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Christianity in the Philippines

November 28, 2023

The Philippines is ranked as the 5th largest Christian-majority country on Earth in 2010,[note 1] with about 93% of the population being adherents.[1] As of 2019, it was the third largest Catholic country in the world and was one of two predominantly Catholic nations in Asia.[2]

Filipino Christians
Total population
98,240,844
Regions with significant populations
Majority throughout the country (except in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao)
Languages
Tagalog, Spanish, Latin, English, Bicolano, Aklanon, Waray, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Pangasinense, Maranao, Kapampangan, Surigaonon, Karay-a, Ivatan, Chavacano, Ibanag, and various Philippine languages

According to the National Statistics Office's national census for the year 2010, an estimated 90.1% of Filipinos were Christians; this consisted of 80.6% Catholic, 2.7% Evangelical, 4% Iglesia ni Cristo, 1.0% Aglipayan, and 3.4% other Christian groups including other Protestant denominations (Baptist, Pentecostal, Anglican, Methodist, and Seventh-day Adventist) as well as Orthodox. Around 5.6% of the whole country was Muslim; about 1-2% were Buddhist; 1.8% of the entire population adhered to other independent religions, while less than 0.1% (as of 2015)[3] were irreligious.

According to the 2020 census, at least 84% of the population is Christian; about 79% belong to the Catholic Church while about 5% belong to Protestantism and other denominations such as Philippine Independent Church, Iglesia ni Cristo, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Apostolic Catholic Church, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Members Church of God International (MCGI) and Pentecostals.[4]

Many Filipinos in 2021 celebrated 500 years of Christian presence in the Philippines[5] with Pope Francis commemorating March 16, the day Magellan introduced Catholicism with a mass on Limasawa, Leyte.[6][7][8][9]

History edit

 
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart with villagers in front of a Roman Catholic church in the Philippines, circa pre-1920

Early Christian presence in the Malay archipelago and the Philippine Islands may be traced to Arab Christian traders from the Arabian Peninsula. They had trade contacts with early Malayan Rajahs and Datus that had ruled these various Islands. Early Arabians had heard the gospel from Peter the Apostle at Jerusalem (Acts 2:11), as well as evangelized by Paul's ministry in Arabia (Galatians 1:17) and also by the evangelistic ministry of St Thomas. Later, these Arab traders along with Persian Nestorians, stopped by the Philippines on their way to Southern China for trade purposes. However, no solid efforts were made to evangelize the native population. With the spread of Islam in Arabia, much of the Christian heritage of Arabia had ended and the Arab travelers focused more on spreading Islam to Mindanao,[10] through which they transmitted the knowledge of Jesus as a prophet to the Moro people.[11][12]

In 1521, the Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the service of Spain came across the Philippines while searching for the Spice Islands. Ferdinand Magellan and his men landed in Cebu Island in central Philippines.[13]

At this time period, almost nothing was known to the West of the Philippines and so information on most pre-Hispanic societies in the islands date to the early period of Spanish contact. Most Philippine communities, with the exception of the Muslim sultanates in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, were fairly small and lacking in complex centralised authority. This absence of centralised power meant that a minority of Spanish explorers were able to convert larger numbers of indigenous peoples than attempting such in larger, more organized, dominions such as the Indianised or Theravada Buddhist kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia, the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago.

With his arrival in Cebu on March 17, 1521, his first attempt was to colonize the islands and to Christianise its inhabitants. The story goes that Magellan met with Rajah Humabon, ruler of the island of Cebu, who had an ill grandson. Magellan (or one of his men) was able to cure or help the young boy, and in gratitude Humabon allowed himself, his chief consort Humamay, and 800 of his subjects to be baptised en masse. In order to achieve this, Spain had three principal objectives in its policy towards the Philippines: the first was to secure Spanish control and acquisition of a share in the spice trade; use the islands in developing contact with Japan and China in order to further Christian missionaries’ efforts there; and lastly to spread their religion.[14]

After Magellan was killed by natives, the Spanish later sent Miguel López de Legazpi. He arrived in Cebu from New Spain (now Mexico), where Spain introduced Christianity and colonisation in the Philippines took place.[15] He then established the first Permanent Spanish Settlement in Cebu in 1565. This settlement became the capital of the new Spanish colony, with Legazpi as its first governor. After Magellan, Miguel López de Legazpi conquered the Islamised Kingdom of Maynila in 1570. The Spanish missionaries were able to spread Christianity in Luzon and the Visayas, but the diverse array of ethno-linguistic groups in the highland areas of Luzon avoided Spanish annexation owing to their remote and difficult mountainous region. Sultanates in Mindanao retained the Islamic faith, which had been present in the southern Philippines since some time between the 10th and 12th century, had slowly spread north throughout the archipelago, particularly in coastal areas.[13] This resistance to Western intrusion makes this story an important part of the nationalist history of the Philippines. Many historians have claimed that the Philippines peacefully accepted Spanish rule; the reality is that many insurgencies and rebellions continued on small scales in different places through the Hispanic colonial period.

Notable people edit

Important traditions edit

For most Filipinos, the belief in God permeates many aspects of life. Christians celebrate important holidays in many different ways, the most important of which are Christmas, Lent and Holy Week, All Souls' Day, as well as many local fiestas honouring patron saints and especially the Virgin Mary. Filipinos living and working in Metro Manila and occasionally those from the diaspora often return to their respective home provinces and towns to observe these holidays with their birth families, much like the practise in Mainland China for traditional holidays. Filipino infants and individuals are more often than not expected to be baptised as Christians to affirm faith in Christ and membership in a specific denomination.[16]

Christmas edit

Main article: Christmas in the Philippines

Christmas is the biggest holiday, and one of its most beloved rites is the Simbang Gabi or Misa de Gallo, a series of Masses held before dawn in the nine days preceding Christmas Day. Devotees attend each Mass (which is different from the otherwise Advent liturgy of the day elsewhere) in anticipation of Christ's birth and to honour the Virgin Mary, along with the belief that attending the novena ensures fulfilment of a favour requested of God. After the service, worshippers eat or buy a breakfast of traditional delicacies that are sold in churchyards, the most common being puto bumbóng and bibingka.

Lent edit

The second most important religious season is Lent, which commemorates Christ's Passion and Death, ending with Easter which celebrates the Resurrection. Beginning with Ash Wednesday, Lent has a sombre mood that becomes more pronounced as Holy Week (Semana Santa) arrives. Holy Week in the Philippines is a period especially rich in centuries-old tradition, which have undertones from indigenous customs and beliefs that date back to the pre-Christian period.

Customs edit

Practises include the continuous melodic recital of the Pasyón, a 17th-century epic poem which narrates Biblical stories and the life of Christ, with a focus on the Passion narrative (hence its name). Adapted from the ancient Filipino art of orally transmitting poems through chant, the devotion is usually performed by groups of individuals, each member chanting in shifts to ensure complete, unbroken recitation of the text. Theatre troupes or towns meanwhile stage Passion plays called Senákulo, which are similar to its European predecessors in that there is no universal text, that actors and crew are often ordinary townsfolk, and that it depicts Biblical scenes related to Salvation History other than the Passion.

The Visita Iglesia is the praying of the Stations of the Cross in several churches (often numbering seven) on either Maundy Thursday or Good Friday. Processions are a staple throughout the week, the most important being on Holy Wednesday, Good Friday (where the burial of Christ is reenacted with a town's Santo Entierro image) and the joyous Salubong that precedes the first Mass on Easter Sunday.

Fasting and abstinence is undertaken throughout the season and traditional taboos are enforced on Good Friday, usually after 3:00 p.m. PHT (UTC+8) - the time Christ is said to have died - all through Black Saturday until the Easter Vigil. Television and radio limit broadcasting hours and air mostly inspirational programming alongside the days' religious services; newspapers are also on hiatus, while shopping malls and most restaurants are closed to allow employees to return home. Popular holiday spots such as Boracay often dispense with these customs, while many people use the long holiday for overseas travel instead of observing the traditional rites.

Other festivals edit

 
Our Lady of Peñafrancia in Naga City, Camarines Sur

Other observances include All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day in November, which are taken as one season called Undás (traditionally known in English as Allhallowtide). As with Christmas and Lent, most Filipinos also return home in the period (the third most important in the calendar), but with the main intent of visiting and cleaning ancestral tombs.

January itself has two important Christological feasts: the Feast of the Translation of the Black Nazarene on January 9, where the image is returned to its shrine in Quiapo Church in a day-long procession of millions; and the Feast of the Santo Niño de Cebú (Holy Child Jesus) every Third Sunday of January, with the largest celebrations being held in Cebu City.[13]

In May, the Flores de Mayo (literally, "Flowers of May") is when small altars are bedecked with flowers in honour of the Virgin Mary. Communities also hold the Santacruzan, which is part-procession honouring the finding of the Cross (on its old Galician date), and part-fashion show for a town's maidens.

In addition, most any place that has a patron saint (often barangays, towns, Catholic schools, and almost every church) holds a fiesta, where the saint's image is processed and feted with traditional foods, funfairs, and live entertainment on his/her feast day, which is often declared a holiday for the area. Examples of patronal fiestas are the Nativity of St John the Baptist every June 24, where communities under his patronage would celebrate his summertime birth by splashing other people with water, and the triduum of feasts known as the Obando Fertility Rites held in mid-May, where devotees dance for fertility in a custom that has ancient animist roots.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ As of 2010, most Christians resided in the United States with 246.8 million, followed by Brazil with 175.8 million, Mexico with 107.8 million, and Russia with 105.2 million.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Philippines still top Christian country in Asia, 5th in world". Inquirer Global Nation. December 21, 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  2. ^ "Timor-Leste: A young nation with strong faith and heavy burdens". The Catholic World Report. April 24, 2019.
  3. ^ French, Michael (March 5, 2017). "The New Atheists of the Philippines". The Atlantic.
  4. ^ "Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)". Philippines in Figures. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. February 22, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  5. ^ Ballescas, Charry. "March 16, 1521 - 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines". Philstar.com. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  6. ^ , archived from the original on March 16, 2021, retrieved March 15, 2021
  7. ^ "Gift of faith - 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. March 13, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  8. ^ "Pope Francis leads mass for Philippines' celebration of 500 years of Christianity". ABS-CBN News. March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  9. ^ "Pope Francis leads Vatican Mass for 500 years of Christianity in PH". Rappler. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  10. ^ Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed. - Google Books. ISBN 9789712334498. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  11. ^ "What do Muslims think of Jesus?". scatholic.org. Retrieved May 4, 2020. Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet who was given a special message - injil, or the gospel - to convey to all people.
  12. ^ "Islam : What Do Muslims Think About Jesus?". saudiembassy.net. Retrieved May 4, 2020. During his prophetic mission Jesus performed many miracles.
  13. ^ a b c Russell, S.D. (1999) "Christianity in the Philippines". Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  14. ^ "The Early Spanish Period, 1521–1762". Matthew Blake. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  15. ^ "Religion in the Philippines". Asia Society. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
  16. ^ . My Philippine Lifestyles. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.

Further reading edit

  • Fenella Cannell, 1999, Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • David J. Steinberg, 1982, The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

November 28, 2023
christianity, philippines, philippines, ranked, largest, christian, majority, country, earth, 2010, update, note, with, about, population, being, adherents, 2019, update, third, largest, catholic, country, world, predominantly, catholic, nations, asia, filipin. The Philippines is ranked as the 5th largest Christian majority country on Earth in 2010 update note 1 with about 93 of the population being adherents 1 As of 2019 update it was the third largest Catholic country in the world and was one of two predominantly Catholic nations in Asia 2 Filipino ChristiansTotal population98 240 844Regions with significant populationsMajority throughout the country except in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao LanguagesTagalog Spanish Latin English Bicolano Aklanon Waray Cebuano Ilocano Hiligaynon Pangasinense Maranao Kapampangan Surigaonon Karay a Ivatan Chavacano Ibanag and various Philippine languagesAccording to the National Statistics Office s national census for the year 2010 an estimated 90 1 of Filipinos were Christians this consisted of 80 6 Catholic 2 7 Evangelical 4 Iglesia ni Cristo 1 0 Aglipayan and 3 4 other Christian groups including other Protestant denominations Baptist Pentecostal Anglican Methodist and Seventh day Adventist as well as Orthodox Around 5 6 of the whole country was Muslim about 1 2 were Buddhist 1 8 of the entire population adhered to other independent religions while less than 0 1 as of 2015 3 were irreligious According to the 2020 census at least 84 of the population is Christian about 79 belong to the Catholic Church while about 5 belong to Protestantism and other denominations such as Philippine Independent Church Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah s Witnesses Seventh day Adventist Church Apostolic Catholic Church United Church of Christ in the Philippines Members Church of God International MCGI and Pentecostals 4 Many Filipinos in 2021 celebrated 500 years of Christian presence in the Philippines 5 with Pope Francis commemorating March 16 the day Magellan introduced Catholicism with a mass on Limasawa Leyte 6 7 8 9 Contents 1 History 2 Notable people 3 Important traditions 3 1 Christmas 3 2 Lent 3 2 1 Customs 3 3 Other festivals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingHistory edit nbsp Missionaries of the Sacred Heart with villagers in front of a Roman Catholic church in the Philippines circa pre 1920Early Christian presence in the Malay archipelago and the Philippine Islands may be traced to Arab Christian traders from the Arabian Peninsula They had trade contacts with early Malayan Rajahs and Datus that had ruled these various Islands Early Arabians had heard the gospel from Peter the Apostle at Jerusalem Acts 2 11 as well as evangelized by Paul s ministry in Arabia Galatians 1 17 and also by the evangelistic ministry of St Thomas Later these Arab traders along with Persian Nestorians stopped by the Philippines on their way to Southern China for trade purposes However no solid efforts were made to evangelize the native population With the spread of Islam in Arabia much of the Christian heritage of Arabia had ended and the Arab travelers focused more on spreading Islam to Mindanao 10 through which they transmitted the knowledge of Jesus as a prophet to the Moro people 11 12 In 1521 the Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the service of Spain came across the Philippines while searching for the Spice Islands Ferdinand Magellan and his men landed in Cebu Island in central Philippines 13 At this time period almost nothing was known to the West of the Philippines and so information on most pre Hispanic societies in the islands date to the early period of Spanish contact Most Philippine communities with the exception of the Muslim sultanates in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago were fairly small and lacking in complex centralised authority This absence of centralised power meant that a minority of Spanish explorers were able to convert larger numbers of indigenous peoples than attempting such in larger more organized dominions such as the Indianised or Theravada Buddhist kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago With his arrival in Cebu on March 17 1521 his first attempt was to colonize the islands and to Christianise its inhabitants The story goes that Magellan met with Rajah Humabon ruler of the island of Cebu who had an ill grandson Magellan or one of his men was able to cure or help the young boy and in gratitude Humabon allowed himself his chief consort Humamay and 800 of his subjects to be baptised en masse In order to achieve this Spain had three principal objectives in its policy towards the Philippines the first was to secure Spanish control and acquisition of a share in the spice trade use the islands in developing contact with Japan and China in order to further Christian missionaries efforts there and lastly to spread their religion 14 After Magellan was killed by natives the Spanish later sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi He arrived in Cebu from New Spain now Mexico where Spain introduced Christianity and colonisation in the Philippines took place 15 He then established the first Permanent Spanish Settlement in Cebu in 1565 This settlement became the capital of the new Spanish colony with Legazpi as its first governor After Magellan Miguel Lopez de Legazpi conquered the Islamised Kingdom of Maynila in 1570 The Spanish missionaries were able to spread Christianity in Luzon and the Visayas but the diverse array of ethno linguistic groups in the highland areas of Luzon avoided Spanish annexation owing to their remote and difficult mountainous region Sultanates in Mindanao retained the Islamic faith which had been present in the southern Philippines since some time between the 10th and 12th century had slowly spread north throughout the archipelago particularly in coastal areas 13 This resistance to Western intrusion makes this story an important part of the nationalist history of the Philippines Many historians have claimed that the Philippines peacefully accepted Spanish rule the reality is that many insurgencies and rebellions continued on small scales in different places through the Hispanic colonial period Notable people edit nbsp Gregorio Aglipay the co founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente Important traditions editFor most Filipinos the belief in God permeates many aspects of life Christians celebrate important holidays in many different ways the most important of which are Christmas Lent and Holy Week All Souls Day as well as many local fiestas honouring patron saints and especially the Virgin Mary Filipinos living and working in Metro Manila and occasionally those from the diaspora often return to their respective home provinces and towns to observe these holidays with their birth families much like the practise in Mainland China for traditional holidays Filipino infants and individuals are more often than not expected to be baptised as Christians to affirm faith in Christ and membership in a specific denomination 16 Christmas edit Main article Christmas in the Philippines Christmas is the biggest holiday and one of its most beloved rites is the Simbang Gabi or Misa de Gallo a series of Masses held before dawn in the nine days preceding Christmas Day Devotees attend each Mass which is different from the otherwise Advent liturgy of the day elsewhere in anticipation of Christ s birth and to honour the Virgin Mary along with the belief that attending the novena ensures fulfilment of a favour requested of God After the service worshippers eat or buy a breakfast of traditional delicacies that are sold in churchyards the most common being puto bumbong and bibingka Lent edit The second most important religious season is Lent which commemorates Christ s Passion and Death ending with Easter which celebrates the Resurrection Beginning with Ash Wednesday Lent has a sombre mood that becomes more pronounced as Holy Week Semana Santa arrives Holy Week in the Philippines is a period especially rich in centuries old tradition which have undertones from indigenous customs and beliefs that date back to the pre Christian period Customs edit Practises include the continuous melodic recital of the Pasyon a 17th century epic poem which narrates Biblical stories and the life of Christ with a focus on the Passion narrative hence its name Adapted from the ancient Filipino art of orally transmitting poems through chant the devotion is usually performed by groups of individuals each member chanting in shifts to ensure complete unbroken recitation of the text Theatre troupes or towns meanwhile stage Passion plays called Senakulo which are similar to its European predecessors in that there is no universal text that actors and crew are often ordinary townsfolk and that it depicts Biblical scenes related to Salvation History other than the Passion The Visita Iglesia is the praying of the Stations of the Cross in several churches often numbering seven on either Maundy Thursday or Good Friday Processions are a staple throughout the week the most important being on Holy Wednesday Good Friday where the burial of Christ is reenacted with a town s Santo Entierro image and the joyous Salubong that precedes the first Mass on Easter Sunday Fasting and abstinence is undertaken throughout the season and traditional taboos are enforced on Good Friday usually after 3 00 p m PHT UTC 8 the time Christ is said to have died all through Black Saturday until the Easter Vigil Television and radio limit broadcasting hours and air mostly inspirational programming alongside the days religious services newspapers are also on hiatus while shopping malls and most restaurants are closed to allow employees to return home Popular holiday spots such as Boracay often dispense with these customs while many people use the long holiday for overseas travel instead of observing the traditional rites Other festivals edit nbsp Our Lady of Penafrancia in Naga City Camarines SurOther observances include All Saints Day and All Souls Day in November which are taken as one season called Undas traditionally known in English as Allhallowtide As with Christmas and Lent most Filipinos also return home in the period the third most important in the calendar but with the main intent of visiting and cleaning ancestral tombs January itself has two important Christological feasts the Feast of the Translation of the Black Nazarene on January 9 where the image is returned to its shrine in Quiapo Church in a day long procession of millions and the Feast of the Santo Nino de Cebu Holy Child Jesus every Third Sunday of January with the largest celebrations being held in Cebu City 13 In May the Flores de Mayo literally Flowers of May is when small altars are bedecked with flowers in honour of the Virgin Mary Communities also hold the Santacruzan which is part procession honouring the finding of the Cross on its old Galician date and part fashion show for a town s maidens In addition most any place that has a patron saint often barangays towns Catholic schools and almost every church holds a fiesta where the saint s image is processed and feted with traditional foods funfairs and live entertainment on his her feast day which is often declared a holiday for the area Examples of patronal fiestas are the Nativity of St John the Baptist every June 24 where communities under his patronage would celebrate his summertime birth by splashing other people with water and the triduum of feasts known as the Obando Fertility Rites held in mid May where devotees dance for fertility in a custom that has ancient animist roots See also edit nbsp Christianity portalCatholic Church in the Philippines Religion in the Philippines Iglesia ni Cristo Jesus Miracle Crusade Members Church of God International Philippine Independent Church Philippine Orthodox Church Apostolic Catholic Church Philippines Protestantism in the PhilippinesNotes edit As of 2010 update most Christians resided in the United States with 246 8 million followed by Brazil with 175 8 million Mexico with 107 8 million and Russia with 105 2 million 1 References edit a b Philippines still top Christian country in Asia 5th in world Inquirer Global Nation December 21 2011 Retrieved April 2 2013 Timor Leste A young nation with strong faith and heavy burdens The Catholic World Report April 24 2019 French Michael March 5 2017 The New Atheists of the Philippines The Atlantic Religious Affiliation in the Philippines 2020 Census of Population and Housing Philippines in Figures Quezon City Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority February 22 2023 Retrieved March 25 2023 Ballescas Charry March 16 1521 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines Philstar com Retrieved March 15 2021 Holy Mass commemorating 500 Years of Christianity in the Philippines presided over by Pope Francis archived from the original on March 16 2021 retrieved March 15 2021 Gift of faith 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines Vatican News www vaticannews va March 13 2021 Retrieved March 15 2021 Pope Francis leads mass for Philippines celebration of 500 years of Christianity ABS CBN News March 14 2021 Retrieved March 15 2021 Pope Francis leads Vatican Mass for 500 years of Christianity in PH Rappler Retrieved March 15 2021 Philippine History Module based Learning I 2002 Ed Google Books ISBN 9789712334498 Retrieved April 12 2022 What do Muslims think of Jesus scatholic org Retrieved May 4 2020 Muslims believe that Jesus was a prophet who was given a special message injil or the gospel to convey to all people Islam What Do Muslims Think About Jesus saudiembassy net Retrieved May 4 2020 During his prophetic mission Jesus performed many miracles a b c Russell S D 1999 Christianity in the Philippines Retrieved April 2 2013 The Early Spanish Period 1521 1762 Matthew Blake Retrieved April 2 2013 Religion in the Philippines Asia Society Retrieved April 2 2013 Filipino Culture and Tradition My Philippine Lifestyles Archived from the original on September 27 2013 Retrieved April 22 2013 Further reading editFenella Cannell 1999 Power and Intimacy in the Christian Philippines Cambridge Cambridge University Press David J Steinberg 1982 The Philippines A Singular and a Plural Place Boulder CO Westview Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christianity in the Philippines amp oldid 1170580779, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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