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Ilustrado

January 07, 2023

For the Philippine TV series, see Ilustrado (TV series). For the followers of Ilustración, see Enlightenment in Spain.

The Ilustrados (Spanish: [ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite",[1] "learned"[2] or "enlightened ones"[3]) constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.[4][5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.

Ilustrados in Madrid, c.1890; Standing clockwise from left: Vicente Francisco, Cajigas, José Abreu, Mariano Abella, Dominador Gómez, Francisco Tongio Liongson, Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Gregorio Aguilera, José Rizal, José Alejandrino, Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, and Teodoro Sandiko

They were middle class Filipinos, many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The Ilustrado class was composed of native-born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—Indios, Insulares and Mestizos, among others—and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.

Stanley Karnow, in his In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, referred to the Ilustrados as the "rich Intelligentsia" because many were the children of wealthy landowners. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.[3][6][7][8][9][10]

History

 
Three prominent Ilustrados in Spain: Dr. José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce (from left to right). Photo was taken in Spain in 1890.

The most prominent Ilustrados were Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and José Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere ("Touch Me Not") and El Filibusterismo ("The Subversive") "exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime".[9][11]

In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow Ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for both Peninsulares and natives—Indios, Insulares, and mestizos, among others—in the economic reforms demanded by the Ilustrados were that "the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain" and "the secularization of the parishes."[10][11]

However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts outraitings and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the Ilustrados . This also prompted unity among the Ilustrados and Andrés Bonifacio's radical Katipunan.[10] Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the Ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the Ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them.[10]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.)
  2. ^ RAE - ASALE. "Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario". Diccionario de la lengua española.
  3. ^ a b Glossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated), retrieved on: July 30, 2007
  4. ^ Thomas, Megan Christine (2012). Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism. U of Minnesota Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8166-7190-8.
  5. ^ Cullinane, Michael (1989). Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908. Ateneo University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-439-3.
  6. ^ Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996 October 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  7. ^ Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, page 15. - ISBN 0-345-32816-7
  8. ^ The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  9. ^ a b Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  10. ^ a b c d , Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived from the original on July 13, 2007), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  11. ^ a b Salvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002, retrieved on: August 1, 2007

Sources

  • ( ( 2009-10-31), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • , retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • Owen, Norman G., Compadre Colonialism: Studies in the Philippines Under American Rule, A Review by Theodore Friend, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1972), pp. 224-226, JSTOR.org, 2007, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • Majul, Cesar A. The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution, A Review by R. S. Milne, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 1969), pp. 98-99, JSTOR.org, 2007, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • Proclamation of Philippine Independence and the Birth of the Philippine Republic, The Philippine History Site, OpManong.SSC.Hawaii.edu (undated), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • , retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • Filipino Nationalism, AngelFire.com (undated), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • , retrieved on: August 1, 2007
  • , retrieved on: August 1, 2007

January 07, 2023
ilustrado, philippine, series, series, followers, ilustración, enlightenment, spain, spanish, ilusˈtɾaðos, erudite, learned, enlightened, ones, constituted, filipino, educated, class, during, spanish, colonial, period, late, 19th, century, elsewhere, spain, wh. For the Philippine TV series see Ilustrado TV series For the followers of Ilustracion see Enlightenment in Spain The Ilustrados Spanish ilusˈtɾados erudite 1 learned 2 or enlightened ones 3 constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century 4 5 Elsewhere in New Spain of which the Philippines were part the term gente de razon carried a similar meaning Ilustrados in Madrid c 1890 Standing clockwise from left Vicente Francisco Cajigas Jose Abreu Mariano Abella Dominador Gomez Francisco Tongio Liongson Flaviano Cordecruz a Tuazon from Malabon Alejandro Yance de Lara Lauro Dimayuga Marcelo H del Pilar Gregorio Aguilera Jose Rizal Jose Alejandrino Baldomero Roxas Moises Salvador Modesto Reyes Gaudencio Juanengo Pablo Rianzares Bautista Seated from left Dr Santamaria Candido Morada Damaso Ponce Ariston Bautista Pedro Serrano Lactao and Teodoro Sandiko They were middle class Filipinos many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals The Ilustrado class was composed of native born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines Indios Insulares and Mestizos among others and sought reform through a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power under Spanish tutelage Stanley Karnow in his In Our Image America s Empire in the Philippines referred to the Ilustrados as the rich Intelligentsia because many were the children of wealthy landowners They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism 3 6 7 8 9 10 Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 3 1 Notes 3 2 SourcesHistory Edit Three prominent Ilustrados in Spain Dr Jose Rizal Marcelo H del Pilar and Mariano Ponce from left to right Photo was taken in Spain in 1890 The most prominent Ilustrados were Graciano Lopez Jaena Marcelo H del Pilar Mariano Ponce Antonio Luna and Jose Rizal the Philippine national hero Rizal s novels Noli Me Tangere Touch Me Not and El Filibusterismo The Subversive exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime 9 11 In the beginning Rizal and his fellow Ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain instead they yearned legal equality for both Peninsulares and natives Indios Insulares and mestizos among others in the economic reforms demanded by the Ilustrados were that the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain and the secularization of the parishes 10 11 However in 1872 nationalist sentiment grew strongest when three Filipino priests Jose Burgos Mariano Gomez and friar Jacinto Zamora who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite near Manila were executed by the Spanish authorities The event and other repressive acts outraitings and activities Rizal was executed on December 30 1896 His execution propelled the Ilustrados This also prompted unity among the Ilustrados and Andres Bonifacio s radical Katipunan 10 Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the Ilustrados within Filipino society Friar estates were sold to the Ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them 10 See also EditSpanish Filipino Filipino Mestizos Mestizos de Sangley Chinese Mestizos Assimilados Ladino people Black Ladino Evolues Affranchis Emancipados Filipino nationalism Spanish language in the Philippines Philippine literature in Spanish Principalia Gente de razonReferences EditNotes Edit The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary 2nd ed RAE ASALE Diccionario de la lengua espanola Edicion del Tricentenario Diccionario de la lengua espanola a b Glossary Philippines Area Handbook Series Country Studies Federal Research Division Library of Congress LOC gov undated retrieved on July 30 2007 Thomas Megan Christine 2012 Orientalists Propagandists and Ilustrados Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism U of Minnesota Press p 213 ISBN 978 0 8166 7190 8 Cullinane Michael 1989 Ilustrado Politics Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule 1898 1908 Ateneo University Press ISBN 978 971 550 439 3 Grimsley Mark The Philippine War 1899 1902 Ohio State edu 1993 1996 Archived October 9 2012 at the Wayback Machine retrieved on August 1 2007 Karnow Stanley In Our Image America s Empire in the Philippines Ballantine Books Random House Inc March 3 1990 536 pages page 15 ISBN 0 345 32816 7 The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class Ilustrados Mega Essays LLC MegaEssays com 2007 retrieved on August 1 2007 a b Philippines The Spanish Colony Student Encyclopedia Article Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Britannica com retrieved on August 1 2007 a b c d History of the Philippines Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs PhilippineEmbassy USA org undated archived from the original on July 13 2007 retrieved on August 1 2007 a b Salvador Fr Emerson Liberalism in the Philippines The Revolution of 1898 The Main Facts Newsletter of the District of Asia Society of St Pius X District of Asia January March 2002 retrieved on August 1 2007 Sources Edit Republic of the Philippines Microsoft Corporation Encarta MSN com 2007 Archived 2009 10 31 retrieved on August 1 2007 Exiles Motherland and Social Change Asian and Pacific Migration Journal Bibliography Volume 8 Issue 1 2 SMC org ph undated retrieved on August 1 2007 Owen Norman G Compadre Colonialism Studies in the Philippines Under American Rule A Review by Theodore Friend The Journal of Asian Studies Vol 32 No 1 Nov 1972 pp 224 226 JSTOR org 2007 retrieved on August 1 2007 Majul Cesar A The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution A Review by R S Milne Pacific Affairs Vol 42 No 1 Spring 1969 pp 98 99 JSTOR org 2007 retrieved on August 1 2007 Proclamation of Philippine Independence and the Birth of the Philippine Republic The Philippine History Site OpManong SSC Hawaii edu undated retrieved on August 1 2007 Rossabi Amy The Colonial Roots of Civil Procedure in the Philippines Volume 11 Number 1 Fall 1997 The Journal of Asian Law Columbia edu retrieved on August 1 2007 Filipino Nationalism AngelFire com undated retrieved on August 1 2007 Veneracion Jaime B Ph D Professor of History University of the Philippines and Visiting Professor BSU Rizal s Madrid The Roots of the Ilustrado Concept of Autonomy Diyaryo Bulakenya Bahay Saliksikan ng Bulakan Center for Bulacan Studies Geocities com April 4 2003 retrieved on August 1 2007 Philippine History Philippine Children s Foundation PhilippineChildrensFoundation org 2005 retrieved on August 1 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ilustrado amp oldid 1132084265, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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