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Nazi crimes against the Polish nation

December 26, 2022

For information about other participants in war crimes, see War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II.

Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland,[1] along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II,[2] consisted of the murder of millions of ethnic Poles and the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass murders were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, as well as Jews, as racially inferior Untermenschen.

Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
Memorial to the Wola massacre, the systematic killing of around 40,000–50,000 Polish civilians and enemy combatants by Nazi German troops during the Warsaw Uprising of summer 1944
Date1939–1945
LocationOccupied Poland
CauseInvasion of Poland
Targetethnic Poles, Polish Jews
ParticipantsWehrmacht, Gestapo, SS, Orpo, Selbstschutz, Trawnikis, Sonderdienst, BKA, UPA, TDA
Casualties
Around 5.470 million to 5.670 million[a]
Part of a series
World War II casualties of Poland
World War II crimes in occupied Poland
Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–46)
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia

By 1942, the Nazis were implementing their plan to murder every Jew in German-occupied Europe, and had also developed plans to eliminate the Polish people through mass murder, ethnic cleansing, enslavement and extermination through labor, and assimilation into German identity of a small minority of Poles deemed "racially valuable". During World War II, the Germans not only murdered millions of Poles, but ethnically cleansed millions more through forced deportation to make room for German settlers (see Generalplan Ost and Lebensraum). These actions claimed the lives of 2.7 to 3 million Polish Jews and 1.8 to 2.77 million ethnic Poles, according to Poland's Institute of National Remembrance, which had been established in Warsaw in 1998.[a][3][4] These extremely large death tolls, and the absence of substantial non-Jewish civilian deaths in other occupied European countries such as Denmark and France, have lead some like Timothy Snyder to characterize Germany's policies against the Poles as genocidal.[5]

The genocidal policies of the German government's colonization plan, Generalplan Ost, were the blueprint for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against the Polish nation from 1939 to 1945.[6] The Nazi master plan entailed the expulsion and mass extermination of some 85 percent (over 20 million) of ethnic Poles in Poland, the remaining 15 percent to be turned into slave labor.[7] In 2000, by an act of the Polish Parliament, dissemination of knowledge on World War II crimes in Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was entrusted to the Institute of National Remembrance.[8][9]

From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (German: Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists.[2][10] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial theories.[11] In the Obersalzberg Speech delivered on 22 August 1939, just before the invasion of Poland, Hitler gave explicit permission to his commanders to murder "without pity or mercy, all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language."[12][13]

Ethnic cleansing was to be conducted systematically against the Polish people. On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered.[14] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. Later, all Poles will disappear from this world. It is imperative that the great German volk consider the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task."[15] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland".[14]

After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of Nazi German policies in Poland – the extermination of Poles and Jews – had "all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term."[16][17]

1939 September Campaign

Further information: Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet invasion of Poland

Less than a year before the outbreak of war, on 1 October 1938, the German Army rolled into the Sudetenland in accordance with the Munich Agreement. The operation was completed by 10 October. Two weeks later, on 24 October 1938, Ribbentrop summoned Polish ambassador to Berchtesgaden and presented him with Hitler's Gesamtlösung regarding the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig. Ambassador Lipski refused.[18] Three days later, the first mass deportation of Polish nationals from Nazi Germany began. It was the eviction of Jews who settled in Germany with Polish passports. On 9–10 November 1938, the Kristallnacht attack was carried out by the SA paramilitary forces; thousands of Jews holding Polish citizenship were rounded up and sent via rail to the Polish border and to the Nazi concentration camps.[19] The round-up included 2,000 ethnic Poles living and working there.[13]

Also, before the invasion of Poland, the Nazis prepared a detailed list identifying more than 61,000 Polish targets (mostly civilian) by name, with the help of the German minority living in the Second Polish Republic.[20] The list was printed secretly as the 192-page-book called Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen (Special Prosecution Book–Poland), and composed only of names and birthdates. It included politicians, scholars, actors, intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers, nobility, priests, officers and numerous others – as the means at the disposal of the SS paramilitary death squads aided by Selbstschutz executioners.[21] The first Einsatzgruppen of World War II were formed by the SS in the course of the invasion.[21] They were deployed behind the front lines to murder groups of people considered, by virtue of their social status, to be capable of abetting resistance efforts against the Germans.[22][23] The most widely used lie justifying indiscriminate murders by the mobile death squads was (always the same) made-up claim of purported attack on German forces.[24]

In total, about 150,000 to 200,000 Poles died during the one-month September Campaign of 1939,[25] characterized by the indiscriminate and often deliberate targeting of civilian population by the invading forces.[26] Over 100,000 Poles died in the Luftwaffe's terror bombing operations, like those at Wieluń.[27] Massive air raids were conducted on towns which had no military infrastructure.[28] The town of Frampol, near Lublin, was heavily bombed on 13 September as a test subject for Luftwaffe bombing technique; chosen because of its grid street plan and an easily recognisable central town-hall. Frampol was hit by 70 tonnes of munitions,[29] which destroyed up to 90% of buildings and killed half of its inhabitants.[30] Columns of fleeing refugees were systematically attacked by the German fighter and dive-bomber aircraft.[31]

 
Execution of ethnic Poles by German SS Einsatzkommando soldiers in Leszno, October 1939

Amongst the Polish cities and towns bombed at the beginning of war were: Brodnica,[32] Bydgoszcz,[32] Chełm,[32] Ciechanów,[32] Częstochowa,[33][34] Grodno,[34] Grudziądz,[34] Gdynia,[32] Janów,[32] Jasło,[32] Katowice,[34] Kielce,[34] Kowel,[34] Kraków,[32][33] Kutno,[32] Lublin,[32] Lwów,[34] Olkusz,[32] Piotrków,[35] Płock,[32] Płońsk,[34] Poznań,[33][34] Puck,[34] Radom,[32] Radomsko,[34] Sulejów,[35] Warsaw,[33][34] Wieluń,[32] Wilno, and Zamość.[32] Over 156 towns and villages were attacked by the Luftwaffe.[36] Warsaw suffered particularly severely with a combination of aerial bombardment and artillery fire reducing large parts of the historic centre to rubble,[37] with more than 60,000 casualties.[24]

Terror and pacification operations

See also: Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland
 
Photos from The Black Book of Poland, published in London in 1942 by Polish government-in-exile.

In the first three months of war, from the fall of 1939 until the spring of 1940, some 60,000 former government officials, military officers in reserve, landowners, clergy, and members of the Polish intelligentsia were executed region by region in the so-called Intelligenzaktion,[38] including over 1,000 POWs.[39][40][41][42] Summary executions of Poles were conducted by all German forces without exception including, Wehrmacht, Gestapo, the SS and Selbstschutz in violation of international agreements.[43] The mass murders were a part of the secretive Operation Tannenberg, an early measure of the Generalplan Ost settler colonization. Polish Christians as well as Jews were either murdered and buried in hastily dug mass graves or sent to prisons and German concentration camps. "Whatever we find in the shape of an upper class in Poland will be liquidated,"[44] Hitler had ordered.[45] In the Intelligenzaktion Pommern, a regional action in Pomeranian Voivodeship 23,000 Poles were killed.[46] It was continued by the German AB-Aktion operation in Poland in the mid-1940s.[47] The AB-Aktion saw the massacre of Lwów professors and the executions of about 1,700 Poles in the Palmiry forest. Several thousand civilian victims were executed or imprisoned. The Einsatzgruppen were also responsible for the indiscriminate murder of Jews and Poles during the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union.[48]

 
A mass execution of 56 hostages in Bochnia near Kraków, 18 December 1939. In Palmiry, about 1,700 Poles were murdered in secret executions between 7 December 1939, and 17 July 1941[49]
 
Announcement of execution of 100 Polish hostages as revenge for assassination of 5 German policemen and 1 SS-man by Armia Krajowa (quote: a Polish "terrorist organization in British service"). Warsaw, 2 October 1943

Communities were collectively punished for the purported Polish counter-attacks against the invading German troops. Mass executions of hostages were conducted almost every day during the Wehrmacht advance across Poland.[50] The locations, dates and numbers include: Starogard (2 September), 190 Poles, 40 of them Jews;[51] Swiekatowo (3 September), 26 Poles;[52] Wieruszów (3 September), 20 Poles all Jews.[53] On 4 September 1939 the 42nd Infantry Regiment (46th Infantry Division) committed the Częstochowa massacre with 1,140 citizens or more (150 of them Jews) murdered in wild shooting actions in several city locations.[b][54][55] In Imielin (4–5 September), 28 Poles were murdered;[56] in Kajetanowice (5 September), 72 civilians were massacred in revenge for two German horses killed by German friendly fire;[54] Trzebinia (5 September), 97 Polish citizens;[57] Piotrków (5 September), Jewish section of the city was set on fire;[58] Będzin (8 September), two hundred civilians burned to death; about 300 were shot to death in Turek (9 September) [59] Klecko (9–10 September), three hundred citizens executed;[60] Mszadla (10 September), 153 Poles;[61] Gmina Besko (11 September), 21 Poles;[62] Kowalewice (11 September), 23 Poles;[63] Pilica (12 September); 36 Poles, 32 of them Jewish;[64] Olszewo (13 September), 13 people (half of the village) from Olszewo and 10 from nearby Pietkowo including women and children stabbed by bayonets, shot, blown up by grenades, and burned alive in a barn;[65] Mielec (13 September), 55 Jews burned to death;[59] Piątek (13 September), 50 Poles, seven of them Jews.[64] On 14–15 September about 900 Polish Jews in parallel shooting actions in Przemyśl and in Medyka.[64] Roughly at the same time, in Solec (14 September), 44 Poles killed;[66] soon thereafter in Chojnice, 40 Polish citizens;[67] Gmina Klecko, 23 Poles;[68] Bądków, 22 Poles;[69] Dynów, two hundred Polish Jews.[70] Public executions continued well beyond September, including in municipalities such as Wieruszów County,[71] Gmina Besko,[62] Gmina Gidle,[72] Gmina Klecko,[68] Gmina Ryczywół,[73] and Gmina Siennica, among others.[74]

In and around Bydgoszcz, about 10,000 Polish civilians were murdered in the first four months of the occupation (see Bloody Sunday, and the Valley of Death).[75] German Army and Selbstschutz paramilitary units composed of ethnic German Volksdeutsche also participated.[76]

The Nazis took hostages by the thousands at the time of the invasion and throughout their occupation of Poland.[75][77] Hostages were selected from among the most prominent citizens of occupied cities and villages: priests, professors, doctors, lawyers, as well as leaders of economic and social organizations and the trade unions. Often, however, they were chosen at random from all segments of society and for every German killed a group of between 50 and 100 Polish civilians were executed.[75] About 20,000 villagers, some of whom were burned alive, were murdered in large-scale punitive operations targeting rural settlements suspected of aiding the resistance or hiding Jews and other fugitives.[1] Seventy-five villages were razed in these operations. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where the penalty for hiding a Jew was death for everyone living in the house; other laws were similarly ruthless.[78]

Ethnic cleansing through forced expulsion

See also: Expulsion of Poles by Germany, World War II evacuation and expulsion, and Generalplan Ost
 
Expulsion of Poles from villages in the Zamość Region by German SS soldiers, December 1942

Germany planned to completely remove the indigenous population of Poland beginning with the newly created Reichsgau Wartheland territory in 1939. According to the Lebensraum aim and ideology, formerly Polish lands were to be taken over by the German military and civilian settlers including Eastern European Volksdeutsche. The "Germanizing" of occupied territories by the Reich was repeatedly condemned by Nuremberg Tribunal which stated that the practice of expelling civilians was "not only in defiance of well-established rules of international law, but in complete disregard of the elementary dictates of humanity."[79] During the occupation of Poland, the number of Poles evicted by the German authorities from their homes is estimated at 2,478,000.[80][81] Up to 928,000 Poles were ethnically cleansed to make way for the foreign colonists.[82]

The number of displaced Polish nationals in four years of German occupation included: from Warthegau region 630,000 Poles; from Silesia 81,000;[80] from Pomerania 124,000;[80] from Bezirk Białystok 28,000;[80] and from Ciechanów district 25,000 Poles and Jews.[80] In the so-called "wild expulsions" from Pomerelia, some 30,000 to 40,000 Polish people were evicted,[80] and from General Government (to German "reservations") some 171,000 Poles and Jews.[80] To create new colonial latifundia, 42% of annexed farms were demolished. Some 3 million Poles were sent to perform slave labor in the Reich.[80] Additional 500,000 ethnic Poles were deported from Warsaw after the Warsaw uprising on top of 180,000 civilian casualties.[80][83]

The expulsions were carried out so abruptly that the ethnic Germans resettled from Eastern Galicia, Volhynia and Romanian Bukovina were taking over Polish homes with half-eaten meals on tables and unmade beds where small children had been sleeping at the time of expulsions.[84] Members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were assigned the task of overseeing evictions to ensure that the Poles left behind most of their belongings for the use of the settlers.[85] Himmler promised to eventually deport all Poles to Russia. He envisioned their ultimate end by exposure, malnutrition and overwork possibly in the Pripet Marshes where all Poles were to die during the cultivation of the marshy swamps. Plans for the mass transportation and possible creation of slave labor camps for up to 20 million Poles were also made.[86]

Polish Resistance

Main article: Polish resistance movement in World War II

The best example of Polish resistance, not aimed at hurting the Germans or achieving political aims but at protecting the Poles, was the Zamość Uprising. It was a rare situation where the politically anticommunist Home Army,[87] politically neutral Peasants' Battalions, communist People's Guard, and Soviet Partisans all worked together to protect the Poles from German abuses, mainly forced expulsion, and from mass murder carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish people. The Uprising greatly slowed the German expulsion of Poles and the area's colonization with Germans. The Germans went so far as to create a buffer zone of villages populated by ethnic Ukrainians friendly to the Germans. The Polish peasants were reluctant to join the armed resistance, but were forced to protect themselves.

Camps and ghettos

See also: Death marches (Holocaust), German camps in occupied Poland during World War II, Nazi human experimentation, and Nazi concentration camps
 
Stutthof concentration camp set up in September 1939; the first Nazi facility of its kind built outside of Germany; eventually 65,000 Polish prisoners were murdered in the camp

Almost immediately following the invasion, both Germany and the Soviet Union began setting up camps in occupied Poland, which included POW camps for some 230,672 Polish soldiers captured during the September campaign of 1939.[88] Within a short period of time, the German zone of partitioned Poland became a virtual prison-island with more than 430 complexes of state organized terror. It is estimated that some 5 million Polish citizens went through them while serving the German war economy.[88] The Occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union began in September 1939. The majority of 50,000 Poles imprisoned at Mauthausen-Gusen were mostly murdered in Gusen;[89] 150,000 at Auschwitz, 20,000 at Sachsenhausen, 40,000 at Gross-Rosen;[90] 17,000 at Neuengamme and 10,000 at Dachau. About 17,000 Polish women were murdered at Ravensbrück. A major concentration camp complex at Stutthof (east of Gdańsk), was launched no later than 2 September 1939 and existed until the end of the war with 39 subcamps. It is estimated that 65,000 Poles were murdered there.[91] The total number of Polish nationals who were murdered in the camps, prisons and places of detention inside and outside Poland exceeds 1,286,000.[88] There were special camps for children such as the Potulice concentration camp, the Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt for Polish boys, and the forced-labour camp for Polish girls at Dzierżązna (Dzierzazna).[92]

Auschwitz became the main concentration camp for Poles on 14 June 1940. By March 1941, 10,900 prisoners were registered at the camp, most of them Gentile Poles. In September 1941, 200 ailing Polish prisoners along with 650 Soviet POWs, were murdered in the first gassing experiments with Zyklon-B. Beginning in 1942, Auschwitz's prisoner population became much more diverse, as Jews and other "enemies of the state" from all over German-occupied Europe were deported to the expanding camp. Franciszek Piper, the chief historian of Auschwitz, estimates that 140,000 to 150,000 ethnic Poles were brought to that camp between 1940 and 1945, and that 70,000 to 75,000 were murdered there as victims of executions, human experimentation, forced starvation and disease.[93][94][95]

 
Czesława Kwoka-one of many Polish children murdered in Auschwitz by the Nazis

Instances of pseudo medical experiments occurred. For example, 74 young Polish women were subjected to medical experiments on bone and muscle transplantation, nerve regeneration and wound infection in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.[96][97] Sulfanilamide experiments were conducted on Polish Catholic priests in Dachau. More than 300 Polish priests were murdered in experiments or by torture.[98][99]

Already in 1939, the Germans divided all Poles along the ethnic lines. As part of the expulsion and slave labor program, Jews were singled out and separated from the rest of civilian population in the newly established ghettos. In smaller towns, ghettos served as staging points for mass deportations, while in the urban centers they became instruments of "slow, passive murder" with rampant hunger and dead bodies littering the streets.[100] The ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods. The ethnic Poles and members of other groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere.[101]

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), or 7.2 persons per room.[102] The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates.[103] By the end of 1941, most of about 3.5 million Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for any further basic food deliveries.[104]

Forced labour

See also: German military brothels in World War II, German camp brothels in World War II, and Forced labor in Germany during World War II
 
German notice from 30 September 1939 in occupied Poland, warning of the death penalty for refusal to work during harvest
 
Łapanka – Polish civilian hostages captured by German soldiers on the street, September 1939

In October 1939, the Nazis passed a decree on forced labour for Jews over the age of 12 and Poles over the age of 14 living in the General Government.[105] Between 1939 and 1945,[80] some 3 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for slave labor, many of them teenage boys and girls. Although Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles and other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures.[80] Polish laborers were compelled to work longer hours for lower than the regular symbolic pay of Western Europeans. They were forced to wear identifying purple tags with "P"s sewn to their clothing, subjected to a curfew, and banned from public transportation. While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, in many cities Poles were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations ("racial defilement") were considered a capital crime punishable by death.[106][107] During the war, hundreds of Polish men were executed for their relations with German women.[108] Historian Jan Gross estimated "no more than 15 per cent" of all the Poles who went to Germany did so voluntarily.[109]

Mass rapes were committed against Polish women and girls including during punitive executions of Polish citizens, before shooting of the women.[110] Additionally, large numbers of Polish women were routinely captured with the aim of forcing them into serving in German military brothels.[111] Mass raids were conducted by the Nazis in many Polish cities with the express aim of capturing young women, later forced to work in brothels attended by German soldiers and officers.[111] Girls as young as 15 years old, who were ostensibly classified as "suitable for agricultural work in Germany", were sexually exploited by German soldiers at their places of destination.[111]

Germanization

Main article: Germanisation § Under the Third Reich

In Reichsgau Wartheland territories of occupied Greater Poland, the Nazi goal was a complete Germanization of the land: i.e. the assimilation politically, culturally, socially and economically into the German Reich.[112] This did not mean the old style Germanization of the inhabitants – by teaching them the language and culture – but rather, the flooding of the Reichsgau with assumed pure Germans aided only by the fraction of those living there previously, most of whom were not ethnically German.[113] In order to meet the imaginary targets, Gauleiter Albert Forster, in charge of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, had decided that the whole segments of Polish population are in fact ethnic German, whilst expelling others.[114] This decision led to some two-thirds of the ethnic Polish population of the Gau being defined as "Germans" for the first time in their lives.[114]

German Nazis closed elementary schools where Polish was the language of instruction.[115] Streets and cities were renamed (Łódź became Litzmannstadt, etc.).[116][117] Tens of thousands of Polish enterprises, from large industrial firms to small shops, were seized from their owners.[118] In October 1939, the Nazi propaganda stated Poles, Jews, and Gypsies were subhumans.[119] Signs posted in front of those establishments warned: "Entrance forbidden for Poles, Jews, and dogs."[120] The Nazi regime was less stringent in their treatment of the Kashubians in the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Everywhere, however, many thousands of people were forced to sign the Deutsche Volksliste, a racial documentation which the Nazis used to identify and give priority to people of German heritage in occupied countries.[121]

Crimes against children

See also: Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany
 
Roll-call for 8-year-old girls at the child labour camp in Dzierżązna, set up as a sub-camp of the concentration camp for Polish children, adjacent to the Łódź Ghetto

At least 200,000 children in occupied Poland were kidnapped by the Nazis to be subjected to forcible germanization (Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte).[122] These children were screened for "racially valuable traits"[123] and sent to special homes to be Germanized.[124] After racial tests, those deemed suitable, were then placed for adoption if the Germanization was effective, while children who failed the tests were mass murdered in medical experiments, concentration camps or sent to slave labor.[125] After the war, many of the kidnapped children found by Allied forces had been utterly convinced that they were German.[126]

Children of forced workers were brutally mistreated in Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers, where thousands of them were murdered outright or through calculated neglect.[127] Many of the mothers who were unable to return to work after giving birth were murdered.[128] A camp for children and teenagers, Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt, ran from 1943 to 1944 in Łódz, with a sub-camp for girls in Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship.

Cultural genocide

Main articles: Nazi plunder in Poland and Polish culture during World War II

As part of the Nazi plan to destroy Poland, the Germans engaged in cultural genocide in which they looted and then destroyed libraries, museums, scientific institutes and laboratories as well as national monuments and historic treasures.[129] They closed down all universities, high schools, and engaged in systematic murder of Polish scholars, teachers and priests.[130] Millions of books were burned, including an estimated 80% of all school libraries, and three-quarters of all scientific libraries.[131] Polish children were forbidden from acquiring education beyond the elementary level with the aim that the new generation of Polish leaders could not arise in the future.[130] According to a May 1940 memo from Heinrich Himmler: "The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500; writing one's name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans. I do not think that reading is desirable."[130] By 1941, the number of children attending elementary school in the General Government was half of the pre-war number.[38] The Poles responded with Tajne Nauczanie, the "Secret Teaching" a campaign of underground education.

Indiscriminate executions

 
German public execution of Polish civilians, Łódź, The Black Book of Poland, published in London in 1942 by Polish government-in-exile.
 
German public execution of Poles, Kraków, 26 June 1942

Ethnic Poles in Poland were targeted by the łapanka policy which German forces utilized to indiscriminately round up civilians off the street. In Warsaw, between 1942 and 1944, there were approximately 400 daily victims of łapanka. It is estimated that tens of thousands of these victims were murdered in mass executions, including an estimated 37,000 people at the Pawiak prison complex run by the Gestapo, and thousands of others murdered in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto.[132]

Extermination of hospital patients

Main article: Action T4

In July 1939, a Nazi secret program called Action T4 was implemented whose purpose was to effect the extermination of psychiatric patients. During the German invasion of Poland, the program was put into practice on a massive scale in the occupied Polish territories.[133] Typically, all patients, accompanied by soldiers from special SS detachments, were transported by trucks to the extermination sites. The first actions of this type took place at a large psychiatric hospital in Kocborowo on 22 September 1939 (Gdańsk region), as well as in Gniezno and in Kościan.[134]

The total number of psychiatric patients murdered by the Nazis in occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945 is estimated to be more than 16,000. An additional 10,000 patients were murdered by starvation. Approximately 100 of the 243 members of the Polish Psychiatric Association met the same fate as their patients.[134]

Execution of patients by firing squad and by revolver included 400 patients of a psychiatric hospital in Chełm on 1 February 1940[134] and from Owińska. In Pomerania, they were transported to a military fortress in Poznań and gassed with carbon monoxide in the bunkers of Fort VII,[134] including children as well as women whom the authorities classified as Polish prostitutes.[134] Other Owińska hospital patients were gassed in sealed trucks using exhaust fumes. The same method was utilized in the Kochanówka hospital near Łódz, where 840 persons were murdered in 1940, totalling 1,126 victims in 286 clinics.[135]

This was the first "successful" test of the mass murder of Poles using gas. This technique was later perfected on many other psychiatric patients in Poland and in Germany; starting in 1941, the technique was widely employed in the extermination camps. Nazi gas vans were also first used in 1940 to murder mentally ill Polish children.

In 1943, the SS and Police Leader in Poland, Wilhelm Koppe, ordered more than 30,000 Polish patients with tuberculosis to be exterminated as the so-called "health hazard" to the General Government. They were murdered mostly at the Chełmno extermination camp.[136]

Persecution of the Catholic Church

Main article: Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland
 
Bydgoszcz 1939 Polish priests and civilians at the Old Market, 9 September 1939

Sir Ian Kershaw wrote that, in Hitler's scheme for the Germanization of Central and Eastern Europe, there would be no place for the Christian Churches.[137]

Historically, the church had been a leading force in Polish nationalism against foreign domination, thus the Nazis targeted clergy, monks and nuns in their terror campaigns—both for their resistance activity and their cultural importance.[138] Of the brief period of military control from 1 September 1939 – 25 October 1939, Davies wrote: "according to one source, 714 mass executions were carried out, and 6,376 people, mainly Catholics, were shot. Other put the death toll in one town alone at 20,000. It was a taste of things to come."[139] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, 1,811 Polish priests were murdered in Nazi concentration camps.[140]

Nazi policy towards the Church was at its most severe in the territories it annexed to Greater Germany, where the Nazis set about systematically dismantling the Church – arresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents. Many clergymen were murdered.[141][142]

The Catholic Church was suppressed in the annexed territory of Reichsgau Wartheland more harshly than elsewhere.[143] In the Wartheland, regional leader Arthur Greiser, with the encouragement of Reinhard Heydrich and Martin Bormann, launched a severe attack on the Catholic Church. Its properties and funds were confiscated, and lay organisations shut down. Evans wrote that "Numerous clergy, monks, diocesan administrators and officials of the Church were arrested, deported to the General Government, taken off to a concentration camp in the Reich, or simply shot. Altogether some 1,700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau: half of them did not survive their imprisonment." Greiser's administrative chief August Jager had earlier led the effort at Nazification of the Evangelical Church in Prussia.[144] In Poland, he earned the nickname "Kirchen-Jager" (Church-Hunter) for the vehemence of his hostility to the Church.[145]

"By the end of 1941", wrote Evans, "the Polish Catholic Church had been effectively outlawed in the Wartheland. It was more or less Germanized in the other occupied territories, despite an encyclical issued by the Pope as early as 27 October 1939 protesting against this persecution."[143][146] The Germans also closed seminaries and convents persecuting monks and nuns throughout Poland.[147] In Pomerania, all but 20 of the 650 priests were shot or sent to concentration camps. Between 1939 and 1945, 2,935 members[148] of the Polish clergy (18%[149]) were murdered in concentration camps. In the city of Włocławek, 49% of its Catholic priests were murdered; in Chełmno, 48%. One hundred and eight of them are regarded as blessed martyrs. Among them, Maximilian Kolbe, who volunteered to die at Auschwitz in place of a stranger, was in 1982 canonized as a saint.

The destruction of Polish Jewry (1941–43)

Main articles: The Holocaust in Poland and Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
 
Polish Jews pulled from a bunker by German troops; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943

The Holocaust in German-occupied Poland involved the implementation of German Nazi policy of systematic and mostly successful murder of the indigenous Polish Jewish population, whom the Nazis regarded as "subhuman" (Untermenschen).[150] Between the 1939 invasion of Poland, and the end of World War II, over 90% of Polish Jewry was murdered. Six extermination camps (Auschwitz, Belzec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka) were established in which the mass murder of millions of Polish Jews and various other groups, was carried out between 1942 and 1944. The camps were designed and operated by Nazi Germans and there were no Polish guards at any of them. Of Poland's prewar Jewish population of 3.5 million, only about 50,000–120,000 Jews survived the war.[151][152]

1944 destruction of Warsaw

Main article: Warsaw Uprising
 
Polish civilians murdered by German SS troops, during the Warsaw Uprising, August 1944

During the suppression of the 1944 Uprising in Warsaw, German forces committed many atrocities against Polish civilians, following the order by Hitler to level the city. The most notorious massacre took place in Wola where, at the beginning of August 1944, between 40 and 50,000 civilians (men, women, and children) were shot, sexually assaulted and tortured by the Einsatzkommando of the Sicherheitspolizei under Heinz Reinefarth's command and the amnestied German criminals from Dirlewanger. Other similar massacres took place in the areas of Śródmieście (City Centre), Stare Miasto (Old Town) and Marymont districts. In Ochota, an orgy of civilian killings, rape and looting was carried out by Russian collaborators of RONA. After the fall of Stare Miasto, during the beginning of September, 7,000 seriously wounded hospital patients were executed or burnt alive, often with the medical staff caring for them. Similar atrocities took place later in the Czerniaków district and after the fall of Powiśle and Mokotów districts.[153][154]

Until the end of September 1944, Polish resistance fighters were not considered by Germans as combatants; thus, when captured, they were summarily executed. One hundred sixty-five thousand surviving civilians were sent to labour camps, and 50,000 were shipped to concentration camps,[155] while the ruined city was systematically demolished. Neither Reinefarth nor Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski were ever tried for their crimes committed during the suppression of the uprising.[156] (The Polish request for extradition of amnestied Wilhelm Koppe from Germany was also refused.[157])

See also

Quotes

  1. ^ a b Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
       - Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface.: "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (w tym na samym Wolyniu ok. 60 tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega 2,7– 2,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including about 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the Second Polish Republic, murdered by the Germans amounts to 2.7–2.9 million people."
       - Waldemar Grabowski. German and Soviet occupation. Fundamental issues.: "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate."
    Note: Polish losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity.
  2. ^ "Executions took place in front and in the courtyard of the townhall; behind the offices of the Wydzial Techniczny Zarzadu Miejskiego; at the New Market Square (currently Daszynski Square); inside the Church of sw. Zygmunta; at Strazacka street in front of the Brass' Works; and at the Cathedral Square as well as inside the Cathedral". Quote from "Tablica przy ul. Olsztynskiej upamietniajaca ofiary 'krwawego poniedzialku'" [Plaque at Olsztynska Street commemorating Bloody Monday in Czestochowa]. Virtualny Sztetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 25 January 2014.. See also Gilbert 1990, p. 87.

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References

  • Böhler, Jochen (2009) [2006]. Wehrmacht Atrocities in Poland. September 1939 [Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce. Wrzesien 1939] (PDF) (in Polish). Translated by Patrycja Pienkowska-Wiederkehr. Wydawnictwo Znak. ISBN 9788324012251. Retrieved 20 January 2014. From German original Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg: Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939, ISBN 3596163072.
  • Datner, Szymon; Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1962). War Crimes in Poland. Genocide 1939–1945. Wydawnictwo Zachodnie. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 9 October 2013. Publ. in English, and in French as Crimes de guerre en pologne le genocide nazi 1939 1945.
  • Datner, Szymon (1967). Piecdziesiat piec dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce [55 days of the Wehrmacht in Poland]. Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Retrieved 10 October 2013 – via Google Books.
  • Datner, Szymon; Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1962). "Crimes of the Wehrmacht". Genocide 1939–1945. Pologne: Wydawnictwo Zachodnie. OCLC 493211788.
  • Cyprian, Tadeusz; Sawicki, Jerzy (1961). Nazi Rule in Poland, 1939–1945. Polonia Publishing House. pp. 63–65. Retrieved 10 October 2013 – via Google Books, search inside.
  • Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the Jewish Question. Princeton University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780691101620. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  • Gilbert, Martin (1986). The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy. Fontana / Collins. ISBN 0-00-637194-9.
  • Gilbert, Martin (1990). The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy. Londo: Fontana / Collinsn. ISBN 978-0006371946. Reprint from Collins 1986 original, ISBN 0002163055.
  • Gushee, David P. (1 December 2012). Desecrations: Twentieth-Century Nazi Assaults on Human Life. The Sacredness of Human Life. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 313–314. ISBN 978-0802844200. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • IPN (2013) [2009]. (PDF). Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation. Institute of National Remembrance: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2013 – via Internet Archive. See also:
  • Kulesza, Witold (2004). "Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce – Wrzesien 1939" [Wehrmacht's crimes in Poland – September 1939] (PDF). Vice-president of GKBZpNP (IPN). Warsaw: Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance, Issue 08-09/2004: 19–30. Retrieved 5 October 2013. ...w tych przypadkach, w których polska ludnosc cywilna podjela walke z Wehrmachtem, lecz ujeta przez wroga mordowana byla w egzekucjach poza sama walka, stawala sie ofiara oczywistych zbrodni wojennych. Konstatacja ta opiera sie takze na art. 6 statutu Miedzynarodowego Trybunalu Wojskowego w Norymberdze z 8 sierpnia 1945 r., który w punkcie b jako postaci zbrodni wojennych wskazuje pogwalcenie praw i zwyczajów wojennych przez morderstwa ludnosci cywilnej i jenców wojennych, a takze zabijanie zakladników oraz rozmyslne i bezcelowe burzenie miast, osad i wsi lub niszczenie nieusprawiedliwione wojskowa koniecznoscia. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Markiewicz, Marcin (2003). "Represje hitlerowskie wobec wsi bialostockiej" [Nazi repressions against settlements around Bialystok] (PDF). Biuletyn Ipn Pismo O Najnowszej Historii Polski (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance: 65–68. ISSN 1641-9561. Retrieved 21 January 2014 – via direct download from IPN Bulletin Nr: 12-1/2003–2004. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
  • Materski, Wojciech; Szarota, Tomasz (2009). [Poland's human losses under occupation 1939–1945]. Compendium of literature and statistical data (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Diemut Majer (2003). Non-Germans under the Third Reich: the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939–1945. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3.
  • Ministry of Information (1941). The German New Order in Poland (Part One) (PDF). Communiqué of the Polish Ministry of Information. Hutchinson & Co. pp. 1–97. Retrieved 4 October 2013 – via Scribd Inc.
  • Mohnhaupt, Heinz; Schönfeldt, Hans-Andreas (1997). Polen (1944 – 1989/90). Normdurchsetzung in osteuropäischen Nachkriegsgesellschaften (1944–1989). Vittorio Klostermann. p. 75. ISBN 3465029321. Retrieved 22 July 2013. Nazi crimes against the Polish nation [included] death penalty provided for three out of four crimes.
  • Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786429134 – via Google Books.
  • Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2005). "Poland WWII Casualties". Table 1. Footnote for 2005 Update. Project InPosterum. Retrieved 11 June 2015. Poland's WWII population losses (in millions). Description. Jewish: 3.1 million. Ethnic Poles: 2.0 million. Other minorities: 0.5 million. Total: 5.6 million.
  • Snyder, Timothy, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, New York, Basic Books, 2010.
  • Steinlauf, Michael C. (1997). Bondage to the Dead. Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. p. 68. ISBN 0815627297. Retrieved 22 July 2013. ...the memory of Nazi crimes against the Polish people played a central role [in] the development of modern Polish national identity.
  • Hubert, Michel (1998). Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerung seit 1815 Steiner [Germany in Transition: Population since 1815]. Franz Verlag. pp. 268–272. ISBN 3-515-07392-2.
  • Rada Ministrów, Rozporzadzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 20 wrzesnia 2001 (Dz.U.2001.106.1154).
  • Terese Pencak Schwartz, Five Million Forgotten: Non-Jewish Victims of the Shoah. The Holocaust Forgotten Memorial.
  • USHMM, Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era. Holocaust Teacher Resource Center. Retrieved 10 October 2013.

Further reading

Main articles: Bibliography of the history of Poland and Bibliography of Poland during World War II

Coordinates: 52°13′N 21°00′E / 52.217°N 21.000°E / 52.217; 21.000

December 26, 2022
nazi, crimes, against, polish, nation, information, about, other, participants, crimes, crimes, occupied, poland, during, world, crimes, against, polish, nation, committed, nazi, germany, axis, collaborationist, forces, during, invasion, poland, along, with, a. For information about other participants in war crimes see War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland 1 along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II 2 consisted of the murder of millions of ethnic Poles and the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles These mass murders were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories which regarded Poles and other Slavs as well as Jews as racially inferior Untermenschen Nazi crimes against the Polish nationMemorial to the Wola massacre the systematic killing of around 40 000 50 000 Polish civilians and enemy combatants by Nazi German troops during the Warsaw Uprising of summer 1944Date1939 1945LocationOccupied PolandCauseInvasion of PolandTargetethnic Poles Polish JewsParticipantsWehrmacht Gestapo SS Orpo Selbstschutz Trawnikis Sonderdienst BKA UPA TDACasualtiesAround 5 470 million to 5 670 million a Part of a seriesWorld War II casualties of PolandWorld War II crimes in occupied PolandSoviet repressions of Polish citizens 1939 46 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern GaliciaBy 1942 the Nazis were implementing their plan to murder every Jew in German occupied Europe and had also developed plans to eliminate the Polish people through mass murder ethnic cleansing enslavement and extermination through labor and assimilation into German identity of a small minority of Poles deemed racially valuable During World War II the Germans not only murdered millions of Poles but ethnically cleansed millions more through forced deportation to make room for German settlers see Generalplan Ost and Lebensraum These actions claimed the lives of 2 7 to 3 million Polish Jews and 1 8 to 2 77 million ethnic Poles according to Poland s Institute of National Remembrance which had been established in Warsaw in 1998 a 3 4 These extremely large death tolls and the absence of substantial non Jewish civilian deaths in other occupied European countries such as Denmark and France have lead some like Timothy Snyder to characterize Germany s policies against the Poles as genocidal 5 The genocidal policies of the German government s colonization plan Generalplan Ost were the blueprint for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against the Polish nation from 1939 to 1945 6 The Nazi master plan entailed the expulsion and mass extermination of some 85 percent over 20 million of ethnic Poles in Poland the remaining 15 percent to be turned into slave labor 7 In 2000 by an act of the Polish Parliament dissemination of knowledge on World War II crimes in Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was entrusted to the Institute of National Remembrance 8 9 From the start of the war against Poland Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler s plan set out in his book Mein Kampf to acquire living space German Lebensraum in the east for massive settlement of German colonists 2 10 Hitler s plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial theories 11 In the Obersalzberg Speech delivered on 22 August 1939 just before the invasion of Poland Hitler gave explicit permission to his commanders to murder without pity or mercy all men women and children of Polish descent or language 12 13 Ethnic cleansing was to be conducted systematically against the Polish people On 7 September 1939 Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles clergy and Jews were to be murdered 14 On 12 September Wilhelm Keitel added Poland s intelligentsia to the list On 15 March 1940 SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military industrial complex Later all Poles will disappear from this world It is imperative that the great German volk consider the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task 15 At the end of 1940 Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate all leading elements in Poland 14 After Germany lost the war the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland s Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of Nazi German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews had all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term 16 17 Contents 1 1939 September Campaign 1 1 Terror and pacification operations 2 Ethnic cleansing through forced expulsion 3 Polish Resistance 4 Camps and ghettos 5 Forced labour 6 Germanization 6 1 Crimes against children 6 2 Cultural genocide 7 Indiscriminate executions 7 1 Extermination of hospital patients 8 Persecution of the Catholic Church 9 The destruction of Polish Jewry 1941 43 10 1944 destruction of Warsaw 11 See also 12 Quotes 13 Citations 14 References 15 Further reading1939 September CampaignFurther information Molotov Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet invasion of Poland Less than a year before the outbreak of war on 1 October 1938 the German Army rolled into the Sudetenland in accordance with the Munich Agreement The operation was completed by 10 October Two weeks later on 24 October 1938 Ribbentrop summoned Polish ambassador to Berchtesgaden and presented him with Hitler s Gesamtlosung regarding the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig Ambassador Lipski refused 18 Three days later the first mass deportation of Polish nationals from Nazi Germany began It was the eviction of Jews who settled in Germany with Polish passports On 9 10 November 1938 the Kristallnacht attack was carried out by the SA paramilitary forces thousands of Jews holding Polish citizenship were rounded up and sent via rail to the Polish border and to the Nazi concentration camps 19 The round up included 2 000 ethnic Poles living and working there 13 Also before the invasion of Poland the Nazis prepared a detailed list identifying more than 61 000 Polish targets mostly civilian by name with the help of the German minority living in the Second Polish Republic 20 The list was printed secretly as the 192 page book called Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen Special Prosecution Book Poland and composed only of names and birthdates It included politicians scholars actors intelligentsia doctors lawyers nobility priests officers and numerous others as the means at the disposal of the SS paramilitary death squads aided by Selbstschutz executioners 21 The first Einsatzgruppen of World War II were formed by the SS in the course of the invasion 21 They were deployed behind the front lines to murder groups of people considered by virtue of their social status to be capable of abetting resistance efforts against the Germans 22 23 The most widely used lie justifying indiscriminate murders by the mobile death squads was always the same made up claim of purported attack on German forces 24 In total about 150 000 to 200 000 Poles died during the one month September Campaign of 1939 25 characterized by the indiscriminate and often deliberate targeting of civilian population by the invading forces 26 Over 100 000 Poles died in the Luftwaffe s terror bombing operations like those at Wielun 27 Massive air raids were conducted on towns which had no military infrastructure 28 The town of Frampol near Lublin was heavily bombed on 13 September as a test subject for Luftwaffe bombing technique chosen because of its grid street plan and an easily recognisable central town hall Frampol was hit by 70 tonnes of munitions 29 which destroyed up to 90 of buildings and killed half of its inhabitants 30 Columns of fleeing refugees were systematically attacked by the German fighter and dive bomber aircraft 31 Execution of ethnic Poles by German SS Einsatzkommando soldiers in Leszno October 1939 Amongst the Polish cities and towns bombed at the beginning of war were Brodnica 32 Bydgoszcz 32 Chelm 32 Ciechanow 32 Czestochowa 33 34 Grodno 34 Grudziadz 34 Gdynia 32 Janow 32 Jaslo 32 Katowice 34 Kielce 34 Kowel 34 Krakow 32 33 Kutno 32 Lublin 32 Lwow 34 Olkusz 32 Piotrkow 35 Plock 32 Plonsk 34 Poznan 33 34 Puck 34 Radom 32 Radomsko 34 Sulejow 35 Warsaw 33 34 Wielun 32 Wilno and Zamosc 32 Over 156 towns and villages were attacked by the Luftwaffe 36 Warsaw suffered particularly severely with a combination of aerial bombardment and artillery fire reducing large parts of the historic centre to rubble 37 with more than 60 000 casualties 24 Terror and pacification operations See also Pacification actions in German occupied Poland Photos from The Black Book of Poland published in London in 1942 by Polish government in exile In the first three months of war from the fall of 1939 until the spring of 1940 some 60 000 former government officials military officers in reserve landowners clergy and members of the Polish intelligentsia were executed region by region in the so called Intelligenzaktion 38 including over 1 000 POWs 39 40 41 42 Summary executions of Poles were conducted by all German forces without exception including Wehrmacht Gestapo the SS and Selbstschutz in violation of international agreements 43 The mass murders were a part of the secretive Operation Tannenberg an early measure of the Generalplan Ost settler colonization Polish Christians as well as Jews were either murdered and buried in hastily dug mass graves or sent to prisons and German concentration camps Whatever we find in the shape of an upper class in Poland will be liquidated 44 Hitler had ordered 45 In the Intelligenzaktion Pommern a regional action in Pomeranian Voivodeship 23 000 Poles were killed 46 It was continued by the German AB Aktion operation in Poland in the mid 1940s 47 The AB Aktion saw the massacre of Lwow professors and the executions of about 1 700 Poles in the Palmiry forest Several thousand civilian victims were executed or imprisoned The Einsatzgruppen were also responsible for the indiscriminate murder of Jews and Poles during the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union 48 A mass execution of 56 hostages in Bochnia near Krakow 18 December 1939 In Palmiry about 1 700 Poles were murdered in secret executions between 7 December 1939 and 17 July 1941 49 Announcement of execution of 100 Polish hostages as revenge for assassination of 5 German policemen and 1 SS man by Armia Krajowa quote a Polish terrorist organization in British service Warsaw 2 October 1943 Communities were collectively punished for the purported Polish counter attacks against the invading German troops Mass executions of hostages were conducted almost every day during the Wehrmacht advance across Poland 50 The locations dates and numbers include Starogard 2 September 190 Poles 40 of them Jews 51 Swiekatowo 3 September 26 Poles 52 Wieruszow 3 September 20 Poles all Jews 53 On 4 September 1939 the 42nd Infantry Regiment 46th Infantry Division committed the Czestochowa massacre with 1 140 citizens or more 150 of them Jews murdered in wild shooting actions in several city locations b 54 55 In Imielin 4 5 September 28 Poles were murdered 56 in Kajetanowice 5 September 72 civilians were massacred in revenge for two German horses killed by German friendly fire 54 Trzebinia 5 September 97 Polish citizens 57 Piotrkow 5 September Jewish section of the city was set on fire 58 Bedzin 8 September two hundred civilians burned to death about 300 were shot to death in Turek 9 September 59 Klecko 9 10 September three hundred citizens executed 60 Mszadla 10 September 153 Poles 61 Gmina Besko 11 September 21 Poles 62 Kowalewice 11 September 23 Poles 63 Pilica 12 September 36 Poles 32 of them Jewish 64 Olszewo 13 September 13 people half of the village from Olszewo and 10 from nearby Pietkowo including women and children stabbed by bayonets shot blown up by grenades and burned alive in a barn 65 Mielec 13 September 55 Jews burned to death 59 Piatek 13 September 50 Poles seven of them Jews 64 On 14 15 September about 900 Polish Jews in parallel shooting actions in Przemysl and in Medyka 64 Roughly at the same time in Solec 14 September 44 Poles killed 66 soon thereafter in Chojnice 40 Polish citizens 67 Gmina Klecko 23 Poles 68 Badkow 22 Poles 69 Dynow two hundred Polish Jews 70 Public executions continued well beyond September including in municipalities such as Wieruszow County 71 Gmina Besko 62 Gmina Gidle 72 Gmina Klecko 68 Gmina Ryczywol 73 and Gmina Siennica among others 74 In and around Bydgoszcz about 10 000 Polish civilians were murdered in the first four months of the occupation see Bloody Sunday and the Valley of Death 75 German Army and Selbstschutz paramilitary units composed of ethnic German Volksdeutsche also participated 76 The Nazis took hostages by the thousands at the time of the invasion and throughout their occupation of Poland 75 77 Hostages were selected from among the most prominent citizens of occupied cities and villages priests professors doctors lawyers as well as leaders of economic and social organizations and the trade unions Often however they were chosen at random from all segments of society and for every German killed a group of between 50 and 100 Polish civilians were executed 75 About 20 000 villagers some of whom were burned alive were murdered in large scale punitive operations targeting rural settlements suspected of aiding the resistance or hiding Jews and other fugitives 1 Seventy five villages were razed in these operations Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where the penalty for hiding a Jew was death for everyone living in the house other laws were similarly ruthless 78 Ethnic cleansing through forced expulsionSee also Expulsion of Poles by Germany World War II evacuation and expulsion and Generalplan Ost Expulsion of Poles from villages in the Zamosc Region by German SS soldiers December 1942 Germany planned to completely remove the indigenous population of Poland beginning with the newly created Reichsgau Wartheland territory in 1939 According to the Lebensraum aim and ideology formerly Polish lands were to be taken over by the German military and civilian settlers including Eastern European Volksdeutsche The Germanizing of occupied territories by the Reich was repeatedly condemned by Nuremberg Tribunal which stated that the practice of expelling civilians was not only in defiance of well established rules of international law but in complete disregard of the elementary dictates of humanity 79 During the occupation of Poland the number of Poles evicted by the German authorities from their homes is estimated at 2 478 000 80 81 Up to 928 000 Poles were ethnically cleansed to make way for the foreign colonists 82 The number of displaced Polish nationals in four years of German occupation included from Warthegau region 630 000 Poles from Silesia 81 000 80 from Pomerania 124 000 80 from Bezirk Bialystok 28 000 80 and from Ciechanow district 25 000 Poles and Jews 80 In the so called wild expulsions from Pomerelia some 30 000 to 40 000 Polish people were evicted 80 and from General Government to German reservations some 171 000 Poles and Jews 80 To create new colonial latifundia 42 of annexed farms were demolished Some 3 million Poles were sent to perform slave labor in the Reich 80 Additional 500 000 ethnic Poles were deported from Warsaw after the Warsaw uprising on top of 180 000 civilian casualties 80 83 The expulsions were carried out so abruptly that the ethnic Germans resettled from Eastern Galicia Volhynia and Romanian Bukovina were taking over Polish homes with half eaten meals on tables and unmade beds where small children had been sleeping at the time of expulsions 84 Members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls were assigned the task of overseeing evictions to ensure that the Poles left behind most of their belongings for the use of the settlers 85 Himmler promised to eventually deport all Poles to Russia He envisioned their ultimate end by exposure malnutrition and overwork possibly in the Pripet Marshes where all Poles were to die during the cultivation of the marshy swamps Plans for the mass transportation and possible creation of slave labor camps for up to 20 million Poles were also made 86 Polish ResistanceMain article Polish resistance movement in World War II The best example of Polish resistance not aimed at hurting the Germans or achieving political aims but at protecting the Poles was the Zamosc Uprising It was a rare situation where the politically anticommunist Home Army 87 politically neutral Peasants Battalions communist People s Guard and Soviet Partisans all worked together to protect the Poles from German abuses mainly forced expulsion and from mass murder carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army on Polish people The Uprising greatly slowed the German expulsion of Poles and the area s colonization with Germans The Germans went so far as to create a buffer zone of villages populated by ethnic Ukrainians friendly to the Germans The Polish peasants were reluctant to join the armed resistance but were forced to protect themselves Camps and ghettosSee also Death marches Holocaust German camps in occupied Poland during World War II Nazi human experimentation and Nazi concentration camps Stutthof concentration camp set up in September 1939 the first Nazi facility of its kind built outside of Germany eventually 65 000 Polish prisoners were murdered in the camp Almost immediately following the invasion both Germany and the Soviet Union began setting up camps in occupied Poland which included POW camps for some 230 672 Polish soldiers captured during the September campaign of 1939 88 Within a short period of time the German zone of partitioned Poland became a virtual prison island with more than 430 complexes of state organized terror It is estimated that some 5 million Polish citizens went through them while serving the German war economy 88 The Occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union began in September 1939 The majority of 50 000 Poles imprisoned at Mauthausen Gusen were mostly murdered in Gusen 89 150 000 at Auschwitz 20 000 at Sachsenhausen 40 000 at Gross Rosen 90 17 000 at Neuengamme and 10 000 at Dachau About 17 000 Polish women were murdered at Ravensbruck A major concentration camp complex at Stutthof east of Gdansk was launched no later than 2 September 1939 and existed until the end of the war with 39 subcamps It is estimated that 65 000 Poles were murdered there 91 The total number of Polish nationals who were murdered in the camps prisons and places of detention inside and outside Poland exceeds 1 286 000 88 There were special camps for children such as the Potulice concentration camp the Kinder KZ Litzmannstadt for Polish boys and the forced labour camp for Polish girls at Dzierzazna Dzierzazna 92 Auschwitz became the main concentration camp for Poles on 14 June 1940 By March 1941 10 900 prisoners were registered at the camp most of them Gentile Poles In September 1941 200 ailing Polish prisoners along with 650 Soviet POWs were murdered in the first gassing experiments with Zyklon B Beginning in 1942 Auschwitz s prisoner population became much more diverse as Jews and other enemies of the state from all over German occupied Europe were deported to the expanding camp Franciszek Piper the chief historian of Auschwitz estimates that 140 000 to 150 000 ethnic Poles were brought to that camp between 1940 and 1945 and that 70 000 to 75 000 were murdered there as victims of executions human experimentation forced starvation and disease 93 94 95 Czeslawa Kwoka one of many Polish children murdered in Auschwitz by the Nazis Instances of pseudo medical experiments occurred For example 74 young Polish women were subjected to medical experiments on bone and muscle transplantation nerve regeneration and wound infection in the Ravensbruck concentration camp 96 97 Sulfanilamide experiments were conducted on Polish Catholic priests in Dachau More than 300 Polish priests were murdered in experiments or by torture 98 99 Already in 1939 the Germans divided all Poles along the ethnic lines As part of the expulsion and slave labor program Jews were singled out and separated from the rest of civilian population in the newly established ghettos In smaller towns ghettos served as staging points for mass deportations while in the urban centers they became instruments of slow passive murder with rampant hunger and dead bodies littering the streets 100 The ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods The ethnic Poles and members of other groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere 101 The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe with over 400 000 Jews crammed into an area of 1 3 square miles 3 4 km2 or 7 2 persons per room 102 The Lodz Ghetto was the second largest holding about 160 000 inmates 103 By the end of 1941 most of about 3 5 million Polish Jews were already ghettoized even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep and no savings left to pay the SS for any further basic food deliveries 104 Forced labourSee also German military brothels in World War II German camp brothels in World War II and Forced labor in Germany during World War II German notice from 30 September 1939 in occupied Poland warning of the death penalty for refusal to work during harvest Lapanka Polish civilian hostages captured by German soldiers on the street September 1939 In October 1939 the Nazis passed a decree on forced labour for Jews over the age of 12 and Poles over the age of 14 living in the General Government 105 Between 1939 and 1945 80 some 3 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for slave labor many of them teenage boys and girls Although Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe Poles and other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures 80 Polish laborers were compelled to work longer hours for lower than the regular symbolic pay of Western Europeans They were forced to wear identifying purple tags with P s sewn to their clothing subjected to a curfew and banned from public transportation While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer in many cities Poles were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden and sexual relations racial defilement were considered a capital crime punishable by death 106 107 During the war hundreds of Polish men were executed for their relations with German women 108 Historian Jan Gross estimated no more than 15 per cent of all the Poles who went to Germany did so voluntarily 109 Mass rapes were committed against Polish women and girls including during punitive executions of Polish citizens before shooting of the women 110 Additionally large numbers of Polish women were routinely captured with the aim of forcing them into serving in German military brothels 111 Mass raids were conducted by the Nazis in many Polish cities with the express aim of capturing young women later forced to work in brothels attended by German soldiers and officers 111 Girls as young as 15 years old who were ostensibly classified as suitable for agricultural work in Germany were sexually exploited by German soldiers at their places of destination 111 GermanizationMain article Germanisation Under the Third Reich In Reichsgau Wartheland territories of occupied Greater Poland the Nazi goal was a complete Germanization of the land i e the assimilation politically culturally socially and economically into the German Reich 112 This did not mean the old style Germanization of the inhabitants by teaching them the language and culture but rather the flooding of the Reichsgau with assumed pure Germans aided only by the fraction of those living there previously most of whom were not ethnically German 113 In order to meet the imaginary targets Gauleiter Albert Forster in charge of Reichsgau Danzig West Prussia had decided that the whole segments of Polish population are in fact ethnic German whilst expelling others 114 This decision led to some two thirds of the ethnic Polish population of the Gau being defined as Germans for the first time in their lives 114 German Nazis closed elementary schools where Polish was the language of instruction 115 Streets and cities were renamed Lodz became Litzmannstadt etc 116 117 Tens of thousands of Polish enterprises from large industrial firms to small shops were seized from their owners 118 In October 1939 the Nazi propaganda stated Poles Jews and Gypsies were subhumans 119 Signs posted in front of those establishments warned Entrance forbidden for Poles Jews and dogs 120 The Nazi regime was less stringent in their treatment of the Kashubians in the Reichsgau Danzig West Prussia Everywhere however many thousands of people were forced to sign the Deutsche Volksliste a racial documentation which the Nazis used to identify and give priority to people of German heritage in occupied countries 121 Crimes against children See also Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany Roll call for 8 year old girls at the child labour camp in Dzierzazna set up as a sub camp of the concentration camp for Polish children adjacent to the Lodz Ghetto At least 200 000 children in occupied Poland were kidnapped by the Nazis to be subjected to forcible germanization Auslanderkinder Pflegestatte 122 These children were screened for racially valuable traits 123 and sent to special homes to be Germanized 124 After racial tests those deemed suitable were then placed for adoption if the Germanization was effective while children who failed the tests were mass murdered in medical experiments concentration camps or sent to slave labor 125 After the war many of the kidnapped children found by Allied forces had been utterly convinced that they were German 126 Children of forced workers were brutally mistreated in Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers where thousands of them were murdered outright or through calculated neglect 127 Many of the mothers who were unable to return to work after giving birth were murdered 128 A camp for children and teenagers Polen Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt ran from 1943 to 1944 in Lodz with a sub camp for girls in Dzierzazna Lodz Voivodeship Cultural genocide Main articles Nazi plunder in Poland and Polish culture during World War II As part of the Nazi plan to destroy Poland the Germans engaged in cultural genocide in which they looted and then destroyed libraries museums scientific institutes and laboratories as well as national monuments and historic treasures 129 They closed down all universities high schools and engaged in systematic murder of Polish scholars teachers and priests 130 Millions of books were burned including an estimated 80 of all school libraries and three quarters of all scientific libraries 131 Polish children were forbidden from acquiring education beyond the elementary level with the aim that the new generation of Polish leaders could not arise in the future 130 According to a May 1940 memo from Heinrich Himmler The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic nothing above the number 500 writing one s name and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans I do not think that reading is desirable 130 By 1941 the number of children attending elementary school in the General Government was half of the pre war number 38 The Poles responded with Tajne Nauczanie the Secret Teaching a campaign of underground education Indiscriminate executions German public execution of Polish civilians Lodz The Black Book of Poland published in London in 1942 by Polish government in exile German public execution of Poles Krakow 26 June 1942 Ethnic Poles in Poland were targeted by the lapanka policy which German forces utilized to indiscriminately round up civilians off the street In Warsaw between 1942 and 1944 there were approximately 400 daily victims of lapanka It is estimated that tens of thousands of these victims were murdered in mass executions including an estimated 37 000 people at the Pawiak prison complex run by the Gestapo and thousands of others murdered in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto 132 Extermination of hospital patients Main article Action T4 In July 1939 a Nazi secret program called Action T4 was implemented whose purpose was to effect the extermination of psychiatric patients During the German invasion of Poland the program was put into practice on a massive scale in the occupied Polish territories 133 Typically all patients accompanied by soldiers from special SS detachments were transported by trucks to the extermination sites The first actions of this type took place at a large psychiatric hospital in Kocborowo on 22 September 1939 Gdansk region as well as in Gniezno and in Koscian 134 The total number of psychiatric patients murdered by the Nazis in occupied Poland between 1939 and 1945 is estimated to be more than 16 000 An additional 10 000 patients were murdered by starvation Approximately 100 of the 243 members of the Polish Psychiatric Association met the same fate as their patients 134 Execution of patients by firing squad and by revolver included 400 patients of a psychiatric hospital in Chelm on 1 February 1940 134 and from Owinska In Pomerania they were transported to a military fortress in Poznan and gassed with carbon monoxide in the bunkers of Fort VII 134 including children as well as women whom the authorities classified as Polish prostitutes 134 Other Owinska hospital patients were gassed in sealed trucks using exhaust fumes The same method was utilized in the Kochanowka hospital near Lodz where 840 persons were murdered in 1940 totalling 1 126 victims in 286 clinics 135 This was the first successful test of the mass murder of Poles using gas This technique was later perfected on many other psychiatric patients in Poland and in Germany starting in 1941 the technique was widely employed in the extermination camps Nazi gas vans were also first used in 1940 to murder mentally ill Polish children In 1943 the SS and Police Leader in Poland Wilhelm Koppe ordered more than 30 000 Polish patients with tuberculosis to be exterminated as the so called health hazard to the General Government They were murdered mostly at the Chelmno extermination camp 136 Persecution of the Catholic ChurchMain article Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland Bydgoszcz 1939 Polish priests and civilians at the Old Market 9 September 1939 Sir Ian Kershaw wrote that in Hitler s scheme for the Germanization of Central and Eastern Europe there would be no place for the Christian Churches 137 Historically the church had been a leading force in Polish nationalism against foreign domination thus the Nazis targeted clergy monks and nuns in their terror campaigns both for their resistance activity and their cultural importance 138 Of the brief period of military control from 1 September 1939 25 October 1939 Davies wrote according to one source 714 mass executions were carried out and 6 376 people mainly Catholics were shot Other put the death toll in one town alone at 20 000 It was a taste of things to come 139 According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica 1 811 Polish priests were murdered in Nazi concentration camps 140 Nazi policy towards the Church was at its most severe in the territories it annexed to Greater Germany where the Nazis set about systematically dismantling the Church arresting its leaders exiling its clergymen closing its churches monasteries and convents Many clergymen were murdered 141 142 The Catholic Church was suppressed in the annexed territory of Reichsgau Wartheland more harshly than elsewhere 143 In the Wartheland regional leader Arthur Greiser with the encouragement of Reinhard Heydrich and Martin Bormann launched a severe attack on the Catholic Church Its properties and funds were confiscated and lay organisations shut down Evans wrote that Numerous clergy monks diocesan administrators and officials of the Church were arrested deported to the General Government taken off to a concentration camp in the Reich or simply shot Altogether some 1 700 Polish priests ended up at Dachau half of them did not survive their imprisonment Greiser s administrative chief August Jager had earlier led the effort at Nazification of the Evangelical Church in Prussia 144 In Poland he earned the nickname Kirchen Jager Church Hunter for the vehemence of his hostility to the Church 145 By the end of 1941 wrote Evans the Polish Catholic Church had been effectively outlawed in the Wartheland It was more or less Germanized in the other occupied territories despite an encyclical issued by the Pope as early as 27 October 1939 protesting against this persecution 143 146 The Germans also closed seminaries and convents persecuting monks and nuns throughout Poland 147 In Pomerania all but 20 of the 650 priests were shot or sent to concentration camps Between 1939 and 1945 2 935 members 148 of the Polish clergy 18 149 were murdered in concentration camps In the city of Wloclawek 49 of its Catholic priests were murdered in Chelmno 48 One hundred and eight of them are regarded as blessed martyrs Among them Maximilian Kolbe who volunteered to die at Auschwitz in place of a stranger was in 1982 canonized as a saint The destruction of Polish Jewry 1941 43 Main articles The Holocaust in Poland and Jewish ghettos in German occupied Poland Polish Jews pulled from a bunker by German troops Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 The Holocaust in German occupied Poland involved the implementation of German Nazi policy of systematic and mostly successful murder of the indigenous Polish Jewish population whom the Nazis regarded as subhuman Untermenschen 150 Between the 1939 invasion of Poland and the end of World War II over 90 of Polish Jewry was murdered Six extermination camps Auschwitz Belzec Chelmno Majdanek Sobibor and Treblinka were established in which the mass murder of millions of Polish Jews and various other groups was carried out between 1942 and 1944 The camps were designed and operated by Nazi Germans and there were no Polish guards at any of them Of Poland s prewar Jewish population of 3 5 million only about 50 000 120 000 Jews survived the war 151 152 1944 destruction of WarsawMain article Warsaw Uprising Polish civilians murdered by German SS troops during the Warsaw Uprising August 1944 During the suppression of the 1944 Uprising in Warsaw German forces committed many atrocities against Polish civilians following the order by Hitler to level the city The most notorious massacre took place in Wola where at the beginning of August 1944 between 40 and 50 000 civilians men women and children were shot sexually assaulted and tortured by the Einsatzkommando of the Sicherheitspolizei under Heinz Reinefarth s command and the amnestied German criminals from Dirlewanger Other similar massacres took place in the areas of Srodmiescie City Centre Stare Miasto Old Town and Marymont districts In Ochota an orgy of civilian killings rape and looting was carried out by Russian collaborators of RONA After the fall of Stare Miasto during the beginning of September 7 000 seriously wounded hospital patients were executed or burnt alive often with the medical staff caring for them Similar atrocities took place later in the Czerniakow district and after the fall of Powisle and Mokotow districts 153 154 Until the end of September 1944 Polish resistance fighters were not considered by Germans as combatants thus when captured they were summarily executed One hundred sixty five thousand surviving civilians were sent to labour camps and 50 000 were shipped to concentration camps 155 while the ruined city was systematically demolished Neither Reinefarth nor Erich von dem Bach Zelewski were ever tried for their crimes committed during the suppression of the uprising 156 The Polish request for extradition of amnestied Wilhelm Koppe from Germany was also refused 157 See alsoAnti Polish sentiment Bialystok Ghetto Uprising Chronicles of Terror Consequences of Nazism Czestochowa Ghetto Uprising Generalplan Ost Genocide German occupied Europe Gestapo NKVD Conferences 1939 1940 Ghetto Litzmannstadt Hans Frank Intelligenzaktion Intelligenzaktion Pommern The Holocaust in occupied Poland Gas van Holocaust victims Krakow Ghetto Medallions by Zofia Nalkowska Nazi crime Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany Polish decrees Polish resistance movement in World War II Polish Underground State Porajmos the Romani genocide or Romani holocaust Racial policy of Nazi Germany Sexual slavery by Germany during World War II Soviet repressions of Polish citizens 1939 46 Special Prosecution Book Poland Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen Territorial changes of Poland Valley of Death Bydgoszcz War rape by German forces during World War II World War II casualties of Poland Zdzieciol GhettoQuotes a b Tomasz Szarota Wojciech Materski eds 2009 Polska 1939 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami Poland 1939 1945 Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations Warsaw Institute of National Remembrance IPN Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 Janusz Kurtyka Zbigniew Gluza Preface ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939 1941 a nastepnie 1944 1945 co najmniej 150 tys Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok 2 770 000 Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys Polakow pomordowanych w latach 1942 1945 przez nacjonalistow ukrainskich w tym na samym Wolyniu ok 60 tys osob Liczba Zydow i Polakow zydowskiego pochodzenia obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej zamordowanych przez Niemcow siega 2 7 2 9 mln osob Translation It must be assumed losses of at least 150 000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2 770 000 To these losses should be added more than 100 000 Poles murdered in the years 1942 1945 by Ukrainian nationalists including about 60 000 in Volhynia The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity citizens of the Second Polish Republic murdered by the Germans amounts to 2 7 2 9 million people Waldemar Grabowski German and Soviet occupation Fundamental issues Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia Translation The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate Note Polish losses amount to 11 3 of the 24 4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3 3 million Jews of prewar times The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity Executions took place in front and in the courtyard of the townhall behind the offices of the Wydzial Techniczny Zarzadu Miejskiego at the New Market Square currently Daszynski Square inside the Church of sw Zygmunta at Strazacka street in front of the Brass Works and at the Cathedral Square as well as inside the Cathedral Quote from Tablica przy ul Olsztynskiej upamietniajaca ofiary krwawego poniedzialku Plaque at Olsztynska Street commemorating Bloody Monday in Czestochowa Virtualny Sztetl Museum of the History of Polish Jews Retrieved 25 January 2014 See also Gilbert 1990 p 87 Citations a b Kulesza 2004 PDF p 29 a b Gushee 2012 pp 313 314 Poland www yadvashem org poland historical background html Retrieved 25 May 2019 permanent dead link Project InPosterum Poland WWII Casualties www projectinposterum org Retrieved 25 May 2019 Timothy Snyder Bloodlands Europe between Hitler and Stalin New York Basic Books 2010 pp 411 12 Kulesza 2004 Generalplan Ost General Plan East The Nazi evolution in German foreign policy Documentary sources Versions of the GPO Alexandria VA World Future Fund 2003 Resources Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Hitler s Plans for Eastern Europe Ibid IPN 2013 pp 5 21 Guide Tismaneanu Vladimir Iacob Bogdan 2015 Remembrance History and Justice Coming to Terms with Traumatic Pasts in Democratic Societies Central European University Press p 243 ISBN 9789633860922 In April 1991 the Polish Parliament changed a statute in force since 1945 about the Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland More important than the change of the name was that the activity of the earlier commission was totally controlled by the communists Jerzy Halbersztadt 31 December 1995 Main Crimes Commission in Poland H Net Humanities and Social Sciences Online Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 5 October 2013 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Hitler s War Hitler s Plans for Eastern Europe 1961 in Poland under Nazi Occupation Polonia Publishing House Warsaw pp 7 33 164 78 Gordon 1984 p 100 Lukas Richard C 2013 Out of the Inferno Poles Remember the Holocaust University Press of Kentucky p 2 ISBN 978 0813130439 Retrieved 9 October 2013 a b Jan Moor Jankowski 2013 Poland s Holocaust Non Jewish Poles during World War II Polish American Congress Archived from the original on 5 August 2019 Retrieved 4 April 2014 a b Piotrowski 2007 p 23 Piotrowski 2007 p 23 See also Europa fur Burger original in the German language 15 Marz 1940 Himmler spricht in Poznan vor den versammelten Kommandanten der Konzentrationslager Eine seiner Aussagen Alle polnischen Facharbeiter werden in unserer Rustungsindustrie eingesetzt Spater werden alle Polen aus dieser Welt verschwinden Es ist erforderlich dass das grossdeutsche Volk die Vernichtung samtlicher Polen als seine Hauptaufgabe versteht Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals The United Nations War Crimes Commission volume VII London HMSO 1948 Case no 37 The Trial of Haupturmfuhrer Amon Leopold Goeth p 9 The Tribunal accepted these contentions and in its judgment against Amon Goeth stated the following His criminal activities originated from general directives that guided the criminal Fascist Hitlerite organization which under the leadership of Adolf Hitler aimed at the conquest of the world and at the extermination of those nations which stood in the way of the consolidation of its power The policy of extermination was in the first place directed against the Jewish and Polish nations This criminal organization did not reject any means of furthering their aim of destroying the Jewish nation The wholesale extermination of Jews and also of Poles had all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide viz the extermination of racial and national groups against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national racial or religious groups particularly Jews Poles and Gypsies and others The trial of German major war criminals proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany avalon law yale edu Janusz Osica 10 February 1998 Zadania Hitlera wobec Polski pazdziernik 1938 marzec 1939 Historia PolskieRadio pl Yad Vashem 2014 Nazi Germany and the Jews 1933 1939 archived from the original on 1 November 2011 retrieved 16 November 2017 Also in Gilbert Martin 2002 The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust Psychology Press pp 25 27 ISBN 0415281466 Slaska Biblioteka Cyfrowa 2013 Digital version of the Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen Special Prosecution Book Poland Katowice Poland Silesian Digital Library Retrieved 4 April 2014 a b Browning Christopher R 2007 Poland laboratory of racial policy The Origins of the Final Solution U of Nebraska Press pp 31 34 ISBN 978 0803259799 Holocaust Timeline The History Place Crowe David M 2007 Einsatzgruppen in Poland Oskar Schindler The Untold Account of His Life Wartime Activities and the True Story Behind the List Basic Books p 71 ISBN 9780465008490 a b Ministry of Information 1941 p 10 Piotrowski 2007 p 301 Shaw Martin 2003 War and genocide organized killing in modern society Wiley Blackwell p 79 ISBN 9780745619071 Retrieved 9 October 2013 Trenkner Joachim 29 August 2008 Wielun czwarta czterdziesci in Polish Tygodnik Powszechny a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Bruno Coppieters N Fotion eds 2002 Moral constraints on war principles and cases Lexington Books p 74 Dariusz Tyminski amp Grzegorz Slizewski 8 August 1998 Poland 1939 The Diary of the Luftwaffe Atrocities WW II Ace Stories Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 Retrieved 9 October 2013 Davies N 2009 Europe at War 1939 1945 No Simple Victory Pan Macmillan P297 Hempel Andrew 2000 Poland in World War II An Illustrated Military History p 14 ISBN 978 0 7818 0758 6 Retrieved 9 October 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cyprian 1961 p 63sfnm error no target CITEREFCyprian1961 help Datner 1962 p 18sfnm error no target CITEREFDatner1962 help a b c d Norman Davies 1986 God s Playground Volume II Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 821944 X Page 437 a b c d e f g h i j k l Cyprian 1961 p 63 sfn error no target CITEREFCyprian1961 help a b Gilbert 1986 p 85 Datner 1962 p 18 sfn error no target CITEREFDatner1962 help O Halecki A History of Poland Routledge amp Kegan 1983 ISBN 0 7102 0050 1 Page 310 a b Lukas Richard C 2001 The forgotten Holocaust the Poles under German occupation 1939 1944 Hippocrene Books p 10 ISBN 0781809010 via Google Books search inside Tadeusz Piotrowski 2007 Nazi Terror Chapter 2 Poland s Holocaust Ethnic Strife Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic 1918 1947 McFarland ISBN 978 0786429134 Retrieved 9 May 2012 Richard Rhodes Masters of Death The SS Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust Bellona 2008 Jochen Bohler Jurgen Matthaus Klaus Michael Mallmann Einsatzgruppen in Polen Wissenschaftl Buchgesell 2008 Yad Vashem AB Aktion PDF file direct download Shoah Resource Center International Institute for Holocaust Research Washington D C Samuel Totten William S Parsons A Century of Genocide Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts Taylor amp Francis 2008 p 105 Geoffrey P Megargee War of annihilation combat and genocide on the Eastern Front 1941 Rowman amp Littlefield 2007 p 14 Tasks of Einsatzgruppen in Poland at Historyplace com Maria Wardzynska Byl rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczenstwa w Polsce Intelligenzaktion IPN Instytut Pamieci Narodowej 2009 ISBN 978 83 7629 063 8 Piotrowski 2007 p 25 Ronald Headland 1992 Messages of murder a study of the reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service 1941 1943 Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press p 94 ISBN 9780838634189 General information 2013 Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom and the Cemetery in Palmiry About Poland Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 Retrieved 25 September 2013 Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 2004 Between Nazis and Soviets Occupation Politics in Poland 1939 1947 Lexington Books pp 92 105 118 and 325 ISBN 0739104845 Datner Gumkowski amp Leszczynski 1962 p 127 Datner Gumkowski amp Leszczynski 1962 p 138 Gilbert 1990 p 85 a b Bohler 2009 pp 106 16 Klaus Peter Friedrich 2001 War of Extermination in September 1939 Yad Vashem Studies Erwin and Riva Baker Memorial Collection Yad Washem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance Wallstein Verlag pp 196 197 ISSN 0084 3296 Retrieved 25 January 2014 Datner 1967 p 187 Datner 1967 p 239 Gilbert 1990 p 86 a b Gilbert 1990 p 87 Datner 1967 p 315 Datner 1967 p 333 a b Datner 1967 p 355 Datner 1967 p 352 a b c Gilbert 1990 p 88 Crimes Against Unarmed Civilians Crimes Committed by the Wehrmacht The Holocaust History Project 2014 Retrieved 22 January 2014 15 September 1939 Przemysl Medyka Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of Polish Jews 2014 Retrieved 22 January 2014 Markiewicz 2003 pp 65 8 Datner 1967 p 388 Datner Gumkowski amp Leszczynski 1962 p 131 a b Datner 1967 p 313 Datner 1967 p 330 Datner 1967 p 392 Datner 1967 p 171 Datner 1967 p 267 Datner 1967 pp 375 6 Datner 1967 pp 380 4 a b c Rudolph J Rummel 1992 Democide Nazi genocide and mass murder Transaction Publishers p 32 ISBN 9781412821476 Piata kolumna The Fifth Column at 1939 pl in Polish James J Sheehan 2008 Where have all the soldiers gone the transformation of modern Europe Houghton Mifflin Harcourt p 119 ISBN 9780618353965 Donald L Niewyk Francis R Nicosia 2000 The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust Columbia University Press p 114 ISBN 978 0 231 11200 0 Roy Gutman 2011 Deportation Crimes of War Project Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 Retrieved 10 October 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k Czeslaw Luczak 1979 Polityka ludnosciowa i ekonomiczna hitlerowskich Niemiec w okupowanej Polsce Civilian and economic policy of Nazi Germany in occupied Poland Poznan Wydawnictwo Poznanskie pp 136 ISBN 832100010X Retrieved 11 October 2013 Also in Eksploatacja ekonomiczna ziem polskich Economic exploitation of Poland s territory by Dr Andrzej Chmielarz Polish Resistance in WW2 Eseje Artykuly a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a External link in code class cs1 code quote code help USHMM Poles Victims of the Nazi Era Archived 28 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine US Holocaust Memorial Museum retrieved 10 October 2013 Zygmunt Mankowski Tadeusz Pieronek Andrzej Friszke Thomas Urban panel discussion Polacy wypedzeni Polish people expelled Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance Biuletyn Instytutu Pamieci Narodowej Issue 05 40 May 2004 628 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Staff 2013 69 rocznica wybuchu Powstania Warszawskiego Sixty ninth anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising Wydarzenia Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 Retrieved 15 October 2013 Lynn H Nicholas Cruel World The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp 213 14 ISBN 0 679 77663 X Walter S Zapotoczny Rulers of the World The Hitler Youth militaryhistoryonline com accessed 24 September 2016 Halik Kochanski 2012 The Eagle Unbowed Poland and the Poles in the Second World War Harvard University Press pg 98 The Home Army was politically anti communist The National Armed Forces were politically and militarily anticommunist a b c Dr Waldemar Grabowski IPN Centrala Straty ludzkie poniesione przez Polske w latach 1939 1945 Polish human losses in 1939 1945 Bibula pismo niezalezne Retrieved 25 September 2016 Wedlug ustalen Czeslawa Luczaka do wszelkiego rodzaju obozow odosobnienia deportowano ponad 5 mln obywateli polskich lacznie z Zydami i Cyganami Z liczby tej zginelo ponad 3 miliony Adam Cyra 2004 Mauthausen Concentration Camp Records in the Auschwitz Museum Archives Auschwitz Birkenau Memorial and Museum Historical Research Section Auschwitz Birkenau Museum Archived from the original on 30 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Experiments On Humans Sentient Publications pp 115 134 ISBN 1591810329 Andrew Korda The Nazi medical experiments ADF Health 2006 7 p 36 Vivien Spitz 2005 Doctors From Hell pp 4 91 ISBN 1591810329 George J Annas ed The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code Human Rights in Human Experimentation Oxford University Press 1992 p 77 Michael Berenbaum 2006 The world must know United States Holocaust Memorial Museum p 114 ISBN 080188358X via Google Books search inside Staff 2009 1939 The War Against The Jews Chicago Illinois The Holocaust Chronicle Retrieved 13 October 2013 Warsaw Ghetto United States Holocaust Memorial Museum USHMM Washington D C Ghettos United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Peter Vogelsang amp Brian B M Larsen The Ghettos of Poland Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2002 Majer 2003 p 302 303 Nanda Herbermann Hester Baer Elizabeth Roberts Baer 2000 The Blessed Abyss Google Books Detroit Wayne State University Press pp 33 34 ISBN 0 8143 2920 9 Retrieved 13 October 2013 Lenten Ronit 2000 Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah Reoccupying the Territories of Silence Berghahn Books pp 33 34 ISBN 1 57181 775 1 Nazi Ideology and the Holocaust United States Holocaust Memorial Museum January 2007 p 58 ISBN 978 0 89604 712 9 Robert Gellately 8 March 2001 Backing Hitler Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany Oxford University Press p 154 ISBN 978 0 19 160452 2 Konrad Ciechanowski Obozy podlegle organom policyjnym Camps under police jurisdiction Panstwowe Muzeum Stutthof Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 a b c Cezary Gmyz Seksualne Niewolnice III Rzeszy Wprost Nr 17 18 2007 archived from the original 13 October 2013 Majer 2003 p 209 Hitler s Plans for Eastern Europe Hitler s War Retrieved 12 December 2013 a b Mazower M 2008 Hitler s Empire How the Nazis Ruled Europe Penguin Press P197 T David Curp A clean sweep the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland 1945 1960 Boydell amp Brewer 2006 pg 26 1 Richard L Rubenstein John K Roth Approaches to Auschwitz the Holocaust and its legacy Westminster John Knox Press 2003 pg 161 2 Alan Milchman Alan Rosenberg Postmodernism and the Holocaust Rodopi 1998 pg 25 3 Marek Jan Chodakiewicz John Radzilowski Dariusz Tolczyk Poland s transformation a work in progress Transaction Publishers 2006 pg 161 4 Tomasz Szarota 1991 Bernd Wegner ed Zwei Wege nach Moskau Vom Hitler Stalin Pakt bis zum Unternehmen Barbarossa Polen unter deutscher Besatzung 1939 1941 Vergleichende Betrachtung in German Munchen Zurich Piper Verlag GmbH p 43 ISBN 349211346X Es muss auch der letzten Kuhmagd in Deutschland klargemacht werden dass das Polentum gleichwertig ist mit Untermenschentum Polen Juden und Zigeuner stehen auf der gleichen unterwertigen Stufe Propaganda Ministry Order No 1306 October 24 1939 Richard Wellington Burkhardt Patterns of behavior Konrad Lorenz Niko Tinbergen and the founding of ethology University of Chicago Press 2005 pg 269 5 George J Lerski Jerzy Jan Lerski Piotr Wrobel Richard J Kozicki Historical Dictionary of Poland 966 1945 Greenwood Publishing Group 1996 pp 633 642 A Dirk Moses Genocide and Settler Society Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History Google Print p 260 Lynn H Nicholas Cruel World The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 250 ISBN 0 679 77663 X Lynn H Nicholas Cruel World The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p 249 ISBN 0 679 77663 X Lukas Richard C Part II Did the Children Cry Hitler s War against Jewish and Polish Children 1939 1945 Hippocrene Books New York 2001 with biographical note from Project InPosterum Lynn H Nicholas Cruel World The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pg 479 ISBN 0 679 77663 X Auslanderkinder Pflegestatten Nazi foster homes for children of foreign persons PDF file direct download 5 12 MB Magdalena Sierocinska 2016 Eksterminacja niewartosciowych rasowo dzieci polskich robotnic przymusowych na terenie III Rzeszy w swietle postepowan 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web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Alexandra Richie 2013 Warsaw 1944 Hitler Himmler and the Warsaw Uprising Macmillan pg 225 ISBN 1466848472 Ian Kershaw Hitler a Biography 2008 W W Norton amp Co London p 661 Phayer p 22 Norman Davies Rising 44 the Battle for Warsaw Vikiing 2003 pp 85 86 Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Stefan Wyszynski Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2013 web 14 April 2013 Libionka Dariusz 2004 The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust 1939 1945 PDF In Carol Rittner Stephen D Smith Irena Steinfeldt eds The Holocaust And The Christian World Reflections On The Past Challenges For The Future New Leaf Press pp 74 78 ISBN 978 0 89221 591 1 Poles Victims of the Nazi Era United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archived from the original on 28 November 2005 Retrieved 24 May 2013 a b John S Conway The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933 1945 Regent College Publishing 1997 Richard J Evans The Third Reich at War Penguin Press New York 2009 p 33 34 Mark Mazower Hitler s 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Vernichtungskrieg Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 ISBN 3596163072 Datner Szymon Gumkowski Janusz Leszczynski Kazimierz 1962 War Crimes in Poland Genocide 1939 1945 Wydawnictwo Zachodnie pp 18 19 Retrieved 9 October 2013 Publ in English and in French as Crimes de guerre en pologne le genocide nazi 1939 1945 Datner Szymon 1967 Piecdziesiat piec dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce 55 days of the Wehrmacht in Poland Wydawn Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej Retrieved 10 October 2013 via Google Books Datner Szymon Gumkowski Janusz Leszczynski Kazimierz 1962 Crimes of the Wehrmacht Genocide 1939 1945 Pologne Wydawnictwo Zachodnie OCLC 493211788 Cyprian Tadeusz Sawicki Jerzy 1961 Nazi Rule in Poland 1939 1945 Polonia Publishing House pp 63 65 Retrieved 10 October 2013 via Google Books search inside Gordon Sarah Ann 1984 Hitler Germans and the Jewish Question Princeton University Press p 100 ISBN 9780691101620 Retrieved 6 October 2013 Gilbert Martin 1986 The Holocaust the Jewish tragedy Fontana Collins ISBN 0 00 637194 9 Gilbert Martin 1990 The Holocaust the Jewish tragedy Londo Fontana Collinsn ISBN 978 0006371946 Reprint from Collins 1986 original ISBN 0002163055 Gushee David P 1 December 2012 Desecrations Twentieth Century Nazi Assaults on Human Life The Sacredness of Human Life Wm B Eerdmans Publishing pp 313 314 ISBN 978 0802844200 Retrieved 22 July 2013 IPN 2013 2009 The Institute of National Remembrance Guide PDF Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation Institute of National Remembrance 1 Archived from the original PDF on 4 February 2013 via Internet Archive See also About the Institute IPN 2007 Kulesza Witold 2004 Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce Wrzesien 1939 Wehrmacht s crimes in Poland September 1939 PDF Vice president of GKBZpNP IPN Warsaw Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance Issue 08 09 2004 19 30 Retrieved 5 October 2013 w tych przypadkach w ktorych polska ludnosc cywilna podjela walke z Wehrmachtem lecz ujeta przez wroga mordowana byla w egzekucjach poza sama walka stawala sie ofiara oczywistych zbrodni wojennych Konstatacja ta opiera sie takze na art 6 statutu Miedzynarodowego Trybunalu Wojskowego w Norymberdze z 8 sierpnia 1945 r ktory w punkcie b jako postaci zbrodni wojennych wskazuje pogwalcenie praw i zwyczajow wojennych przez morderstwa ludnosci cywilnej i jencow wojennych a takze zabijanie zakladnikow oraz rozmyslne i bezcelowe burzenie miast osad i wsi lub niszczenie nieusprawiedliwione wojskowa koniecznoscia a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Markiewicz Marcin 2003 Represje hitlerowskie wobec wsi bialostockiej Nazi repressions against settlements around Bialystok PDF Biuletyn Ipn Pismo O Najnowszej Historii Polski in Polish Institute of National Remembrance 65 68 ISSN 1641 9561 Retrieved 21 January 2014 via direct download from IPN Bulletin Nr 12 1 2003 2004 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code via code help Materski Wojciech Szarota Tomasz 2009 Polska 1939 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami Poland s human losses under occupation 1939 1945 Compendium of literature and statistical data in Polish Institute of National Remembrance Archived from the original on 14 December 2018 Retrieved 15 July 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Diemut Majer 2003 Non Germans under the Third Reich the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland 1939 1945 ISBN 978 0 8018 6493 3 Ministry of Information 1941 The German New Order in Poland Part One PDF Communique of the Polish Ministry of Information Hutchinson amp Co pp 1 97 Retrieved 4 October 2013 via Scribd Inc Mohnhaupt Heinz Schonfeldt Hans Andreas 1997 Polen 1944 1989 90 Normdurchsetzung in osteuropaischen Nachkriegsgesellschaften 1944 1989 Vittorio Klostermann p 75 ISBN 3465029321 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Nazi crimes against the Polish nation included death penalty provided for three out of four crimes Piotrowski Tadeusz 2007 Poland s Holocaust Ethnic Strife Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic 1918 1947 McFarland amp Company ISBN 9780786429134 via Google Books Piotrowski Tadeusz 2005 Poland WWII Casualties Table 1 Footnote for 2005 Update Project InPosterum Retrieved 11 June 2015 Poland s WWII population losses in millions Description Jewish 3 1 million Ethnic Poles 2 0 million Other minorities 0 5 million Total 5 6 million Snyder Timothy Bloodlands Europe between Hitler and Stalin New York Basic Books 2010 Steinlauf Michael C 1997 Bondage to the Dead Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust Syracuse University Press p 68 ISBN 0815627297 Retrieved 22 July 2013 the memory of Nazi crimes against the Polish people played a central role in the development of modern Polish national identity Hubert Michel 1998 Deutschland im Wandel Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 Steiner Germany in Transition Population since 1815 Franz Verlag pp 268 272 ISBN 3 515 07392 2 Rada Ministrow Official list of places of detainment of citizens of Poland related to WWII Rozporzadzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrow z dnia 20 wrzesnia 2001 Dz U 2001 106 1154 Terese Pencak Schwartz Five Million Forgotten Non Jewish Victims of the Shoah The Holocaust Forgotten Memorial USHMM Poles Victims of the Nazi Era Holocaust Teacher Resource Center Retrieved 10 October 2013 Further readingMain articles Bibliography of the history of Poland and Bibliography of Poland during World War II Coordinates 52 13 N 21 00 E 52 217 N 21 000 E 52 217 21 000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nazi crimes against the Polish nation amp oldid 1116310076, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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