The word Negrito, the Spanish diminutive of negro, is used to mean "little black person." This usage was coined by 16th-century Spanish missionaries operating in the Philippines, and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin.[1] Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet, Negrillos, also tended to bundle these peoples with the pygmy peoples of Central Africa on the basis of perceived similarities in stature and complexion.[1] (Historically, the label Negrito has also been used to refer to African pygmies.)[2] The appropriateness of bundling peoples of different ethnicities by similarities in stature and complexion has been challenged.[1]
Cultureedit
Batek family in Malaysia.
Most groups designated as "Negrito" lived as hunter-gatherers, while some also used agriculture, such as plant harvesting. Today most live assimilated to the majority population of their respective homeland. Discrimination and poverty are often problems, caused either by their lower social position and/or their hunter-gatherer lifestyles.[3]
Position of various ethnic groups considered "Negrito". Negritos and Oceanians are most closely related to East Asians followed by Native Americans.
Based on perceived physical similarities, Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people. However, genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups descended from the same ancient East Eurasian meta-population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples and Oceanian peoples, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia, but were largely absorbed by Austroasiatic- and Austronesian-speaking groups that migrated from southern East Asia into Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia with the Neolithic expansion. The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
It has been found that the physical and morphological phenotypes of Negritos, such as short stature, a wide and snub nose, curly hair and dark skin, "are shaped by novel mechanisms for adaptation to tropical rainforests" through convergent evolution and positive selection, rather than a remnant of a shared common ancestor, as suggested previously by some researchers.[12][13][14][15]
A Negrito-like population was most likely also present in Taiwan before the Neolithic expansion and must have persisted into historical times, as suggested by evidence from morphological features of human skeletal remains dating from around 6,000 years ago resembling Negritos (especially Aetas in northern Luzon), and further corroborated by Chinese reports from the Qing period and from tales of Taiwanese indigenous peoples about people with "dark skin, short-and-small body stature, frizzy hair, and occupation in forested mountains or remote caves".[16]
^ abcManickham, Sandra Khor (2009). "Africans in Asia: The Discourse of 'Negritos' in Early Nineteenth-century Southeast Asia". In Hägerdal, Hans (ed.). Responding to the West: Essays on Colonial Domination and Asian Agency. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 69–79. ISBN978-90-8964-093-2.
^See, for example: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911: "Second are the large Negrito family, represented in Africa by the dwarf-races of the equatorial forests, the Akkas, Batwas, Wochuas and others..." (p. 851)
^"The succesful [sic] revival of Negrito culture in the Philippines". Rutu Foundation. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
^Sofwan Noerwidi (2017). "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java". In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. Acton, Australian Capital Territory: ANU Press. p. 92. ISBN978-1-76046-095-2.
^Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip (June 2013). "The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 153–172. doi:10.3378/027.085.0307. PMID 24297224. S2CID 7774927.
^Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roy, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (2016). "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (6): 1594–1599. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. PMC4760789. PMID 26811443.
^Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (2021). "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (13). e2026132118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11826132L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. PMC8020671. PMID 33753512.
^Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021). "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea". Nature. 596 (7873): 543–547. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..543C. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. hdl:10072/407535. PMC8387238. PMID 34433944.
^Tagore, Debashree; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Naidu, Rakesh; Phipps, Maude E.; Basu, Analabha (2021). "Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 61. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x. PMC8008685. PMID 33781248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). "A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia". Human Population Genetics and Genomics: 1–32. doi:10.47248/hpgg2202010001.
^Yew, Chee-Wei; Lu, Dongsheng; Deng, Lian; Wong, Lai-Ping; Ong, Rick Twee-Hee; Lu, Yan; Wang, Xiaoji; Yunus, Yushimah; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Mokhtar, Siti Shuhada; Hoque, Mohammad Zahirul; Voo, Christopher Lok-Yung; Abdul Rahman, Thuhairah; Bhak, Jong; Phipps, Maude E.; Xu, Shuhua; Teo, Yik-Ying; Kumar, Subbiah Vijay; Hoh, Boon-Peng (February 2018). "Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia". Human Genetics. 137 (2): 161–173. doi:10.1007/s00439-018-1869-0. PMID 29383489. S2CID 253969988. The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula, whom first separated from the Papuans ~ 50-33 thousand years ago (kya), followed by East Asian (~ 40-15 kya)...
^Stock, Jay T. (June 2013). "The Skeletal Phenotype of 'Negritos' from the Andaman Islands and Philippines Relative to Global Variation among Hunter-Gatherers". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 67–94. doi:10.3378/027.085.0304. PMID 24297221. S2CID 32964023. Although general similarities in size and proportions remain between the Andamanese and Aeta, differences in humero-femoral indices and arm length between these groups and the Efé demonstrate that there is not a generic 'pygmy' phenotype. Our interpretations of negrito origins and adaptation must account for this phenotypic variation.
^Zhang, Xiaoming; Liu, Qi; Zhang, Hui; Zhao, Shilei; Huang, Jiahui; Sovannary, Tuot; Bunnath, Long; Aun, Hong Seang; Samnom, Ham; Su, Bing; Chen, Hua (31 March 2022). "The distinct morphological phenotypes of Southeast Asian aborigines are shaped by novel mechanisms for adaptation to tropical rainforests". National Science Review. 9 (3): nwab072. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab072. PMC8970429. PMID 35371514.
^Deng, Lian; Pan, Yuwen; Wang, Yinan; Chen, Hao; Yuan, Kai; Chen, Sihan; Lu, Dongsheng; Lu, Yan; Mokhtar, Siti Shuhada; Rahman, Thuhairah Abdul; Hoh, Boon-Peng; Xu, Shuhua (3 February 2022). "Genetic Connections and Convergent Evolution of Tropical Indigenous Peoples in Asia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (2): msab361. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab361. PMC8826522. PMID 34940850. We hypothesize that phenotypic convergence of the dark pigmentation in TIAs could have resulted from parallel (e.g., DDB1/DAK) or genetic convergence driven by admixture (e.g., MTHFD1 and RAD18), new mutations (e.g., STK11), or notably purifying selection (e.g., MC1R).
^Endicott, Phillip; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Stringer, Chris; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; Willerslev, Eske; Hansen, Anders J.; Cooper, Alan (January 2003). "The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (1): 178–184. doi:10.1086/345487. PMC378623. PMID 12478481. D-loop and protein-coding data reveal that phenotypic similarities with African pygmoid groups are convergent.
^Hung, Hsiao-chun; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Nguyen, Lan Cuong; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Huang, Shih-Chiang; Carson, Mike T. (4 October 2022). "Negritos in Taiwan and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia: new discovery from the Xiaoma Caves". World Archaeology. 54 (2): 207–228. doi:10.1080/00438243.2022.2121315. S2CID 252723056.
Further readingedit
Evans, Ivor Hugh Norman. The Negritos of Malaya. Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1937.
Benjamin, Geoffrey (June 2013). "Why Have the Peninsular 'Negritos' Remained Distinct?". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 445–484. doi:10.3378/027.085.0321. hdl:10356/106539. PMID 24297237. S2CID 9918641.
Garvan, John M., and Hermann Hochegger. The Negritos of the Philippines. Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, Bd. 14. Horn: F. Berger, 1964.
Hurst Gallery. Art of the Negritos. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Hurst Gallery, 1987.
bin Abdullah, Khadizan; Yaacob, Abdul Razak (1974). Pasir Lenggi, a Bateq Negrito resettlement area in Ulu Kelantan. OCLC 2966355.
Mirante, Edith (2014). The Wind in the Bamboo: A Journey in Search of Asia's 'Negrito' Indigenous People. Orchid Press Publishing Limited. ISBN978-974-524-189-3.
Schebesta, P., & Schütze, F. (1970). The Negritos of Asia. Human relations area files, 1–2. New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files.
Negritos of Zambales—detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture
The Southeast Asian Negrito
November 29, 2023
negrito, this, article, about, ethnic, groups, shrub, citharexylum, berlandieri, municipality, bird, genus, lessonia, bird, confused, with, pygmy, peoples, term, little, black, people, refers, several, diverse, ethnic, groups, inhabit, isolated, parts, southea. This article is about the ethnic groups For the shrub see Citharexylum berlandieri For the municipality see El Negrito For the bird genus see Lessonia bird Not to be confused with Pygmy peoples The term Negrito n ɪ ˈ ɡ r iː t oʊ lit little black people refers to several diverse ethnic groups who inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands Populations often described as Negrito include the Andamanese peoples including the Great Andamanese the Onge the Jarawa and the Sentinelese of the Andaman Islands the Semang peoples among them the Batek people of Peninsular Malaysia the Maniq people of Southern Thailand as well as the Aeta of Luzon the Ati and Tumandok of Panay the Mamanwa of Mindanao and about 30 other officially recognized ethnic groups in the Philippines NegritoA Luzon Negrito with spearRegions with significant populationsIsolated geographic regions in India and Maritime Southeast AsiaLanguagesAndamanese languages Aslian languages Philippine Negrito languagesReligionAnimism folk religion Anito Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Contents 1 Etymology 2 Culture 3 Origins 4 See also 5 Notes 5 1 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology editThe word Negrito the Spanish diminutive of negro is used to mean little black person This usage was coined by 16th century Spanish missionaries operating in the Philippines and was borrowed by other European travellers and colonialists across Austronesia to label various peoples perceived as sharing relatively small physical stature and dark skin 1 Contemporary usage of an alternative Spanish epithet Negrillos also tended to bundle these peoples with the pygmy peoples of Central Africa on the basis of perceived similarities in stature and complexion 1 Historically the label Negrito has also been used to refer to African pygmies 2 The appropriateness of bundling peoples of different ethnicities by similarities in stature and complexion has been challenged 1 Culture edit nbsp Batek family in Malaysia Most groups designated as Negrito lived as hunter gatherers while some also used agriculture such as plant harvesting Today most live assimilated to the majority population of their respective homeland Discrimination and poverty are often problems caused either by their lower social position and or their hunter gatherer lifestyles 3 Origins editSee also Genetic history of East Asians and Peopling of Southeast Asia nbsp Position of various ethnic groups considered Negrito Negritos and Oceanians are most closely related to East Asians followed by Native Americans Based on perceived physical similarities Negritos were once considered a single population of closely related people However genetic studies suggest that they consist of several separate groups descended from the same ancient East Eurasian meta population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples and Oceanian peoples as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity The Negritos form the indigenous population of Southeast Asia but were largely absorbed by Austroasiatic and Austronesian speaking groups that migrated from southern East Asia into Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia with the Neolithic expansion The remainders form minority groups in geographically isolated regions 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 It has been found that the physical and morphological phenotypes of Negritos such as short stature a wide and snub nose curly hair and dark skin are shaped by novel mechanisms for adaptation to tropical rainforests through convergent evolution and positive selection rather than a remnant of a shared common ancestor as suggested previously by some researchers 12 13 14 15 A Negrito like population was most likely also present in Taiwan before the Neolithic expansion and must have persisted into historical times as suggested by evidence from morphological features of human skeletal remains dating from around 6 000 years ago resembling Negritos especially Aetas in northern Luzon and further corroborated by Chinese reports from the Qing period and from tales of Taiwanese indigenous peoples about people with dark skin short and small body stature frizzy hair and occupation in forested mountains or remote caves 16 See also editAndamanese peoples People of Andaman archipelago Australo Melanesian Outdated grouping of human beings Mbabaram people Aboriginal Australian people of the Atherton Tableland Melanesians Indigenous inhabitants of MelanesiaNotes edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Negritos Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press References edit a b c Manickham Sandra Khor 2009 Africans in Asia The Discourse of Negritos in Early Nineteenth century Southeast Asia In Hagerdal Hans ed Responding to the West Essays on Colonial Domination and Asian Agency Amsterdam University Press pp 69 79 ISBN 978 90 8964 093 2 See for example Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition 1910 1911 Second are the large Negrito family represented in Africa by the dwarf races of the equatorial forests the Akkas Batwas Wochuas and others p 851 The succesful sic revival of Negrito culture in the Philippines Rutu Foundation 6 May 2015 Retrieved 19 July 2019 Sofwan Noerwidi 2017 Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java In Piper Philip J Matsumura Hirofumi Bulbeck David eds New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory Acton Australian Capital Territory ANU Press p 92 ISBN 978 1 76046 095 2 Chaubey Gyaneshwer Endicott Phillip June 2013 The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia Human Biology 85 1 3 153 172 doi 10 3378 027 085 0307 PMID 24297224 S2CID 7774927 Basu Analabha Sarkar Roy Neeta Majumder Partha P 2016 Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 6 1594 1599 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113 1594B doi 10 1073 pnas 1513197113 PMC 4760789 PMID 26811443 Larena Maximilian Sanchez Quinto Federico Sjodin Per McKenna James Ebeo Carlo Reyes Rebecca Casel Ophelia Huang Jin Yuan Hagada Kim Pullupul Guilay Dennis Reyes Jennelyn 2021 Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50 000 years Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 13 e2026132118 Bibcode 2021PNAS 11826132L doi 10 1073 pnas 2026132118 PMC 8020671 PMID 33753512 Carlhoff Selina Duli Akin Nagele Kathrin Nur Muhammad Skov Laurits Sumantri Iwan Oktaviana Adhi Agus Hakim Budianto Burhan Basran Syahdar Fardi Ali McGahan David P 2021 Genome of a middle Holocene hunter gatherer from Wallacea Nature 596 7873 543 547 Bibcode 2021Natur 596 543C doi 10 1038 s41586 021 03823 6 hdl 10072 407535 PMC 8387238 PMID 34433944 Tagore Debashree Aghakhanian Farhang Naidu Rakesh Phipps Maude E Basu Analabha 2021 Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present day Austroasiatic speakers BMC Biology 19 1 61 doi 10 1186 s12915 021 00981 x PMC 8008685 PMID 33781248 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint unflagged free DOI link Yang Melinda A 6 January 2022 A genetic history of migration diversification and admixture in Asia Human Population Genetics and Genomics 1 32 doi 10 47248 hpgg2202010001 Yew Chee Wei Lu Dongsheng Deng Lian Wong Lai Ping Ong Rick Twee Hee Lu Yan Wang Xiaoji Yunus Yushimah Aghakhanian Farhang Mokhtar Siti Shuhada Hoque Mohammad Zahirul Voo Christopher Lok Yung Abdul Rahman Thuhairah Bhak Jong Phipps Maude E Xu Shuhua Teo Yik Ying Kumar Subbiah Vijay Hoh Boon Peng February 2018 Genomic structure of the native inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo suggests complex human population history in Southeast Asia Human Genetics 137 2 161 173 doi 10 1007 s00439 018 1869 0 PMID 29383489 S2CID 253969988 The analysis of time of divergence suggested that ancestors of Negrito were the earliest settlers in the Malay Peninsula whom first separated from the Papuans 50 33 thousand years ago kya followed by East Asian 40 15 kya Stock Jay T June 2013 The Skeletal Phenotype of Negritos from the Andaman Islands and Philippines Relative to Global Variation among Hunter Gatherers Human Biology 85 1 3 67 94 doi 10 3378 027 085 0304 PMID 24297221 S2CID 32964023 Although general similarities in size and proportions remain between the Andamanese and Aeta differences in humero femoral indices and arm length between these groups and the Efe demonstrate that there is not a generic pygmy phenotype Our interpretations of negrito origins and adaptation must account for this phenotypic variation Zhang Xiaoming Liu Qi Zhang Hui Zhao Shilei Huang Jiahui Sovannary Tuot Bunnath Long Aun Hong Seang Samnom Ham Su Bing Chen Hua 31 March 2022 The distinct morphological phenotypes of Southeast Asian aborigines are shaped by novel mechanisms for adaptation to tropical rainforests National Science Review 9 3 nwab072 doi 10 1093 nsr nwab072 PMC 8970429 PMID 35371514 Deng Lian Pan Yuwen Wang Yinan Chen Hao Yuan Kai Chen Sihan Lu Dongsheng Lu Yan Mokhtar Siti Shuhada Rahman Thuhairah Abdul Hoh Boon Peng Xu Shuhua 3 February 2022 Genetic Connections and Convergent Evolution of Tropical Indigenous Peoples in Asia Molecular Biology and Evolution 39 2 msab361 doi 10 1093 molbev msab361 PMC 8826522 PMID 34940850 We hypothesize that phenotypic convergence of the dark pigmentation in TIAs could have resulted from parallel e g DDB1 DAK or genetic convergence driven by admixture e g MTHFD1 and RAD18 new mutations e g STK11 or notably purifying selection e g MC1R Endicott Phillip Gilbert M Thomas P Stringer Chris Lalueza Fox Carles Willerslev Eske Hansen Anders J Cooper Alan January 2003 The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 1 178 184 doi 10 1086 345487 PMC 378623 PMID 12478481 D loop and protein coding data reveal that phenotypic similarities with African pygmoid groups are convergent Hung Hsiao chun Matsumura Hirofumi Nguyen Lan Cuong Hanihara Tsunehiko Huang Shih Chiang Carson Mike T 4 October 2022 Negritos in Taiwan and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia new discovery from the Xiaoma Caves World Archaeology 54 2 207 228 doi 10 1080 00438243 2022 2121315 S2CID 252723056 Further reading editEvans Ivor Hugh Norman The Negritos of Malaya Cambridge Eng University Press 1937 Benjamin Geoffrey June 2013 Why Have the Peninsular Negritos Remained Distinct Human Biology 85 1 3 445 484 doi 10 3378 027 085 0321 hdl 10356 106539 PMID 24297237 S2CID 9918641 Garvan John M and Hermann Hochegger The Negritos of the Philippines Wiener Beitrage zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik Bd 14 Horn F Berger 1964 Hurst Gallery Art of the Negritos Cambridge Massachusetts Hurst Gallery 1987 bin Abdullah Khadizan Yaacob Abdul Razak 1974 Pasir Lenggi a Bateq Negrito resettlement area in Ulu Kelantan OCLC 2966355 Mirante Edith 2014 The Wind in the Bamboo A Journey in Search of Asia s Negrito Indigenous People Orchid Press Publishing Limited ISBN 978 974 524 189 3 Schebesta P amp Schutze F 1970 The Negritos of Asia Human relations area files 1 2 New Haven Conn Human Relations Area Files Armando Marques Guedes 1996 Egalitarian Rituals Rites of the Atta hunter gatherers of Kalinga Apayao Philippines Social and Human Sciences Faculty Universidade Nova de Lisboa Zell Reg About the Negritos A Bibliography Edition blurb 2011 Zell Reg Negritos of the Philippines The People of the Bamboo Age A Socio Ecological Model Edition blurb 2011 Zell Reg John M Garvan An Investigation On the Negritos of Tayabas Edition blurb 2011 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Negrito nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopaedia article Negritos Negritos of Zambales detailed book written by an American at the turn of the previous century holistically describing the Negrito culture Andaman org The Negrito of Thailand The Southeast Asian Negrito Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Negrito amp oldid 1179561956, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
