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Modern art

December 06, 2023

This article is about art produced from the 1860s to the 1970s. For art produced from the 1940s to the present, see contemporary art.

Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era.[1] The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic of the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art.

Modern art
Vincent van Gogh, Country Road in Provence by Night, 1889, May 1890, Kröller-Müller Museum
Paul Cézanne, The Large Bathers, 1898–1905

Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy, Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[3] It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.

At the start of 20th-century Western painting, and initially influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin and other late-19th-century innovators, Pablo Picasso made his first Cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practiced by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter.[4][5]

The notion of modern art is closely related to modernism.[a]

History edit

 
Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863, Musée d'Orsay, Paris

Roots in the 19th century edit

 
Boy Blowing Bubbles (1867) Manet, Calouste Gulbenkian Museum

Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier.[7] The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863,[7] the year that Édouard Manet showed his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii).[7] In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning .... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."[7]

 
Vincent van Gogh, Courtesan (after Eisen) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
 
Vincent van Gogh, The Blooming Plumtree (after Hiroshige) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
 
Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of Père Tanguy (1887), Musée Rodin

The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment.[b] The modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."[9] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[10]

The pioneers of modern art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.[11][failed verification] By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: post-Impressionism and Symbolism.

Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.[12] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.

The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.[13] Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[14] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.

Early 20th century edit

 
Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York
 
Henri Matisse, The Dance I, 1909, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.

During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. Song of Love (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by André Breton in 1924. The School of Paris, centered in Montparnasse flourished between the two world wars.

World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.

Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.

After World War II edit

It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[15] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Conceptual artists of Art & Language, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, Fluxus, Happening, Video art, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[16] Larger installations and performances became widespread.

By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[17] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[18]

Towards the end of the 20th century, a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[19]

Art movements and artist groups edit

(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)

19th century edit

Early 20th century (before World War I) edit

World War I to World War II edit

After World War II edit

Notable modern art exhibitions and museums edit

For a comprehensive list, see Museums of modern art.

Austria edit

Belgium edit

Brazil edit

Colombia edit

Croatia edit

Ecuador edit

Finland edit

France edit

Germany edit

India edit

Iran edit

Ireland edit

Israel edit

Italy edit

Mexico edit

Netherlands edit

Norway edit

Poland edit

Qatar edit

Romania edit

Russia edit

Serbia edit

Spain edit

Sweden edit

Taiwan edit

United Kingdom edit

Ukraine edit

United States edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized by modernity ... [this means] that modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of modernist art, even where that art rebels against it." — Lawrence E. Cahoone[6]
  2. ^ "In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new view of the world, which would eventually create a new world, the modern world." — Lawrence E. Cahoone[8]

References edit

  1. ^ Atkins 1997, pp. 118–119.
  2. ^ Gombrich 1995, p. 557.
  3. ^ Clement 1996, p. 114.
  4. ^ Scobie 1988, pp. 103–107.
  5. ^ John-Steiner 2006, p. 69.
  6. ^ Cahoone 1996, p. 13.
  7. ^ a b c d Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 17.
  8. ^ Cahoone 1996, p. 27.
  9. ^ Greenberg 1982, p. 5.
  10. ^ Gombrich 1995, p. 477.
  11. ^ Arnason & Prather 1998, p. 22.
  12. ^ Corinth et al. 1996, p. 25.
  13. ^ Cogniat 1975, p. 61.
  14. ^ Cogniat 1975, pp. 43–49.
  15. ^ Saunders 2013.
  16. ^ Mullins 2006, p. 14.
  17. ^ Mullins 2006, p. 9.
  18. ^ Mullins 2006, pp. 14–15.
  19. ^ Jencks 1987, p. [page needed].
  20. ^ Lander 2006.

Sources edit

  • Arnason, H. Harvard; Prather, Marla (1998). History of modern art : painting, sculpture, architecture, photography (4th ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8109-3439-9. OCLC 1035593323 – via Internet Archive.
  • Atkins, Robert (1997). Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords (2nd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7892-0415-8. OCLC 605278894 – via Internet Archive.
  • Cahoone, Lawrence (1996). From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55786-602-8. OCLC 1149327777 – via Internet Archive.
  • "CIMA Art Gallery". Times of India Travel. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  • Clement, Russell (1996). Four French Symbolists: A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29752-6. OCLC 34191505.
  • Cogniat, Raymond (1975). Pissarro. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-52477-0. OCLC 2082821.
  • Corinth, Lovis; Schuster, Peter-Klaus; Vitali, Christoph; Butts, Barbara; Brauner, Lothar; Bärnreuther, Andrea (1996). Lovis Corinth. Munich; New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-1682-6. OCLC 35280519.
  • Greenberg, Clement (1982). "Modernist Painting". In Frascina, Francis; Harrison, Charles; Paul, Deirdre (eds.). Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. In association with the Open University. London: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-318234-9. OCLC 297414909 – via Internet Archive.
  • Gombrich, Ernst H. (1995). The Story of Art. London: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-7148-3355-2. OCLC 1151352542 – via Internet Archive.
  • Jencks, Charles (1987). Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0835-9. OCLC 1150952960 – via Inernet Archive.
  • John-Steiner, Vera (2006). "Patterns of Collaboration among Artists". Creative Collaboration. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–96. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307702.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-530770-2. OCLC 5105130725, 252638637.
  • Lander, David (November–December 2006). "Fifties Furniture THE SIDE TABLE AS SCULPTURE". Shopping. American Heritage. American Association for State and Local History. 57 (6). ISSN 2161-8496. OCLC 60622066. Archived from the original on 2007-10-20.
  • Mullins, Charlotte (2006). Painting people : figure painting today. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Pubs. ISBN 978-1-933045-38-2. OCLC 71679906.
  • Saunders, Frances Stonor (2013-06-14) [1995-10-22]. "Modern art was CIA 'weapon'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  • Scobie, Stephen (1988). "The Allure of Multiplicity: Metaphor and Metonymy in Cubism and Gertrude Stein". In Neuman, S. C.; Nadel, Ira Bruce (eds.). Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08541-5_7. ISBN 978-1-349-08543-9. OCLC 7323640453 – via Internet Archive.

Further reading edit

  • Adams, Hugh (1979). Modern Painting. New York: Mayflower Books. ISBN 978-0-8317-6062-5. OCLC 691113035 – via Internet Archive.
  • Childs, Peter (2000). Modernism. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-13116-9. OCLC 48138104 – via Internet Archive.
  • Crouch, Christopher (1999). Modernism in Art, Design and Architecture. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-21830-0. OCLC 1036752206 – via Internet Archive.
  • Dempsey, Amy (2002). Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-4172-4. OCLC 47623954.
  • Everdell, William (1997). The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-22484-8. OCLC 45733213 – via Internet Archive.
    See also: The First Moderns.
  • Frazier, Nancy (2000). The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History. New York: Penguin Reference. ISBN 978-0-14-051420-9. OCLC 70498418.
  • Hunter, Sam; Jacobus, John M; Wheeler, Daniel (2005). Modern Art: painting, sculpture, architecture, photography (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-150519-3. OCLC 1114759321.
  • Kolocotroni, Vassiliki; Goldman, Jane; Taxidou, Olga, eds. (1998). Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Edinburgh; Chicago: Edinburgh University Press; The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-585-19313-7. OCLC 1150833644, 44964346 – via Internet Archive.
  • Lynton, Norbert (1980). The Story of Modern Art. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801413513.
  • Ozenfant, Amédée; Rodker, John (1952). Foundations of Modern Art. New York: Dover. ISBN 9780486202150. OCLC 1200478998. Retrieved 2021-04-19 – via Internet Archive.
  • Read, Herbert Edward; Read, Benedict; Tisdall, Caroline; Feaver, William (1975). A Concise History of Modern Painting. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-71730-8. OCLC 741987800, 894774214, 563965849 – via Internet Archive.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modern art.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Modern art.
  • Tate Modern
  • The Museum of Modern Art
  • Modern artists and art
  • (archived 2 September 2010)
  • National Gallery of Modern Art – Govt. of India

December 06, 2023
modern, this, article, about, produced, from, 1860s, 1970s, produced, from, 1940s, present, contemporary, includes, artistic, work, produced, during, period, extending, roughly, from, 1860s, 1970s, denotes, styles, philosophies, produced, during, that, term, u. This article is about art produced from the 1860s to the 1970s For art produced from the 1940s to the present see contemporary art Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era 1 The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation 2 Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art A tendency away from the narrative which was characteristic of the traditional arts toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or postmodern art Modern artVincent van Gogh Country Road in Provence by Night 1889 May 1890 Kroller Muller MuseumPaul Cezanne The Large Bathers 1898 1905 Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh Paul Cezanne Paul Gauguin Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre cubists Georges Braque Andre Derain Raoul Dufy Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with wild multi colored expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism Matisse s two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting 3 It reflected Matisse s incipient fascination with primitive art the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism At the start of 20th century Western painting and initially influenced by Toulouse Lautrec Gauguin and other late 19th century innovators Pablo Picasso made his first Cubist paintings based on Cezanne s idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids cube sphere and cone With the painting Les Demoiselles d Avignon 1907 Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes violently painted women reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque exemplified by Violin and Candlestick Paris from about 1908 through 1912 Analytic cubism the first clear manifestation of cubism was followed by Synthetic cubism practiced by Braque Picasso Fernand Leger Juan Gris Albert Gleizes Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures surfaces collage elements papier colle and a large variety of merged subject matter 4 5 The notion of modern art is closely related to modernism a Contents 1 History 1 1 Roots in the 19th century 1 2 Early 20th century 1 3 After World War II 2 Art movements and artist groups 2 1 19th century 2 2 Early 20th century before World War I 2 3 World War I to World War II 2 4 After World War II 3 Notable modern art exhibitions and museums 3 1 Austria 3 2 Belgium 3 3 Brazil 3 4 Colombia 3 5 Croatia 3 6 Ecuador 3 7 Finland 3 8 France 3 9 Germany 3 10 India 3 11 Iran 3 12 Ireland 3 13 Israel 3 14 Italy 3 15 Mexico 3 16 Netherlands 3 17 Norway 3 18 Poland 3 19 Qatar 3 20 Romania 3 21 Russia 3 22 Serbia 3 23 Spain 3 24 Sweden 3 25 Taiwan 3 26 United Kingdom 3 27 Ukraine 3 28 United States 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory edit nbsp Henri de Toulouse Lautrec At the Moulin Rouge Two Women Waltzing 1892 nbsp Paul Gauguin Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892 Albright Knox Art Gallery nbsp Georges Seurat Models Les Poseuses 1886 88 Barnes Foundation nbsp The Scream by Edvard Munch 1893 nbsp Pablo Picasso Family of Saltimbanques 1905 National Gallery of Art Washington DC nbsp Jean Metzinger 1907 Paysage colore aux oiseaux aquatiques oil on canvas 74 x 99 cm Musee d Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris nbsp Klimt in a light Blue Smock by Egon Schiele 1913 nbsp I and the Village by Marc Chagall 1911 nbsp Black Square by Kasimir Malevich 1915 nbsp Marcel Duchamp Fountain 1917 Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz nbsp Wassily Kandinsky On White II 1923 nbsp Edouard Manet The Luncheon on the Grass Le dejeuner sur l herbe 1863 Musee d Orsay ParisRoots in the 19th century edit nbsp Boy Blowing Bubbles 1867 Manet Calouste Gulbenkian MuseumAlthough modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier 7 The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863 7 the year that Edouard Manet showed his painting Le dejeuner sur l herbe in the Salon des Refuses in Paris Earlier dates have also been proposed among them 1855 the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist s Studio and 1784 the year Jacques Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii 7 In the words of art historian H Harvard Arnason Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art but none categorically marks a completely new beginning A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years 7 nbsp Vincent van Gogh Courtesan after Eisen 1887 Van Gogh Museum nbsp Vincent van Gogh The Blooming Plumtree after Hiroshige 1887 Van Gogh Museum nbsp Vincent van Gogh Portrait of Pere Tanguy 1887 Musee RodinThe strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment b The modern art critic Clement Greenberg for instance called Immanuel Kant the first real Modernist but also drew a distinction The Enlightenment criticized from the outside Modernism criticizes from the inside 9 The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a self consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper 10 The pioneers of modern art were Romantics Realists and Impressionists 11 failed verification By the late 19th century additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge post Impressionism and Symbolism Influences upon these movements were varied from exposure to Eastern decorative arts particularly Japanese printmaking to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life as found in the work of painters such as Jean Francois Millet The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor 12 The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their own work There were official government sponsored painters unions while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light which they reflect and therefore painters should paint in natural light en plein air rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work 13 Impressionist artists formed a group Societe Anonyme Cooperative des Artistes Peintres Sculpteurs Graveurs Association of Painters Sculptors and Engravers which despite internal tensions mounted a series of independent exhibitions 14 The style was adopted by artists in different nations in preference to a national style These factors established the view that it was a movement These traits establishment of a working method integral to the art establishment of a movement or visible active core of support and international adoption would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art Early 20th century edit nbsp Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d Avignon 1907 Museum of Modern Art New York nbsp Henri Matisse The Dance I 1909 Museum of Modern Art New YorkAmong the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism Cubism Expressionism and Futurism During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism several movements emerged in Paris Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911 where he joined his brother Andrea the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade a member of the jury at the Salon d Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works Enigma of the Oracle Enigma of an Afternoon and Self Portrait During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Independants and Salon d Automne and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso Guillaume Apollinaire and several others His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism Song of Love 1914 is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style though it was painted ten years before the movement was founded by Andre Breton in 1924 The School of Paris centered in Montparnasse flourished between the two world wars World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of a number of anti art movements such as Dada including the work of Marcel Duchamp and of Surrealism Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts architecture design and art education Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U S during World War I After World War II edit It was only after World War II however that the U S became the focal point of new artistic movements 15 The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism Color field painting Conceptual artists of Art amp Language Pop art Op art Hard edge painting Minimal art Lyrical Abstraction Fluxus Happening Video art Postminimalism Photorealism and various other movements In the late 1960s and the 1970s Land art Performance art Conceptual art and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics at the expense of more traditional media 16 Larger installations and performances became widespread By the end of the 1970s when cultural critics began speaking of the end of painting the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp new media art had become a category in itself with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art 17 Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s as evidenced by the rise of neo expressionism and the revival of figurative painting 18 Towards the end of the 20th century a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of the modern and created typically Postmodern works 19 Art movements and artist groups edit Roughly chronological with representative artists listed 19th century edit Romanticism and the Romantic movement Francisco de Goya J M W Turner Eugene Delacroix Realism Gustave Courbet Camille Corot Jean Francois Millet Rosa Bonheur Pre Raphaelites William Holman Hunt John Everett Millais Dante Gabriel Rossetti Macchiaioli Giovanni Fattori Silvestro Lega Telemaco Signorini Impressionism Frederic Bazille Gustave Caillebotte Mary Cassatt Edgar Degas Armand Guillaumin Edouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Pierre Auguste Renoir Camille Pissarro Alfred Sisley Post impressionism Georges Seurat Paul Cezanne Paul Gauguin Vincent van Gogh Henri de Toulouse Lautrec Henri Rousseau Henri Jean Guillaume Martin Albert Lebourg Robert Antoine Pinchon Pointillism Georges Seurat Paul Signac Maximilien Luce Henri Edmond Cross Divisionism Gaetano Previati Giovanni Segantini Pellizza da Volpedo Symbolism Gustave Moreau Odilon Redon Edvard Munch James Whistler James Ensor Les Nabis Pierre Bonnard Edouard Vuillard Felix Vallotton Maurice Denis Paul Serusier Art Nouveau and variants Jugendstil Secession Modern Style Modernisme Aubrey Beardsley Alphonse Mucha Gustav Klimt Art Nouveau architecture and design Antoni Gaudi Otto Wagner Wiener Werkstatte Josef Hoffmann Adolf Loos Koloman Moser Early Modernist sculptors Aristide Maillol Auguste RodinEarly 20th century before World War I edit Abstract art Francis Picabia Wassily Kandinsky Frantisek Kupka Robert Delaunay Sonia Delaunay Leopold Survage Piet Mondrian Kazimir Malevich Hilma af Klint Fauvism Andre Derain Henri Matisse Maurice de Vlaminck Georges Braque Kees van Dongen Expressionism and related Die Brucke Der Blaue Reiter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Wassily Kandinsky Franz Marc Egon Schiele Oskar Kokoschka Emil Nolde Axel Torneman Karl Schmidt Rottluff Max Pechstein Cubism Pablo Picasso Georges Braque Jean Metzinger Albert Gleizes Fernand Leger Robert Delaunay Henri Le Fauconnier Marcel Duchamp Jacques Villon Francis Picabia Juan Gris Futurism Giacomo Balla Umberto Boccioni Carlo Carra Gino Severini Natalia Goncharova Mikhail Larionov Orphism Robert Delaunay Sonia Delaunay Frantisek Kupka Suprematism Kazimir Malevich Alexander Rodchenko El Lissitzky Synchromism Stanton Macdonald Wright Morgan Russell Vorticism Wyndham Lewis Sculpture Constantin Brancuși Joseph Csaky Alexander Archipenko Raymond Duchamp Villon Jacques Lipchitz Ossip Zadkine Henri Laurens Elie Nadelman Chaim Gross Chana Orloff Jacob Epstein Gustave Miklos Antoine Bourdelle Photography Pictorialism Straight photographyWorld War I to World War II edit Dada Jean Arp Marcel Duchamp Max Ernst Francis Picabia Kurt Schwitters Surrealism Marc Chagall Rene Magritte Jean Arp Salvador Dali Max Ernst Giorgio de Chirico Andre Masson Joan Miro Expressionism and related Chaim Soutine Abraham Mintchine Isaac Frenkel Pittura Metafisica Giorgio de Chirico Carlo Carra Giorgio Morandi De Stijl Theo van Doesburg Piet Mondrian New Objectivity Max Beckmann Otto Dix George Grosz Figurative painting Henri Matisse Pierre Bonnard American Modernism Stuart Davis Arthur G Dove Marsden Hartley Georgia O Keeffe Constructivism Naum Gabo Gustav Klutsis Laszlo Moholy Nagy El Lissitzky Kasimir Malevich Vadim Meller Alexander Rodchenko Vladimir Tatlin Bauhaus Wassily Kandinsky Paul Klee Josef Albers Scottish Colourists Francis Cadell Samuel Peploe Leslie Hunter John Duncan Fergusson Social realism Grant Wood Walker Evans Diego Rivera Precisionism Charles Sheeler Charles Demuth Boychukism Mykhailo Boychuk Sofiya Nalepinska Boychuk Ivan Padalka Vasily Sedlyar Sculpture Alexander Calder Alberto Giacometti Gaston Lachaise Henry Moore Pablo Picasso Julio GonzalezAfter World War II edit Figuratifs Bernard Buffet Jean Carzou Maurice Boitel Daniel du Janerand Claude Max Lochu Sculpture Henry Moore David Smith Tony Smith Alexander Calder Richard Hunt Isamu Noguchi 20 Alberto Giacometti Sir Anthony Caro Jean Dubuffet Isaac Witkin Rene Iche Marino Marini Louise Nevelson Albert Vrana Abstract expressionism Joan Mitchell Willem de Kooning Jackson Pollock Arshile Gorky Hans Hofmann Franz Kline Robert Motherwell Clyfford Still Lee Krasner American Abstract Artists Ilya Bolotowsky Ibram Lassaw Ad Reinhardt Josef Albers Burgoyne Diller Art Brut Adolf Wolfli August Natterer Ferdinand Cheval Madge Gill Arte Povera Jannis Kounellis Luciano Fabro Mario Merz Piero Manzoni Alighiero Boetti Color field painting Barnett Newman Mark Rothko Adolph Gottlieb Sam Francis Morris Louis Kenneth Noland Jules Olitski Helen Frankenthaler Tachisme Jean Dubuffet Pierre Soulages Hans Hartung Ludwig Merwart COBRA Pierre Alechinsky Karel Appel Asger Jorn Conceptual art Art amp Language Dan Graham Lawrence Weiner Bruce Nauman Daniel Buren Victor Burgin Sol LeWitt De collage Wolf Vostell Mimmo Rotella Neo Dada Robert Rauschenberg Jasper Johns John Chamberlain Joseph Beuys Lee Bontecou Edward Kienholz Figurative Expressionism Larry Rivers Grace Hartigan Elaine de Kooning Robert De Niro Sr Lester Johnson George McNeil Earle M Pilgrim Jan Muller Robert Beauchamp Bob Thompson Feminist Art Eva Hesse Judy Chicago Barbara Kruger Mary Beth Edelson Ewa Partum Valie Export Yoko Ono Louise Bourgeois Cindy Sherman Kiki Smith Guerrilla Girls Hannah Wilke Fluxus George Maciunas Joseph Beuys Wolf Vostell Nam June Paik Daniel Spoerri Dieter Roth Carolee Schneeman Alison Knowles Charlotte Moorman Dick Higgins Happening Allan Kaprow Joseph Beuys Wolf Vostell Claes Oldenburg Jim Dine Red Grooms Nam June Paik Charlotte Moorman Robert Whitman Yoko Ono Dau al Set founded in Barcelona by poet artist Joan Brossa Antoni Tapies Grupo El Paso es ca pl founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura Pablo Serrano Geometric abstraction Wassily Kandinsky Kazimir Malevich Nadir Afonso Manlio Rho Mario Radice Mino Argento Adam Szentpetery Hard edge painting John McLaughlin Ellsworth Kelly Frank Stella Al Held Ronald Davis Kinetic art George Rickey Getulio Alviani Land art Ana Mendieta Christo Richard Long Robert Smithson Michael Heizer Les Automatistes Claude Gauvreau Jean Paul Riopelle Pierre Gauvreau Fernand Leduc Jean Paul Mousseau Marcelle Ferron Minimal art Sol LeWitt Donald Judd Dan Flavin Richard Serra Agnes Martin Postminimalism Eva Hesse Bruce Nauman Lynda Benglis Lyrical abstraction Ronnie Landfield Sam Gilliam Larry Zox Dan Christensen Natvar Bhavsar Larry Poons Neo figurative art Fernando Botero Antonio Berni Neo expressionism Georg Baselitz Anselm Kiefer Jorg Immendorff Jean Michel Basquiat Transavanguardia Francesco Clemente Mimmo Paladino Sandro Chia Enzo Cucchi Figuration libre Herve Di Rosa Francois Boisrond Robert Combas New realism Yves Klein Pierre Restany Arman Op art Victor Vasarely Bridget Riley Richard Anuszkiewicz Jeffrey Steele Outsider art Howard Finster Grandma Moses Bob Justin Photorealism Audrey Flack Chuck Close Duane Hanson Richard Estes Malcolm Morley Pop art Richard Hamilton Robert Indiana Jasper Johns Roy Lichtenstein Robert Rauschenberg Andy Warhol Ed Ruscha David Hockney Postwar European figurative painting Lucian Freud Francis Bacon Frank Auerbach Gerhard Richter New European Painting Luc Tuymans Marlene Dumas Neo Rauch Bracha Ettinger Michael Borremans Chris Ofili Shaped canvas Frank Stella Kenneth Noland Ron Davis Robert Mangold Soviet art Aleksandr Deyneka Aleksandr Gerasimov Ilya Kabakov Komar amp Melamid Alexandr Zhdanov Leonid Sokov Spatialism Lucio Fontana Video art Nam June Paik Wolf Vostell Joseph Beuys Bill Viola Hans Breder Visionary art Ernst Fuchs Paul Laffoley Michael BowenNotable modern art exhibitions and museums editFor a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art Austria edit Leopold Museum ViennaBelgium edit SMAK GhentBrazil edit MASP Sao Paulo SP MAM SP Sao Paulo SP MAM RJ Rio de Janeiro RJ MAM BA Salvador BahiaColombia edit Bogota Museum of Modern Art MAMBO Croatia edit Ivan Mestrovic Gallery Split Modern Gallery Zagreb Museum of Contemporary Art ZagrebEcuador edit Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo Guayaquil La Capilla del Hombre QuitoFinland edit EMMA Espoo Kiasma HelsinkiFrance edit Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of Contemporary Art Montsoreau Lille Metropole Museum of Modern Contemporary and Outsider Art Villeneuve d Ascq Musee d Orsay Paris Musee d Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris Paris Musee National d Art Moderne Paris Musee Picasso Paris Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Strasbourg Musee d art moderne de TroyesGermany edit Degenerate Art exhibition a touring exhibition of modern art held in Nazi Germany to condemn modern art documenta Kassel an exhibition of modern and contemporary art held every 5 years Museum Ludwig Cologne Pinakothek der Moderne MunichIndia edit National Gallery of Modern Art New Delhi National Gallery of Modern Art Mumbai National Gallery of Modern Art BangaloreIran edit Museum of Contemporary Art TehranIreland edit Hugh Lane Gallery Dublin Irish Museum of Modern Art DublinIsrael edit Tel Aviv Museum of ArtItaly edit Palazzo delle Esposizioni Galleria Nazionale d Arte Moderna Venice Biennial Venice Palazzo Pitti Florence Museo del Novecento MilanMexico edit Museo de Arte Moderno Mexico D F Netherlands edit Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam Stedelijk Museum AmsterdamNorway edit Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art Oslo Henie Onstad Art Centre OsloPoland edit Museum of Art Lodz National Museum KrakowQatar edit Mathaf Arab Museum of Modern Art DohaRomania edit National Museum of Contemporary Art BucharestRussia edit Hermitage Museum Saint Petersburg Pushkin Museum Moscow Tretyakov Gallery MoscowSerbia edit Museum of Contemporary Art BelgradeSpain edit Museu d Art Contemporani de Barcelona Barcelona Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia Madrid Thyssen Bornemisza Museum Madrid Institut Valencia d Art Modern Valencia Atlantic Center of Modern Art Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Museu Picasso Barcelona Museo Picasso Malaga Malaga Sweden edit Moderna Museet StockholmTaiwan edit Asia Museum of Modern Art TaichungUnited Kingdom edit Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art London Saatchi Gallery London Tate Britain London Tate Liverpool Tate Modern London Tate St IvesUkraine edit National Art Museum of Ukraine Kyiv Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum of Lviv LvivUnited States edit Albright Knox Art Gallery Buffalo New York Art Institute of Chicago Chicago Illinois Governor Nelson A Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection Albany New York Guggenheim Museum New York City New York and Venice Italy more recently in Berlin Germany Bilbao Spain and Las Vegas Nevada High Museum Atlanta Georgia Los Angeles County Museum of Art Los Angeles California McNay Art Museum San Antonio Texas Menil Collection Houston Texas Museum of Fine Arts Boston Massachusetts Museum of Modern Art New York City New York San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco California The Baker Museum Naples Florida Walker Art Center Minneapolis Minnesota Whitney Museum of American Art New York City New YorkSee also edit20th century art Art manifesto Gesamtkunstwerk History of painting List of 20th century women artists List of modern artists Modern architecture Periods in Western art history Western paintingNotes edit One way of understanding the relation of the terms modern modernity and modernism is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity that is of that period in which social economic and cultural life in the widest sense was revolutionized by modernity this means that modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries Social modernity is the home of modernist art even where that art rebels against it Lawrence E Cahoone 6 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new view of the world which would eventually create a new world the modern world Lawrence E Cahoone 8 References edit Atkins 1997 pp 118 119 Gombrich 1995 p 557 Clement 1996 p 114 Scobie 1988 pp 103 107 John Steiner 2006 p 69 Cahoone 1996 p 13 a b c d Arnason amp Prather 1998 p 17 Cahoone 1996 p 27 Greenberg 1982 p 5 Gombrich 1995 p 477 Arnason amp Prather 1998 p 22 Corinth et al 1996 p 25 Cogniat 1975 p 61 Cogniat 1975 pp 43 49 Saunders 2013 Mullins 2006 p 14 Mullins 2006 p 9 Mullins 2006 pp 14 15 Jencks 1987 p page needed Lander 2006 Sources editArnason H Harvard Prather Marla 1998 History of modern art painting sculpture architecture photography 4th ed New York Harry N Abrams Inc ISBN 978 0 8109 3439 9 OCLC 1035593323 via Internet Archive Atkins Robert 1997 Artspeak A Guide to Contemporary Ideas Movements and Buzzwords 2nd ed New York Abbeville Press Publishers ISBN 978 0 7892 0415 8 OCLC 605278894 via Internet Archive Cahoone Lawrence 1996 From Modernism to Postmodernism An Anthology Cambridge Mass Blackwell Publishers ISBN 978 1 55786 602 8 OCLC 1149327777 via Internet Archive CIMA Art Gallery Times of India Travel 2015 06 30 Retrieved 2021 06 12 Clement Russell 1996 Four French Symbolists A Sourcebook on Pierre Puvis de Chavannes Gustave Moreau Odilon Redon and Maurice Denis Westport Conn Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 29752 6 OCLC 34191505 Cogniat Raymond 1975 Pissarro New York Crown Publishers ISBN 978 0 517 52477 0 OCLC 2082821 Corinth Lovis Schuster Peter Klaus Vitali Christoph Butts Barbara Brauner Lothar Barnreuther Andrea 1996 Lovis Corinth Munich New York Prestel ISBN 978 3 7913 1682 6 OCLC 35280519 Greenberg Clement 1982 Modernist Painting In Frascina Francis Harrison Charles Paul Deirdre eds Modern Art and Modernism A Critical Anthology In association with the Open University London Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 06 318234 9 OCLC 297414909 via Internet Archive Gombrich Ernst H 1995 The Story of Art London Phaidon Press Limited ISBN 978 0 7148 3355 2 OCLC 1151352542 via Internet Archive Jencks Charles 1987 Post Modernism The New Classicism in Art and Architecture New York Rizzoli ISBN 978 0 8478 0835 9 OCLC 1150952960 via Inernet Archive John Steiner Vera 2006 Patterns of Collaboration among Artists Creative Collaboration Oxford University Press pp 63 96 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780195307702 003 0004 ISBN 978 0 19 530770 2 OCLC 5105130725 252638637 Lander David November December 2006 Fifties Furniture THE SIDE TABLE AS SCULPTURE Shopping American Heritage American Association for State and Local History 57 6 ISSN 2161 8496 OCLC 60622066 Archived from the original on 2007 10 20 Mullins Charlotte 2006 Painting people figure painting today New York D A P Distributed Art Pubs ISBN 978 1 933045 38 2 OCLC 71679906 Saunders Frances Stonor 2013 06 14 1995 10 22 Modern art was CIA weapon The Independent Archived from the original on 2022 05 15 Retrieved 2021 04 17 Scobie Stephen 1988 The Allure of Multiplicity Metaphor and Metonymy in Cubism and Gertrude Stein In Neuman S C Nadel Ira Bruce eds Gertrude Stein and the Making of Literature London Palgrave Macmillan UK doi 10 1007 978 1 349 08541 5 7 ISBN 978 1 349 08543 9 OCLC 7323640453 via Internet Archive Further reading editAdams Hugh 1979 Modern Painting New York Mayflower Books ISBN 978 0 8317 6062 5 OCLC 691113035 via Internet Archive Childs Peter 2000 Modernism London New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 203 13116 9 OCLC 48138104 via Internet Archive Crouch Christopher 1999 Modernism in Art Design and Architecture New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 21830 0 OCLC 1036752206 via Internet Archive Dempsey Amy 2002 Art in the Modern Era A Guide to Schools and Movements New York Harry N Abrams ISBN 978 0 8109 4172 4 OCLC 47623954 Everdell William 1997 The First Moderns Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 22484 8 OCLC 45733213 via Internet Archive See also The First Moderns Frazier Nancy 2000 The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History New York Penguin Reference ISBN 978 0 14 051420 9 OCLC 70498418 Hunter Sam Jacobus John M Wheeler Daniel 2005 Modern Art painting sculpture architecture photography 3rd ed Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 150519 3 OCLC 1114759321 Kolocotroni Vassiliki Goldman Jane Taxidou Olga eds 1998 Modernism An Anthology of Sources and Documents Edinburgh Chicago Edinburgh University Press The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 585 19313 7 OCLC 1150833644 44964346 via Internet Archive Lynton Norbert 1980 The Story of Modern Art Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801413513 Ozenfant Amedee Rodker John 1952 Foundations of Modern Art New York Dover ISBN 9780486202150 OCLC 1200478998 Retrieved 2021 04 19 via Internet Archive Read Herbert Edward Read Benedict Tisdall Caroline Feaver William 1975 A Concise History of Modern Painting New York Praeger Publishers ISBN 978 0 275 71730 8 OCLC 741987800 894774214 563965849 via Internet Archive External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modern art nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Modern art Tate Modern The Museum of Modern Art Modern artists and art A TIME Archives Collection of Modern Art s perception archived 2 September 2010 National Gallery of Modern Art Govt of India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Modern art amp oldid 1188479676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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