Butuan also called the Butan Rajanate and the Kingdom of Butuan (Tagalog: Kaharian ng Butuan; Butuanon: Gingharian hong Butuan; Cebuano: Gingharian sa Butuan; Chinese: 蒲端國; pinyin: Púduānguó) was a precolonial Philippine polity centred on the northern Mindanao island in the modern city of Butuan in what is now the southern Philippines. It was known for its mining of gold, its gold products and its extensive trade network across the Nusantara area. The kingdom had trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Persia, Cambodia and areas now comprised in Thailand.[4][5]
The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad river (old Agusan River) have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result, Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the pre-colonial era.[6]
Evidence indicates that Butuan was in contact with the Song dynasty of China by at least 1001 AD. The Chinese annal Song Shih recorded the first appearance of a Butuan tributary mission (Lijehan 李竾罕 and Jiaminan) at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001, AD. Butuan (or Buotuan蒲端 in Middle Chinese) around that time was a gold mining and trading center in northeastern Mindanao, known for manufacturing metal tools and weaponry, musical instruments, and gold jewelry.[7] Chinese Annals described Butuan as a Hindu kingdom with a Buddhist monarchy.[8] The chief (or "king") of Butuan named Kiling[9] sent an envoy under I-hsu-han, with a formal memorial requesting equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy. Researcher Eric Casino, believes the name Kiling is not Visayan in origin but rather, Indian, because Kiling refers to the people of India.[8][10] The Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals) of the nearby country of Malaysia, refers to the similarly worded Keling as immigrant people from India.[11]Rajah Kiling's request for diplomatic equality in protocol towards his Rajahnate, was later denied by the Chinese Imperial court, mainly because of favoritism over the Champa civilization.[12]
A new rajah with the Indianized name Sri Bata Shaja later succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh. Likanhsieh shocked the Emperor Zhenzong by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold tablet, some white dragon (Bailong白龍) camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice.[13] This display of irreverence sparked interests from China over the polity and the diplomatic relations between the two polities reached its peak during the Yuan dynasty. Later In the 1300s the Chinese annals, Nanhai zhi, reported that Brunei invaded or administered the Philippine kingdoms of Butuan, Sulu and Ma-i (Mindoro) which would regain their independence at a later date.[14] The then Hindu state of Sulu which was founded by Visayan immigrants from Butuan and Surigao to the Sulu Archipelago,[15] after simultaneously regaining their independence together with their Butuanon cousins, avenged the invasion of their kingdoms by counter-invading Pon-i (Brunei) and stealing 2 Sacred Pearls from Pon-i's Rajah.[16] Chinese records about the polity stopped after the reign of Rajah Siagu, the last independent Rajah of Butuan. He was formally subjugated into the Spanish Empire after he and his brother, Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa, made a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.
A silver strip excavated from the 1970s in Butuan inside of a wooden coffin. The characters display a Hindu-Buddhist influence, probably a form of early writing in the Philippines (c. 14th–15th century).
Numerous jars have been found in the Butuan area that indicate the wealth of the kingdom and the existence of foreign traditions.[17] Some of these jars have been dated as follows:
An illustration of the Garcinia morella, locally called batuan, one of which might Butuan's name came from.
The name Butuan is believed to have existed long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the Philippine archipelago. One possible indication of this is a rhinoceros ivory seal with design carved in ancient Javanese or early Kawi script (used around the 10th century CE) which, according to a Dutch scholar, was deciphered as But-wan. Another account suggests the name derives from the word batuan, a mangosteen-related fruit common in Mindanao. Another alternative is that the name derives from Datu Bantuan, possibly a former datu of the region.[20]
Spanish chroniclers, when they set foot on Butuan, remarked that gold was so abundant that even houses were decorated with gold; "Pieces of gold, the size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king who came to our ships. All the dishes of that king are of gold and also some portion of his house as we were told by that king himself... He had a covering of silk on his head, and wore two large golden earrings fastened in his ears... At his side hung a dagger, the haft of which was somewhat long and all of gold, and its scabbard of carved wood. He had three spots of gold on every tooth, and his teeth appeared as if bound with gold." As written by Antonio Pigafetta on Rajah Siagu of Butuan during Magellan's voyage.[24] Rajah Siagu was also a cousin of Rajah Humabon of the Cebu Rajahnate, thus suggesting that the two Indianized kingdoms were in an alliance together with Hindu Kutai against the Islamic Sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu.[citation needed]
Butuan was so rich in treasures that a museum curator, Florina H. Capistrano-Baker, stated that it was even richer than the more well-known western maritime kingdom of Srivijaya; "The astonishing quantities and impressive quality of gold treasures recovered in Butuan suggest that its flourishing port settlement played an until recently little-recognized role in early Southeast Asian trade. Surprisingly, the amount of gold discovered in Butuan far exceeds that found in Sumatra, where the much better known flourishing kingdom of Srivijaya is said to have been located."[25]
^"12 Astonishing Artifacts You Didn't Know You Could Find At The National Museum". Filipiknow.net. June 5, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2018
^Fred S. Cabuang (September 6, 2007). . Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 30, 2011). "'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^ ab. Philippine Almanac. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.
^"Butuan Archeological Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^Lealiz, Sia (February 4, 2009). "Discovering the Ancient Kingdom of Butuan". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 36. ISBN9780742568723. Another Philippine place name appearing in Sung trade records is that of Butuan, a gold mining and trading center in northeastern Mindanao that sent its first tribute mission to China in 1001. From the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, Butuan was known for manufacturing metal tools and weaponry (blades, knives, and projectiles), musical instruments (bells, cymbals, and gongs), and gold jewelry (earrings, buckles, and rings).
^ ab"Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia" Edited By: Shyam Saran (Page 96).
^Scott, William Henry (1989). Filipinos in China before 1500. China Studies Program, De La Salle University. OCLC 22641804. Butuan seems to have attracted some notoriety. For four years, its King Kiling (Ch'i-ling) sent missions every year: on 3 October 1003, for example, Minister Lijihan and Assistant Minister Gaminan presented red parrots in addition to the usual native products like tortoise shell.
^Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.
^"A historical perspective on the word 'Keling'". Retrieved April 24, 2017.
^Scott, William (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials: For the Study of Philippine History (revised ed.). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 66. ISBN9711002264.
^Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl Page 12, citing: "Groenveldt, Notes Page 112"
^Luna, Lillian (2004). MAPEH for Secondary Students. Art Books and History Books. St Bernadette Publications Inc. ISBN971-621-327-1.
^Manansala, Paul Kekai (September 5, 2006). "Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan: Luzon Jars (Glossary)". Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^Quirino, Karl (September 1, 2010). "The Kingdom of Butuan". The Bulwagan Foundation Trust. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ abcCruz, Frances Antoinette; Adiong, Nassef Manabilang, eds. (2020). International Studies in the Philippines: Mapping New Frontiers in Theory and Practice. International Relations in Southeast Asia (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 24. ISBN9780429509391.
^Saran, Shyam, ed. (2018). Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia: Historical and Contemporary Dimensions. Springer. p. 97. ISBN9789811073175.
^Pigafetta, Antonio (2007). The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522: An Account of Magellan's Expedition. University of Toronto Press. p. 37. ISBN978-0-8020-9370-7.
^"The Kingdom of Butuan". Philippine Gold: Treasures of Lost Kingdoms. Asia Society New York. Retrieved March 8, 2019.-Click on the subsection "The Kingdom of Butuan" for exact quotation.-
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butuan, historical, polity, butuan, also, called, butan, rajanate, kingdom, butuan, tagalog, kaharian, butuan, butuanon, gingharian, hong, butuan, cebuano, gingharian, butuan, chinese, 蒲端國, pinyin, púduānguó, precolonial, philippine, polity, centred, northern,. Butuan also called the Butan Rajanate and the Kingdom of Butuan Tagalog Kaharian ng Butuan Butuanon Gingharian hong Butuan Cebuano Gingharian sa Butuan Chinese 蒲端國 pinyin Puduanguo was a precolonial Philippine polity centred on the northern Mindanao island in the modern city of Butuan in what is now the southern Philippines It was known for its mining of gold its gold products and its extensive trade network across the Nusantara area The kingdom had trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of Japan China India Indonesia Persia Cambodia and areas now comprised in Thailand 4 5 Ancient Butuan But ban 1 before 989 1521CapitalCentered in modern Butuan CityCommon languagesButuanon 2 Old Malay other Visayan languagesReligionHinduism Buddhism and animismGovernmentMonarchyHistory Establishedbefore 989 First historical reference by Song dynasty records1001 Integrated into the Spanish Empire after the last known monarch Rajah Siagu made a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan1521 Area conquered by Spain1521CurrencyPiloncitos 3 barter ringsPreceded by Succeeded byPrehistory of the PhilippinesBarangay state New SpainSpanish East IndiesToday part ofPhilippinesThe balangay large outrigger boats that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad river old Agusan River have revealed much about Butuan s history As a result Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the pre colonial era 6 Contents 1 Historiography 1 1 Chinese records 2 Excavated artifacts 3 Origins of the name 4 Recorded monarchs 5 Modern commentary 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistoriography EditChinese records Edit See also Hinduism in the Philippines Religion in pre colonial Philippines Indosphere and Indianisation The world in 1200 AD Butuan and its neighbors Evidence indicates that Butuan was in contact with the Song dynasty of China by at least 1001 AD The Chinese annal Song Shih recorded the first appearance of a Butuan tributary mission Lijehan 李竾罕 and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17 1001 AD Butuan or Buotuan 蒲端 in Middle Chinese around that time was a gold mining and trading center in northeastern Mindanao known for manufacturing metal tools and weaponry musical instruments and gold jewelry 7 Chinese Annals described Butuan as a Hindu kingdom with a Buddhist monarchy 8 The chief or king of Butuan named Kiling 9 sent an envoy under I hsu han with a formal memorial requesting equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy Researcher Eric Casino believes the name Kiling is not Visayan in origin but rather Indian because Kiling refers to the people of India 8 10 The Sejarah Melayu Malay Annals of the nearby country of Malaysia refers to the similarly worded Keling as immigrant people from India 11 Rajah Kiling s request for diplomatic equality in protocol towards his Rajahnate was later denied by the Chinese Imperial court mainly because of favoritism over the Champa civilization 12 A new rajah with the Indianized name Sri Bata Shaja later succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh Likanhsieh shocked the Emperor Zhenzong by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold tablet some white dragon Bailong 白龍 camphor Moluccan cloves and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice 13 This display of irreverence sparked interests from China over the polity and the diplomatic relations between the two polities reached its peak during the Yuan dynasty Later In the 1300s the Chinese annals Nanhai zhi reported that Brunei invaded or administered the Philippine kingdoms of Butuan Sulu and Ma i Mindoro which would regain their independence at a later date 14 The then Hindu state of Sulu which was founded by Visayan immigrants from Butuan and Surigao to the Sulu Archipelago 15 after simultaneously regaining their independence together with their Butuanon cousins avenged the invasion of their kingdoms by counter invading Pon i Brunei and stealing 2 Sacred Pearls from Pon i s Rajah 16 Chinese records about the polity stopped after the reign of Rajah Siagu the last independent Rajah of Butuan He was formally subjugated into the Spanish Empire after he and his brother Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa made a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 Excavated artifacts EditFurther information Butuan Ivory Seal and Butuan Silver Paleograph The Butuan Ivory Seal displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines The Kawi script lettering says But wan and the smaller lettering similar to Baybayin says Bu wa diacritics for the Wan Ban in Kawi and Bu Ba in the smaller letters have worn off A silver strip excavated from the 1970s in Butuan inside of a wooden coffin The characters display a Hindu Buddhist influence probably a form of early writing in the Philippines c 14th 15th century Numerous jars have been found in the Butuan area that indicate the wealth of the kingdom and the existence of foreign traditions 17 Some of these jars have been dated as follows Sathing Phra 900 1100 AD Haripunjaya 800 900 AD Japanese 12th to 16th centuries AD 18 Song dynasty 1001 1271 Yuan dynasty 1271 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 1521 Khmer Empire 802 900 AD Sukhothai Kingdom 1300 1400 Champa 1000 1200 Persian 9th to 10th centuries AD Artifacts have been recovered from within the vicinities of Ambangan Archeological Site in Libertad that attest to the historical accounts that Butuan traded with India 19 Japan Han Chinese and Southeast Asian countries during these periods 4 Origins of the name Edit An illustration of the Garcinia morella locally called batuan one of which might Butuan s name came from The name Butuan is believed to have existed long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the Philippine archipelago One possible indication of this is a rhinoceros ivory seal with design carved in ancient Javanese or early Kawi script used around the 10th century CE which according to a Dutch scholar was deciphered as But wan Another account suggests the name derives from the word batuan a mangosteen related fruit common in Mindanao Another alternative is that the name derives from Datu Bantuan possibly a former datu of the region 20 Recorded monarchs EditRoyal title of the reigning rajah Events From UntilKiling Mission by Lijehan and Jiaminan 1003 Mission by I shu han 李竾罕 1007 1001 21 1009 21 Sri Bata Shaja Mission by Likanhsieh 李于燮 1011 21 Rajah Siagu 22 Annexation by Ferdinand Magellan 1521Linampas Son of Siagu 1521 1567 23 Silongan Ruler of Butuan converted to Christianity and baptized as Felipe Silongan 1567 1596 23 Modern commentary EditSpanish chroniclers when they set foot on Butuan remarked that gold was so abundant that even houses were decorated with gold Pieces of gold the size of walnuts and eggs are found by sifting the earth in the island of that king who came to our ships All the dishes of that king are of gold and also some portion of his house as we were told by that king himself He had a covering of silk on his head and wore two large golden earrings fastened in his ears At his side hung a dagger the haft of which was somewhat long and all of gold and its scabbard of carved wood He had three spots of gold on every tooth and his teeth appeared as if bound with gold As written by Antonio Pigafetta on Rajah Siagu of Butuan during Magellan s voyage 24 Rajah Siagu was also a cousin of Rajah Humabon of the Cebu Rajahnate thus suggesting that the two Indianized kingdoms were in an alliance together with Hindu Kutai against the Islamic Sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu citation needed Butuan was so rich in treasures that a museum curator Florina H Capistrano Baker stated that it was even richer than the more well known western maritime kingdom of Srivijaya The astonishing quantities and impressive quality of gold treasures recovered in Butuan suggest that its flourishing port settlement played an until recently little recognized role in early Southeast Asian trade Surprisingly the amount of gold discovered in Butuan far exceeds that found in Sumatra where the much better known flourishing kingdom of Srivijaya is said to have been located 25 See also EditPre colonial history of the Philippines Barangay stateSocial classesRuling class Maginoo Ginu Tumao Apo Datu Bagani Lakan Panglima Rajah Sultan ThimuayMiddle class Timawa MaharlikaCommoners serfs and slaves Alipin Aliping namamahay Alipin sa gigilid Bulisik Bulislis Horohan UriponStates in LuzonCaboloanCaintaIbalonMa iSandaoRajahnate of MaynilaNamayanTondoStates in the VisayasKedatuan of Madja asKedatuan of DapitanRajahnate of CebuStates in MindanaoRajahnate of ButuanRajahnate of SanmalanSultanate of MaguindanaoSultanates of LanaoSultanate of SuluKey figuresJayadewaDayang KalangitanRajah MatandaAgustin de LegazpiDimasangcay AdelGat PangilGugu SarikulaLakandulaLaut BuisanRajah LontokMagat SalamatRegimo DirajaRajah SalalilaDayang SasabanRajah SulaymanKamal ud DinDatu SikatunaTarik SulaymanSri LumayDatu DayaRajah TupasUrdujaKabungsuwanSultan KudaratRajah HumabonLapulapuBatarah Shah TengahSultan Muwallil WasitSharif ul HashimAlimuddin IMuedzul Lail Tan KiramList of recorded datu in the PhilippinesReligion in pre colonial PhilippinesHistory of the PhilippinesPortal PhilippinesviewtalkeditButuan Balangay Dimasaua Agusan image Butuanon people Indian cultural influences in early Philippine politiesReferences Edit 12 Astonishing Artifacts You Didn t Know You Could Find At The National Museum Filipiknow net June 5 2015 Retrieved May 28 2018 Fred S Cabuang September 6 2007 Saving Butuanon language Archived from the original on August 30 2008 Retrieved October 9 2009 Ocampo Ambeth R August 30 2011 Piloncitos and the Philippine golden age Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved March 8 2019 a b The Cultural Influences of India China Arabia and Japan Philippine Almanac July 14 2010 Archived from the original on November 24 2010 Butuan Archeological Sites UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved March 8 2019 Lealiz Sia February 4 2009 Discovering the Ancient Kingdom of Butuan The Philippine Star Retrieved October 9 2009 Abinales Patricio N Amoroso Donna J 2005 State and Society in the Philippines Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 36 ISBN 9780742568723 Another Philippine place name appearing in Sung trade records is that of Butuan a gold mining and trading center in northeastern Mindanao that sent its first tribute mission to China in 1001 From the tenth to the thirteenth centuries Butuan was known for manufacturing metal tools and weaponry blades knives and projectiles musical instruments bells cymbals and gongs and gold jewelry earrings buckles and rings a b Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia Edited By Shyam Saran Page 96 Scott William Henry 1989 Filipinos in China before 1500 China Studies Program De La Salle University OCLC 22641804 Butuan seems to have attracted some notoriety For four years its King Kiling Ch i ling sent missions every year on 3 October 1003 for example Minister Lijihan and Assistant Minister Gaminan presented red parrots in addition to the usual native products like tortoise shell Eric Casino The Barangays of Butuan Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone Asia Mindanaw Dialogue of Peace and Development 2014 2 A historical perspective on the word Keling Retrieved April 24 2017 Scott William 1984 Prehispanic Source Materials For the Study of Philippine History revised ed Quezon City New Day Publishers p 66 ISBN 9711002264 Song Shih Chapter 7 to 8 Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century By Roderich Ptak Page 280 Scott William Henry 1994 Barangay Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society Ateneo de Manila University Press p 164 ISBN 978 971 550 135 4 Brunei Rediscovered A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl Page 12 citing Groenveldt Notes Page 112 Luna Lillian 2004 MAPEH for Secondary Students Art Books and History Books St Bernadette Publications Inc ISBN 971 621 327 1 Manansala Paul Kekai September 5 2006 Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan Luzon Jars Glossary Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan Retrieved March 8 2019 Quirino Karl September 1 2010 The Kingdom of Butuan The Bulwagan Foundation Trust Retrieved March 8 2019 Historic Butuan Archived from the original on December 30 2009 Retrieved October 9 2009 a b c Cruz Frances Antoinette Adiong Nassef Manabilang eds 2020 International Studies in the Philippines Mapping New Frontiers in Theory and Practice International Relations in Southeast Asia illustrated ed Routledge p 24 ISBN 9780429509391 Saran Shyam ed 2018 Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia Historical and Contemporary Dimensions Springer p 97 ISBN 9789811073175 a b Schreurs Peter 1989 Caraga Antigua 1521 1910 the Hispanization and Christianization of Agusan Surigao and East Davao MSc Cebu City Radboud University and University of San Carlos p 113 Pigafetta Antonio 2007 The First Voyage Around the World 1519 1522 An Account of Magellan s Expedition University of Toronto Press p 37 ISBN 978 0 8020 9370 7 The Kingdom of Butuan Philippine Gold Treasures of Lost Kingdoms Asia Society New York Retrieved March 8 2019 Click on the subsection The Kingdom of Butuan for exact quotation External links EditButuan silver strips Flag and symbols Butuan ivory seals Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Butuan historical polity amp oldid 1129326950, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
