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Fighting Solidarity

January 01, 1970

Fighting Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność Walcząca) was a Polish anti-Soviet and anti-communist organization. It was founded in June 1982[1] by Kornel Morawiecki in the Polish city of Wrocław. Its creation was in response to the de-legalization of the Solidarity movement and associated communist government repression of the opposition symbolized by the imposition of martial law in 1981. Many consider this faction as one of the most radical and uncompromising splinters of the wider Solidarity movement.[2]

Fighting Solidarity Poster

Morawiecki and Fighting Solidarity activists envisaged their organization as a successor to the Polish resistance in World War II,[1][3] hence the symbol of the new movement merged the Solidarity logo with the Kotwica and crowned Polish eagle (symbolically in 1945, the new communist regime removed the crown from the eagle's head on the official coat of arms of the Polish State. Many among the opposition viewed that crown as a symbol of independent, non-communist Poland).

One of the main activities of Fighting Solidarity was information warfare: it printed and distributed many underground newspapers (bibuła). The most well-known of these included "Solidarność Walcząca" (Wrocław, the main press organ of the organization), "Biuletyn Dolnośląski" (Wrocław), "Solidarność Walcząca" (Poznań) and "Galicja" (Rzeszów). Fighting Solidarity's bibuła were the first such publications printed during the period of martial law, being made available already the next day after martial law was introduced.[4] Fighting Solidarity also tried to actively infiltrate the Polish secret police (Służba Bezpieczeństwa) and to support other anti-communist organizations, including such organizations in other countries of the Soviet Bloc, even within the Soviet Union itself.[5] The Polish secret police found it extremely hard to infiltrate the new organization, even though they employed various tactics, including the kidnapping of the founder Morawiecki's children in an attempt to blackmail him.[4] Despite its name and (undeserved) reputation for militancy, Fighting Solidarity supported neither violence nor terrorism.[5]

Fighting Solidarity was one of two Polish organizations of that time whose primary goals, declared from the start, included the destruction of communism, the independence of Poland and other nations controlled by communist governments (including those comprising the Soviet Union itself), as well as the reunification of Germany.

Apart from Wrocław, Fighting Solidarity power bases included Poznań, Gdańsk, Rzeszów and Upper Silesia. Among its most prominent members were Andrzej Myc, Wojciech Myślecki, Andrzej Zarach (Wrocław) and Andrzej Kołodziej (Gdynia). In 1986 it claimed to have several hundred active members, not counting among these other allies and supporters.[5]

In 1990 many members of Fighting Solidarity founded a political party, the Partia Wolności (Freedom Party).

History edit

Fighting Solidarity was established in Wrocław in June 1982 by activists who formed the core of the underground Regional Strike Committee of Solidarity, who disagreed with the leadership of the RKS on methods and strategy of action.

The first successes of the SW were the demonstrations on June 13 and 26, 1982. Thousands of residents took to the streets of Wroclaw at the urging of the editorial board of the magazine "Solidarność Walcząca" (against the position of the Regional Strike Committee). The demonstrations turned into street battles that lasted for hours, barricades were erected, often forcing ZOMO troops to withdraw.[6] SW was a co-organizer of Wroclaw's largest martial law demonstration on August 31, 1982, with live coverage of the demonstration broadcast by Radio SW.[7]

Fighting Solidarity's role in social resistance grew to such an extent that the Security Service (SB) considered it a threat to the system. In August 1985, SB chief, Gen. Władysław Ciastoń made a decision[8] to "identify, work out and liquidate the Solidarity Fighting Organization," engaging "all organizational units of the Security Service" in action against it. The nationwide crackdown on the SW was given the code name "Octopussy".[9] This was the largest operation of the Interior Ministry since 1981. Despite the involvement of large forces by the secret service, there was no significant reduction in the activities of the "Solidarność Walcząca".[10] Solidarity Fighting was also dealt with by the East German STASI as part of the Operational Dissemination Case "Sycylia" ("Sicily").[11] The Soviet KGB was informed of individual activities.

After Kornel Morawiecki was arrested in October 1987, Andrzej Kołodziej took over as Fighting Solidarity at the time by Andrzej Zarach, Wojciech Myślecki and Zbigniew Jagielło. In May 1988, Morawiecki and Kolodziej were deported from Poland. After a political trip to several countries (UK, France, Italy, USA), Morawiecki returned illegally to Poland and to the underground, once again assuming leadership of the Fighting Solidarity.

In 1989, Fighting Solidarity opposed the agreement with the communists, which was joined by part of the opposition in Poland (the "round table"), motivated by moral and political reasons.

In 1990, the Freedom Party was formed from among the activists and milieu of the Fighting Solidarity.[12] The Freedom Party's candidate for president, Kornel Morawiecki, failed to collect the required 100,000 signatures after submitting his candidacy. During the televised election campaign, he demonstratively overturned the round table in front of TV cameras.

The organization was formally dissolved in 1992. On January 17, 2007, the Combatant Solidarity Association was established.[13]

On June 15, 2007, 76 leading activists of Solidarność Walcząca were decorated with the Crosses of Rebirth of Poland by Polish President Lech Kaczyński.[14]

On July 4, 2009, in Vilnius, five activists of the Autonomous Eastern Department of Solidarność Walcząca were awarded the Medal of the Order for Meritorious Service to Lithuania by the President of Lithuania Valdas Adamkus[15] (Jadwiga Chmielowska, Tadeusz Markiewicz, Maciej Ruszczyński, Piotr Pacholski, Piotr Hlebowicz[16]).

Organization edit

The main figure, chairman and creator of the Fighting Solidarity's ideological foundations was Kornel Morawiecki. The founders of the SW and the most active activists in Wrocław included:[17] Paweł Falicki, Michał Gabryel, Andrzej Kisielewicz, Maria Koziebrodzka, Romuald Lazarowicz, Piotr Bielawski, Cezariusz Lesisz, Halina Łopuszańska, Hanna Łukowska-Karniej, Zofia Maciejewska, Stanisław Mittek, Andrzej Myc, Wojciech Myślecki, Romuald Nowicki, Zbigniew Oziewicz, Jan Pawłowski, Barbara Sarapuk, Władysław Sidorowicz, Tadeusz Świerczewski, Andrzej Zarach.

The SW was headed by a Council (mainly comprising the founders) and - since 1984. - Executive Committee.[18]

Among a dozen Fighting Solidarity branches, the strongest - besides Wroclaw - were Poznań, Gdańsk, Rzeszów and Upper Silesia. Leading activists outside Lower Silesia were Maciej Frankiewicz (Poznań), Marek Czachor, Andrzej Kołodziej, Roman Zwiercan and Ewa Kubasiewicz (Tricity), Sławomir Bugajski (Katowice), Janina Jadwiga Chmielowska (Sosnowiec), Krzysztof Korczak (Szczecin), Antoni Kopaczewski and Janusz Szkutnik (Rzeszów), Seweryn Jaworski, Krzysztof Wolf, Adam Cymborski and Adam Borowski (Warsaw), Marian Stachniuk and Piotr Hlebowicz (Cracow), Włodzimierz Domagalski-Łabędzki (Łódź). "Solidarność Walcząca" cells also existed in many other cities, including Zgorzelec, Częstochowa, Jelenia Góra, Kalisz, Kielce, Konin, Opole, Wałbrzych. In addition to regional structures, the SW also formed plant groups (including at the Cegielski Plant in Poznań, the Komuna-Paris Shipyard in Gdynia, the Gdańsk Shipyard, the "Wrozamet" in Wrocław, the Jelcz Car Works, and several Silesian and Walbrzych mines). The organization had about 2,000 members.[19]

Outside of Poland, Fighting Solidarity was represented by foreign representatives Tadeusz Warsza[20] (Great Britain), Andrzej Wirga[21] (Germany), Ewa Kubasiewicz (head of representation)[22] and Rafał Gan-Ganowicz[23] (France), Jerzy Jankowski[24] (Norway), Kazimierz Michalczyk[25] (West Berlin), Zbigniew Bełz[26] (Canada), Jaroslaw Swiatek[27] (USA).

Fighting Solidarity’s agenda edit

Solidarność Walcząca operated on the basis of the Program of the Organization of Solidarność Walcząca created since 1982, the most complete version of which was published in 1987. Since its inception, its program proclaimed the complete collapse of communism, the independence of Poland and other nations enslaved by communism, the independence of the Soviet republics, the unification of Germany while maintaining the post-war borders imposed by the Yalta order. In proposing a vision of Poland after the collapse of communism, Solidarność Walcząca emphasized the need for social solidarity and self-government, and appealed to values derived from the teachings of the Catholic Church.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b KENNEY, Padraic. A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989, p 30.
  2. ^ Andrzej Paczkowski, Jane Cave. The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. p. 464.
  3. ^ KENNEY, Padraic. A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989, p 164.
  4. ^ a b (in Polish) Solidarność Walcząca, czyli po niepodległość bez kompromisów 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Magazyn Obywatel nr 5 / 2005 (25)
  5. ^ a b c Sabrina Petra Ramet. Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation, p 97.
  6. ^ Ł. Kamiński, Solidarność Walcząca, Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 5-6 (76-77), 2007, s. 36
  7. ^ . 2011-05-19. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  8. ^ Solidarność Walcząca w dokumentach t. I: W oczach SB. IPN, Warszawa 2007, s. 152.
  9. ^ Solidarność Walcząca w dokumentach t. I: W oczach SB. IPN, Warszawa 2007, s. 172.
  10. ^ "Kto kogo rozpracował w podziemiu. Solidarność Walcząca a SB". historia.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  11. ^ Hanna Labrenz-Weiß, Kryptonim „Sycylia”. Operativer Vorgang „Sizilien”. Lena, Wrocław 2016.
  12. ^ https://archive.today/20120720170154/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/33479,,,,solidarnosc_walczaca,haslo.html
  13. ^ . 2009-01-08. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  14. ^ https://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/archiwum/archiwum-lecha-kaczynskiego/aktualnosci/rok-2007
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2017-03-05.
  16. ^ "Order "Za zasługi wobec Litwy"".
  17. ^ NSZZ „Solidarność” 1980–1989, tom 2: Ruch społeczny, pod red. Łukasza Kamińskiego i Grzegorza Waligóry, Warszawa 2010, s. 457–459
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-01-22.
  19. ^ "25. Rocznica powstania Solidarności Walczącej - Inne Oblicza Historii".
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-10-02.
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-01-22.
  22. ^ Ewa Kubasiewicz-Houée, Bez prawa powrotu, Wyd. Wektory, Sadków 2007, s. 168.
  23. ^ Ewa Kubasiewicz-Houée, Bez prawa powrotu, Wyd. Wektory, Sadków 2007, s. 172.
  24. ^ "Prezentacja działaczy :: Jerzy Jankowski". swkatowice.forumoteka.pl. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  25. ^ "Prezentacja działaczy :: Kazimierz Michalczyk". swkatowice.forumoteka.pl. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  26. ^ "Solidarność Walcząca - Warszawa". www.solidarni.waw.pl. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  27. ^ O wyzwolenie z komunizmu ludzi i narodów przysięgam walczyć! Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen, Warszawa 2007

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solidarność Walcząca.
  • Fighting Solidarity, Institute of National Remembrance
  • Wolni i Solidarni, a portal dedicated to Fighting Solidarity (in Polish)
  • Kornel Morawiecki o swojej organizacji 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)
  • "Solidarność Walcząca" w świetle materiałów Służby Bezpieczeństwa 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine (in Polish)

January 01, 1970
fighting, solidarity, polish, solidarność, walcząca, polish, anti, soviet, anti, communist, organization, founded, june, 1982, kornel, morawiecki, polish, city, wrocław, creation, response, legalization, solidarity, movement, associated, communist, government,. Fighting Solidarity Polish Solidarnosc Walczaca was a Polish anti Soviet and anti communist organization It was founded in June 1982 1 by Kornel Morawiecki in the Polish city of Wroclaw Its creation was in response to the de legalization of the Solidarity movement and associated communist government repression of the opposition symbolized by the imposition of martial law in 1981 Many consider this faction as one of the most radical and uncompromising splinters of the wider Solidarity movement 2 Fighting Solidarity Poster Morawiecki and Fighting Solidarity activists envisaged their organization as a successor to the Polish resistance in World War II 1 3 hence the symbol of the new movement merged the Solidarity logo with the Kotwica and crowned Polish eagle symbolically in 1945 the new communist regime removed the crown from the eagle s head on the official coat of arms of the Polish State Many among the opposition viewed that crown as a symbol of independent non communist Poland One of the main activities of Fighting Solidarity was information warfare it printed and distributed many underground newspapers bibula The most well known of these included Solidarnosc Walczaca Wroclaw the main press organ of the organization Biuletyn Dolnoslaski Wroclaw Solidarnosc Walczaca Poznan and Galicja Rzeszow Fighting Solidarity s bibula were the first such publications printed during the period of martial law being made available already the next day after martial law was introduced 4 Fighting Solidarity also tried to actively infiltrate the Polish secret police Sluzba Bezpieczenstwa and to support other anti communist organizations including such organizations in other countries of the Soviet Bloc even within the Soviet Union itself 5 The Polish secret police found it extremely hard to infiltrate the new organization even though they employed various tactics including the kidnapping of the founder Morawiecki s children in an attempt to blackmail him 4 Despite its name and undeserved reputation for militancy Fighting Solidarity supported neither violence nor terrorism 5 Fighting Solidarity was one of two Polish organizations of that time whose primary goals declared from the start included the destruction of communism the independence of Poland and other nations controlled by communist governments including those comprising the Soviet Union itself as well as the reunification of Germany Apart from Wroclaw Fighting Solidarity power bases included Poznan Gdansk Rzeszow and Upper Silesia Among its most prominent members were Andrzej Myc Wojciech Myslecki Andrzej Zarach Wroclaw and Andrzej Kolodziej Gdynia In 1986 it claimed to have several hundred active members not counting among these other allies and supporters 5 In 1990 many members of Fighting Solidarity founded a political party the Partia Wolnosci Freedom Party Contents 1 History 2 Organization 3 Fighting Solidarity s agenda 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory editFighting Solidarity was established in Wroclaw in June 1982 by activists who formed the core of the underground Regional Strike Committee of Solidarity who disagreed with the leadership of the RKS on methods and strategy of action The first successes of the SW were the demonstrations on June 13 and 26 1982 Thousands of residents took to the streets of Wroclaw at the urging of the editorial board of the magazine Solidarnosc Walczaca against the position of the Regional Strike Committee The demonstrations turned into street battles that lasted for hours barricades were erected often forcing ZOMO troops to withdraw 6 SW was a co organizer of Wroclaw s largest martial law demonstration on August 31 1982 with live coverage of the demonstration broadcast by Radio SW 7 Fighting Solidarity s role in social resistance grew to such an extent that the Security Service SB considered it a threat to the system In August 1985 SB chief Gen Wladyslaw Ciaston made a decision 8 to identify work out and liquidate the Solidarity Fighting Organization engaging all organizational units of the Security Service in action against it The nationwide crackdown on the SW was given the code name Octopussy 9 This was the largest operation of the Interior Ministry since 1981 Despite the involvement of large forces by the secret service there was no significant reduction in the activities of the Solidarnosc Walczaca 10 Solidarity Fighting was also dealt with by the East German STASI as part of the Operational Dissemination Case Sycylia Sicily 11 The Soviet KGB was informed of individual activities After Kornel Morawiecki was arrested in October 1987 Andrzej Kolodziej took over as Fighting Solidarity at the time by Andrzej Zarach Wojciech Myslecki and Zbigniew Jagiello In May 1988 Morawiecki and Kolodziej were deported from Poland After a political trip to several countries UK France Italy USA Morawiecki returned illegally to Poland and to the underground once again assuming leadership of the Fighting Solidarity In 1989 Fighting Solidarity opposed the agreement with the communists which was joined by part of the opposition in Poland the round table motivated by moral and political reasons In 1990 the Freedom Party was formed from among the activists and milieu of the Fighting Solidarity 12 The Freedom Party s candidate for president Kornel Morawiecki failed to collect the required 100 000 signatures after submitting his candidacy During the televised election campaign he demonstratively overturned the round table in front of TV cameras The organization was formally dissolved in 1992 On January 17 2007 the Combatant Solidarity Association was established 13 On June 15 2007 76 leading activists of Solidarnosc Walczaca were decorated with the Crosses of Rebirth of Poland by Polish President Lech Kaczynski 14 On July 4 2009 in Vilnius five activists of the Autonomous Eastern Department of Solidarnosc Walczaca were awarded the Medal of the Order for Meritorious Service to Lithuania by the President of Lithuania Valdas Adamkus 15 Jadwiga Chmielowska Tadeusz Markiewicz Maciej Ruszczynski Piotr Pacholski Piotr Hlebowicz 16 Organization editThe main figure chairman and creator of the Fighting Solidarity s ideological foundations was Kornel Morawiecki The founders of the SW and the most active activists in Wroclaw included 17 Pawel Falicki Michal Gabryel Andrzej Kisielewicz Maria Koziebrodzka Romuald Lazarowicz Piotr Bielawski Cezariusz Lesisz Halina Lopuszanska Hanna Lukowska Karniej Zofia Maciejewska Stanislaw Mittek Andrzej Myc Wojciech Myslecki Romuald Nowicki Zbigniew Oziewicz Jan Pawlowski Barbara Sarapuk Wladyslaw Sidorowicz Tadeusz Swierczewski Andrzej Zarach The SW was headed by a Council mainly comprising the founders and since 1984 Executive Committee 18 Among a dozen Fighting Solidarity branches the strongest besides Wroclaw were Poznan Gdansk Rzeszow and Upper Silesia Leading activists outside Lower Silesia were Maciej Frankiewicz Poznan Marek Czachor Andrzej Kolodziej Roman Zwiercan and Ewa Kubasiewicz Tricity Slawomir Bugajski Katowice Janina Jadwiga Chmielowska Sosnowiec Krzysztof Korczak Szczecin Antoni Kopaczewski and Janusz Szkutnik Rzeszow Seweryn Jaworski Krzysztof Wolf Adam Cymborski and Adam Borowski Warsaw Marian Stachniuk and Piotr Hlebowicz Cracow Wlodzimierz Domagalski Labedzki Lodz Solidarnosc Walczaca cells also existed in many other cities including Zgorzelec Czestochowa Jelenia Gora Kalisz Kielce Konin Opole Walbrzych In addition to regional structures the SW also formed plant groups including at the Cegielski Plant in Poznan the Komuna Paris Shipyard in Gdynia the Gdansk Shipyard the Wrozamet in Wroclaw the Jelcz Car Works and several Silesian and Walbrzych mines The organization had about 2 000 members 19 Outside of Poland Fighting Solidarity was represented by foreign representatives Tadeusz Warsza 20 Great Britain Andrzej Wirga 21 Germany Ewa Kubasiewicz head of representation 22 and Rafal Gan Ganowicz 23 France Jerzy Jankowski 24 Norway Kazimierz Michalczyk 25 West Berlin Zbigniew Belz 26 Canada Jaroslaw Swiatek 27 USA Fighting Solidarity s agenda editSolidarnosc Walczaca operated on the basis of the Program of the Organization of Solidarnosc Walczaca created since 1982 the most complete version of which was published in 1987 Since its inception its program proclaimed the complete collapse of communism the independence of Poland and other nations enslaved by communism the independence of the Soviet republics the unification of Germany while maintaining the post war borders imposed by the Yalta order In proposing a vision of Poland after the collapse of communism Solidarnosc Walczaca emphasized the need for social solidarity and self government and appealed to values derived from the teachings of the Catholic Church See also editConfederation of Independent Poland Konfederacja Polski Niepodleglej Cursed soldiers Orange Alternative Pomaranczowa Alternatywa References edit a b KENNEY Padraic A Carnival of Revolution Central Europe 1989 p 30 Andrzej Paczkowski Jane Cave The Spring Will Be Ours Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom p 464 KENNEY Padraic A Carnival of Revolution Central Europe 1989 p 164 a b in Polish Solidarnosc Walczaca czyli po niepodleglosc bez kompromisow Archived 2007 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Magazyn Obywatel nr 5 2005 25 a b c Sabrina Petra Ramet Social Currents in Eastern Europe The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation p 97 L Kaminski Solidarnosc Walczaca Biuletyn Instytutu Pamieci Narodowej 5 6 76 77 2007 s 36 Radiowa przygoda 2011 05 19 Archived from the original on 2011 05 19 Retrieved 2023 04 07 Solidarnosc Walczaca w dokumentach t I W oczach SB IPN Warszawa 2007 s 152 Solidarnosc Walczaca w dokumentach t I W oczach SB IPN Warszawa 2007 s 172 Kto kogo rozpracowal w podziemiu Solidarnosc Walczaca a SB historia interia pl in Polish Retrieved 2023 04 07 Hanna Labrenz Weiss Kryptonim Sycylia Operativer Vorgang Sizilien Lena Wroclaw 2016 https archive today 20120720170154 http portalwiedzy onet pl 33479 solidarnosc walczaca haslo html Stowarzyszenie Solidarnosc Walczaca 2009 01 08 Archived from the original on 2009 01 08 Retrieved 2023 04 07 https www prezydent pl kancelaria archiwum archiwum lecha kaczynskiego aktualnosci rok 2007 Medale orderu Za zaslugi wobec Litwy Archived from the original on 2017 03 05 Order Za zaslugi wobec Litwy NSZZ Solidarnosc 1980 1989 tom 2 Ruch spoleczny pod red Lukasza Kaminskiego i Grzegorza Waligory Warszawa 2010 s 457 459 SW rozdzial 6 Archived from the original on 2007 01 22 25 Rocznica powstania Solidarnosci Walczacej Inne Oblicza Historii Tadeusz Eugeniusz Warsza Encyklopedia Solidarnosci Archived from the original on 2018 10 02 Aneks Wirga Archived from the original on 2007 01 22 Ewa Kubasiewicz Houee Bez prawa powrotu Wyd Wektory Sadkow 2007 s 168 Ewa Kubasiewicz Houee Bez prawa powrotu Wyd Wektory Sadkow 2007 s 172 Prezentacja dzialaczy Jerzy Jankowski swkatowice forumoteka pl Retrieved 2023 04 07 Prezentacja dzialaczy Kazimierz Michalczyk swkatowice forumoteka pl Retrieved 2023 04 07 Solidarnosc Walczaca Warszawa www solidarni waw pl Retrieved 2023 04 07 O wyzwolenie z komunizmu ludzi i narodow przysiegam walczyc Oficyna Wydawnicza Volumen Warszawa 2007External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solidarnosc Walczaca Fighting Solidarity Institute of National Remembrance Wolni i Solidarni a portal dedicated to Fighting Solidarity in Polish Kornel Morawiecki o swojej organizacji Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine in Polish Solidarnosc Walczaca w swietle materialow Sluzby Bezpieczenstwa Archived 2012 02 05 at the Wayback Machine in Polish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fighting Solidarity amp oldid 1207000085, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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