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Ceasefire

May 04, 2023

"Truce" redirects here. For other uses, see Truce (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Ceasefire (disambiguation).

A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice[1]), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'[2]), is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions.[3] Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors.[1]

A truce—not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war
By Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly, February 17, 1877, p. 132.

Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.[2] They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.[2]

The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence, but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute.[1] An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict, but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and reposition forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented.[3][1]

The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. peacekeeping). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent and control accidents from developing into conflict.[3]

Overview

Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs.[4] Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment.[5]

By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020.[1]

Historical examples

Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a 'truce of God'.[6]

World War I

Main article: Christmas truce

During World War I, on December 24, 1914, there was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France, the United Kingdom, and Germany observed Christmas. There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches.[7] The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees, it quickly spread up and down the Western Front.[8] One account described the development in the following words:

It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities.[9]

There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce, and the war resumed after a few days.

 
British and German officers after arranging the German handover of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and the surrounding area, negotiated during a temporary truce, April 1945

Karachi Agreement

Main article: Karachi Agreement

The Karachi Agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.[10]

Korean War

On November 29, 1952, the US president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War. With the UN's acceptance of India's proposed armistice, the ceasefire of the Korean People's Army (KPA), the People's Volunteer Army (PVA), and the UN Command had the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel north. These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953, to end the fighting.[11][12] South Korean President Syngman Rhee attacked the peace proceedings and did not sign the armistice.[13] Upon agreeing to the ceasefire agreement, which called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China, and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The principal belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and the joint Republic of Korea Army, US, and UN Command. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty.

Vietnam War

On New Years Day, 1968, Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, Republic of Vietnam Marine Division, 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho. The Viet Cong would also attack a U.S. Army fire support base near Saigon, causing more casualties.[14]

On January 15, 1973, US President Richard Nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam. The decision came after Henry Kissinger, the National Security Advisor to the President, returned to Washington, D.C., from Paris, France, with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam. By January 27, 1973, all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord.

Gulf War

After Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by US-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm, Iraq and the UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991.[15] Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War, the war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H. W. Bush by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait;[citation needed] Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones, US President Bill Clinton's bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox, and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during Operation Desert Strike. The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein's regime from power.

Kashmir conflict

Main articles: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 and UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute

A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan, on 1 January 1949, ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up the dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan, which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite, a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor the ceasefire line.[16] India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018.[17]

Northern Ireland

The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict.[18][19]

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."[20]

Syrian Civil War

Main article: Syrian peace process

Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War.[21][22]

2020 global ceasefire

Main article: Global ceasefire

The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days.[23][24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Clayton, Govinda; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri Aas; Strand, Håvard (2022-10-06). "Ceasefires in Civil Conflict: A Research Agenda". Journal of Conflict Resolution: 002200272211283. doi:10.1177/00220027221128300. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 252793375.
  2. ^ a b c Forster, Robert A. (2019), "Ceasefires", in Romaniuk, Scott; Thapa, Manish; Marton, Péter (eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, Springer, pp. 1–8, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_8-2, ISBN 978-3-319-74336-3, S2CID 239326729
  3. ^ a b c Fortna, Virginia Page (2004). Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18795-2. OCLC 1044838807.
  4. ^ Clayton, Govinda; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri A.; Strand, Håvard (2022). "Costs and Cover: Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict". Journal of Conflict Resolution. doi:10.1177/00220027221129195. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 252739885.
  5. ^ "How the War in Ukraine Might End". The New Yorker. 2022-09-29.
  6. ^ Bailey, Sydney D. (1977). "Cease-Fires, Truces, and Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council". The American Journal of International Law. 71 (3): 461–473. doi:10.2307/2200012. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2200012. S2CID 147435735.
  7. ^ Evans, Abigail; Bartollas, Clemens; Graham, Gordon; Henke, Kenneth (2011). The Long Shadow of Emile Cailliet: Faith, Philosophy, and Theological Education. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781610971126.
  8. ^ Brockell, Gillian (December 24, 2017). "The Christmas Truce miracle: Soldiers put down their guns to sing carols and drink wine". Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  9. ^ Wilson, Ross (2016). Cultural Heritage of the Great War in Britain. Oxon: Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9781409445739.
  10. ^ Wirsing, Robert (1998). War Or Peace on the Line of Control?: The India-Pakistan Dispute Over Kashmir Turns Fifty. IBRU. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-897643-31-0.
  11. ^ "Document for July 27th: Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State". from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  12. ^ . FindLaw. Canada and United States: Thomson Reuters. 27 July 1953. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  13. ^ Kollontai, Ms Pauline; Kim, Professor Sebastian C. H.; Hoyland, Revd Greg (2013-05-28). Peace and Reconciliation: In Search of Shared Identity. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4094-7798-3.
  14. ^ Kurlansky, Mark. (2004). 1968 : the year that rocked the world (1st ed.). New York: Ballantine. pp. 3, 13. ISBN 0-345-45581-9. OCLC 53929433.
  15. ^ "BBC News | Saddam's Iraq: Key events". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  16. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, pp. 68–69, ISBN 978-1860648984
  17. ^ "India declares ceasefire in Kashmir - Global Village Space". Global Village Space. 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  18. ^ "I.R.A. Provisionals Announce a Christmas Truce". The New York Times. 21 December 1974.
  19. ^ "IRA Declares Usual Christmas Truce". Los Angeles Times. 24 December 1993.
  20. ^ Wedeman, Ben; Raz, Guy; Koppel, Andrea (2005-02-07). "Mideast cease-fire expected Tuesday". CNN. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
  21. ^ Lundgren, Magnus (2016). "Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016". Contemporary Security Policy. 37 (2): 273–288. doi:10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377. S2CID 156447200.
  22. ^ Karakus, Dogukan Cansin; Svensson, Isak (2020-05-18). "Between the Bombs: Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War, 2011–2017". Terrorism and Political Violence. 32 (4): 681–700. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1393416. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 149165856.
  23. ^ "S/RES/2532(2020) - E - S/RES/2532(2020)". undocs.org. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  24. ^ "Stalled Security Council resolution adopted, backing UN's global humanitarian ceasefire call". UN News. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-08-01.

Further reading

  • Clayton Govinda, Nygård Håvard Mokleiv, Strand Håvard, Rustad Siri Aas, Wiehler Claudia, Sagård Tora, Landsverk Peder, Ryland Reidun, Sticher Valerie, Wink Emma, Bara Corrine. 2022. “Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution.
  • Akebo, Malin. (2016). Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study. Routledge.
  • Colletta, Nat. (2011). "Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes." In Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory. Praeger, 135–147.
  • Forster, Robert A. (2019). Ceasefires. In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Palgrave.
  • Fortna, Virginia Page. (2004). Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton University Press.
  • Williams, R., Gustafson, D., Gent, S., & Crescenzi, M. (2021). "A latent variable approach to measuring and explaining peace agreement strength." Political Science Research and Methods, 9(1), 89–105.

External links

 
Look up ceasefire or truce in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • University of Edinburgh Ceasefires Tracker
  • Search for ceasefire agreements on the Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990-2015.
  • Search for ceasefire agreements in the UN Peacemaker Database
  • Search for women and ceasefire agreements in PA-X Women Database

May 04, 2023
ceasefire, truce, redirects, here, other, uses, truce, disambiguation, other, uses, disambiguation, ceasefire, also, known, truce, armistice, also, spelled, cease, fire, antonym, open, fire, temporary, stoppage, which, each, side, agrees, with, other, suspend,. Truce redirects here For other uses see Truce disambiguation For other uses see Ceasefire disambiguation A ceasefire also known as a truce or armistice 1 also spelled cease fire the antonym of open fire 2 is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions 3 Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non state actors 1 A truce not a compromise but a chance for high toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of warBy Thomas Nast in Harper s Weekly February 17 1877 p 132 Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces 2 They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter 2 The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary Ceasefires may be intended to meet short term limited needs such as providing humanitarian aid manage a conflict to make it less devastating or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute 1 An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict for example by re arming and reposition forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented 3 1 The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors such as demilitarized zones withdrawal of troops and third party guarantees and monitoring e g peacekeeping Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack reduce uncertainty about the adversary s intentions and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent and control accidents from developing into conflict 3 Contents 1 Overview 2 Historical examples 2 1 World War I 2 2 Karachi Agreement 2 3 Korean War 2 4 Vietnam War 2 5 Gulf War 2 6 Kashmir conflict 2 7 Northern Ireland 2 8 Israeli Palestinian conflict 2 9 Syrian Civil War 2 10 2020 global ceasefire 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksOverview EditCeasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs 4 Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other when actors can make credible commitments and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment 5 By one estimate there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989 2020 1 Historical examples EditHistorically the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages when it was known as a truce of God 6 World War I Edit Main article Christmas truce During World War I on December 24 1914 there was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France the United Kingdom and Germany observed Christmas There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches 7 The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees it quickly spread up and down the Western Front 8 One account described the development in the following words It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front the sharing and fraternity All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities 9 There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce and the war resumed after a few days British and German officers after arranging the German handover of the Bergen Belsen concentration camp and the surrounding area negotiated during a temporary truce April 1945 Karachi Agreement Edit Main article Karachi Agreement The Karachi Agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan establishing a cease fire line in Kashmir following the Indo Pakistani War of 1947 10 Korean War Edit On November 29 1952 the US president elect Dwight D Eisenhower went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War With the UN s acceptance of India s proposed armistice the ceasefire of the Korean People s Army KPA the People s Volunteer Army PVA and the UN Command had the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel north These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27 1953 to end the fighting 11 12 South Korean President Syngman Rhee attacked the peace proceedings and did not sign the armistice 13 Upon agreeing to the ceasefire agreement which called upon the governments of South Korea North Korea China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks The principal belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone DMZ which has since been patrolled by the KPA and the joint Republic of Korea Army US and UN Command The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty Vietnam War Edit On New Years Day 1968 Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare a 24 hour truce However the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce and ambushed the 2nd Battalion Republic of Vietnam Marine Division 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho The Viet Cong would also attack a U S Army fire support base near Saigon causing more casualties 14 On January 15 1973 US President Richard Nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam The decision came after Henry Kissinger the National Security Advisor to the President returned to Washington D C from Paris France with a draft peace proposal Combat missions continued in South Vietnam By January 27 1973 all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord Gulf War Edit After Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by US led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm Iraq and the UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3 1991 15 Subsequently throughout the 1990s the U N Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War the war still remained in effect including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H W Bush by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait citation needed Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no fly zones US President Bill Clinton s bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during Operation Desert Strike The war remained in effect until 2003 when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein s regime from power Kashmir conflict Edit Main articles Indo Pakistani War of 1947 1948 and UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute A UN mediated ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan on 1 January 1949 ending the Indo Pakistani War of 1947 also called the 1947 Kashmir War Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947 with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir who had joined India and Pakistan supporting the rebels The fighting was limited to Kashmir but apprehensive that it might develop into a full scale international war India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter which addresses situations likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace The Security Council set up the dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948 which came into effect in the New Year The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan UNMOGIP to monitor the ceasefire line 16 India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018 17 Northern Ireland Edit The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires usually referred to as truces during the Northern Ireland conflict 18 19 Israeli Palestinian conflict Edit An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8 2005 When announced chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere 20 Syrian Civil War Edit Main article Syrian peace process Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War 21 22 2020 global ceasefire Edit Main article Global ceasefire The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary General Antonio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations response to the COVID 19 coronavirus pandemic On 24 June 2020 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non binding statement in support of the appeal rising to 172 on 25 June 2020 and on 1 July 2020 the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days 23 24 See also Edit2020 Nagorno Karabakh ceasefire agreement Armistice Demilitarized zone Ekecheiria Olympic Truce Korean Armistice Agreement Peacemaking Peace process Peace treatyReferences Edit a b c d e Clayton Govinda Nygard Havard Mokleiv Rustad Siri Aas Strand Havard 2022 10 06 Ceasefires in Civil Conflict A Research Agenda Journal of Conflict Resolution 002200272211283 doi 10 1177 00220027221128300 ISSN 0022 0027 S2CID 252793375 a b c Forster Robert A 2019 Ceasefires in Romaniuk Scott Thapa Manish Marton Peter eds The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies Springer pp 1 8 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 74336 3 8 2 ISBN 978 3 319 74336 3 S2CID 239326729 a b c Fortna Virginia Page 2004 Peace Time Cease Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 18795 2 OCLC 1044838807 Clayton Govinda Nygard Havard Mokleiv Rustad Siri A Strand Havard 2022 Costs and Cover Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict Journal of Conflict Resolution doi 10 1177 00220027221129195 ISSN 0022 0027 S2CID 252739885 How the War in Ukraine Might End The New Yorker 2022 09 29 Bailey Sydney D 1977 Cease Fires Truces and Armistices in the Practice of the UN Security Council The American Journal of International Law 71 3 461 473 doi 10 2307 2200012 ISSN 0002 9300 JSTOR 2200012 S2CID 147435735 Evans Abigail Bartollas Clemens Graham Gordon Henke Kenneth 2011 The Long Shadow of Emile Cailliet Faith Philosophy and Theological Education Eugene OR Wipf and Stock Publishers ISBN 9781610971126 Brockell Gillian December 24 2017 The Christmas Truce miracle Soldiers put down their guns to sing carols and drink wine Washington Post Retrieved 2018 08 27 Wilson Ross 2016 Cultural Heritage of the Great War in Britain Oxon Routledge p 74 ISBN 9781409445739 Wirsing Robert 1998 War Or Peace on the Line of Control The India Pakistan Dispute Over Kashmir Turns Fifty IBRU p 9 ISBN 978 1 897643 31 0 Document for July 27th Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 Retrieved 13 December 2012 Korean War Armistice Agreement FindLaw Canada and United States Thomson Reuters 27 July 1953 Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Kollontai Ms Pauline Kim Professor Sebastian C H Hoyland Revd Greg 2013 05 28 Peace and Reconciliation In Search of Shared Identity Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 111 ISBN 978 1 4094 7798 3 Kurlansky Mark 2004 1968 the year that rocked the world 1st ed New York Ballantine pp 3 13 ISBN 0 345 45581 9 OCLC 53929433 BBC News Saddam s Iraq Key events news bbc co uk Retrieved 2020 08 01 Schofield Victoria 2003 First published in 2000 Kashmir in Conflict London and New York I B Taurus amp Co pp 68 69 ISBN 978 1860648984 India declares ceasefire in Kashmir Global Village Space Global Village Space 2018 05 17 Retrieved 2018 05 18 I R A Provisionals Announce a Christmas Truce The New York Times 21 December 1974 IRA Declares Usual Christmas Truce Los Angeles Times 24 December 1993 Wedeman Ben Raz Guy Koppel Andrea 2005 02 07 Mideast cease fire expected Tuesday CNN Retrieved 2007 01 03 Lundgren Magnus 2016 Mediation in Syria initiatives strategies and obstacles 2011 2016 Contemporary Security Policy 37 2 273 288 doi 10 1080 13523260 2016 1192377 S2CID 156447200 Karakus Dogukan Cansin Svensson Isak 2020 05 18 Between the Bombs Exploring Partial Ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War 2011 2017 Terrorism and Political Violence 32 4 681 700 doi 10 1080 09546553 2017 1393416 ISSN 0954 6553 S2CID 149165856 S RES 2532 2020 E S RES 2532 2020 undocs org Retrieved 2020 08 01 Stalled Security Council resolution adopted backing UN s global humanitarian ceasefire call UN News 2020 07 01 Retrieved 2020 08 01 Further reading EditClayton Govinda Nygard Havard Mokleiv Strand Havard Rustad Siri Aas Wiehler Claudia Sagard Tora Landsverk Peder Ryland Reidun Sticher Valerie Wink Emma Bara Corrine 2022 Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset Journal of Conflict Resolution Akebo Malin 2016 Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes A Comparative Study Routledge Colletta Nat 2011 Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes In Peacemaking From Practice to Theory Praeger 135 147 Forster Robert A 2019 Ceasefires In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies Palgrave Fortna Virginia Page 2004 Peace Time Cease fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace Princeton University Press Williams R Gustafson D Gent S amp Crescenzi M 2021 A latent variable approach to measuring and explaining peace agreement strength Political Science Research and Methods 9 1 89 105 External links Edit Look up ceasefire or truce in Wiktionary the free dictionary University of Edinburgh Ceasefires Tracker Search for ceasefire agreements on the Peace Agreement Access Tool PA X 1990 2015 Search for ceasefire agreements in the UN Peacemaker Database Search for women and ceasefire agreements in PA X Women Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ceasefire amp oldid 1145134084, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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