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Wikipedia

James Bond

February 05, 2023

This article is about the series. For the character, see James Bond (literary character). For other uses, see James Bond (disambiguation).
"007" redirects here. For other uses, see 007 (disambiguation).

The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd, and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is With a Mind to Kill by Anthony Horowitz, published in May 2022. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.

James Bond
Ian Fleming's image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists
Created byIan Fleming
Original workCasino Royale (1953)
Years1953–present
Print publications
Novel(s)List of novels
Short storiesSee list of novels
ComicsList of comic books
Comic strip(s)James Bond (1958–1983)
Films and television
Film(s)List of films
Short film(s)Happy and Glorious (2012)
Television series"Casino Royale" (Climax! season 1 – episode 3) (1954)
Animated seriesJames Bond Jr. (1991–1992)
Games
TraditionalVarious
Role-playingJames Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service
Video game(s)List of video games
Audio
Radio program(s)Radio dramas
Original musicMusic
Miscellaneous
Toy(s)Various
Portrayers

The character—also known by the code number 007 (pronounced "double-oh-seven")—has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games and film. The films are one of the longest continually running film series and have grossed over US$7.04 billion in total at the box office, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film series to date, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of 2021, there have been twenty-five films in the Eon Productions series. The most recent Bond film, No Time to Die (2021), stars Daniel Craig in his fifth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent productions of Bond films: Casino Royale (a 1967 spoof starring David Niven) and Never Say Never Again (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, 1965's Thunderball, both starring Connery). In 2015, the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion in total (based on box-office grosses, DVD sales and merchandise tie-ins),[1] making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and three wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are popularly referred to as "Bond girls".

Publication history

Creation and inspiration

Main articles: James Bond (literary character) and Inspirations for James Bond

Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division and 30 Assault Unit during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".[2] Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.[3] Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale.[2]

The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".[4] He further explained that:

When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard.

— Ian Fleming, The New Yorker, 21 April 1962[5]

On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."[6]

 
Hoagy Carmichael—Fleming's view of James Bond

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself[7] and in Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."[7]

Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs, and using the same brand of toiletries.[8] Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,[9] with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his career in espionage and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.[2]

It was not until the penultimate novel, You Only Live Twice, that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas, and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, henceforth giving Bond both a dry sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.[10] In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in The Times, Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of Glencoe, Scotland, and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.[11] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,[12] while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.[13]

Novels and related works

Main article: List of James Bond novels and short stories

Ian Fleming novels

 
Goldeneye, in Jamaica, where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels[14]

Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author[15] and had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."[2] On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica,[16] where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.[17] He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.[18]

After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) William Plomer to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.[17] Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books—The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights—published posthumously.[19] All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.

Post-Fleming novels

After Fleming's death, a continuation novel, Colonel Sun, was written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham) and published in 1968.[34] Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work The James Bond Dossier.[35] Although novelisations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker, both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood,[36] the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981, the thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed.[37] Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name: Licence to Kill and GoldenEye. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.[38] In 1996, Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.[39]

In 1996, the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984.[54] By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelisations and three short stories.[55]

After a gap of six years, Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.[65] The book—titled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.[66] American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche, which was published on 26 May 2011.[67] The book turned Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of MI5 or MI6.[68] On 26 September 2013, Solo by William Boyd, set in 1969, was published.[69] In October 2014, it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a Bond continuation novel.[70] Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger, it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. Trigger Mortis was released on 8 September 2015.[71][72][73] Horowitz's second Bond novel, Forever and a Day, tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of Casino Royale. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May 2018.[74][75] Horowitz's third Bond novel, With a Mind to Kill, was due to be published on 26 May 2022.[76]

Young Bond

Main article: Young Bond

The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson[77] and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.[78] The first Young Bond novel, SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books.[79] In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.[80]

The Moneypenny Diaries

Main article: The Moneypenny Diaries

The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary. The novels are written by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".[88] The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled Guardian Angel, was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.[89] A second volume, subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by John Murray.[90] A third volume, subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May 2008.[91]

Adaptations

Television

In 1954, CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 ($10,090 in 2021 dollars[95]) to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure, "Casino Royale", as part of its Climax! series.[96] The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as "Card Sense" James Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre.[97] The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Felix Leiter—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed "Clarence Leiter".[98]

In 1973, a BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and Diamonds Are Forever.[99] In 1991, a spin-off TV cartoon series, James Bond Jr., was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.[100]

Radio

In 1958, the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond.[101][102] According to The Independent, "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".[103]

The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.[104] On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet.[105] Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond.[106] Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis.[107] In 2012, the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatised for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.[108] In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt.[109]

Comics

Main articles: James Bond (comic strip) and James Bond comic books
 
John McLusky's rendition of James Bond

In 1957, the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.[110] After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.[111] To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, John McLusky, however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.[112] The first strip, Casino Royale was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958[113] and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.[114]

Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun; the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in 1966.[113] After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May 1977.[112]

Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of Dr. No's release in October 1962, a comic book adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series.[115] It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).[116][115]

With the release of the 1981 film For Your Eyes Only, Marvel Comics published a two-issue comic book adaptation of the film.[117][118] When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;[115] Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for Licence to Kill, although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used.[119] New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, Eclipse Comics, Dark Horse Comics and Dynamite Entertainment.[115][118][120]

Films

Main article: List of James Bond films

Eon Productions films

 
Franchise logo, 1995–present

Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No (1962), based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007.[121] Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice (1967),[122] which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969).[123] Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.[124]

Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for Live and Let Die (1973). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,[125] Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye (1995); he remained in the role for a total of four films through 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role for Casino Royale (2006), which rebooted the series.[126] Craig appeared for a total of five films.[127] The series has grossed well over $7 billion to date, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film series.[128]

Title Year Actor Director
Dr. No 1962 Sean Connery Terence Young
From Russia with Love 1963
Goldfinger 1964 Guy Hamilton
Thunderball 1965 Terence Young
You Only Live Twice 1967 Lewis Gilbert
On Her Majesty's Secret Service 1969 George Lazenby Peter R. Hunt
Diamonds Are Forever 1971 Sean Connery Guy Hamilton
Live and Let Die 1973 Roger Moore
The Man with the Golden Gun 1974
The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Lewis Gilbert
Moonraker 1979
For Your Eyes Only 1981 John Glen
Octopussy 1983
A View to a Kill 1985
The Living Daylights 1987 Timothy Dalton
Licence to Kill 1989
GoldenEye 1995 Pierce Brosnan Martin Campbell
Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 Roger Spottiswoode
The World Is Not Enough 1999 Michael Apted
Die Another Day 2002 Lee Tamahori
Casino Royale 2006 Daniel Craig Martin Campbell
Quantum of Solace 2008 Marc Forster
Skyfall 2012 Sam Mendes
Spectre 2015
No Time to Die 2021 Cary Joji Fukunaga

Non-Eon films

In 1967, Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.[129] The result of a court case in the High Court in London in 1963 allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in 1983.[130] The film, produced by Jack Schwartzman's Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997, the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,[130] which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Taliafilm.[131] As of 2015, Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.[130][132]

Music

Main article: James Bond music

" cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable."

—David Arnold

The "James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.[134] In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from The Sunday Times newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.[135] The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."[133] Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films[136] and had an uncredited contribution to Dr. No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.[133]

A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers.[137] Shirley Bassey performed three Bond theme songs, with her 1964 song "Goldfinger" inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008.[138] Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die",[139] Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better",[140] Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only",[141] Adele's "Skyfall",[142] Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall",[143] and Billie Eilish's "No Time to Die".[144] Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards, and Eilish won at the 94th Academy Awards.[144][145] For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included "The Look of Love" (sung by Dusty Springfield), which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[146]

Video games

Main article: James Bond in video games

In 1983, the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64, and ColecoVision.[147] Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997, the first-person shooter video game GoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64, based on GoldenEye.[148] The game received highly positive reviews,[149] won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998,[150] and sold over eight million copies worldwide,[151][152] grossing $250 million,[153] making it the third-best-selling Nintendo 64 game.[154] It is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time.[155][156][157]

In 1999, Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December 1999.[158] In October 2000, they released The World Is Not Enough[159] for the Nintendo 64[160] followed by 007 Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November 2000.[161] In 2003, the company released James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing,[162] which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum, Judi Dench and John Cleese, amongst others.[163] In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of 007: From Russia with Love,[164] which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.[164] In 2006, Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film Casino Royale: the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was removed from EA to Activision.[165] Activision subsequently released the 007: Quantum of Solace game on 31 October 2008, based on the film of the same name.[166]

A new version of GoldenEye 007 featuring Daniel Craig was released for the Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November 2010.[167] A year later a new version was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye 007: Reloaded.[168][169] In October 2012 007 Legends was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.[170] In November 2020, IO Interactive announced Project 007, an original James Bond video game, working closely with licensors MGM and Eon Productions.[171][172]

Role-playing game

From 1983 to 1987, a licensed tabletop role-playing game, James Bond 007: Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service, was published by Victory Games (a branch of Avalon Hill) and designed by Gerard Christopher Klug. It was the most popular espionage role-playing game for its time.[173] In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios, the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations, albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond's actions in the stories.[173]

Guns, vehicles and gadgets

Main articles: List of James Bond vehicles and List of James Bond gadgets

Guns

For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta 418[174] until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,[175] calling it "a lady's gun—and not a very nice lady at that!"[176] Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a 7.65mm Walther PPK and this exchange of arms made it to Dr. No.[177] Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains.[178] In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in Dr. No, M, the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".[177] Bond also used a variety of rifles, including the Savage Model 99 in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester .308 target rifle in "The Living Daylights".[174] Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long-barrelled Colt .45 Army Special.[174]

The first Bond film, Dr. No, saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,[179] which Bond used in eighteen films.[180] In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the Walther P99 semi-automatic pistol.[180]

 
An Aston Martin DB5 as seen in Goldfinger.

Vehicles

In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey Bentley 4+1⁄2 Litre with an Amherst Villiers supercharger.[181] After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker, Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series.[182] During Goldfinger, Bond was issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.[182]

The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage,[183] during the 1980s, the V12 Vanquish[183] and DBS[184] during the 2000s, as well as the Lotus Esprit;[185] the BMW Z3,[186] BMW 750iL[186] and the BMW Z8.[186] He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a Citroën 2CV to a Routemaster Bus, amongst others.[187]

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in Goldfinger;[188] it later featured in Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, Casino Royale, Skyfall and Spectre.[189][190] The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2.1 million to an unnamed European collector.[191] In 2010, another DB5 used in Goldfinger was sold at auction for $4.6m million (£2.6 million).[192]

Gadgets

 
The Little Nellie autogyro with its creator and pilot, Ken Wallis.

Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped attaché case in From Russia, with Love, although this situation changed dramatically with the films.[193] However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films Dr. No and From Russia with Love had an effect on the novel The Man with the Golden Gun, through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.[194]

For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.[195] Dr. No provided no spy-related gadgets, but a Geiger counter was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in From Russia with Love, which he described as "a classic 007 product".[196] The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.[197]

"If it hadn't been for Q Branch, you'd have been dead long ago!"

—Q, to Bond, Licence to Kill

Davey noted that "Bond's gizmos follow the zeitgeist more closely than any other ... nuance in the films"[196] as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.[196] It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the Little Nellie autogyro,[198] a jet pack[199] and the exploding attaché case,[200] the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,[196] including Scaramanga's golden gun,[201] Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoes,[202] Oddjob's steel-rimmed bowler hat[203] and Blofeld's communication devices in his agents' vanity case.[196]

Cultural impact

See also: List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs
 
James Bond Island (Khao Phing Kan, Thailand)

Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of Dr. No in 1962,[204] with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise's popularity and success.[205] The first parody was the 1964 film Carry On Spying, which shows the villain Dr. Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind (Charles Hawtry) and Daphne Honeybutt (Barbara Windsor).[206] One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the Harry Palmer series, whose first film, The Ipcress File, starring Michael Caine, was released in 1965. The eponymous hero is a rough-edged, petty crook turned spy, and was what academic Jeremy Packer called an "anti-Bond",[207] or what Christoph Lindner calls "the thinking man's Bond".[208] The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer Ken Adam, editor Peter R. Hunt and composer John Barry.[209] The four "Matt Helm" films starring Dean Martin (released between 1966 and 1969),[210] the "Flint" series starring James Coburn (comprising two films, one each in 1966 and 1969),[211] while The Man from U.N.C.L.E. also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.[136] More recently, the Austin Powers series by writer, producer and comedian Mike Myers,[212] and other parodies such as the Johnny English trilogy of films,[213] have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.

 
Model of Connery next to an Aston Martin DB5 at the London Film Museum

Following the release of the film Dr. No in 1962, the line "Bond ... James Bond", became a catch phrase that entered the lexicon of Western popular culture: writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in Dr. No that the "signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever".[214] In 2001, it was voted as the "best-loved one-liner in cinema" by British cinema goers,[215] and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series.[216] The 2005 American Film Institute's '100 Years' series recognised the character of James Bond himself as the third greatest film hero.[217] He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by Empire[218] and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by Premiere.[219]

 
Waxwork of Daniel Craig, the current 007, at Madame Tussauds, London

The 24 James Bond films produced by Eon are the longest continually running film series of all time, and including the two non Eon produced films, the 26 Bond films have grossed over $7.04 billion in total, making it the sixth-highest-grossing franchise to date. It is estimated that since Dr. No, a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.[220] The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they "form the backbone of the industry".[221]

Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the NBC series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.,[222] which was described as the "first network television imitation" of Bond,[223] largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character the name Napoleon Solo.[224] Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include I Spy,[211] and Get Smart.[225]

Considered a British cultural icon, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics as Queen Elizabeth II's escort.[226][227] From 1968 to 2003, and since 2016, the Cadbury chocolate box Milk Tray has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough James Bond–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady.[228][229] Bond has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail, most recently in their March 2020 series to mark the 25th Bond film release.[230]

Throughout the life of the film series, a number of tie-in products have been released.[231] "Bondmania", a term deriving from the adjacent "Beatlemania" and initiated in 1964 following the enormous success of Goldfinger, described the clamour for Bond films and their related products, from soundtrack LPs to children's toys, board games, alarm clocks playing the Bond theme, and 007-branded shirts.[232][233] In 2018, a James Bond museum opened atop the Austrian Alps.[234] The futuristic museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in Sölden at 10,000 ft (3,048 m) above sea level.[235][236]

The real MI6 has an ambiguous relationship with Bond. The films may attract job applicants who may be unsuited for espionage, while dissuading more-qualified candidates.[237] While serving as Chief of SIS, Alex Younger said that were Bond to apply for a MI6 job "he would have to change his ways". Younger said, however, that the franchise had "created a powerful brand for MI6 ... Many of our counterparts envy the sheer global recognition of our acronym",[238] and that being depicted to global audiences as a "ubiquitous intelligence presence" was "quite a force multiplier". The Russian Federal Security Service so envied Bond that it created an annual award for fictional depictions of Russian spies.[237]

Criticisms

The James Bond character and related media have received a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and are still highly debated in popular culture studies.[239][240] Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of misogyny and sexism.[241][242] Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the Cold War, with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas.[243] Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect imperial nostalgia.[244][245] In September 2021, No Time to Die director Cary Fukunaga described Sean Connery's version of Bond as 'basically a rapist'.[246]

See also

Main article: Outline of James Bond

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  240. ^ Comentale, Edward P.; Watt, Stephen; Willman, Skip (2005). Ian Fleming & James Bond: The Cultural Politics of 007. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34523-3.
  241. ^ "Why I'm Still Shaken and Stirred by James Bond". Vogue. Retrieved 13 November 2021. I understand the criticisms levied at the franchise. Bond is a caveman with an Omega, a misogynist with gadgets, a brute in a tux.
  242. ^ Dodds, Klaus (3 July 2014). "Shaking and Stirring James Bond: Age, Gender, and Resilience in Skyfall (2012)". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 42 (3): 116–130. doi:10.1080/01956051.2013.858026. ISSN 0195-6051. S2CID 145499529.
  243. ^ Dodds, Klaus (1 July 2005). "Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War films (1962–1967)". Geopolitics. 10 (2): 266–289. doi:10.1080/14650040590946584. ISSN 1465-0045. S2CID 144363319.
  244. ^ Müller, Timo (2015). "The Bonds of Empire: (Post-)Imperial Negotiations in the 007 Film Series". In Buchenau, Barbara; Richter, Virginia (eds.). Post-Empire Imaginaries? Anglophone Literature, History, and the Demise of Empires. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 305–326. doi:10.1163/9789004302280_014. ISBN 978-9004302280.
  245. ^ Hasian, Marouf Jr. (20 October 2014). "Skyfall, James Bond's Resurrection, and 21st-Century Anglo-American Imperial Nostalgia". Communication Quarterly. 62 (5): 569–588. doi:10.1080/01463373.2014.949389. ISSN 0146-3373. S2CID 143363641.
  246. ^ "James Bond was 'basically' a rapist in early films, says No Time to Die director". The Guardian. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.

Bibliography

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to James Bond.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Bond.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for James Bond tourism.
  • Ian Fleming Publications website
  • Young Bond Official Website
  • Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage website 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • on IMDb

February 05, 2023
james, bond, this, article, about, series, character, literary, character, other, uses, disambiguation, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, series, focuses, fictional, british, secret, service, agent, created, 1953, writer, fleming, featured, twelve,. This article is about the series For the character see James Bond literary character For other uses see James Bond disambiguation 007 redirects here For other uses see 007 disambiguation The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming who featured him in twelve novels and two short story collections Since Fleming s death in 1964 eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations Kingsley Amis Christopher Wood John Gardner Raymond Benson Sebastian Faulks Jeffery Deaver William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz The latest novel is With a Mind to Kill by Anthony Horowitz published in May 2022 Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character Moneypenny James BondIan Fleming s image of James Bond commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artistsCreated byIan FlemingOriginal workCasino Royale 1953 Years1953 presentPrint publicationsNovel s List of novelsShort storiesSee list of novelsComicsList of comic booksComic strip s James Bond 1958 1983 Films and televisionFilm s List of filmsShort film s Happy and Glorious 2012 Television series Casino Royale Climax season 1 episode 3 1954 Animated seriesJames Bond Jr 1991 1992 GamesTraditionalVariousRole playingJames Bond 007 Role Playing In Her Majesty s Secret ServiceVideo game s List of video gamesAudioRadio program s Radio dramasOriginal musicMusicMiscellaneousToy s VariousPortrayersPierce Brosnan Sean Connery Daniel Craig Timothy Dalton Bob Holness Michael Jayston George Lazenby Roger Moore Barry Nelson David Niven Toby StephensThe character also known by the code number 007 pronounced double oh seven has also been adapted for television radio comic strip video games and film The films are one of the longest continually running film series and have grossed over US 7 04 billion in total at the box office making it the fifth highest grossing film series to date which started in 1962 with Dr No starring Sean Connery as Bond As of 2021 update there have been twenty five films in the Eon Productions series The most recent Bond film No Time to Die 2021 stars Daniel Craig in his fifth portrayal of Bond he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series There have also been two independent productions of Bond films Casino Royale a 1967 spoof starring David Niven and Never Say Never Again a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon produced film 1965 s Thunderball both starring Connery In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth 19 9 billion in total based on box office grosses DVD sales and merchandise tie ins 1 making James Bond one of the highest grossing media franchises of all time The Bond films are renowned for a number of features including the musical accompaniment with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions and three wins Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond s cars his guns and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch The films are also noted for Bond s relationships with various women who are popularly referred to as Bond girls Contents 1 Publication history 1 1 Creation and inspiration 1 2 Novels and related works 1 2 1 Ian Fleming novels 1 2 2 Post Fleming novels 1 2 3 Young Bond 1 2 4 The Moneypenny Diaries 2 Adaptations 2 1 Television 2 2 Radio 2 3 Comics 2 4 Films 2 4 1 Eon Productions films 2 4 2 Non Eon films 2 4 3 Music 2 5 Video games 2 6 Role playing game 3 Guns vehicles and gadgets 3 1 Guns 3 2 Vehicles 3 3 Gadgets 4 Cultural impact 5 Criticisms 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksPublication historyCreation and inspiration Main articles James Bond literary character and Inspirations for James Bond Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond as the central figure for his works Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service commonly known as MI6 Bond is known by his code number 007 and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division and 30 Assault Unit during the Second World War admitting that Bond was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war 2 Among those types were his brother Peter who had been involved in behind the lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war 3 Aside from Fleming s brother a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond s make up including Conrad O Brien ffrench Patrick Dalzel Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale 2 The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies Fleming a keen birdwatcher himself had a copy of Bond s guide and he later explained to the ornithologist s wife that It struck me that this brief unromantic Anglo Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed and so a second James Bond was born 4 He further explained that When I wrote the first one in 1953 I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull uninteresting man to whom things happened I wanted him to be a blunt instrument when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God James Bond is the dullest name I ever heard Ian Fleming The New Yorker 21 April 1962 5 On another occasion Fleming said I wanted the simplest dullest plainest sounding name I could find James Bond was much better than something more interesting like Peregrine Carruthers Exotic things would happen to and around him but he would be a neutral figure an anonymous blunt instrument wielded by a government department 6 Hoagy Carmichael Fleming s view of James Bond Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself 7 and in Casino Royale Vesper Lynd remarks Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael but there is something cold and ruthless Likewise in Moonraker Special Branch officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good looking Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow Much the same bones But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth and the eyes were cold 7 Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits including sharing the same golf handicap the taste for scrambled eggs and using the same brand of toiletries 8 Bond s tastes are also often taken from Fleming s own as was his behaviour 9 with Bond s love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming s own Fleming used his experiences of his career in espionage and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing including using names of school friends acquaintances relatives and lovers throughout his books 2 It was not until the penultimate novel You Only Live Twice that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr No in cinemas and Sean Connery s depiction of Bond affected Fleming s interpretation of the character henceforth giving Bond both a dry sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories 10 In a fictional obituary purportedly published in The Times Bond s parents were given as Andrew Bond from the village of Glencoe Scotland and Monique Delacroix from the canton of Vaud Switzerland 11 Fleming did not provide Bond s date of birth but John Pearson s fictional biography of Bond James Bond The Authorized Biography of 007 gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920 12 while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921 13 Novels and related works Main article List of James Bond novels and short stories Ian Fleming novels Goldeneye in Jamaica where Fleming wrote all the Bond novels 14 Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division Fleming had planned to become an author 15 and had told a friend I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories 2 On 17 February 1952 he began writing his first James Bond novel Casino Royale at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica 16 where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year 17 He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend Ann Charteris in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials 18 After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale Fleming showed it to his friend and later editor William Plomer to read Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers Jonathan Cape who did not like it as much Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming s older brother Peter an established travel writer 17 Between 1953 and 1966 two years after his death twelve novels and two short story collections were published with the last two books The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights published posthumously 19 All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape 1953 Casino Royale 20 1954 Live and Let Die 21 1955 Moonraker 22 1956 Diamonds Are Forever 23 1957 From Russia with Love 24 1958 Dr No 25 1959 Goldfinger 26 1960 For Your Eyes Only 27 short stories 1961 Thunderball 28 1962 The Spy Who Loved Me 29 1963 On Her Majesty s Secret Service 30 1964 You Only Live Twice 31 1965 The Man with the Golden Gun 32 1966 Octopussy and The Living Daylights 33 short stories The Property of a Lady added to subsequent editions Post Fleming novels After Fleming s death a continuation novel Colonel Sun was written by Kingsley Amis as Robert Markham and published in 1968 34 Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming s Bond novels in his 1965 work The James Bond Dossier 35 Although novelisations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print James Bond The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood 36 the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s In 1981 the thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed 37 Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total two of the books he wrote were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name Licence to Kill and GoldenEye Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them 38 In 1996 Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health 39 1981 Licence Renewed 40 1982 For Special Services 41 1983 Icebreaker 42 1984 Role of Honour 43 1986 Nobody Lives for Ever 44 1987 No Deals Mr Bond 45 1988 Scorpius 46 1989 Win Lose or Die 47 1989 Licence to Kill 36 novelisation 1990 Brokenclaw 48 1991 The Man from Barbarossa 49 1992 Death is Forever 50 1993 Never Send Flowers 51 1994 SeaFire 52 1995 GoldenEye 36 novelisation 1996 Cold 53 In 1996 the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion first published in 1984 54 By the time he moved on to other non Bond related projects in 2002 Benson had written six Bond novels three novelisations and three short stories 55 1997 Blast From the Past 56 short story 1997 Zero Minus Ten 57 1997 Tomorrow Never Dies 36 novelisation 1998 The Facts of Death 58 1999 Midsummer Night s Doom 59 short story 1999 Live at Five 60 short story 1999 The World Is Not Enough 36 novelisation 1999 High Time to Kill 61 2000 DoubleShot 62 2001 Never Dream of Dying 63 2002 The Man with the Red Tattoo 64 2002 Die Another Day 36 novelisation After a gap of six years Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel which was released on 28 May 2008 the 100th anniversary of Fleming s birth 65 The book titled Devil May Care was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US 66 American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche which was published on 26 May 2011 67 The book turned Bond into a post 9 11 agent independent of MI5 or MI6 68 On 26 September 2013 Solo by William Boyd set in 1969 was published 69 In October 2014 it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a Bond continuation novel 70 Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger it contains material written but previously unreleased by Fleming Trigger Mortis was released on 8 September 2015 71 72 73 Horowitz s second Bond novel Forever and a Day tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of Casino Royale The novel also based on unpublished material from Fleming was released on 31 May 2018 74 75 Horowitz s third Bond novel With a Mind to Kill was due to be published on 26 May 2022 76 2008 Devil May Care 2011 Carte Blanche 2013 Solo 2015 Trigger Mortis 2018 Forever and a Day 2022 With a Mind to KillYoung Bond Main article Young Bond The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson 77 and between 2005 and 2009 five novels and one short story were published 78 The first Young Bond novel SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books 79 In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014 80 2005 SilverFin 81 2006 Blood Fever 82 2007 Double or Die 83 2007 Hurricane Gold 84 2008 By Royal Command 85 amp SilverFin 86 graphic novel 2009 A Hard Man to Kill 87 short story The Moneypenny Diaries Main article The Moneypenny Diaries The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny M s personal secretary The novels are written by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook who is depicted as the book s editor 88 The first instalment of the trilogy subtitled Guardian Angel was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK 89 A second volume subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK published by John Murray 90 A third volume subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May 2008 91 2005 The Moneypenny Diaries Guardian Angel 92 2006 Secret Servant The Moneypenny Diaries 93 2008 The Moneypenny Diaries Final Fling 94 AdaptationsTelevision In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming 1 000 10 090 in 2021 dollars 95 to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one hour television adventure Casino Royale as part of its Climax series 96 The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as Card Sense James Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre 97 The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for Combined Intelligence while the character Felix Leiter American in the novel became British onscreen and was renamed Clarence Leiter 98 In 1973 a BBC documentary Omnibus The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters e g Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel s circular saw rather than the film s laser beam and Diamonds Are Forever 99 In 1991 a spin off TV cartoon series James Bond Jr was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond s nephew also called James Bond 100 Radio In 1958 the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond 101 102 According to The Independent listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob s cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination 103 The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast in 1990 You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90 minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011 104 On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr No The actor Toby Stephens who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day played Bond while Dr No was played by David Suchet 105 Following its success a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond 106 Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens Die Another Day co star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore The play was adapted from Fleming s novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis 107 In 2012 the novel From Russia with Love was dramatised for Radio 4 it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond 108 In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond in On Her Majesty s Secret Service with Alfred Molina as Blofeld and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt 109 Comics Main articles James Bond comic strip and James Bond comic books John McLusky s rendition of James Bond In 1957 the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips offering him 1 500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication 110 After initial reluctance Fleming who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing agreed 111 To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked The illustrator John McLusky however felt that Fleming s 007 looked too outdated and pre war and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look 112 The first strip Casino Royale was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958 113 and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky 114 Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration as well as Kingsley Amis s Colonel Sun the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in 1966 113 After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted original stories were produced continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May 1977 112 Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years at the time of Dr No s release in October 1962 a comic book adaptation of the screenplay written by Norman J Nodel was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series 115 It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series in January 1963 This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high profile American comic It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market 116 115 With the release of the 1981 film For Your Eyes Only Marvel Comics published a two issue comic book adaptation of the film 117 118 When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in 1983 Marvel published an accompanying comic 115 Eclipse also produced a one off comic for Licence to Kill although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used 119 New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel Eclipse Comics Dark Horse Comics and Dynamite Entertainment 115 118 120 Films Main article List of James Bond films Eon Productions films Franchise logo 1995 present Eon Productions the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R Cubby Broccoli released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel Dr No 1962 based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007 121 Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice 1967 122 which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty s Secret Service 1969 123 Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon produced film Diamonds Are Forever 124 Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for Live and Let Die 1973 He played Bond a further six times over twelve years before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films After a six year hiatus during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon s productions of the Bond films 125 Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye 1995 he remained in the role for a total of four films through 2002 In 2006 Daniel Craig was given the role for Casino Royale 2006 which rebooted the series 126 Craig appeared for a total of five films 127 The series has grossed well over 7 billion to date making it the fifth highest grossing film series 128 Sean Connery 1962 67 1971 George Lazenby 1969 Roger Moore 1973 85 Timothy Dalton 1987 89 Pierce Brosnan 1995 2002 Daniel Craig 2006 21 Title Year Actor DirectorDr No 1962 Sean Connery Terence YoungFrom Russia with Love 1963Goldfinger 1964 Guy HamiltonThunderball 1965 Terence YoungYou Only Live Twice 1967 Lewis GilbertOn Her Majesty s Secret Service 1969 George Lazenby Peter R HuntDiamonds Are Forever 1971 Sean Connery Guy HamiltonLive and Let Die 1973 Roger MooreThe Man with the Golden Gun 1974The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Lewis GilbertMoonraker 1979For Your Eyes Only 1981 John GlenOctopussy 1983A View to a Kill 1985The Living Daylights 1987 Timothy DaltonLicence to Kill 1989GoldenEye 1995 Pierce Brosnan Martin CampbellTomorrow Never Dies 1997 Roger SpottiswoodeThe World Is Not Enough 1999 Michael AptedDie Another Day 2002 Lee TamahoriCasino Royale 2006 Daniel Craig Martin CampbellQuantum of Solace 2008 Marc ForsterSkyfall 2012 Sam MendesSpectre 2015No Time to Die 2021 Cary Joji FukunagaNon Eon films In 1967 Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd Niven had been Fleming s preference for the role of Bond 129 The result of a court case in the High Court in London in 1963 allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in 1983 130 The film produced by Jack Schwartzman s Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond was not part of the Eon series of Bond films In 1997 the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory s rights in an undisclosed deal 130 which were then subsequently acquired by MGM whilst on 4 December 1997 MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Taliafilm 131 As of 2015 update Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming s Bond novels 130 132 Title Year Actor Director s Casino Royale 1967 David Niven Ken HughesJohn HustonJoseph McGrathRobert ParrishVal GuestRichard TalmadgeNever Say Never Again 1983 Sean Connery Irvin KershnerMusic Main article James Bond music cocky swaggering confident dark dangerous suggestive sexy unstoppable David Arnold The James Bond Theme was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962 s Dr No although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years 134 In 2001 Norman won 30 000 in libel damages from The Sunday Times newspaper which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition 135 The theme as written by Norman and arranged by Barry was described by another Bond film composer David Arnold as bebop swing vibe coupled with that vicious dark distorted electric guitar definitely an instrument of rock n roll it represented everything about the character you would want It was cocky swaggering confident dark dangerous suggestive sexy unstoppable And he did it in two minutes 133 Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films 136 and had an uncredited contribution to Dr No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme 133 A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well known popular singers 137 Shirley Bassey performed three Bond theme songs with her 1964 song Goldfinger inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008 138 Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song including Paul McCartney s Live and Let Die 139 Carly Simon s Nobody Does It Better 140 Sheena Easton s For Your Eyes Only 141 Adele s Skyfall 142 Sam Smith s Writing s on the Wall 143 and Billie Eilish s No Time to Die 144 Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards and Eilish won at the 94th Academy Awards 144 145 For the non Eon produced Casino Royale Burt Bacharach s score included The Look of Love sung by Dusty Springfield which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song 146 Video games Main article James Bond in video games In 1983 the first Bond video game developed and published by Parker Brothers was released for the Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Atari 8 bit family Commodore 64 and ColecoVision 147 Since then there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines In 1997 the first person shooter video game GoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64 based on GoldenEye 148 The game received highly positive reviews 149 won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998 150 and sold over eight million copies worldwide 151 152 grossing 250 million 153 making it the third best selling Nintendo 64 game 154 It is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time 155 156 157 In 1999 Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December 1999 158 In October 2000 they released The World Is Not Enough 159 for the Nintendo 64 160 followed by 007 Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November 2000 161 In 2003 the company released James Bond 007 Everything or Nothing 162 which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan Willem Dafoe Heidi Klum Judi Dench and John Cleese amongst others 163 In November 2005 Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of 007 From Russia with Love 164 which involved Sean Connery s image and voice over for Bond 164 In 2006 Electronic Arts announced a game based on then upcoming film Casino Royale the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film s release in November of that year With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees the franchise was removed from EA to Activision 165 Activision subsequently released the 007 Quantum of Solace game on 31 October 2008 based on the film of the same name 166 A new version of GoldenEye 007 featuring Daniel Craig was released for the Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November 2010 167 A year later a new version was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye 007 Reloaded 168 169 In October 2012 007 Legends was released which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions series 170 In November 2020 IO Interactive announced Project 007 an original James Bond video game working closely with licensors MGM and Eon Productions 171 172 Role playing game From 1983 to 1987 a licensed tabletop role playing game James Bond 007 Role Playing In Her Majesty s Secret Service was published by Victory Games a branch of Avalon Hill and designed by Gerard Christopher Klug It was the most popular espionage role playing game for its time 173 In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond s actions in the stories 173 Guns vehicles and gadgetsMain articles List of James Bond vehicles and List of James Bond gadgets Guns For the first five novels Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta 418 174 until he received a letter from a thirty one year old Bond enthusiast and gun expert Geoffrey Boothroyd criticising Fleming s choice of firearm for Bond 175 calling it a lady s gun and not a very nice lady at that 176 Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a 7 65mm Walther PPK and this exchange of arms made it to Dr No 177 Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains 178 In thanks Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and in Dr No M the Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service introduces him to Bond as the greatest small arms expert in the world 177 Bond also used a variety of rifles including the Savage Model 99 in For Your Eyes Only and a Winchester 308 target rifle in The Living Daylights 174 Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long barrelled Colt 45 Army Special 174 The first Bond film Dr No saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK 179 which Bond used in eighteen films 180 In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films Bond s main weapon was the Walther P99 semi automatic pistol 180 An Aston Martin DB5 as seen in Goldfinger Vehicles In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship grey Bentley 4 1 2 Litre with an Amherst Villiers supercharger 181 After Bond s car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley which he used in the remaining books of the series 182 During Goldfinger Bond was issued an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device which he used to track Goldfinger across France Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels 182 The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage 183 during the 1980s the V12 Vanquish 183 and DBS 184 during the 2000s as well as the Lotus Esprit 185 the BMW Z3 186 BMW 750iL 186 and the BMW Z8 186 He has however also needed to drive a number of other vehicles ranging from a Citroen 2CV to a Routemaster Bus amongst others 187 Bond s most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5 first seen in Goldfinger 188 it later featured in Thunderball GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies Casino Royale Skyfall and Spectre 189 190 The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for 2 1 million to an unnamed European collector 191 In 2010 another DB5 used in Goldfinger was sold at auction for 4 6m million 2 6 million 192 Gadgets The Little Nellie autogyro with its creator and pilot Ken Wallis Fleming s novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby trapped attache case in From Russia with Love although this situation changed dramatically with the films 193 However the effects of the two Eon produced Bond films Dr No and From Russia with Love had an effect on the novel The Man with the Golden Gun through the increased number of devices used in Fleming s final story 194 For the film adaptations of Bond the pre mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series 195 Dr No provided no spy related gadgets but a Geiger counter was used industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy gadget was the attache case shown in From Russia with Love which he described as a classic 007 product 196 The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger The film s success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over reliant on equipment particularly in the later films 197 If it hadn t been for Q Branch you d have been dead long ago Q to Bond Licence to Kill Davey noted that Bond s gizmos follow the zeitgeist more closely than any other nuance in the films 196 as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films through to the brand name obsessions of the later films 196 It is also noticeable that although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch including the Little Nellie autogyro 198 a jet pack 199 and the exploding attache case 200 the villains are also well equipped with custom made devices 196 including Scaramanga s golden gun 201 Rosa Klebb s poison tipped shoes 202 Oddjob s steel rimmed bowler hat 203 and Blofeld s communication devices in his agents vanity case 196 Cultural impactSee also List of James Bond parodies and spin offs James Bond Island Khao Phing Kan Thailand Cinematically Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of Dr No in 1962 204 with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise s popularity and success 205 The first parody was the 1964 film Carry On Spying which shows the villain Dr Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind Charles Hawtry and Daphne Honeybutt Barbara Windsor 206 One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the Harry Palmer series whose first film The Ipcress File starring Michael Caine was released in 1965 The eponymous hero is a rough edged petty crook turned spy and was what academic Jeremy Packer called an anti Bond 207 or what Christoph Lindner calls the thinking man s Bond 208 The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman who also used key crew members from the Bond series including designer Ken Adam editor Peter R Hunt and composer John Barry 209 The four Matt Helm films starring Dean Martin released between 1966 and 1969 210 the Flint series starring James Coburn comprising two films one each in 1966 and 1969 211 while The Man from U N C L E also moved onto the cinema screen with eight films released all were testaments to Bond s prominence in popular culture 136 More recently the Austin Powers series by writer producer and comedian Mike Myers 212 and other parodies such as the Johnny English trilogy of films 213 have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films Model of Connery next to an Aston Martin DB5 at the London Film Museum Following the release of the film Dr No in 1962 the line Bond James Bond became a catch phrase that entered the lexicon of Western popular culture writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in Dr No that the signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever 214 In 2001 it was voted as the best loved one liner in cinema by British cinema goers 215 and in 2005 it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series 216 The 2005 American Film Institute s 100 Years series recognised the character of James Bond himself as the third greatest film hero 217 He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by Empire 218 and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by Premiere 219 Waxwork of Daniel Craig the current 007 at Madame Tussauds London The 24 James Bond films produced by Eon are the longest continually running film series of all time and including the two non Eon produced films the 26 Bond films have grossed over 7 04 billion in total making it the sixth highest grossing franchise to date It is estimated that since Dr No a quarter of the world s population have seen at least one Bond film 220 The UK Film Distributors Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated as they form the backbone of the industry 221 Television also saw the effect of Bond films with the NBC series The Man from U N C L E 222 which was described as the first network television imitation of Bond 223 largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series even giving the main character the name Napoleon Solo 224 Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include I Spy 211 and Get Smart 225 Considered a British cultural icon James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character played by Craig appeared in the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics as Queen Elizabeth II s escort 226 227 From 1968 to 2003 and since 2016 the Cadbury chocolate box Milk Tray has been advertised by the Milk Tray Man a tough James Bond style figure who undertakes daunting raids to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady 228 229 Bond has been commemorated numerous times on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail most recently in their March 2020 series to mark the 25th Bond film release 230 Throughout the life of the film series a number of tie in products have been released 231 Bondmania a term deriving from the adjacent Beatlemania and initiated in 1964 following the enormous success of Goldfinger described the clamour for Bond films and their related products from soundtrack LPs to children s toys board games alarm clocks playing the Bond theme and 007 branded shirts 232 233 In 2018 a James Bond museum opened atop the Austrian Alps 234 The futuristic museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in Solden at 10 000 ft 3 048 m above sea level 235 236 The real MI6 has an ambiguous relationship with Bond The films may attract job applicants who may be unsuited for espionage while dissuading more qualified candidates 237 While serving as Chief of SIS Alex Younger said that were Bond to apply for a MI6 job he would have to change his ways Younger said however that the franchise had created a powerful brand for MI6 Many of our counterparts envy the sheer global recognition of our acronym 238 and that being depicted to global audiences as a ubiquitous intelligence presence was quite a force multiplier The Russian Federal Security Service so envied Bond that it created an annual award for fictional depictions of Russian spies 237 CriticismsThe James Bond character and related media have received a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum and are still highly debated in popular culture studies 239 240 Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of misogyny and sexism 241 242 Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the Cold War with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas 243 Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect imperial nostalgia 244 245 In September 2021 No Time to Die director Cary Fukunaga described Sean Connery s version of Bond as basically a rapist 246 See alsoMain article Outline of James Bond 9007 James Bond asteroid named after the characterReferences Adejobi Alicia 27 October 2015 Spectre movie James Bond brand worth 13bn off the back of monster box office and DVD sales International Business Times Retrieved 15 January 2017 a b c d Macintyre Ben 5 April 2008 Bond the real Bond The Times p 36 Obituary Colonel Peter Fleming Author and explorer The Times 20 August 1971 p 14 James Bond Ornithologist 89 Fleming Adopted Name for 007 The New York Times 17 February 1989 Retrieved 22 August 2019 Hellman Geoffrey T 21 April 1962 Bond s Creator The New Yorker p 32 section Talk of the Town Retrieved 9 September 2011 Chancellor 2005 p 112 a b Macintyre 2008 p 67 Macintyre 2008 p 50 Cook William 28 June 2004 Novel man New Statesman p 40 Macintyre 2008 p 205 Chancellor 2005 p 59 Pearson 2008 p 21 Griswold 2006 p 27 Macintyre 2008 p 208 Lycett Andrew 2004 Fleming Ian Lancaster 1908 1964 subscription needed Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 33168 Retrieved 7 September 2011 Subscription or UK public library membership required Chancellor 2005 p 4 a b Chancellor 2005 p 5 Bennett amp Woollacott 2003 p 1 ch 1 Black 2005 p 75 Casino Royale The Books Ian Fleming Publications Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 Retrieved 31 October 2011 Live and Let Die The Books Ian Fleming Publications Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 Retrieved 31 October 2011 Moonraker The Books Ian Fleming Publications Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 Retrieved 31 October 2011 Diamonds are Forever The Books Ian Fleming Publications Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 Retrieved 31 October 2011 From Russia with Love The Books Ian Fleming Publications Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 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swing back into action for new Cadbury campaign The Guardian Retrieved 8 August 2019 Royal Mail James Bond stamps released for new movie BBC 18 February 2020 Retrieved 1 October 2022 Simpson 2002 p 273 Lindner 2009 p 127 Stephen Glynn 2013 The British Pop Music Film The Beatles and Beyond Palgrave Macmillan p 100 James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps TODAY com Retrieved 18 July 2018 TravelTriangle 15 June 2018 Die Another Day As This New James Bond Museum On The Austrian Alps Is Too Good To Be Missed Retrieved 18 July 2018 James Bond museum opens atop the Austrian Alps NBC News Retrieved 18 July 2018 a b Warren Helen 20 December 2021 The spies who struggle to love James Bond Financial Times Retrieved 15 December 2022 MacAskill Ewen 8 December 2016 James Bond would not get job with real MI6 says spy chief The Guardian Retrieved 15 December 2022 Lindner Christoph 2003 The James Bond Phenomenon A Critical Reader Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6541 5 Comentale Edward P Watt Stephen Willman Skip 2005 Ian Fleming amp James Bond The Cultural Politics of 007 Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 34523 3 Why I m Still Shaken and Stirred by James Bond Vogue Retrieved 13 November 2021 I understand the criticisms levied at the franchise Bond is a caveman with an Omega a misogynist with gadgets a brute in a tux Dodds Klaus 3 July 2014 Shaking and Stirring James Bond Age Gender and Resilience in Skyfall 2012 Journal of Popular Film and Television 42 3 116 130 doi 10 1080 01956051 2013 858026 ISSN 0195 6051 S2CID 145499529 Dodds Klaus 1 July 2005 Screening Geopolitics James Bond and the Early Cold War films 1962 1967 Geopolitics 10 2 266 289 doi 10 1080 14650040590946584 ISSN 1465 0045 S2CID 144363319 Muller Timo 2015 The Bonds of Empire Post Imperial Negotiations in the 007 Film Series In Buchenau Barbara Richter Virginia eds Post Empire Imaginaries Anglophone Literature History and the Demise of Empires Amsterdam Rodopi pp 305 326 doi 10 1163 9789004302280 014 ISBN 978 9004302280 Hasian Marouf Jr 20 October 2014 Skyfall James Bond s Resurrection and 21st Century Anglo American Imperial Nostalgia Communication Quarterly 62 5 569 588 doi 10 1080 01463373 2014 949389 ISSN 0146 3373 S2CID 143363641 James Bond was basically a rapist in early films says No Time to Die director The Guardian 23 September 2021 Retrieved 24 September 2021 BibliographyBennett Tony Woollacott Janet 2003 The Moments of Bond In Lindner Christoph ed The James Bond Phenomenon a Critical Reader Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6541 5 Benson Raymond 1988 The James Bond Bedside Companion London Boxtree Ltd ISBN 978 1 85283 233 9 Black Jeremy 2005 The Politics of James Bond from Fleming s Novel to the Big Screen University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 8032 6240 9 Chancellor Henry 2005 James Bond The Man and His World London John Murray ISBN 978 0 7195 6815 2 Chapman James 2009 Licence to Thrill A Cultural History of the James Bond Films New York I B Tauris ISBN 978 1 84511 515 9 Conroy Mike 2004 500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes London Chrysalis Books Group ISBN 978 1 84411 004 9 Cork John Scivally Bruce 2002 James Bond The Legacy London Boxtree ISBN 978 0 7522 6498 1 Cork John Stutz Collin 2007 James Bond Encyclopedia London Dorling Kindersley ISBN 978 1 4053 3427 3 Feeney Callan Michael 2002 Sean Connery London Virgin Books ISBN 978 1 85227 992 9 Fleming Ian Gammidge Henry McLusky John 1988 Octopussy London Titan Books ISBN 1 85286 040 5 Griswold John 2006 Ian Fleming s James Bond Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming s Bond Stories AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 4259 3100 1 Jutting Kerstin 2007 Grow Up 007 James Bond Over the Decades Formula Vs Innovation GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3 638 85372 9 King Geoff Krzywinska Tanya 2002 Screenplay cinema videogames interfaces Wallflower Press ISBN 978 1 903364 23 9 Lindner Christoph 2009 The James Bond Phenomenon a Critical Reader Manchester University Press ISBN 978 0 7190 6541 5 Lycett Andrew 1996 Ian Fleming London Phoenix ISBN 978 1 85799 783 5 Macintyre Ben 2008 For Your Eyes Only London Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 7475 9527 4 Packer Jeremy 2009 Secret agents popular icons beyond James Bond Peter Lang ISBN 978 0 8204 8669 7 Pearson John 2008 James Bond The Authorized Biography Random House ISBN 978 0 09 950292 0 Pfeiffer Lee Worrall Dave 1998 The Essential Bond London Boxtree Ltd ISBN 978 0 7522 2477 0 Simpson Paul 2002 The Rough Guide to James Bond Rough Guides ISBN 978 1 84353 142 5 Smith Jim Lavington Stephen 2002 Bond Films London Virgin Books ISBN 978 0 7535 0709 4 Thompson Maggie Frankenhoff Brent Bickford Peter 2010 Comic Book Price Guide 2010 Krause Publications ISBN 978 1 4402 1399 1 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to James Bond Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Bond Wikivoyage has a travel guide for James Bond tourism Ian Fleming Publications website Young Bond Official Website Pinewood Studios Albert R Broccoli 007 Stage website Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine James Bond on IMDb Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title James Bond amp oldid 1135585161, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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