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Philippine languages

January 18, 2023

This article is about a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. For the native languages spoken in the Philippines, see Languages of the Philippines.

The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.[1][2][3][4] Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.[5][2]

Philippine
Philippinic
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Philippine (disputed)
Subdivisions
ISO 639-2 / 5phi
GlottologNone
The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)

Classification

History and criticism

See also: Proto-Philippine language

One of the first explicit classifications of a "Philippine" grouping based on genetic affiliation was in 1906 by Frank Blake, who placed them as a subdivision of the "Malay branch" within Malayo-Polynesian (MP), which at that time was considered as a family. Blake however encompasses every language within the geographic boundaries of the Philippine archipelago to be under a single group.[6] Formal arguments in support of a specific "Proto-Philippines" were followed by Matthew Charles in 1974, Teodoro Llamzon in 1966 and 1975, and Llamzon and Teresita Martin in 1976.[7][8][9][10] Blust (1991) two decades later updates this based on Zorc's (1986) inclusion of Yami, and the Sangiric, Minahasan, and Gorontalo groups.[6]

The genetic unity of a Philippines group has been rejected particularly by Lawrence Reid.[11] This arose with problems in reconstructing Philippine subgroups within MP (Pawley, 1999; Ross, 2005).[12][13] In a recent state-of-the art on the classification of Philippine languages, he provides multidisciplinary arguments on the field's methodological and theoretical shortcomings since Conant's description in the early 1900s. This includes Malayo-Polynesian archeology (Spriggs, 2003; 2007; 2011),[14][15][16] and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses (Gray et al., 2009)[17] substantiating the multiplicity of historical diffusion and divergence of languages across the archipelago.[18] He suggests that the primary branches under this widely acknowledged Philippine group should instead be promoted as primary branches under Malayo-Polynesian.[19] Malcolm Ross (2005) earlier also noted that the Batanic languages, constituting Yami, Itbayat, and Ivatan, should in fact be considered as a primary MP branch.[13] In an evaluation of the lexical innovations among the Philippine languages, Alexander Smith (2017) regards the evidence for a Philippine subgroup as weak, and concludes that "they may represent more than one primary subgroup or perhaps an innovation-defined linkage".[20]

Internal classification

The Philippine group is proposed to have originated from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately from Proto-Austronesian. There have been several proposals as to the composition within the group, but the most widely accepted groupings today is the consensus classifications by Blust (1991; 2005) and Reid (2017); however, both disagree on the existence of a Philippine group as a single genetic unit.

Zorc (1979)

An earlier classification by Zorc (1979) is presented below. From approximately north to south, a Philippine group according to his analysis of previous reconstructions are divided into two main subgroups, Northern or "Cordilleran" and Southern or "Sulic".[21] Note that the groupings herein no longer reflect widely accepted classifications or naming conventions today. For example South Extension nowadays reflects the widely established Central Luzon, and North Mangyan within Cordilleran is not supported by later reconstructions; the group containing Yami, Ivatan and Itbayat is called "Bashiic" in Zorc (1977) and remains generally accepted.[22]

Blust (1991; 2005)

From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into 12 subgroups (including unclassified languages):

Formerly classified as one of the South Mindanao languages, the Klata language is now considered to be a primary branch of the Philippine languages by Zorc (2019).[23]

Vocabulary

Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.

English 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Proto-Austronesian *əsa
*isa		 *duSa *təlu *Səpat *lima *Cau *Rumaq *asu *niuR *qaləjaw *baqəRu *i-kita *n-anu *Sapuy
Batanic (Bashiic) Yami (Tao) ása dóa (raroa) tílo (tatlo) apat (ápat) lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw vayo yaten ango apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Northern Luzon Ilocano maysa dua tallo uppat lima tao balay aso niog aldaw baro sitayo ania apoy
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa' lima tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat lima tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuy
Pangasinan sakey dua
duara		 talo
talora		 apat
apatira		 lima too abong aso niyog ageo balo sikatayo anto pool
Central Luzon Kapampangan métung adwá atlú ápat limá táu balé ásu ngúngut aldó báyu ítámu nánu apî
Central Philippine Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat lima tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Central Bikol sarô duwa tulo apát lima tawo harong ayam
idò		 niyog aldaw bâgo kitá ano kalayo
Rinconada Bikol əsad darwā tolō əpat lima tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō kalayō
Waray usa
sayo		 duha tulo upat lima tawo balay ayam
ido		 lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Hiligaynon isa duha tatlo apat lima tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Bantoanon (Asi) usa ruha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay iro nidog adlaw bag-o kita ni-o kayado
Romblomanon isa duha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Onhan isya darwa tatlo ap-at lima tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Karay-a sara darwa tatlo apat lima taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita
tatən		 ano kalayo
Aklanon isaea
sambilog		 daywa tatlo ap-at lima tawo baeay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kaeayo
Cebuano usa duha tulo upat lima tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa kalayo
Tausug isa
hambuuk		 duwa tu upat lima tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Danao Maguindanao isa dua telu pat lima tau walay asu niyug gay bagu tanu ngin apuy
Mëranaw isa dowa t'lo phat lima taw walay aso neyog gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
Iranun isa dua telu pa'at lima taw walay asu niyug gawi'i bagu tanu antuna apuy
South Mindanao (Bilic) Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat lima tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Minahasan Tombulu (Minahasa) esa zua
rua		 telu epat lima tou walé asu po'po' endo weru kai
kita		 apa api
Sangiric Sangirese sembau
esa'		 darua tatelu epa' lima tau balé kapuna' bango' elo wuhu kité tawé putung
Gorontalo–Mongondow Gorontalo tuwewu duluwo totolu opato limo tawu bele 'apula bongo dulahu bohu 'ito wolo tulu
Mongondow inta' dua tolu opat lima intau baloi ungku' bango' singgai mobagu kita onda tulu'

See also

Defunct language regulators
  • Academia Bicolana
  • Sanghiran san Binisaya

Notes

1. ^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups
2. ^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups and has possible relationship with South Extension; equivalent to the widely established Batanic or Bashiic branch.

References

  1. ^ Zorc, R. David Paul (1986). "The Genetic Relationships of Philippine Languages". In Geraghty, P.; Carrington, L.; Wurm, S. A. (eds.). FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 94. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 147–173. doi:10.15144/PL-C94.147. hdl:1885/252029. ISBN 0-85883-345-X.
  2. ^ a b Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
  3. ^ Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The Linguistic Macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez (eds.). Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics Pangaral Kay Lawrence A. Reid. Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.
  4. ^ Blust, Robert (2019). "The Resurrection of Proto-Philippines". Oceanic Linguistics. 58 (2): 153–256. doi:10.1353/ol.2019.0008. S2CID 216726665.
  5. ^ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
  6. ^ a b Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
  7. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro A. (1975). "Proto-Philippine Phonology". Archipel. 9: 29–42. doi:10.3406/arch.1975.1214 – via Persée.
  8. ^ Charles, Mathew (1974). "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13 (1/2): 457–509. doi:10.2307/3622751. JSTOR 3622751.
  9. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro (1966). "The Subgrouping of Philippine Languages". Philippine Sociological Review. 14 (3): 145–150. JSTOR 23892050.
  10. ^ Llamzon, Teodoro; Martin, Teresita (1976). "A Subgrouping of 100 Philippine Languages" (PDF). South-East Asian Linguistic Studies. 2: 141–172.
  11. ^ Reid, Lawrence (1982). "The Demise of Proto-Philippines" (PDF). In Amran Halim; Carrington, Lois; Stephen A. (eds.). Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 75. Vol. 2: Tracking the Travellers. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 201–216.
  12. ^ Pawley, Andrew (1999). "Chasing Rainbows: Implications for the Rapid Dispersal of Austronesian Languages for Subgrouping and Reconstruction". In Zeitoun, Eilzabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.). Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 95–138.
  13. ^ a b Ross, Malcolm (2005). "The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian" (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 1 (2): 1–24.
  14. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2003). "Chronology of Neolithic Transition in Island Southeast Asia and The Western Pacific". The Review of Anthropology. 24: 57–80.
  15. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2007). "The Neolithic and Austronesian Expansion Within Island Southeast Asia and Into the Pacific". In Chiu, Scarlett; Sand, Christophe (eds.). From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: Archeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 104–140.
  16. ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2011). "Archeology and Austronesian Expansion: Where Are We Now?" (PDF). Antiquity. 85 (328): 510–528. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00067910. S2CID 162491927.
  17. ^ Gray, Russell; Drummond, Alexei; Greenhill, Simon (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science. 323 (5913): 479–482. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..479G. doi:10.1126/science.1166858. PMID 19164742. S2CID 29838345.
  18. ^ Reid, Lawrence (2017). Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family (PDF). The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
  19. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (2018). "Modeling the Linguistic Situation in the Philippines". In Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (eds.). Let's Talk about Trees. Senri Ethnological Studies. Vol. 98. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi:10.15021/00009006.
  20. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021. S2CID 149377092., p. 479
  21. ^ Zorc, R. David Paul (1979). "On the Development of Contrastive Word Accent: Pangasinan, a Case in Point". In Nguyen, Dang Liem (ed.). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies, Vol. 3. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 45. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 241–258. doi:10.15144/PL-C45.241. hdl:1885/253117. ISBN 0-85883-177-5.
  22. ^ Zorc, David Paul (1977). The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44. Canberra: Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-C44. hdl:1885/146594. ISBN 0-85883-157-0 – via Archive.org.
  23. ^ Zorc, R. David (2019). "Klata / Giangan: A New Southern Philippine Subgroup" (PDF). The Archive: Special Publication. 16: 33–51.

Works cited

  • Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P., eds. (2005). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.

Further reading

  • Reid, Lawrence A. (2013). "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 329–358. doi:10.3378/027.085.0316. PMID 24297232. S2CID 8341240.
  • Wouk, Fay (Ed.); Ross, Malcolm (Ed.) (2002). Wouk, Fay; Ross, Malcolm (eds.). The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice Systems. Pl-518. Pacific Linguistics 518. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-518. hdl:1885/146136. ISBN 0-85883-477-4.
  • Zorc, R. David (1972). "Sealang Zorc Papers".

External links

  • Comparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages
  • Cognate sets for Austronesian languages
  • R. David Zorc field notes
  • Philippine etyma file cards by R. David Zorc
  • Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database December 19, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

January 18, 2023
philippine, languages, this, article, about, subgroup, austronesian, language, family, native, languages, spoken, philippines, languages, philippines, philippinic, proposed, group, david, paul, zorc, 1986, robert, blust, 1991, 2005, 2019, that, include, langua. This article is about a subgroup of the Austronesian language family For the native languages spoken in the Philippines see Languages of the Philippines The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R David Paul Zorc 1986 and Robert Blust 1991 2005 2019 that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi Indonesia except Sama Bajaw languages of the Sea Gypsies and a few languages of Palawan and form a subfamily of Austronesian languages 1 2 3 4 Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages 5 2 PhilippinePhilippinic proposed GeographicdistributionPhilippinesNorthern Sulawesi IndonesiaEastern Sabah MalaysiaOrchid Island TaiwanLinguistic classificationAustronesianMalayo PolynesianPhilippineProto languageProto Philippine disputed SubdivisionsBatanic Northern Luzon Central Luzon North Mangyan Umiray Dumaget Manide Alabat Greater Central Philippine Ati Kalamian South Mindanao Klata Minahasan SangiricISO 639 2 5phiGlottologNoneThe Philippine languages per Adelaar and Himmelmann 2005 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 History and criticism 1 2 Internal classification 1 2 1 Zorc 1979 1 2 2 Blust 1991 2005 2 Vocabulary 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Works cited 7 Further reading 8 External linksClassification EditHistory and criticism Edit See also Proto Philippine language One of the first explicit classifications of a Philippine grouping based on genetic affiliation was in 1906 by Frank Blake who placed them as a subdivision of the Malay branch within Malayo Polynesian MP which at that time was considered as a family Blake however encompasses every language within the geographic boundaries of the Philippine archipelago to be under a single group 6 Formal arguments in support of a specific Proto Philippines were followed by Matthew Charles in 1974 Teodoro Llamzon in 1966 and 1975 and Llamzon and Teresita Martin in 1976 7 8 9 10 Blust 1991 two decades later updates this based on Zorc s 1986 inclusion of Yami and the Sangiric Minahasan and Gorontalo groups 6 The genetic unity of a Philippines group has been rejected particularly by Lawrence Reid 11 This arose with problems in reconstructing Philippine subgroups within MP Pawley 1999 Ross 2005 12 13 In a recent state of the art on the classification of Philippine languages he provides multidisciplinary arguments on the field s methodological and theoretical shortcomings since Conant s description in the early 1900s This includes Malayo Polynesian archeology Spriggs 2003 2007 2011 14 15 16 and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses Gray et al 2009 17 substantiating the multiplicity of historical diffusion and divergence of languages across the archipelago 18 He suggests that the primary branches under this widely acknowledged Philippine group should instead be promoted as primary branches under Malayo Polynesian 19 Malcolm Ross 2005 earlier also noted that the Batanic languages constituting Yami Itbayat and Ivatan should in fact be considered as a primary MP branch 13 In an evaluation of the lexical innovations among the Philippine languages Alexander Smith 2017 regards the evidence for a Philippine subgroup as weak and concludes that they may represent more than one primary subgroup or perhaps an innovation defined linkage 20 Internal classification Edit The Philippine group is proposed to have originated from Proto Malayo Polynesian and ultimately from Proto Austronesian There have been several proposals as to the composition within the group but the most widely accepted groupings today is the consensus classifications by Blust 1991 2005 and Reid 2017 however both disagree on the existence of a Philippine group as a single genetic unit Zorc 1979 Edit An earlier classification by Zorc 1979 is presented below From approximately north to south a Philippine group according to his analysis of previous reconstructions are divided into two main subgroups Northern or Cordilleran and Southern or Sulic 21 Note that the groupings herein no longer reflect widely accepted classifications or naming conventions today For example South Extension nowadays reflects the widely established Central Luzon and North Mangyan within Cordilleran is not supported by later reconstructions the group containing Yami Ivatan and Itbayat is called Bashiic in Zorc 1977 and remains generally accepted 22 Northern Philippines or Cordilleran Pangasinica includes Ilongot Kallahan Ibaloi Pangasinan Central Cordilleran includes Isinai Kalinga Bontoc Balangao Ifugao Ilokan within Ilokano alone Northern Cordilleran or Banagic includes Ibanag Isneg Gaddang Yami Ivatan Itbayatb South Extension includes Sambal group Kapampangan North Mangyan Southern Philippines or Sulic Meso Philippine South Mangyan includes Hanunuo Palawan Subanon dialect cluster Central Philippine includes Tagalog Bikol Visayan Mansakan Manobo includes Kagayanen Western Bukidnon Cotabato Manobo Danao includes Maranao Maguindanao Celebes Extension includes Mongondow group Blust 1991 2005 Edit From approximately north to south the Philippine languages are divided into 12 subgroups including unclassified languages Batanic languages 4 languages between Batanes and Lanyu Island Taiwan Northern Luzon languages 40 languages including Ilokano and Pangasinan Central Luzon languages 5 languages including Sambal and Kapampangan Northern Mindoro languages or North Mangyan 3 languages Greater Central Philippine languages Southern Mindoro languages or South Mangyan 3 languages Central Philippine languages 40 languages including Tagalog Bikol languages and Visayan languages Palawan languages 3 languages Subanen languages 6 languages sometimes considered one dialect cluster Danao languages 3 languages Iranun language Maguindanao and Maranao Manobo languages 15 languages Gorontalo Mongondow languages 9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi Ati language Manide Alabat Kalamian languages 2 languages of northern Palawan South Mindanao languages 5 languages Sangiric languages 4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands Minahasan languages 5 languages of North Sulawesi Unclassified Umiray DumagetFormerly classified as one of the South Mindanao languages the Klata language is now considered to be a primary branch of the Philippine languages by Zorc 2019 23 Vocabulary EditComparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto Austronesian first for comparison English 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we incl what fireProto Austronesian esa isa duSa telu Sepat lima Cau Rumaq asu niuR qalejaw baqeRu i kita n anu SapuyBatanic Bashiic Yami Tao asa doa raroa tilo tatlo apat apat lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw vayo yaten ango apoyIvatan asa dadowa tatdo apat lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw va yo yaten ango apoyNorthern Luzon Ilocano maysa dua tallo uppat lima tao balay aso niog aldaw baro sitayo ania apoyIbanag tadday dua tallu appa lima tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afiGaddang antet addwa tallo appat lima tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuyPangasinan sakey dua duara talo talora apat apatira lima too abong aso niyog ageo balo sikatayo anto poolCentral Luzon Kapampangan metung adwa atlu apat lima tau bale asu ngungut aldo bayu itamu nanu apiCentral Philippine Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat lima tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoyCentral Bikol saro duwa tulo apat lima tawo harong ayam ido niyog aldaw bago kita ano kalayoRinconada Bikol esad darwa tolō epat lima tawō baley ayam noyog aldew bago kita onō kalayōWaray usa sayo duha tulo upat lima tawo balay ayam ido lubi adlaw bag o kita ano kalayoHiligaynon isa duha tatlo apat lima tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag o kita ano kalayoBantoanon Asi usa ruha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay iro nidog adlaw bag o kita ni o kayadoRomblomanon isa duha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay ayam niyog adlaw bag o kita ano kalayoOnhan isya darwa tatlo ap at lima tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag o kita ano kalayoKaray a sara darwa tatlo apat lima taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag o kita taten ano kalayoAklanon isaea sambilog daywa tatlo ap at lima tawo baeay ayam niyog adlaw bag o kita ano kaeayoCebuano usa duha tulo upat lima tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag o kita unsa kalayoTausug isa hambuuk duwa tu upat lima tau bay iru niyug adlaw ba gu kitaniyu unu kayuDanao Maguindanao isa dua telu pat lima tau walay asu niyug gay bagu tanu ngin apuyMeranaw isa dowa t lo phat lima taw walay aso neyog gawi e bago tano tonaa apoyIranun isa dua telu pa at lima taw walay asu niyug gawi i bagu tanu antuna apuySouth Mindanao Bilic Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat lima tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofihMinahasan Tombulu Minahasa esa zua rua telu epat lima tou wale asu po po endo weru kai kita apa apiSangiric Sangirese sembau esa darua tatelu epa lima tau bale kapuna bango elo wuhu kite tawe putungGorontalo Mongondow Gorontalo tuwewu duluwo totolu opato limo tawu bele apula bongo dulahu bohu ito wolo tuluMongondow inta dua tolu opat lima intau baloi ungku bango singgai mobagu kita onda tulu See also EditLanguages of the Philippines List of regional languages of the Philippines Philippine Negrito languages Philippine literature Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino Visayan Academy of Arts and LettersDefunct language regulatorsAcademia Bicolana Sanghiran san BinisayaNotes Edit1 Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups 2 Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups and has possible relationship with South Extension equivalent to the widely established Batanic or Bashiic branch References Edit Zorc R David Paul 1986 The Genetic Relationships of Philippine Languages In Geraghty P Carrington L Wurm S A eds FOCAL II Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Pacific Linguistics Series C No 94 Canberra The Australian National University pp 147 173 doi 10 15144 PL C94 147 hdl 1885 252029 ISBN 0 85883 345 X a b Blust Robert 1991 The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis Oceanic Linguistics 30 2 73 129 doi 10 2307 3623084 JSTOR 3623084 Blust Robert A 2005 The Linguistic Macrohistory of the Philippines In Liao Hsiu Chuan Rubino Carl R Galvez eds Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics Pangaral Kay Lawrence A Reid Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines pp 31 68 Blust Robert 2019 The Resurrection of Proto Philippines Oceanic Linguistics 58 2 153 256 doi 10 1353 ol 2019 0008 S2CID 216726665 Adelaar amp Himmelmann 2005 a b Blust Robert 1991 The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis Oceanic Linguistics 30 2 73 129 doi 10 2307 3623084 JSTOR 3623084 Llamzon Teodoro A 1975 Proto Philippine Phonology Archipel 9 29 42 doi 10 3406 arch 1975 1214 via Persee Charles Mathew 1974 Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages Oceanic Linguistics 13 1 2 457 509 doi 10 2307 3622751 JSTOR 3622751 Llamzon Teodoro 1966 The Subgrouping of Philippine Languages Philippine Sociological Review 14 3 145 150 JSTOR 23892050 Llamzon Teodoro Martin Teresita 1976 A Subgrouping of 100 Philippine Languages PDF South East Asian Linguistic Studies 2 141 172 Reid Lawrence 1982 The Demise of Proto Philippines PDF In Amran Halim Carrington Lois Stephen A eds Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Pacific Linguistics Series C No 75 Vol 2 Tracking the Travellers Canberra Australian National University pp 201 216 Pawley Andrew 1999 Chasing Rainbows Implications for the Rapid Dispersal of Austronesian Languages for Subgrouping and Reconstruction In Zeitoun Eilzabeth Li Paul Jen kuei eds Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Taipei Academia Sinica pp 95 138 a b Ross Malcolm 2005 The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian PDF Journal of Austronesian Studies 1 2 1 24 Spriggs Matthew 2003 Chronology of Neolithic Transition in Island Southeast Asia and The Western Pacific The Review of Anthropology 24 57 80 Spriggs Matthew 2007 The Neolithic and Austronesian Expansion Within Island Southeast Asia and Into the Pacific In Chiu Scarlett Sand Christophe eds From Southeast Asia to the Pacific Archeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex Taipei Academia Sinica pp 104 140 Spriggs Matthew 2011 Archeology and Austronesian Expansion Where Are We Now PDF Antiquity 85 328 510 528 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00067910 S2CID 162491927 Gray Russell Drummond Alexei Greenhill Simon 2009 Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement Science 323 5913 479 482 Bibcode 2009Sci 323 479G doi 10 1126 science 1166858 PMID 19164742 S2CID 29838345 Reid Lawrence 2017 Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family PDF The Br Andrew Gonzalez FSC BAG Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture 2017 De La Salle University Manila Reid Lawrence A 2018 Modeling the Linguistic Situation in the Philippines In Kikusawa Ritsuko Reid Lawrence A eds Let s Talk about Trees Senri Ethnological Studies Vol 98 Osaka Senri Ethnological Studies Minpaku doi 10 15021 00009006 Smith Alexander D 2017 The Western Malayo Polynesian Problem Oceanic Linguistics 56 2 435 490 doi 10 1353 ol 2017 0021 S2CID 149377092 p 479 Zorc R David Paul 1979 On the Development of Contrastive Word Accent Pangasinan a Case in Point In Nguyen Dang Liem ed Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies Vol 3 Pacific Linguistics Series C No 45 Canberra The Australian National University pp 241 258 doi 10 15144 PL C45 241 hdl 1885 253117 ISBN 0 85883 177 5 Zorc David Paul 1977 The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines Subgrouping and Reconstruction Pacific Linguistics Series C No 44 Canberra Australian National University doi 10 15144 PL C44 hdl 1885 146594 ISBN 0 85883 157 0 via Archive org Zorc R David 2019 Klata Giangan A New Southern Philippine Subgroup PDF The Archive Special Publication 16 33 51 Works cited EditAdelaar Alexander Himmelmann Nikolaus P eds 2005 The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar London Routledge Further reading EditReid Lawrence A 2013 Who Are the Philippine Negritos Evidence from Language Human Biology 85 1 3 329 358 doi 10 3378 027 085 0316 PMID 24297232 S2CID 8341240 Wouk Fay Ed Ross Malcolm Ed 2002 Wouk Fay Ross Malcolm eds The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice Systems Pl 518 Pacific Linguistics 518 Canberra Pacific Linguistics doi 10 15144 PL 518 hdl 1885 146136 ISBN 0 85883 477 4 Zorc R David 1972 Sealang Zorc Papers External links EditComparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages Cognate sets for Austronesian languages R David Zorc field notes Philippine etyma file cards by R David Zorc Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Archived December 19 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Philippine languages amp oldid 1127939684, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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