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Entomology

April 28, 2023

Not to be confused with etymology, the study of the history of words.

Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (entomon) 'insect', and -λογία (-logia) 'study of'[1]) is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use.

Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology, entomology is a taxon-based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology therefore overlaps with a cross-section of topics as diverse as molecular genetics, behavior, neuroscience, biomechanics, biochemistry, systematics, physiology, developmental biology, ecology, morphology, and paleontology.

Over 1.3 million insect species have been described, more than two-thirds of all known species.[2] Some insect species date back to around 400 million years ago. They have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on Earth.

History

 
Plate from Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1848.
 
These 100 Trigonopterus species were described simultaneously using DNA barcoding.
See also: Timeline of entomology

Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agriculture (especially biological control and beekeeping). The natural philosopher Pliny the Elder, (23 - 79 AD) wrote a book on the kinds of Insects,[3] while the scientist of Kufa, Ibn al-A‘rābī (760 - 845 AD) wrote a book on flies, Kitāb al-Dabāb (كتاب الذباب). However scientific study in the modern sense began only relatively recently, in the 16th century.[4] Ulisse Aldrovandi's De Animalibus Insectis (Of Insect Animals) was published in 1602. Microscopist Jan Swammerdam published History of Insects correctly describing the reproductive organs of insects and metamorphosis.[5] In 1705, Maria Sibylla Merian published a book Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium about the tropical insects of Dutch Surinam.[6]

Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining cabinets of curiosity, predominantly in Europe. This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies, exhibitions of private collections, and journals for recording communications and the documentation of new species. Many of the collectors tended to be from the aristocracy and it spawned off a trade involving collectors around the world and traders. This has been called the "era of heroic entomology." William Kirby is widely considered as the father of entomology in England. In collaboration with William Spence, he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia, Introduction to Entomology, regarded as the subject's foundational text. He also helped to found the Royal Entomological Society in London in 1833, one of the earliest such societies in the world; earlier antecedents, such as the Aurelian society date back to the 1740s. In the late 19th century, the growth of agriculture, and colonial trade, spawned off the "era of economic entomology" which created the professional entomologist associated with the rise of the university and training in the field of biology.[7][8]

Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries, and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as Charles Darwin, Jean-Henri Fabre, Vladimir Nabokov, Karl von Frisch (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine),[9] and two-time Pulitzer Prize winner E. O. Wilson.

There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance,[10] such as Sophie Lutterlough at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular.[citation needed]

Most insects can easily be recognized to order such as Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants) or Coleoptera (beetles). However, identifying to genus or species is usually only possible through the use of identification keys and monographs. Because the class Insecta contains a very large number of species (over 330,000 species of beetles alone) and the characteristics separating them are unfamiliar, and often subtle (or invisible without a microscope), this is often very difficult even for a specialist. This has led to the development of automated species identification systems targeted on insects, for example, Daisy, ABIS, SPIDA and Draw-wing.

In pest control

In 1994, the Entomological Society of America launched a new professional certification program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist (ACE). To qualify as a "true entomologist" an individual would normally require an advanced degree, with most entomologists pursuing a PhD. While not true entomologists in the traditional sense, individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists.[citation needed]

Subdisciplines

 
Example of a collection barcode on a pinned beetle specimen

Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group:

Entomologists

Main article: List of entomologists
 
Several prominent American entomologists of the 1800s

Organizations

Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.

Research collection

Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes.

Asia

Africa

Australasia

 
The Entomology Research Collection at Lincoln University, New Zealand, with curator John Marris

Europe

United States

Canada

See also

References

  1. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  2. ^ Chapman, A. D. (2009). Numbers of living species in Australia and the World (2 ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 60pp. ISBN 978-0-642-56850-2. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
  3. ^ Naturalis Historia
  4. ^ Antonio Saltini, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2415-X
  5. ^ "Entomology". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  6. ^ Kristensen, Niels P. (1999). "Historical Introduction". In Kristensen, Niels P. (ed.). Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Volume 4, Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Arthropoda: Insecta. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8.
  7. ^ Elias, Scott A. (2014). "A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century". Journal of the History of Biology. 47 (2): 213–242. doi:10.1007/s10739-013-9365-9. JSTOR 43863376. PMID 23928824. S2CID 24812002.
  8. ^ Clark, John F.M. (2009). Bugs and the Victorians. Yale University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0300150919.
  9. ^ "Karl von Frisch – Nobel Lecture: Decoding the Language of the Bee".
  10. ^ Starrs, Siobhan (10 August 2010). . National Museum of Natural History Unearthed. National Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  11. ^ "KwaZulu-Natal Museum".
  12. ^ "Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum".
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on July 26, 2003. Retrieved 2007-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. ^ "Home".
  15. ^ "O.U.M.N.H. Homepage".
  16. ^ "Auburn University Museum of Natural History".
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-08-24.
  18. ^ NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology; Weed science. . Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
  19. ^ "Enns Entomology Museum, MU".
  20. ^ "Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes – Homepage".
  21. ^ "E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum – Department of Biological Sciences, Studies in Life Sciences".
  22. ^ "Lyman Entomological Museum".
  23. ^ "University of Guelph Insect Collection". uoguelph.ca. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  24. ^ "The Victoria Bug Zoo TM".
  25. ^ "J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology | Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences | University of Manitoba".

Further reading

"I suppose you are an entomologist?"

  • What does a entomologist study?

"Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp."

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., The Poet at the Breakfast Table

  • Chiang, H.C. and G. C. Jahn 1996. Entomology in the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. (in Chinese) Chinese Entomol. Soc. Newsltr. (Taiwan) 3: 9–11.
  • Davidson, E. 2006. Big Fleas Have Little Fleas: How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 208 pages, ISBN 0-8165-2544-7.
  • Cedric Gillot: Entomology. Second Edition, Plenum Press, New York, NY / London 1995, ISBN 0-306-44967-6.
  • Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson (2005-05-19). Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-096835-6. — a classic textbook in North America.
  • Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M.S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Capinera, JL (editor). 2008. Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-6242-7

External links

 
Look up entomology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Entomology.

April 28, 2023
entomology, confused, with, etymology, study, history, words, from, ancient, greek, ἔντομον, entomon, insect, λογία, logia, study, scientific, study, insects, branch, zoology, past, term, insect, less, specific, historically, definition, entomology, would, als. Not to be confused with etymology the study of the history of words Entomology from Ancient Greek ἔntomon entomon insect and logia logia study of 1 is the scientific study of insects a branch of zoology In the past the term insect was less specific and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups such as arachnids myriapods and crustaceans This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use A Phyllium sp mimicking a leaf Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology entomology is a taxon based category any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect related inquiries is by definition entomology Entomology therefore overlaps with a cross section of topics as diverse as molecular genetics behavior neuroscience biomechanics biochemistry systematics physiology developmental biology ecology morphology and paleontology Over 1 3 million insect species have been described more than two thirds of all known species 2 Some insect species date back to around 400 million years ago They have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on Earth Contents 1 History 2 In pest control 3 Subdisciplines 4 Entomologists 5 Organizations 6 Research collection 6 1 Asia 6 2 Africa 6 3 Australasia 6 4 Europe 6 5 United States 6 6 Canada 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory Edit Plate from Transactions of the Entomological Society 1848 These 100 Trigonopterus species were described simultaneously using DNA barcoding See also Timeline of entomology Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times primarily in the context of agriculture especially biological control and beekeeping The natural philosopher Pliny the Elder 23 79 AD wrote a book on the kinds of Insects 3 while the scientist of Kufa Ibn al A rabi 760 845 AD wrote a book on flies Kitab al Dabab كتاب الذباب However scientific study in the modern sense began only relatively recently in the 16th century 4 Ulisse Aldrovandi s De Animalibus Insectis Of Insect Animals was published in 1602 Microscopist Jan Swammerdam published History of Insects correctly describing the reproductive organs of insects and metamorphosis 5 In 1705 Maria Sibylla Merian published a book Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium about the tropical insects of Dutch Surinam 6 Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining cabinets of curiosity predominantly in Europe This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies exhibitions of private collections and journals for recording communications and the documentation of new species Many of the collectors tended to be from the aristocracy and it spawned off a trade involving collectors around the world and traders This has been called the era of heroic entomology William Kirby is widely considered as the father of entomology in England In collaboration with William Spence he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia Introduction to Entomology regarded as the subject s foundational text He also helped to found the Royal Entomological Society in London in 1833 one of the earliest such societies in the world earlier antecedents such as the Aurelian society date back to the 1740s In the late 19th century the growth of agriculture and colonial trade spawned off the era of economic entomology which created the professional entomologist associated with the rise of the university and training in the field of biology 7 8 Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people including such notable figures as Charles Darwin Jean Henri Fabre Vladimir Nabokov Karl von Frisch winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 9 and two time Pulitzer Prize winner E O Wilson There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance 10 such as Sophie Lutterlough at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular citation needed Most insects can easily be recognized to order such as Hymenoptera bees wasps and ants or Coleoptera beetles However identifying to genus or species is usually only possible through the use of identification keys and monographs Because the class Insecta contains a very large number of species over 330 000 species of beetles alone and the characteristics separating them are unfamiliar and often subtle or invisible without a microscope this is often very difficult even for a specialist This has led to the development of automated species identification systems targeted on insects for example Daisy ABIS SPIDA and Draw wing In pest control EditIn 1994 the Entomological Society of America launched a new professional certification program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist ACE To qualify as a true entomologist an individual would normally require an advanced degree with most entomologists pursuing a PhD While not true entomologists in the traditional sense individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists citation needed Subdisciplines Edit Example of a collection barcode on a pinned beetle specimen Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names typically but not always derived from the scientific name of the group Coleopterology beetles Dipterology flies Odonatology dragonflies and damselflies Hemipterology true bugs Isopterology termites Lepidopterology moths and butterflies Melittology or Apiology bees Myrmecology ants Orthopterology grasshoppers crickets etc Trichopterology caddisflies Vespology Social wasps Entomologists EditMain article List of entomologists Several prominent American entomologists of the 1800sOrganizations EditLike other scientific specialties entomologists have a number of local national and international organizations There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas Amateur Entomologists Society Entomological Society of America Entomological Society of Canada Entomological Society of Japan Entomologischer Verein Krefeld Entomological Society of India International Union for the Study of Social Insects Netherlands Entomological Society Royal Belgian Entomological Society Royal Entomological Society of London Russian Entomological Society Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Societe entomologique de France Australian Entomological Society Entomological Society of New ZealandResearch collection EditHere is a list of selected very large insect collections housed in museums universities or research institutes Asia Edit Zoological Survey of India Insect Museum Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India National Pusa Collection Division of Entomology Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi India Pakistan Museum of Natural History Garden Avenue Shakarparian Islamabad Pakistan Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense IndonesiaAfrica Edit Natal Museum Pietermaritzburg South Africa 11 Australasia Edit The Entomology Research Collection at Lincoln University New Zealand with curator John Marris Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection Lincoln New Zealand Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Wellington New Zealand New Zealand Arthropod Collection Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua Auckland New ZealandEurope Edit Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Museum national d histoire naturelle Paris France Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin Germany Kelvingrove Art Gallery Glasgow Scotland Natural History Museum Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum 12 Natural History Museum Geneva 13 Natural History Museum Leiden the Netherlands Natural History Museum London United Kingdom Natural History Museum Oslo 14 Norway Natural History Museum St Petersburg Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna Austria Oxford University Museum of Natural History Oxford 15 Royal Museum for Central Africa Brussels Belgium Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm Sweden World Museum Liverpool the Bug HouseUnited States Edit Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia American Museum of Natural History New York City Auburn University Museum of Natural History 16 Auburn Alabama Audubon Insectarium New Orleans Bohart Museum of Entomology Davis California California Academy of Sciences San Francisco Carnegie Museum of Natural History 17 Pittsburgh Cleveland Museum of Natural History Cleveland Entomology Research Museum University of California Riverside Essig Museum of Entomology Berkeley California Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida Illinois Natural History Survey Champaign Illinois J Gordon Edwards Museum San Jose California Museum of Comparative Zoology Cambridge Massachusetts Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles National Museum of Natural History Washington D C New Mexico State University Arthropod Museum 18 North Carolina State University Insect Museum Raleigh North Carolina Peabody Museum of Natural History New Haven Connecticut San Diego Natural History Museum San Diego California The National Museum of Play Rochester N Y Texas A amp M University College Station Texas University of Minnesota St Paul campus UMSP Minnesota University of Kansas Natural History Museum Lawrence Kansas University of Nebraska State Museum Lincoln Nebraska University of Missouri Enns Entomology Museum 19 University of Missouri Columbia MissouriCanada Edit Canadian Museum of Nature Ottawa Ontario Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes 20 Ottawa Ontario E H Strickland Entomological Museum 21 University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Lyman Entomological Museum 22 Macdonald Campus of McGill University Sainte Anne de Bellevue Quebec Montreal Insectarium Montreal Quebec Newfoundland Insectarium Reidville Newfoundland and Labrador Royal Alberta Museum Edmonton Alberta Royal Ontario Museum Toronto Ontario University of Guelph Insect Collection 23 Guelph Ontario Victoria Bug Zoo 24 Victoria British Columbia J B Wallis R E Roughley Museum of Entomology 25 Winnipeg ManitobaSee also Edit Biology portal Insects portalArachnology Carcinology Cultural entomology Ethnoentomology Forensic entomology Forensic entomologist Forensic entomology and the law Insect thermoregulation Insects on stamps List of entomological journals Medical entomology Myriapodology Timeline of entomology 1800 1850 Timeline of entomology 1850 1900 Timeline of entomology since 1900References Edit Liddell Henry George and Robert Scott 1980 A Greek English Lexicon Abridged ed United Kingdom Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 910207 4 Chapman A D 2009 Numbers of living species in Australia and the World 2 ed Canberra Australian Biological Resources Study pp 60pp ISBN 978 0 642 56850 2 Archived from the original on 2009 05 19 Retrieved 2007 10 26 Naturalis Historia Antonio Saltini Storia delle scienze agrarie 4 vols Bologna 1984 89 ISBN 88 206 2412 5 ISBN 88 206 2413 3 ISBN 88 206 2414 1 ISBN 88 206 2415 X Entomology Encyclopaedia Britannica Kristensen Niels P 1999 Historical Introduction In Kristensen Niels P ed Lepidoptera moths and butterflies Evolution Systematics and Biogeography Volume 4 Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie Eine Naturgeschichte der Stamme des Tierreiches Arthropoda Insecta Walter de Gruyter p 1 ISBN 978 3 11 015704 8 Elias Scott A 2014 A Brief History of the Changing Occupations and Demographics of Coleopterists from the 18th Through the 20th Century Journal of the History of Biology 47 2 213 242 doi 10 1007 s10739 013 9365 9 JSTOR 43863376 PMID 23928824 S2CID 24812002 Clark John F M 2009 Bugs and the Victorians Yale University Press pp 26 27 ISBN 978 0300150919 Karl von Frisch Nobel Lecture Decoding the Language of the Bee Starrs Siobhan 10 August 2010 A Scientist and a Tinkerer A Story in a Frame National Museum of Natural History Unearthed National Museum of Natural History Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 Retrieved 19 March 2017 KwaZulu Natal Museum Magyar Termeszettudomanyi Muzeum MHN Archived from the original on July 26 2003 Retrieved 2007 01 02 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Home O U M N H Homepage Auburn University Museum of Natural History Collections Archived from the original on 2010 08 24 NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology Weed science New Mexico State University Arthropod Museum Archived from the original on 2013 05 01 Retrieved 2013 07 15 Enns Entomology Museum MU Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes Homepage E H Strickland Entomological Museum Department of Biological Sciences Studies in Life Sciences Lyman Entomological Museum University of Guelph Insect Collection uoguelph ca Retrieved 20 April 2015 The Victoria Bug Zoo TM J B Wallis R E Roughley Museum of Entomology Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences University of Manitoba Further reading Edit I suppose you are an entomologist What does a entomologist study Not quite so ambitious as that sir I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name No man can be truly called an entomologist sir the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr The Poet at the Breakfast Table Chiang H C and G C Jahn 1996 Entomology in the Cambodia IRRI Australia Project in Chinese Chinese Entomol Soc Newsltr Taiwan 3 9 11 Davidson E 2006 Big Fleas Have Little Fleas How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science University of Arizona Press Tucson 208 pages ISBN 0 8165 2544 7 Cedric Gillot Entomology Second Edition Plenum Press New York NY London 1995 ISBN 0 306 44967 6 Triplehorn Charles A and Norman F Johnson 2005 05 19 Borror and DeLong s Introduction to the Study of Insects 7th edition Thomas Brooks Cole ISBN 0 03 096835 6 a classic textbook in North America Grimaldi D amp Engel M S 2005 Evolution of the Insects Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 82149 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Capinera JL editor 2008 Encyclopedia of Entomology 2nd Edition Springer ISBN 1 4020 6242 7External links Edit Look up entomology in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Entomology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Entomology amp oldid 1144820395, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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