halo-halo (crushed ice with evaporated milk, flan, sliced tropical fruit, and sweet beans), puto (white rice cakes), bibingka (rice cake with butter or margarine and salted eggs), ensaymada (sweet roll with grated cheese on top), pulburon (powder candy), and tsokolate (chocolate) are usually eaten outside the three main meals. Popular Filipino beverages include Beer, Tanduay Rhum, lambanog, and tuba.

Every province has its own specialty and tastes vary in each region. In Bicol, for example, foods are generally spicier than elsewhere in the Philippines. Patis (fish sauce), suka (vinegar), toyo (soy sauce), bagoong, and banana ketchup are the most common condiments found in Filipino homes and restaurants.

Western fast food chains such as McDonald's, Wendy's, KFC, and Pizza Hut are a common sight in the country. Local food chains such as Jollibee, Goldilocks Bakeshop, Mang Inasal and Chowking are also popular and have successfully competed against international fast food chains.[86][87]

Education

Main articles: Education in the Philippines and Higher education in the Philippines
 
The University of Santo Tomas, located in Manila, was established in 1611.

Education in the Philippines has been influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and philosophy from the United States, Spain, and its neighbouring Asian countries. Philippine students enter public school at about age four, starting from nursery school up to kindergarten. At about seven years of age, students enter elementary school (6 to 9 years) this include Grade 7 to Grade 10 as junior high school, then after, they graduate. Since the Philippines has already implemented the K-12 system, students will enter SHS or senior high school, a 2-year course, to be able to prepare college life with their chosen track such as ABM (Accountancy Business Management), STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) and HUMSS (Humanities and Social Sciences) other tracks are included like TECH-VOC (Technical Vocational). Students can make a choice if they will take the college entrance examinations (CEE) in order to attend college or university (3 to 5 years) or find work after they graduate senior high school.[citation needed]

Other types of schools in the country include private schools, preparatory schools, international schools, laboratory high schools, and science high schools. Of these schools, private Catholic schools are the most famous. Catholic schools are preferred in the Philippines due to their religious beliefs. Most Catholic schools are co-ed. The uniforms of Catholic schools usually have an emblem along with the school colors. International schools follow different curricula, such as Singaporean, American, and British. With this, their approach differs depending on the overall programs that these curricula offer.[citation needed]

The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March, with a two-month summer break from April to May, two-week semestral break in October and Christmas and New Year's holidays. Changes are currently being made to the system and some universities have copied the Westernized academic calendar and now start the school year in August.[citation needed]

In 2005, the Philippines spent about US$138 per pupil compared to US$1,582 in Singapore, US$3,728 in Japan, and US$852 in Thailand.[88]

Sports and recreation

Main article: Sports in the Philippines
 
A PBA game at the Smart Araneta Coliseum.
 
Manny Pacquiao, the only 8-division world boxing champion in history.

Arnis, a form of martial arts, is the national sport in the Philippines.[89] Among the most popular sports include basketball, boxing, football, billiards, chess, ten-pin bowling, volleyball, horse racing, Sepak Takraw, cockfighting and Bullfighting. Dodgeball, badminton, and tennis are also popular.

Filipinos have gained international success in sports. These are boxing, football, billiards, ten-pin bowling, and chess. Popular sport stars include Manny Pacquiao, Flash Elorde, and Francisco Guilledo in boxing, Paulino Alcántara in football, Carlos Loyzaga, Robert Jaworski, and Ramon Fernandez in basketball, Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante in billiards, Rafael Nepomuceno in ten-pin bowling, Eugene Torre and Renato Naranja in chess, and Mark Muñoz in MMA. The Philippine National Basketball Team is a powerhouse in Asia and has the best performance of all Asian teams in the Olympics and the FIBA World Cup.

The Palarong Pambansa, a national sports festival, has its origin in an annual sporting meet of public schools that started in 1948. Private schools and universities eventually joined the national event, which became known as the "Palarong Pambansa" in 1976. It serves as a national Olympic Games for students, competing at school and national level contests. The year 2002 event included football, golf, archery, badminton, baseball, chess, gymnastics, tennis, softball, swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, track and field, and volleyball.

Martial arts

 
A grandmaster of Arnis.
Main article: Filipino martial arts

There are several forms of Filipino martial arts that originated in the Philippines (similar to how Silat is the martial arts practiced in Asia) including Eskrima (weapon-based fighting, also known as Arnis and in the West sometimes as Kali), Panantukan (empty-handed techniques), and Pananjakman (the boxing component of Filipino martial arts).

Traditional Filipino games and pastimes

Main article: List of traditional Filipino games
 
Sungka, a traditional Filipino game.

Traditional Philippine games such as luksong baka, patintero, piko, and tumbang preso are still played primarily as children's games among the youth.[90][91] Sungka is played on a board game using small sea shells in which players try to take all shells. The winner is determined by who has the most shells at the point when all small pits become empty.[92]

One traditional Filipino game is luksong tinik, a very popular game to Filipino children where one has to jump over the tinik and cross to the other side unscathed. Other traditional Filipino games include yo-yo, piko, patintero, bahay kubo, pusoy, and sungka. Tong-its is a popular gambling game. Individuals play the game by trying to get rid of all the cards by choosing poker hands wisely. Card games are popular during festivities, with some, including pusoy and tong-its, being used as a form of illegal gambling. Mahjong is played in some Philippine communities.

Sabong or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men, and existed prior to the arrival of the Spanish. Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's chronicler, first documented this pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.[93][94]

The yo-yo, a popular toy in the Philippines, was introduced in its modern form by Pedro Flores with its name coming from the Ilocano language.[95]

Filipinos have created toys using insects such as tying a beetle to string, and sweeping it circular rotation to make an interesting sound. The "Salagubang gong" is a toy described by Charles Brtjes, an American entomologist, who traveled to Negros and discovered a toy using beetles to create a periodic gong effect on a kerosene can as the beetle rotates above the contraption.[96] Piko is a Filipino version of the game hopscotch. Children will draw a sequence rectangles using chalk on the ground. With various level of obstacle on each rectangle, children will compete against one another or in a team. Players use pamato; usually a flat stone, slipper or anything that could be tossed easily.

Rites of passage

Main article: Tuli (rite)

Every year, usually in April and May, thousands of Filipino boys are taken by their parents to be circumcised. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) about 90% of Filipino men are circumcised, one of the world's highest circumcision rates. Although the roots of the practice date back to the arrival of Islam in 1450, the succeeding 200 years of Spanish rule obviated the religious reasons for circumcision. Nevertheless, circumcision, called tuli, has persisted. The pressure to be circumcised is evidenced even in the language: the Tagalog word for 'uncircumcised', supot, also means 'coward'. It is commonly believed that a circumcised eight or ten year-old is no longer a boy and is given more adult roles in the family and society.[97]

Intangible cultural heritage

The Philippines, with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as the de facto Ministry of Culture,[98] ratified the 2003 Convention after its formal deposit in August 2006.[99]

Prior to the 2003 Convention, the Philippines was invited by UNESCO to nominate intangible heritage elements for the inclusion to the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. This prompted the proclamation of the Hudhud chant of the Ifugao in 2001 and Darangen epic chant of the Maranao in 2005. After the establishment of the 2003 Convention, all entries to the Proclamation of Masterpieces were incorporated in the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008. A third inscription was made in 2015 through a multinational nomination between Cambodia, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam for the Tugging Rituals and Games, wherein the Punnuk, tugging ritual of the Ifugao was included.

As part of the objective of the 2003 Convention, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts through the Intangible Cultural Heritage unit and in partnership with ICHCAP, published the Pinagmulan: Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2012. The publication contains an initial inventory of 335 ICH elements with elaborate discussions on 109 ICH elements. The elements listed are the first batch of continuous updating process initiated by the government, UNESCO, and other stakeholders. In 2014, the Pinagmulan was a finalist under the category of the Elfren S. Cruz Prize for Best Book in the Social Sciences to the National Book Awards organized by the National Book Development Board.[100] The Philippine inventory is currently being updated as a measure to safeguard more intangible cultural heritage elements in the country. The updating began in 2013 and results may be released in 5–10 years after the scientific process finishes the second batch of element documentations. According to UNESCO, it is not expected by a country or state party to have a completed inventory. On the contrary, the development and updating of inventories is an ongoing process that can never be finished.[101]

Between 2015 and 2017, UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Courier of Asia and the Pacific featured the darangen epic chant,[102] punnuk tugging ritual,[103] and at least three kinds of traditional healing practices in the Philippines, including the manghihilot and albularyo healing practices and belief of buhay na tubig (living water) of the Tagalog people of 20th century Quezon city,[104] the baglan and mandadawak healing practices and stone beliefs of the Itneg people in Abra,[104] and the mantatawak healing practices of the Tagalog people of Marinduque.[104]

 
Carabao is a major symbol of Filipinos hard labor. And is known to be the "Filipino farmer's bestfriend".

By 2016, according to the ICH Unit, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, there were 367 elements listed under the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage (PIICH), the official ICH inventory of the Philippines. All elements under the PIICH are listed in Philippine Registry of Cultural Property (PRECUP), the official cultural property inventory of the country which includes both tangible and intangible cultural properties.[105] In April 2018, the buklog of the Subanen people was nominated by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts in the list for urgent safeguarding.[106]

Filipino diaspora

Main article: Overseas Filipino

An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin, who lives outside of the Philippines. This term is applied to people of Filipino ancestry, who are citizens or residents of a different country. Often, these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers.

There are about 11 million overseas Filipinos living worldwide, equivalent to about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines.[107]

Each year, thousands of Filipinos migrate to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs. Other individuals emigrate and become permanent residents of other nations. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects,[108] entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, students, caregivers, domestic helpers, and household maids.

International employment includes an increasing number of skilled Filipino workers taking on unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as brain drain, particularly in the health and education sectors. Also, the employment can result in underemployment, for example, in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses and other employment programs.

Festivals

Main article: Festivals of the Philippines
 
The Sinulog Festival is held to commemorate the Santo Niño

Festivals in the Philippines, locally known as fiestas, originated dating back to the Spanish colonial period when the Spaniards introduced Christianity to the country. Most Philippine towns and cities has a patron saint assigned to each of them. Fiestas in the Philippines serve as either religious, cultural, or both. These festivals are held to honor the patron saint or to commemorate history and culture, such as promoting local products and celebrate a bountiful harvest. Fiestas can be categorized by Holy Masses, processions, parades, theatrical play and reenactments, religious or cultural rituals, trade fairs, exhibits, concerts, pageants and various games and contests.

Month Festival Place
January Ati-Atihan Kalibo, Aklan
Sinulog Cebu
Dinagyang Iloilo
Dinagsa Cadiz, Negros Occidental
Coconut San Pablo, Laguna
Bambanti Isabela
February Panagbenga Baguio
Kaamulan Bukidnon
Paraw Regatta Iloilo and Guimaras
Pamulinawen Ilocos
March Pintados de Passi Passi, Iloilo
Araw ng Dabaw Davao
Kariton Licab, Nueva Ecija
Kaamulan Bukidnon
April Moriones Marinduque
Sinuam San Jose, Batangas
Pana-ad Negros Occidental
Aliwan Pasay
May Magayon Albay
Pahiyas Lucban, Quezon
Sanduguan Calapan, Oriental Mindoro
Sumakah Antipolo, Rizal
Butwaan Butuan
June Baragatan Palawan
Sangyaw Tacloban
Pista Y Ang Kagueban Puerto Princesa, Palawan
July T'nalak Koronadal, South Cotabato
August Kadayawan Davao
Higalaay Cagayan de Oro
Pavvu-rulun Tuguegarao
Sabutan Festival Baler, Aurora
September Peñafrancia Naga City
Sandurot Dumaguete
Padul-ong Borongan, Eastern Samar
Bonok-Bonok Surigao City
Banigan Basey, Samar
Diyandi Iligan City
October Fiesta Pilar Zamboanga City
Masskara Bacolod
Buglasan Negros Oriental
Pangisdaan Navotas
November Itik Victoria, Laguna
December Paru-Paru Dasmariñas, Cavite

Holidays

Main article: Public holidays in the Philippines
 
Parol (Christmas lanterns) being sold during the Christmas season
 
Good Friday observance in Pampanga

Regular holidays

Date (Gregorian Calendar) Filipino language English language
January 1 Araw ng Bagong Taon New Year's Day
March–April Mahal na Araw including Biyernes Santo and Huwebes Santo Holy Week including Good Friday and Maundy Thursday
April 9 Araw ng Kagitingan Day of Valour
May 1 Araw ng Manggagawa Labour Day
June 12 Araw ng Kalayaan Independence Day
August 27 Araw ng mga Bayani National Heroes' Day
November 30 Araw ni Bonifacio Bonifacio Day
December 24 Bisperás ng Pasko Christmas Eve
December 25 Araw ng Pasko Christmas
December 30 Araw ni Rizal Rizal Day

Special holidays

Date (Gregorian Calendar) Filipino language English language
January–February Bagong Taong Pang Tsino Chinese New Year
February 25 Anibersaryo ng Rebolusyon ng Lakas ng mga Tao People Power Revolution Anniversary
August 21 Araw ni Ninoy Aquino Ninoy Aquino Day
November 1 Araw ng mga Santo All Saints Day
November 2 Araw ng mga Kaluluwa All Souls' Day
December 31 Bisperás ng Bagong Taón New Year's Eve

Heritage towns and cities

The Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities, many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war. After the war, the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed, effectively destroying any chances of restoration since the pre-war Philippines' economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply. On the other hand, the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed, namely, Manila and Baguio.

Today, only the centres (poblacion or downtown areas) of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country. Yet, some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist, such as the UNESCO city of Vigan which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics. The country currently lacks a city/town-singular architectural style law. Due to this, unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually, destroying many former heritage townscapes.[neutrality is disputed] Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations, and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers, condominium units, or newly furnished modern-style buildings, completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities. This is one of the reasons why UNESCO has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the World Heritage List since 1999. Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture (the Vigan colonial style) shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions.

While Silay,[109] Iloilo City, and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of heritage houses. In 2010, the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law, effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines. However, despite its passage, many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures. In certain cases, government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions.[110]

List of heritage cities and towns

Throughout the nation, there are many heritage cities and towns.[111][unreliable source] The following are in:

Greater Manila area

Luzon

Visayas

Mindanao

See also

Further reading

  • Kathleen Melissa Martinez (2007). (PDF) (Master of Arts in Communication, Culture and Technology thesis). Georgetown University. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2011.

Notes

  1. ^ The actual historical use of the term "barangay" and its applicability to polities throughout the archipelago has been questioned in recent scholarship. See Woods, 2017.

References

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April 09, 2023
culture, philippines, culture, philippines, characterized, cultural, ethnic, diversity, although, multiple, ethnic, groups, philippine, archipelago, have, only, recently, established, shared, filipino, national, identity, their, cultures, were, shaped, geograp. The culture of the Philippines is characterized by cultural and ethnic diversity 1 Although the multiple ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago have only recently established a shared Filipino national identity 2 their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the region 3 4 and by centuries of interaction with neighboring cultures and colonial powers 5 6 In more recent times Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the global community 7 Contents 1 History 2 Geography and ethnic groups 2 1 Influence of geography 2 2 Ethnic groups of the Philippines 2 2 1 Indigenous peoples 3 Filipino psychology 3 1 Values 4 Arts 4 1 Architecture 4 2 Traditional clothing 4 3 Visual arts 4 4 Dancing 4 5 Music 4 6 Literature 4 7 Cinema and media 4 8 Protest art 5 Folklore 5 1 Philippine mythology 6 Religion 6 1 Christianity 6 2 Indigenous folk religions 6 3 Islam 6 4 Others 7 Cuisine 8 Education 9 Sports and recreation 9 1 Martial arts 9 2 Traditional Filipino games and pastimes 10 Rites of passage 11 Intangible cultural heritage 12 Filipino diaspora 13 Festivals 14 Holidays 14 1 Regular holidays 14 2 Special holidays 15 Heritage towns and cities 15 1 List of heritage cities and towns 15 1 1 Greater Manila area 15 1 2 Luzon 15 1 3 Visayas 15 1 4 Mindanao 16 See also 17 Further reading 18 Notes 19 References 20 External linksHistory EditFurther information History of the Philippines Among the contemporary ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago the Negritos are generally considered the earliest settlers 8 today although few in numbers they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture After those early settlers the Austronesians arrived on the archipelago The Austronesian culture is strongly evident in the ethnic majority and languages Before the arrival of European colonizers in the 1500s the various ethnic groups of the Philippines were organized into various independent polities 5 6 which historians have come to call barangays 9 10 Notes 1 These polities consisted of about thirty to a hundred households 2 9 and were ruled by leaders with titles 2 The largest of these such as Butuan Tondo and the Sultanate of Sulu were complex political formations based on the deltas of the archipelago s biggest river systems with political and trade relationships with polities further upstream on one hand and with the political and trading powers of Maritime Southeast Asia and East Asia such as the Sultanate of Brunei the Majapahit empire the Qing and Ming Dynasties of China and even Japan Indirect cultural exchange and some trade also took place with the Indian subcontinent and Arabia 11 The advent of Spanish colonial rule in the islands marked the beginning of the Philippines as an entity a collection of Southeast Asian countries united under Spanish Empire The empire ruled via the Viceroyalty of New Spain and later directly from Madrid after 1821 Mexican independence the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries Batanes being one of the last places to be colonized in the mid 1800s resulting in Christianity to spread and dominate throughout the archipelago and influenced the religion and beliefs of the natives Then the Philippines became a U S territory for almost 50 years Influence from the United States is manifested in the wide use of the English language media and in the modern culture and clothing of present day Philippines 12 Geography and ethnic groups Edit Dominant ethnic groups by province Main articles Geography of the Philippines and Ethnic groups in the Philippines The Philippines culture is shaped by its archipelagic geography topography and physical location within Maritime Southeast Asia all of which defined the cultural histories of the country s 175 Ethnolinguistic groups 3 4 13 68 Influence of geography Edit The cultural diversity of Philippines is the result of the fact that it is an archipelagic state It is the world s fifth largest island country 14 and is one of the five original archipelagic states recognized under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCLOS 15 It is made out of 7 641 islands 18 with a total land area of 300 000 square kilometers 115 831 sq mi 19 20 and an exclusive economic zone that covers 2 263 816 square kilometers 874 064 sq mi of sea covering an area 200 nautical miles 370 km from its shores 21 Settlement on the islands by its many ethnic groups and the cultural exchanges that shaped the cultural histories of those groups was enabled and defined by maritime and riverine transport with travel by oceans and rivers serving as these cultures main way of relating to each other and long inland mountain ranges being the major physical hindrance to cultural linkages between various groups 2 Ethnic groups of the Philippines Edit Main article Ethnic groups of the Philippines The Philippines is inhabited by more than 182 ethnolinguistic groups 22 5 many of which are classified as Indigenous Peoples under the country s Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 Traditionally Muslim peoples from the southernmost island group of Mindanao are usually categorized together as Moro peoples whether they are classified as Indigenous peoples or not About 142 are classified as non Muslim Indigenous People groups and about 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither indigenous nor moro 22 6 Various migrant groups have also had a significant presence throughout the country s history The Muslim majority ethnic groups ethnolinguistic groups of Mindanao Sulu and Palawan are collectively referred to as the Moro people 23 a broad category which includes some indigenous people groups and some non indigenous people groups 22 6 About 142 of the Philippines Indigenous People groups are not classified as moro peoples 22 6 Some of these people groups are commonly grouped together due to their strongly association with a shared geographic area although these broad categorizations are not always welcomed by the ethnic groups themselves 24 25 26 For example the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range in northern Luzon are often referred to using the exonym 24 Igorot people or more recently as the Cordilleran peoples 24 Meanwhile the non Moro peoples of Mindanao are collectively referred to as the Lumad a collective autonym conceived in 1986 as a way to distinguish them from their neighboring indigenous Moro neighbors 27 About 86 to 87 percent of the Philippine population belong to the 19 ethnolinguistic groups are classified as neither indigenous nor moro 22 6 These groups are sometimes collectively referred to as Lowland Christianized groups to distinguish them from the other ethnolinguistic groups 28 The most populous of these groups with populations exceeding a million individuals are the Ilocano the Pangasinense the Kapampangan the Tagalog the Bicolano the Visayans and Cebuanos the Boholano the Hiligaynon Ilonggo and the Waray 22 16 Many of these groups converted to Christianity citation needed particularly both the native and migrant lowland coastal groups 29 and adopted foreign elements of culture throughout the country s history citation needed Due to the history of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial era there are also some historical migrant heritage groups such as the Chinese Filipinos and Spanish Filipinos both of whom intermixed with the above lowland Austronesian speaking ethnic groups which produced Filipino Mestizos These groups also comprise and contribute a considerable proportion of the country s population 30 especially its bourgeois 31 and economy 31 32 33 34 and were integral to the establishment of the country 29 from the rise of Filipino nationalism by the Ilustrado intelligentsia to the Philippine Revolution 35 Other peoples of migrant and or mixed descent include those such as American Filipinos Indian Filipinos 36 Japanese Filipinos 37 and many more Indigenous peoples Edit This section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Culture of the Philippines Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced October 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Indigenous peoples of the Philippines A Tboli woman weaving t nalak from South Cotabato The Indigenous peoples of the Philippines are groups of people that were only fully annexed to the borders of the Philippines later in history especially during the post war modern era They are not fully absorbed by centuries of Spanish and United States colonization of the Philippines and in the process have developed their cultures customs and traditions distinct from the lowland Christianized people of the Filipino culture They consist of full or partial Negritos tribes scattered throughout the archipelago and a large number of Austronesian ethnic groups They are the descendants of the original Austronesian inhabitants of the Philippines that settled in the islands thousands of years ago 38 Some of these tribes have partial populations who converted to Christianity and even integrated to the lowland Christian populations In the interest of clarity the term indigenous as used in the Philippines refers to ethnolinguistic groups or subgroups that maintain partial isolation or independence throughout the Spanish and American colonial era The term indigenous when applied to the Philippine population can be a deceptive misnomer connoting alien migrant populations who have over time become the majority ethnolinguistic and cultural group in the land and thereby pushing indigens to the fringes of socio cultural inclusion such as in the Americas Middle East Australia or New Zealand Contrarily the majority of people in the Philippines descend from the same Austronesian ancestral populations indigenous to the archipelago regardless of cultural religious ethnolinguistic or tribal affiliations Ethnic groups in the Philippines In the context of Philippine population the term is used to refer to a group of people who have developed their culture away from the Christianized lowland culture of Filipinos whose population though overwhelmingly Austronesian had partial mestizos Insulares Chinese and few other foreign populations and is characterized by a hybrid of east and west culture In 1990 more than 100 highland peoples constituted approximately three percent of the Philippine population Over the centuries the isolated highland peoples have retained their Indigenous cultures The folk arts of these groups were in a sense the last remnants of Indigenous traditions that flourished throughout the Philippines before the Islamic and Spanish contacts 39 The highland peoples are a primitive ethnic group like other Filipinos although they did not as a group have as much contact with the outside world These peoples displayed a variety of native cultural expressions and artistic skills They showed a high degree of creativity such as the production of bowls baskets clothing weapons and spoons These peoples ranged from various groups of Igorot people a group that includes the Bontoc Ibaloi Ifugao Isneg Kalinga and Kankana ey who built the Rice Terraces thousands of years ago They have also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with Christian Filipinos Other Indigenous peoples include the Lumad peoples of the highlands of Mindanao These groups have remained isolated from Western and Eastern influences Filipino psychology EditMain article Filipino psychology A formal field interpreting Psychology as rooted on the experience ideas and cultural orientation of the Filipinos called Filipino psychology was established in 1975 40 Values Edit Main article Filipino values As a general description the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems especially those based in kinship obligation friendship religion particularly Christianity and commercial relationships 41 Filipino values are for the most part centered around maintaining social harmony motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group 42 The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of Hiya roughly translated as a sense of shame and Amor propio or self esteem 42 Social approval acceptance by a group and belonging to a group are major concerns Caring about what others will think say or do are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos 43 Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future pessimism about present situations and events concern and care for other people the existence of friendship and friendliness the habit of being hospitable religious nature respectfulness to self and others respect for the female members of society the fear of God and abhorrence of acts of cheating people financially and thievery 44 Arts EditMain article Art of the Philippines Architecture Edit Main article Architecture of the Philippines See also Nipa hut Ancestral houses of the Philippines and Earthquake Baroque Bahay na bato is a traditional Filipino house Before the arrival of European colonizers Austronesian architecture was the common form of housing on the archipelago citation needed During the Spanish era the new Christianized lowland culture collectively evolved a new style known as the Nipa hut Bahay Kubo It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood Cogon grass Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy seasons Regional variations include the use of thicker and denser roof thatching in mountain areas or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular wooden roofs bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings The Bahay na bato architecture is a variant of Nipa Hut that emerged during the Spanish era 45 Spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a central square or plaza mayor but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II 46 Some examples remain mainly among the country s churches government buildings and universities Four Philippine baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites the San Agustin Church in Manila Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion Santa Maria Church in Ilocos Sur and Santo Tomas de Villanueva Church in Iloilo 47 Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known for the many Hispanic style houses and buildings preserved there 48 The introduction of Christianity brought European churches and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities in the nation The Spaniards also introduced stones and rocks as housing and building materials and the Filipinos merged it with their existing architecture and forms a hybrid mix architecture only exclusive to the Philippines Filipino colonial architecture can still be seen in centuries old buildings such as Filipino baroque churches Bahay na bato houses schools convents government buildings around the nation The best collection of Spanish colonial era architecture can be found in the walled city of Intramuros in Manila and in the historic town of Vigan Colonial era churches are also on the best examples and legacies of Spanish Baroque architecture called Earthquake Baroque which are only found in the Philippines Historic provinces such as Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur Pangasinan Pampanga Bulacan Cavite Laguna Rizal Batangas Quezon Iloilo Negros Cebu Bohol and Zamboanga del Sur also boasts colonial era buildings The American occupation in 1898 introduced a new breed of architectural structures in the Philippines This led to the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters During the American period some semblance of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by Daniel Burnham was done on the portions of the city of Manila Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings that resembled Greek or Neoclassical architecture 49 In Iloilo a lot of the colonial edifices constructed during the American occupation in the country can still be seen Commercial buildings houses and churches in that era are abundant in the city and especially in Calle Real 50 The University of Santo Tomas Main Building in Manila is an example of Renaissance Revival architecture The building was built in 1924 and was completed at 1927 The building designed by Fr Roque Ruano O P is the first earthquake resistant building in the Philippines that is not a church citation needed 51 Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples Pre Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas Contemporary style housing subdivisions and suburban gated communities are popular in urbanized places such as Metro Manila Central Visayas Central Luzon Negros Island and other prosperous regions However certain areas of the country like Batanes have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate Limestones and coral were used as building materials 52 Kalesa a traditional Philippine urban transportation in front of Manila Cathedral entrance There have been proposals to establish a policy where each municipality and city will have an ordinance mandating all constructions and reconstructions within such territory to be inclined with the municipality or city s architecture and landscaping styles to preserve and conserve the country s dying heritage sites which have been demolished one at a time in a fast pace due to urbanization culturally irresponsible development and lack of towns cape architectural vision Such policies are used by countries which have preserved their architectural marvels and entire cities as a whole for hundreds of years such as Italy France Romania Germany and Spain The proposal advocates for the usage and reinterpretations of indigenous colonial and modern architectural and landscaping styles that are prevalent or used to be prevalent in a given city or municipality The proposal aims to foster a renaissance in Philippine landscaping and townscaping especially in rural areas which can easily be transformed into new architectural heritage towns within a 50 year time frame Unfortunately many Philippine based architecture and engineering experts lack the sense of preserving heritage townscapes such as the case in Manila where business proposals to construct structures that are not inclined with Manila s architectural styles have been continuously accepted and constructed by such experts effectively destroying Manila s architectural townscape one building at a time Only the city of Vigan has passed such an ordinance which led to its declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 and awarding of various recognition for the conservation and preservation of its unique architectural and landscaping styles In 2016 bills proposing to establish a Department of Culture were filed in both chambers of Congress to help formulate policy on architecture 53 54 Architecture of the Philippines Vega Ancestral House Misamis Oriental Vigan City in Ilocos Sur Aguinaldo Shrine in Cavite Loboc Church in Bohol Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte Museum Agrifina CircleTraditional clothing Edit Filipina wearing traditional attire Main article Fashion and clothing in the Philippines Baro evolved from its forerunner garment worn by the Tagalogs of Luzon Prior to the Spanish Era When the Spaniards came and settled into the islands the fashion changed drastically as the Spanish culture influenced the succeeding centuries of Philippine history The Spanish dissolved the kingdoms and united the country resulting in a mixture of cultures from different ethnic groups of the conquered archipelago and Spanish culture A new type of clothing called Barong tagalog for men and Baro t saya for women began to emerged and would ultimately define the newly formed Filipino culture Pineapple fiber is used to create traditional Philippine garments Throughout the 16th century up to the 18th century women wore a more updated version of the Baro t saya composed of a bodice called a Camisa often made in pineapple fiber or muslin and a floor length skirt while the Barong Tagalog of men was a collared and buttoned lace shirt or a suit Aside from Barong men also wore suits Most Visayan lowland women wear Kimona a type of Baro t Saya blouse matching with a knee length or floor length skirt printed with the Patadyong pattern hence getting the name Patadyong skirt The dress is often accompanied with a handkerchief called tubao also printed with patadyong pattern and is often placed above the right shoulder These traditions was brought by the Visayans to Mindanao where they also dominate the Christian lowland culture Left to right 1 Silver inlaid Salakot San Pablo Laguna 2 Tortoise shell and silver Salakot Salakot hat is a Filipino general term for a range of related traditional headgear used by virtually all ethnic groups of the Philippines and is a Filipino variation of the Asian conical hat of East and Southeast Asia It is usually dome shaped or cone shaped but various other styles also exist including versions with dome shaped cone shaped or flat crowns with a flat or gently sloping brim It can be made from various materials including bamboo rattan nito bottle gourd buri straw nipa leaves pandan leaves carabao horn and tortoiseshell In addition to Salakot and western hats Buntal hat Buri hat and calasiao hat are another traditional hats worn by Filipinos By the 19th century due to the continuing influence of the Western culture the rising economy globalization and exposure from the European fashion scene the women s clothing began to have a change by the 1850s women s clothing was now full wide skirts that usually have long train rather than the simple floor length skirts a bodice called camisa which means blouse in English and a panuelo The attire is composed of four pieces namely the camisa the saya the panuelo a scarf also spelled panuelo and the Tapis this would later be called Maria Clara The men also continued to wear a more intricate version Barong Tagalog Underneath the transparent Barong Tagalog is the Camisa de Chino a type of shirt usually in white When the Americans arrived baro t saya started to change again and became more modern in contrast to the conservative style The women then wore the new version called Traje de Mestiza the more modern version of the Maria Clara By the 1920s the style of the skirt still remained influenced by the flapper dress however the wide sleeves had been flattened to butterfly sleeves and the big panuelo reduced its size Left to right 1 Villa Escudero exhibit depicting 19th century Filipino family wearing a traditional attire 2 Painting of a couple wearing traditional attire by Justiniano Asuncion Men wore suit and coat worn in the West mostly Americans hence the name it was called the Americana It was more popularly white or light in color than western counterpart By the 1930s young adult women and children embraced the more American style but the typical Traje de Mestiza was not fully gone By 1940 s onward baro t saya was still evolving But people started wearing more updated modern clothing and fully turned away from baros as everyday clothing Though it became a symbol of traditional culture to be preserved for traditional ceremonies and cultural occasions from the modern more globalized culture of the post war era Cultures that are un hispanized like the Negritos Igorot Lumad and Moro etc was mostly only fully absorbed into the Filipino borders much later in history especially during the post war s modern and globalized culture when the hispanized lowland Filipinos are modernized As a result they were mostly unaffected by the traditional lowland Christian Filipino culture and clothing What influenced them instead was the modern culture and fashions Though traditional clothing are retained for traditional ceremonies and cultural occasions as well Visual arts Edit See also Batok Tapayan and Okir Tampuhan by Juan Luna Early pottery has been found in the form of mostly anthropomorphic earthenware jars dating from c 5 BC to 225 AD 55 Early Philippine painting can be found in red slip clay mixed with water designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar Evidence of Philippine pottery making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga Sanga Cave Sulu and Cagayan s Laurente Cave It has been proven that by 5000 BC the making of pottery was practiced throughout the archipelago Early Austronesian peoples especially in the Philippines started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors and at about the same time as the Thais and Laotians as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology Further evidence of painting is manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the Painted People of the Visayas 56 57 Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation Perhaps some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranaos who are well known for the Naga dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King s House Left to right 1 The Kutkut art from Samar 2 Letras y figuras painting by Jose Honorato Lozano Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th century Spanish period The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes religious imagery from Biblical sources as well as engravings sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of religious political and landscape art works with qualities of sweetness dark and light The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics The binakol is a blanket which features designs that incorporate optical illusions Other parts of Highlands in the Cordillera Region or in local term KaIgorotan displays their art in tattoing weaving bags like the sangi a traditional backpack and carving woods Woven fabrics of the Ga dang people usually have bright red tones Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation Other peoples such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl red hornbill beaks plants and metals Many Filipino painters were influenced by this and started using materials such as extract from onion tomato tuba coffee rust molasses and other materials available anywhere as paint The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B laan Mandaya Mansaka and T boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber Abaca is a plant closely related to bananas and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp The fiber is dyed by a method called ikat Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human animal and plant themes Kut kut a technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process Considered lost art and highly collectible art form Very few known art pieces existed today The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A D It is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques sgraffito encaustic and layering The merging of the ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines Islamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles One is a curved line woodcarving and multi layered texture and an illusion of three dimensional space metalworking called okir similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art This style is associated with men The other style is geometric tapestries and is associated with women The Tausug and Sama Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat like imagery The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the kampilan are skillfully carved Left to right 1 La Madre Filipina 2 Old Senate Hall with ornamentation works done by Master sculptor Isabelo Tampinco with his Estilo Tampinco style of carving and ornamentation 3 Guardian lions was a tradition brought by the Chinese in the Philippines Used as Grotesques in many Filipino churches and a unique feature of the Filipino baroque Early modernist painters such as Haagen Hansen was associated with religious and secular paintings The art of Lorenzo Miguelito and Alleya Espanol showed a trend for political statement The first American national artist Jhurgen D C Pascua used post modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture nature and harmony While other artists such as Bea Querol used realities and abstract on his work In the 1980s Odd Arthur Hansen popularly known as ama ng makabayan pintor or father of patriotic paint gained recognition He uses his own white hair to make his own paintbrushes and signs his painting using his own blood on the right side corner He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from professionals Filipino traditional dance at a festival Dancing Edit Main article Philippine dance Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Carinosa In the southern region of Mindanao Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic tac toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles 58 59 Music Edit Main articles Music in the Philippines and Harana serenade Harana serenade The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments including flutes guitar ukulele violin trumpets and drums They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions By the 21st century many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan Filipinescas Barangay Barrio Hariraya the Karilagan Ensemble and groups associated with the guilds of Manila and Fort Santiago theatres Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J Molina the composer Felipe P de Leon known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes Modern day Philippine music features several styles Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock Filipino hip hop and other musical styles Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music Literature Edit Noli Me Tangere novel Main article Literature of the Philippines The Philippine literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved throughout the centuries It had started with traditional folktales and legends made by the ancient Filipinos before Spanish colonization The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country s pre Hispanic cultural traditions and the socio political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Spanish period while being preserved orally prior to Spanish colonization Philippine literature is written in Spanish English or any indigenous Philippine languages Some well known works of literature were created in the 17th to 19th centuries The Ibong Adarna is a famous epic about a magical bird which was claimed to be written by Jose de la Cruz or Huseng Sisiw 60 Francisco Balagtas is one of the country s prominent Filipino poets he is named as one of the greatest Filipino literary laureates for his contributions in Philippine literature His greatest work the Florante at Laura is considered as his greatest work and one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature Balagtas wrote the epic during his imprisonment 61 Jose Rizal the national hero of the country wrote the novels Noli Me Tangere Touch Me Not and El Filibusterismo The Filibustering also known as The Reign of Greed Ninay By Pedro Paterno explores the tragic life of a female protagonist Ninay There have been proposals to revive all indigenous ethnic scripts or suyat in the Philippines where the ethnic script of the ethnic majority of the student population shall be taught in public and private schools The proposal came up after major backlash came about when a bill declaring the Tagalog baybayin as the national script of the country The bill became controversial as it focuses only on the traditional script of the Tagalog people while dismissing the traditional scripts of more than 100 ethnic groups in the country The new proposal that came after the backlash cites that if the ethnic majority is Sebwano then the script that will be taught is badlit If the ethnic majority is Tagalog then the script that will be taught is baybayin If the ethnic majority is Hanunuo Mangyan then the script that will be taught is hanunu o and so on 62 Cinema and media Edit Main article Cinema of the Philippines Salon de Pertierra was the first introduced moving picture on January 1 1897 in the Philippines All films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country Antonio Ramos was the first known movie producer He used the Lumiere Cinematograph when he filmed Panorama de Manila Manila landscape Fiesta de Quiapo Quiapo Fiesta Puente de Espana Bridge of Spain and Escenas Callejeras Street scenes Meanwhile Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the Father of Philippine Cinema 63 Dubbed as the Father of Philippine Cinema his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines 64 His first film produced was entitled Dalagang Bukid Country Maiden in 1919 Film showing resumed in 1900 during the American period Walgrah a British entrepreneur opened the Cine Walgrah at No 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros It was also during this time that a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies These silent films were always accompanied by gramophone a piano a quartet or a 200 man choir During the Japanese occupation filmmaking was put on hold Nonetheless it was continued on 1930s up until 1945 replacing the Hollywood market with Japanese films but met with little success Postwar 1940s and the 1950s were known as the first golden age of Philippine cinema with the resurgence of mostly Visayan films through Lapu Lapu Pictures Nationalistic films became popular and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences citation needed Mila del Sol starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies Giliw Ko 1939 along with Fernando Poe Sr The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema 65 66 with the emergence of more artistic and mature films and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad Award winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period As the decade drew to a close the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor management conflicts During the 1960s James Bond movies bomba soft porn pictures and an era of musical films produced mostly by Sampaguita Pictures dominated the cinema The second golden age occurred from the 1970s to early 1980s It was during this era that filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white A rise in Hollywood films dominated theater sales during the late 1980s until the 2000s 67 The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the mainstream Philippine movie industry 68 The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry bringing both positive and negative changes The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era In addition action western drama adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality sound and writing The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines citation needed The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama teen oriented romantic comedy adult comedy and action films 66 The mid 2010s also saw broader commercial success of films produced by independent studios 69 70 The Philippines being one of Asia s earliest film industry producers remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia Over the years however the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004 71 67 From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s and 200 films a year during the 1980s the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007 71 67 The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige With the high rates of film production in the past several movie artists have appeared in over 100 roles in Philippine Cinema and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers Protest art Edit Main articles Propaganda Movement and Protest art against the Marcos dictatorship Protest art has played an important part in Philippine history and in the development of Philippine culture 72 The Propaganda Movement had been key in the formation of the Philippine national consciousness in the 19th century 73 In the 20th century the proclamation of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and the subsequent human rights abuses which came with it led to the prominence of protest art in Filipino popular culture 74 75 Folklore EditPhilippine mythology Edit Main article Philippine mythology Philippine mythologies are the first literature of the Philippines usually passed on through generation via traditional and oral folk literature Written texts recording the stories have also been made These literary stories are mostly chanted as part of a dynamic Philippine epic poetry 76 77 While each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell Hindu and Spanish influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases Philippine mythology mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures such as the aswang the manananggal the diwata engkanto and nature Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Makiling Lam Ang and the Sarimanok 78 Religion EditMain article Religion in the Philippines Christianity Edit Main articles Christianity in the Philippines Catholic Church in the Philippines and Protestantism in the Philippines Original image of the Santo Nino de Cebu The arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century brought the beginning of the Christianization of the people in the Philippines This phase in history is noted as the tipping point for the destruction of a variety of Anitist beliefs in the country which were replaced by colonial belief systems that fitted the tastes of the Spanish notably Christian beliefs Christianity in form of has influenced Filipino culture in almost every facet from visual arts architecture dance and music Presently the Philippines is one of the two predominantly Catholic 80 58 nations in Asia Pacific the other being East Timor The country also has its own independent Philippine church the Aglipayan which accounts for around 2 of the national population Other Christian churches are divided among a variety of Christian sects and cults From the census in 2014 Christianity consisted of about 90 07 of the population and is largely present throughout the nation 79 Indigenous folk religions Edit Main articles Indigenous Philippine folk religions Philippine mythology and List of Philippine mythological figures An Itneg shaman offering pigs to anito spirits 1922 A performer depicting a babaylan shaman Indigenous Philippine folk religions also referred collectively as Anitism 80 81 meaning ancestral religions 82 83 are the original faiths of the diverse ethnic groups of the Philippines Much of the texts of the religions are stored through memory which are traditionally chanted rather than written in manuscripts citation needed Written texts however have been utilized as well in modern times to preserve aspects of the religions notably their stories which are important aspects of Philippine mythology and traditional rites and other practices These stories consist of creation stories or stories about important figures such as deities and heroes and certain creatures citation needed Some popular but distinct figures include the Tagalog s Bathala and Makiling the Ilocano s Lam Ang and the Maranao s Sarimanok 78 Islam Edit Islamic mythology arrived in the Philippines in the 13th century through trade routes in Southeast Asia The spread of Islam established a variety of belief systems notably in the southwestern portions of the archipelago where the sultanate system was embraced by the natives without the need for forced conversions as the religious traders did not intended to colonize the islands Presently around 6 of the population are Muslims concentrating in the Bangsamoro region in Mindanao Most Filipino Muslims practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi i school 79 Others Edit Hinduism arrived in the Philippines in 200 300 AD while Vajrayana Buddhism arrived around 900 AD Most adherent of Hinduism have Indian origins while those practicing Buddhism have Chinese or Japanese origins notably those who immigrated in the Philippines in the last few decades Shintoism arrived prior to the 12th century due to Japanese traders while Judaism arrived in the 16th century due to the Inquisition Taoism is also practiced by some Chinese immigrants Atheism is also found in the Philippines 84 79 Cuisine EditMain article Filipino cuisine Clockwise from top left Lumpia Sinigang Halo halo and Sisig Pancit Crema de Mangga Filipinos cook a variety of foods influenced by of main Indian Chinese influences indigenous ingredients 85 The Spanish colonizers and friars in the 16th century brought with them produce from the Americas such as chili peppers tomatoes corn potatoes and the method of sauteing with garlic and onions Eating out is a favorite Filipino pastime A typical Pinoy diet consists at most of six meals a day breakfast snacks lunch snacks dinner and again a midnight snack before going to sleep Rice is a staple in the Filipino diet and is usually eaten together with other dishes Filipinos regularly use spoons together with forks and knives Some also eat with their hands especially in informal settings and also Filipinos use chopsticks when eating seafood Rice corn and popular dishes such as adobo a meat stew made from either pork or chicken lumpia meat or vegetable rolls pancit a noodle dish and lechon baboy roasted pig are served on plates Other popular dishes include afritada asado tapa empanada mani roasted peanuts paksiw fish or pork cooked in vinegar and water with some spices like garlic and pepper pandesal bread of salt laing sisig torta omelette kare kare ox tail stew kilawen pinakbet vegetable stew pinapaitan and sinigang tamarind soup with a variety of pork fish or prawns Some delicacies eaten by some Filipinos may seem unappetizing to the Western palate include balut boiled egg with a fertilized duckling inside longganisa sweet sausage and dinuguan soup made from pork blood A Filipino Lechon Popular snacks and desserts such as chicharon deep fried pork or chicken skin halo halo crushed ice with evaporated milk flan sliced tropical fruit and sweet beans puto white rice cakes bibingka rice cake with butter or margarine and salted eggs ensaymada sweet roll with grated cheese on top pulburon powder candy and tsokolate chocolate are usually eaten outside the three main meals Popular Filipino beverages include Beer Tanduay Rhum lambanog and tuba Every province has its own specialty and tastes vary in each region In Bicol for example foods are generally spicier than elsewhere in the Philippines Patis fish sauce suka vinegar toyo soy sauce bagoong and banana ketchup are the most common condiments found in Filipino homes and restaurants Western fast food chains such as McDonald s Wendy s KFC and Pizza Hut are a common sight in the country Local food chains such as Jollibee Goldilocks Bakeshop Mang Inasal and Chowking are also popular and have successfully competed against international fast food chains 86 87 Education EditMain articles Education in the Philippines and Higher education in the Philippines The University of Santo Tomas located in Manila was established in 1611 Education in the Philippines has been influenced by Western and Eastern ideology and philosophy from the United States Spain and its neighbouring Asian countries Philippine students enter public school at about age four starting from nursery school up to kindergarten At about seven years of age students enter elementary school 6 to 9 years this include Grade 7 to Grade 10 as junior high school then after they graduate Since the Philippines has already implemented the K 12 system students will enter SHS or senior high school a 2 year course to be able to prepare college life with their chosen track such as ABM Accountancy Business Management STEM Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics and HUMSS Humanities and Social Sciences other tracks are included like TECH VOC Technical Vocational Students can make a choice if they will take the college entrance examinations CEE in order to attend college or university 3 to 5 years or find work after they graduate senior high school citation needed Other types of schools in the country include private schools preparatory schools international schools laboratory high schools and science high schools Of these schools private Catholic schools are the most famous Catholic schools are preferred in the Philippines due to their religious beliefs Most Catholic schools are co ed The uniforms of Catholic schools usually have an emblem along with the school colors International schools follow different curricula such as Singaporean American and British With this their approach differs depending on the overall programs that these curricula offer citation needed The school year in the Philippines starts in June and ends in March with a two month summer break from April to May two week semestral break in October and Christmas and New Year s holidays Changes are currently being made to the system and some universities have copied the Westernized academic calendar and now start the school year in August citation needed In 2005 the Philippines spent about US 138 per pupil compared to US 1 582 in Singapore US 3 728 in Japan and US 852 in Thailand 88 Sports and recreation EditMain article Sports in the Philippines A PBA game at the Smart Araneta Coliseum Manny Pacquiao the only 8 division world boxing champion in history Arnis a form of martial arts is the national sport in the Philippines 89 Among the most popular sports include basketball boxing football billiards chess ten pin bowling volleyball horse racing Sepak Takraw cockfighting and Bullfighting Dodgeball badminton and tennis are also popular Filipinos have gained international success in sports These are boxing football billiards ten pin bowling and chess Popular sport stars include Manny Pacquiao Flash Elorde and Francisco Guilledo in boxing Paulino Alcantara in football Carlos Loyzaga Robert Jaworski and Ramon Fernandez in basketball Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante in billiards Rafael Nepomuceno in ten pin bowling Eugene Torre and Renato Naranja in chess and Mark Munoz in MMA The Philippine National Basketball Team is a powerhouse in Asia and has the best performance of all Asian teams in the Olympics and the FIBA World Cup The Palarong Pambansa a national sports festival has its origin in an annual sporting meet of public schools that started in 1948 Private schools and universities eventually joined the national event which became known as the Palarong Pambansa in 1976 It serves as a national Olympic Games for students competing at school and national level contests The year 2002 event included football golf archery badminton baseball chess gymnastics tennis softball swimming table tennis taekwondo track and field and volleyball Martial arts Edit A grandmaster of Arnis Main article Filipino martial arts There are several forms of Filipino martial arts that originated in the Philippines similar to how Silat is the martial arts practiced in Asia including Eskrima weapon based fighting also known as Arnis and in the West sometimes as Kali Panantukan empty handed techniques and Pananjakman the boxing component of Filipino martial arts Traditional Filipino games and pastimes Edit Main article List of traditional Filipino games Sungka a traditional Filipino game Cockfight Traditional Philippine games such as luksong baka patintero piko and tumbang preso are still played primarily as children s games among the youth 90 91 Sungka is played on a board game using small sea shells in which players try to take all shells The winner is determined by who has the most shells at the point when all small pits become empty 92 One traditional Filipino game is luksong tinik a very popular game to Filipino children where one has to jump over the tinik and cross to the other side unscathed Other traditional Filipino games include yo yo piko patintero bahay kubo pusoy and sungka Tong its is a popular gambling game Individuals play the game by trying to get rid of all the cards by choosing poker hands wisely Card games are popular during festivities with some including pusoy and tong its being used as a form of illegal gambling Mahjong is played in some Philippine communities Sabong or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men and existed prior to the arrival of the Spanish Antonio Pigafetta Magellan s chronicler first documented this pastime in the kingdom of Taytay 93 94 The yo yo a popular toy in the Philippines was introduced in its modern form by Pedro Flores with its name coming from the Ilocano language 95 Filipinos have created toys using insects such as tying a beetle to string and sweeping it circular rotation to make an interesting sound The Salagubang gong is a toy described by Charles Brtjes an American entomologist who traveled to Negros and discovered a toy using beetles to create a periodic gong effect on a kerosene can as the beetle rotates above the contraption 96 Piko is a Filipino version of the game hopscotch Children will draw a sequence rectangles using chalk on the ground With various level of obstacle on each rectangle children will compete against one another or in a team Players use pamato usually a flat stone slipper or anything that could be tossed easily Rites of passage EditMain article Tuli rite Every year usually in April and May thousands of Filipino boys are taken by their parents to be circumcised According to the World Health Organization WHO about 90 of Filipino men are circumcised one of the world s highest circumcision rates Although the roots of the practice date back to the arrival of Islam in 1450 the succeeding 200 years of Spanish rule obviated the religious reasons for circumcision Nevertheless circumcision called tuli has persisted The pressure to be circumcised is evidenced even in the language the Tagalog word for uncircumcised supot also means coward It is commonly believed that a circumcised eight or ten year old is no longer a boy and is given more adult roles in the family and society 97 Intangible cultural heritage EditThe Philippines with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as the de facto Ministry of Culture 98 ratified the 2003 Convention after its formal deposit in August 2006 99 Prior to the 2003 Convention the Philippines was invited by UNESCO to nominate intangible heritage elements for the inclusion to the Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity This prompted the proclamation of the Hudhud chant of the Ifugao in 2001 and Darangen epic chant of the Maranao in 2005 After the establishment of the 2003 Convention all entries to the Proclamation of Masterpieces were incorporated in the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008 A third inscription was made in 2015 through a multinational nomination between Cambodia the Philippines the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam for the Tugging Rituals and Games wherein the Punnuk tugging ritual of the Ifugao was included As part of the objective of the 2003 Convention the National Commission for Culture and the Arts through the Intangible Cultural Heritage unit and in partnership with ICHCAP published the Pinagmulan Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2012 The publication contains an initial inventory of 335 ICH elements with elaborate discussions on 109 ICH elements The elements listed are the first batch of continuous updating process initiated by the government UNESCO and other stakeholders In 2014 the Pinagmulan was a finalist under the category of the Elfren S Cruz Prize for Best Book in the Social Sciences to the National Book Awards organized by the National Book Development Board 100 The Philippine inventory is currently being updated as a measure to safeguard more intangible cultural heritage elements in the country The updating began in 2013 and results may be released in 5 10 years after the scientific process finishes the second batch of element documentations According to UNESCO it is not expected by a country or state party to have a completed inventory On the contrary the development and updating of inventories is an ongoing process that can never be finished 101 Between 2015 and 2017 UNESCO s Intangible Cultural Heritage Courier of Asia and the Pacific featured the darangen epic chant 102 punnuk tugging ritual 103 and at least three kinds of traditional healing practices in the Philippines including the manghihilot and albularyo healing practices and belief of buhay na tubig living water of the Tagalog people of 20th century Quezon city 104 the baglan and mandadawak healing practices and stone beliefs of the Itneg people in Abra 104 and the mantatawak healing practices of the Tagalog people of Marinduque 104 Carabao is a major symbol of Filipinos hard labor And is known to be the Filipino farmer s bestfriend By 2016 according to the ICH Unit National Commission for Culture and the Arts there were 367 elements listed under the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage PIICH the official ICH inventory of the Philippines All elements under the PIICH are listed in Philippine Registry of Cultural Property PRECUP the official cultural property inventory of the country which includes both tangible and intangible cultural properties 105 In April 2018 the buklog of the Subanen people was nominated by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts in the list for urgent safeguarding 106 Filipino diaspora EditMain article Overseas Filipino An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin who lives outside of the Philippines This term is applied to people of Filipino ancestry who are citizens or residents of a different country Often these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers There are about 11 million overseas Filipinos living worldwide equivalent to about 11 percent of the total population of the Philippines 107 Each year thousands of Filipinos migrate to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs Other individuals emigrate and become permanent residents of other nations Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors nurses accountants IT professionals engineers architects 108 entertainers technicians teachers military servicemen students caregivers domestic helpers and household maids International employment includes an increasing number of skilled Filipino workers taking on unskilled work overseas resulting in what has been referred to as brain drain particularly in the health and education sectors Also the employment can result in underemployment for example in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses and other employment programs Festivals EditMain article Festivals of the Philippines Flores de Mayo The MassKara Festival of Bacolod The Sinulog Festival is held to commemorate the Santo Nino Pahiyas Festival in Lucban Quezon Festivals in the Philippines locally known as fiestas originated dating back to the Spanish colonial period when the Spaniards introduced Christianity to the country Most Philippine towns and cities has a patron saint assigned to each of them Fiestas in the Philippines serve as either religious cultural or both These festivals are held to honor the patron saint or to commemorate history and culture such as promoting local products and celebrate a bountiful harvest Fiestas can be categorized by Holy Masses processions parades theatrical play and reenactments religious or cultural rituals trade fairs exhibits concerts pageants and various games and contests Month Festival PlaceJanuary Ati Atihan Kalibo AklanSinulog CebuDinagyang IloiloDinagsa Cadiz Negros OccidentalCoconut San Pablo LagunaBambanti IsabelaFebruary Panagbenga BaguioKaamulan BukidnonParaw Regatta Iloilo and GuimarasPamulinawen IlocosMarch Pintados de Passi Passi IloiloAraw ng Dabaw DavaoKariton Licab Nueva EcijaKaamulan BukidnonApril Moriones MarinduqueSinuam San Jose BatangasPana ad Negros OccidentalAliwan PasayMay Magayon AlbayPahiyas Lucban QuezonSanduguan Calapan Oriental MindoroSumakah Antipolo RizalButwaan ButuanJune Baragatan PalawanSangyaw TaclobanPista Y Ang Kagueban Puerto Princesa PalawanJuly T nalak Koronadal South CotabatoAugust Kadayawan DavaoHigalaay Cagayan de OroPavvu rulun TuguegaraoSabutan Festival Baler AuroraSeptember Penafrancia Naga CitySandurot DumaguetePadul ong Borongan Eastern SamarBonok Bonok Surigao CityBanigan Basey SamarDiyandi Iligan CityOctober Fiesta Pilar Zamboanga CityMasskara BacolodBuglasan Negros OrientalPangisdaan NavotasNovember Itik Victoria LagunaDecember Paru Paru Dasmarinas CaviteHolidays EditMain article Public holidays in the Philippines Parol Christmas lanterns being sold during the Christmas season Good Friday observance in Pampanga Regular holidays Edit Date Gregorian Calendar Filipino language English languageJanuary 1 Araw ng Bagong Taon New Year s DayMarch April Mahal na Araw including Biyernes Santo and Huwebes Santo Holy Week including Good Friday and Maundy ThursdayApril 9 Araw ng Kagitingan Day of ValourMay 1 Araw ng Manggagawa Labour DayJune 12 Araw ng Kalayaan Independence DayAugust 27 Araw ng mga Bayani National Heroes DayNovember 30 Araw ni Bonifacio Bonifacio DayDecember 24 Bisperas ng Pasko Christmas EveDecember 25 Araw ng Pasko ChristmasDecember 30 Araw ni Rizal Rizal DaySpecial holidays Edit Date Gregorian Calendar Filipino language English languageJanuary February Bagong Taong Pang Tsino Chinese New YearFebruary 25 Anibersaryo ng Rebolusyon ng Lakas ng mga Tao People Power Revolution AnniversaryAugust 21 Araw ni Ninoy Aquino Ninoy Aquino DayNovember 1 Araw ng mga Santo All Saints DayNovember 2 Araw ng mga Kaluluwa All Souls DayDecember 31 Bisperas ng Bagong Taon New Year s EveHeritage towns and cities EditThe Philippines is home to numerous heritage towns and cities many of which have been intentionally destroyed by the Japanese through fire tactics in World War II and the Americans through bombings during the same war After the war the government of the Empire of Japan withheld from giving funds to the Philippines for the restoration of the heritage towns they destroyed effectively destroying any chances of restoration since the pre war Philippines economy was devastated and had limited monetary supply On the other hand the United States gave minimal funding for only two of the hundreds of cities they destroyed namely Manila and Baguio Today only the centres poblacion or downtown areas of Filipino heritage towns and cities remain in most of the expansive heritage cities and towns in the country Yet some heritage cities in their former glory prior to the war still exist such as the UNESCO city of Vigan which was the only heritage town saved from American bombing and Japanese fire and kamikaze tactics The country currently lacks a city town singular architectural style law Due to this unaesthetic cement or shanty structures have taken over heritage buildings annually destroying many former heritage townscapes neutrality is disputed Some heritage buildings have been demolished or sold to corporations and have been replaced by commercial structures such as shopping centers condominium units or newly furnished modern style buildings completely destroying the old aesthetics of many former heritage towns and cities This is one of the reasons why UNESCO has repeatedly withheld from inscribing further Filipino heritage towns in the World Heritage List since 1999 Only the heritage city of Vigan has a town law that guarantees its singular architecture the Vigan colonial style shall always be used in constructions and reconstructions While Silay 109 Iloilo City and San Fernando de Pampanga have ordinances giving certain tax exemptions to owners of heritage houses In 2010 the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act passed into law effectively giving protections to all cultural heritage properties of the Philippines However despite its passage many ancestral home owners continue to approve the demolition of ancestral structures In certain cases government entities themselves were the purveyors of such demolitions 110 List of heritage cities and towns Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message Throughout the nation there are many heritage cities and towns 111 unreliable source The following are in Greater Manila area Edit Metro Manila Malabon Manila UNESCO City Quezon City San Juan Bulacan Angat Baliuag Bustos Malolos Plaridel San Miguel Cavite Cavite City Kawit Maragondon Laguna Alaminos de Laguna Binan Cabuyao Calamba Liliw Los Banos Magdalena Majayjay Nagcarlan Paete Pagsanjan Pakil Pila San Pablo Santa Rosa Rizal Angono Antipolo Baras Morong Tanay Luzon Edit Bicol Region Camalig Daet Daraga Legazpi Naga Tabaco Iriga Central Luzon Alaminos Angeles Bacolor Baler Gapan Guagua Lingayen San Fernando Santa Cruz Santa Rita Northern Luzon Batac Laoag Mahatao Paoay UNESCO Town Sabtang San Nicolas Santa Maria Vigan Ilocos Sur UNESCO Town Sarrat Tuguegarao Uyugan Baguio UNESCO City Banaue UNESCO Town Hungduan UNESCO Town Kiangan UNESCO Town Mayoyao UNESCO Town Sagada Southern Tagalog Balayan Batangas City Boac Calaca Lucban Lucena Mauban Pola San Juan de Batangas Sariaya Taal Tayabas Visayas Edit Central Visayas Argao Baclayon Bantayan Carcar Cebu City Dalaguete Dauis Oslob Panglao Tagbilaran Lazi Eastern Visayas Capul Guiuan Western Visayas Iloilo City Miag ao UNESCO Town Panay Romblon Roxas Negros Island Bacolod Bacong Dumaguete Silay Victorias Palawan Culion Cuyo Puerto Princesa UNESCO City Taytay Mindanao Edit Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Marawi Tugaya UNESCO Town Northern and Western Mindanao Dapitan Zamboanga City Balingasag Cagayan de Oro Iligan Jasaan Jimenez Oroquieta Ozamiz Southern Mindanao Butuan Cabadbaran Davao City Mati UNESCO Town Glan Lake SebuSee also EditArt of the Philippines List of museums in the PhilippinesFurther reading EditKathleen Melissa Martinez 2007 FINDING A HOME FOR FILIPINO AMERICAN DUAL CITIZENS MEMBERSHIP AND THE FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY PDF Master of Arts in Communication Culture and Technology thesis Georgetown University Archived from the original PDF on October 5 2011 Notes Edit The actual historical use of the term barangay and its applicability to polities throughout the archipelago has been questioned in recent scholarship See Woods 2017 References Edit 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Palgrave Macmillan p 33 ISBN 978 0312234966 Folk Brian 2003 Ethnic Business Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia Routledge p 93 ISBN 978 1138811072 Chirot Daniel Reid Anthony 1997 Essential Outsiders Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe University of Washington Press p 50 ISBN 9780295800264 With a sample population of 105 Filipinos the company of Applied Biosystems analysed the Y DNA of average Filipinos and it is discovered that about 0 95 of the samples have the Y DNA Haplotype H1a which is most common in South Asia and had spread to the Philippines via precolonial Indian missionaries who spread Hinduism Agnote Dario October 11 2017 A glimmer of hope for castoffs The Japan Times Archived from the original on June 7 2011 Retrieved August 9 2016 National Commission of Indigenous People ncip gov ph Archived from the original on August 31 2008 Retrieved August 30 2008 National Commission on Indigenous Peoples Archived October 28 2013 at the 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paint themselves by first drawing blood with pricks from a very sharp point following the design and lines previously marked by the craftsmen in the art and then over the fresh blood applying an indelible black powder They do not paint the whole body at one time but part by part so that the painting takes many days to complete In the former times they had to perform a new feat of bravery for each of the parts that were to be painted The paintings are very elegant and well proportioned to the members and parts where they are located I used to say there captivated and astonished by the appearance of one of these that if they brought it to Europe a great deal of money could be made by displaying it Children are not painted The women paint the whole of one hand and a part of the other Hot Spots Filipino Cultural Dance Singkil www sinfonia or jp Guide to Philippine Cultural and Folk Dances philippinesculturalfolkdances blogspot com Ibong Adarna in the year 2014 philstar com Philippine 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finalists News Feature News The Philippine Star philstar com philstar com Retrieved December 12 2017 Inventories identifying for safeguarding intangible heritage Culture Sector UNESCO ich unesco org Retrieved December 13 2017 Escueta Carla Michaela E Darangen The Maranao Epic ICH Courier Online Respicio Norma A Punnuk the Tugging Ritual in Hungduan Closing an Agricultural Cycle ICH Courier Online a b c Experiencing Healing Rituals of the Philippines ICH Courier Online Archived from the original on April 25 2018 Retrieved May 10 2018 Picache Cecilia V Inventory Making Efforts in the Philippines ICH Courier Online Subanen s buklog ritual nominated to Unesco endangered world heritage list Inquirer Lifestyle April 9 2018 Yvette Collymore June 2003 Rapid Population Growth Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines Population Reference Bureau Archived from the original on February 16 2007 Retrieved August 14 2007 An estimated 10 percent of the Philippine population or nearly 8 million people are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries according to POPCOM That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad GABRIELA Network USA July 19 2004 Info Bureau FW STATEMENT ON FILIPINO HOSTAGE Philippine Women Centre of BC requoted by lists ilps news com Mailing Lists Archived from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved March 21 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Silay in Negros passes landmark heritage ordinance Inquirer Lifestyle November 22 2015 GOVPH National Commission for Culture and the Arts Marangal Malikhain Mapagbago Filipino Ncca gov ph Retrieved April 30 2022 Henares Ivan Top 50 Philippine heritage cities and towns to see in your lifetime External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of the Philippines Culture of the Philippines Everyculture com Portal Philippines Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php 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